Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Energy in form of space may solve the dark energy problemPremier Publishers
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A review of recent observations suggests a universe that is light weight (matter density is 1/3rd of the critical value), accelerating and flat. This implies the existence of a cosmic Dark Energy that overcomes the gravitational self-attraction force of matter and causes the accelerating expansion. Finding out the cause of expansion and acceleration of the universe is a challenging job in present day cosmology. Cosmological models with different types of dark energy are becoming viable standard models to analyze and simulate experimental data from a number of high red shift supernovae. In this article, physical significance and analytical expression for dark energy related to total energy (or energy density) and matter (or matter density) in the universe is presented. It is assumed that 'space' or 'vacuum' is another form of energy (other form is mass which is related as E = mc2). With this assumption new cosmological equation of state is constructed which is in very good agreement with present observations. Thus energy evolves from matter to radiation to space. It is also predicted that the existence of a fundamental particle with mass less than the mass of a quark is possible.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the SchrĂśdinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective SchrĂśndiger equation.
Fundamental principle of information to-energy conversion.Fausto Intilla
Â
Abstract. - The equivalence of 1 bit of information to entropy was given by Landauer in 1961 as kln2, k the Boltzmann constant. Erasing information implies heat dissipation and the energy of 1 bit would then be (the
Landauer´s limit) kT ln 2, T being the ambient temperature. From a quantum-cosmological point of view the minimum quantum of energy in the universe corresponds today to a temperature of 10^-29 ºK, probably forming a cosmic background of a Bose condensate [1]. Then, the bit with minimum energy today in the Universe is a quantum of energy 10^-45 ergs, with an equivalent mass of 10^-66 g. Low temperature implies low energy per bit and, of course, this is the way for faster and less energy dissipating computing devices. Our conjecture is this: the possibility of a future access to the CBBC (a coupling/channeling?) would mean a huge
jump in the performance of these devices.
In this paper I present a new theory that explains as to when and how dark energy is created as mass is destroyed. The theory extends Einsteinâs mass energy equation to a more generic form in order to make it work even in high gravity conditions. It also explains why dark energy is created. Further, it is proved Einsteinâs mass energy equation holds good only when the destroyed mass has no supermassive object in its close vicinity. The relationship between dark energy and dark matter is unveiled. An extended mathematical form of Einsteinâs mass energy equation is derived, based on which the conditions leading to dark energy creation are explained. Three new physical parameters called dark energy discriminant, dark energy radius and dark energy boundary are introduced to facilitate easy understanding of the theory. It is explained in detail that an extremely superdense object has two dark energy boundaries, outer and inner. Mass destroyed only between these two boundaries creates dark energy. Dark energy space, the space between the two aforementioned boundaries, shrouds visible matter in obscurity from optical and electromagnetic telescopes. This theory identifies Gargantuan as a superdense black hole currently creating fresh dark energy, which could be the subject of interest for the astronomical research community having access to sophisticated telescopes, and working on dark energy. It also upholds dark energy and denies the existence of dark matter. Dark matter is nothing but the well-known visible matter positioned in dark energy space. An important relationship is derived between a photonâs frequency and its distance from a black hole to demonstrate the effect of gravity on light. Another important fact revealed by this theory is gravity stretches out light, thereby causing redshift, which is unaccounted in the computation of velocities of outer galaxies. Whether the universe is undergoing accelerated or decelerated expansion, or accelerated contraction can precisely be determined only after accounting for the redshift caused by gravity
Informational Nature of Dark Matter and Dark Energy and the Cosmological Cons...OlivierDenis15
Â
In this article, realistic quantitative estimation of dark matter and dark energy considered as informational phenomena
have been computed, thereby explaining certain anomalies and effects within the universe. Moreover, by the same conceptual
approach, the cosmological constant problem has been reduced by almost 120 orders of magnitude in the prediction of the
vacuum energy from a quantum point of view. We argue that dark matter is an informational field with finite and quantifiable
negative mass, distinct from the conventional fields of matter of quantum field theory and associated with the number of bits of
information in the observable universe, while dark energy is negative energy, calculated as the energy associated with dark
matter. Since dark energy is vacuum energy, it emerges from dark matter as a collective potential of all particles with their
individual zero-point energy via Landauer's principle
Black hole entropy leads to a quantized space-time.pdfEran Sinbar
Â
Based on Prof. Bekenstein and Prof. Hawking, the black hole maximal entropy, the maximum amount of information that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit into its surrounding surface area. Taking this information limit from the event horizon of a black hole to the event horizon of a sphere in the size of Planck length in each of its three dimensions, will open up a new approach to our space -time structure.
The Higgs boson (or Higgs particle) produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, that was confirmed on 2012 in the ATLAS detector at CERN is supposed to be the explanation for the mass of elementary particles. In this paper I will explain why this Higgs field is a new dimension which I refer to as the Grid dimensions (or Grid extra dimensions). This paper will explain what are the expected measurements regarding the Higgs particles based on this assumption. In this paper I will show what will be the future measured evidence that he Higgs particle measured at the particle accelerators is a quantum excitation of the Grid dimensions themselves.
The objective of this paper is to propose an approach to the unification of physics by attempting
to construct a physical worldview which can be used as the context for a unified physical theory.
The underlying principle is that we have to construct a clear description of the physical world
before we can build a unified physical theory.
The present state of physics is such that there are many theories which all differ in the descriptive
context in which they operate. The theories of general relativity, quantum theory, quantum
electrodynamics, string theory and the standard model of particle physics are based on differing
concepts of the nature of the physical world.
Energy in form of space may solve the dark energy problemPremier Publishers
Â
A review of recent observations suggests a universe that is light weight (matter density is 1/3rd of the critical value), accelerating and flat. This implies the existence of a cosmic Dark Energy that overcomes the gravitational self-attraction force of matter and causes the accelerating expansion. Finding out the cause of expansion and acceleration of the universe is a challenging job in present day cosmology. Cosmological models with different types of dark energy are becoming viable standard models to analyze and simulate experimental data from a number of high red shift supernovae. In this article, physical significance and analytical expression for dark energy related to total energy (or energy density) and matter (or matter density) in the universe is presented. It is assumed that 'space' or 'vacuum' is another form of energy (other form is mass which is related as E = mc2). With this assumption new cosmological equation of state is constructed which is in very good agreement with present observations. Thus energy evolves from matter to radiation to space. It is also predicted that the existence of a fundamental particle with mass less than the mass of a quark is possible.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the SchrĂśdinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective SchrĂśndiger equation.
Fundamental principle of information to-energy conversion.Fausto Intilla
Â
Abstract. - The equivalence of 1 bit of information to entropy was given by Landauer in 1961 as kln2, k the Boltzmann constant. Erasing information implies heat dissipation and the energy of 1 bit would then be (the
Landauer´s limit) kT ln 2, T being the ambient temperature. From a quantum-cosmological point of view the minimum quantum of energy in the universe corresponds today to a temperature of 10^-29 ºK, probably forming a cosmic background of a Bose condensate [1]. Then, the bit with minimum energy today in the Universe is a quantum of energy 10^-45 ergs, with an equivalent mass of 10^-66 g. Low temperature implies low energy per bit and, of course, this is the way for faster and less energy dissipating computing devices. Our conjecture is this: the possibility of a future access to the CBBC (a coupling/channeling?) would mean a huge
jump in the performance of these devices.
In this paper I present a new theory that explains as to when and how dark energy is created as mass is destroyed. The theory extends Einsteinâs mass energy equation to a more generic form in order to make it work even in high gravity conditions. It also explains why dark energy is created. Further, it is proved Einsteinâs mass energy equation holds good only when the destroyed mass has no supermassive object in its close vicinity. The relationship between dark energy and dark matter is unveiled. An extended mathematical form of Einsteinâs mass energy equation is derived, based on which the conditions leading to dark energy creation are explained. Three new physical parameters called dark energy discriminant, dark energy radius and dark energy boundary are introduced to facilitate easy understanding of the theory. It is explained in detail that an extremely superdense object has two dark energy boundaries, outer and inner. Mass destroyed only between these two boundaries creates dark energy. Dark energy space, the space between the two aforementioned boundaries, shrouds visible matter in obscurity from optical and electromagnetic telescopes. This theory identifies Gargantuan as a superdense black hole currently creating fresh dark energy, which could be the subject of interest for the astronomical research community having access to sophisticated telescopes, and working on dark energy. It also upholds dark energy and denies the existence of dark matter. Dark matter is nothing but the well-known visible matter positioned in dark energy space. An important relationship is derived between a photonâs frequency and its distance from a black hole to demonstrate the effect of gravity on light. Another important fact revealed by this theory is gravity stretches out light, thereby causing redshift, which is unaccounted in the computation of velocities of outer galaxies. Whether the universe is undergoing accelerated or decelerated expansion, or accelerated contraction can precisely be determined only after accounting for the redshift caused by gravity
Informational Nature of Dark Matter and Dark Energy and the Cosmological Cons...OlivierDenis15
Â
In this article, realistic quantitative estimation of dark matter and dark energy considered as informational phenomena
have been computed, thereby explaining certain anomalies and effects within the universe. Moreover, by the same conceptual
approach, the cosmological constant problem has been reduced by almost 120 orders of magnitude in the prediction of the
vacuum energy from a quantum point of view. We argue that dark matter is an informational field with finite and quantifiable
negative mass, distinct from the conventional fields of matter of quantum field theory and associated with the number of bits of
information in the observable universe, while dark energy is negative energy, calculated as the energy associated with dark
matter. Since dark energy is vacuum energy, it emerges from dark matter as a collective potential of all particles with their
individual zero-point energy via Landauer's principle
Black hole entropy leads to a quantized space-time.pdfEran Sinbar
Â
Based on Prof. Bekenstein and Prof. Hawking, the black hole maximal entropy, the maximum amount of information that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit into its surrounding surface area. Taking this information limit from the event horizon of a black hole to the event horizon of a sphere in the size of Planck length in each of its three dimensions, will open up a new approach to our space -time structure.
The Higgs boson (or Higgs particle) produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, that was confirmed on 2012 in the ATLAS detector at CERN is supposed to be the explanation for the mass of elementary particles. In this paper I will explain why this Higgs field is a new dimension which I refer to as the Grid dimensions (or Grid extra dimensions). This paper will explain what are the expected measurements regarding the Higgs particles based on this assumption. In this paper I will show what will be the future measured evidence that he Higgs particle measured at the particle accelerators is a quantum excitation of the Grid dimensions themselves.
The objective of this paper is to propose an approach to the unification of physics by attempting
to construct a physical worldview which can be used as the context for a unified physical theory.
The underlying principle is that we have to construct a clear description of the physical world
before we can build a unified physical theory.
The present state of physics is such that there are many theories which all differ in the descriptive
context in which they operate. The theories of general relativity, quantum theory, quantum
electrodynamics, string theory and the standard model of particle physics are based on differing
concepts of the nature of the physical world.
The document provides information on quantum theory and its application to atomic structure. It discusses key concepts such as:
1) Energy is quantized and can only be emitted or absorbed in discrete packets called quanta.
2) Electrons in atoms exist in discrete energy levels called shells or orbitals. They can only transition between these levels by absorbing or emitting quanta of energy.
3) Quantum numbers are used to describe the specific energy state of each electron in an atom, including its distance from the nucleus, energy, and orientation.
ĎT 4
where Ď is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
1) The document discusses a computer simulation called Starsmasher that astrophysicists use to model binary star mergers like that of V1309 Scorpii.
2) Starsmasher uses smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) which treats fluids as interacting parcels to efficiently simulate gas dynamics in stellar events.
3) The document provides details on how Starsmasher simulations work and the goals of modeling the light curve and visual appearance of V1309 Scorpii's merger event.
This document provides an overview of statistical mechanics. It defines microstates and macrostates, and explains that statistical mechanics studies systems with many microstates corresponding to a given macrostate. The Boltzmann distribution is derived, which gives the probability of finding a system in a particular microstate as being proportional to the exponential of the negative of the energy of that microstate divided by the temperature. Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics are described as applying to classical distinguishable particles, yielding the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. References for further reading are also included.
A Physical Philosophy for Approaching the True and Then the Beautiful: Princi...Scientific Review SR
Â
Physics demands not only the beautiful but also the true. The true is the first, and the beautiful is the second. The philosophy of physics should emphasize the true and then the beautiful. After reviewing three kind of main hypotheses beyond standard model, and based on experimental and observational evidences, three physical principles and three philosophical rules are suggested, namely P1-action principle, P2-duality principle, P3-equivalence principle, and R1-logic harmony, R2-minimum hypotheses, R3-maximum hopes. It is revealed that there are no supersymmetry and dark sectors because the space and time for the existence of unknown particles resemble impossible.
Dark matter modeled as a Bose Einstein gluon condensate with an energy density relative to baryonic energy density in agreement with observation (ArXiv: 1507.00460)
Relativity theory project & albert einstenSeergio Garcia
Â
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the pillars of modern physics. He was born in 1879 in Germany and died in 1955 in the United States. He is best known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2, which has been called the world's most famous equation. He developed the special theory of relativity, which describes the laws of motion at high speeds and led to his famous equation, and the general theory of relativity, which describes gravity as a geometric property of space and time.
Relativity theory project & albert einstenSeergio Garcia
Â
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the pillars of modern physics. He was born in 1879 in Germany and died in 1955 in the United States. He is best known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2, which has been called the world's most famous equation. The document provides background on Einstein's life and work, and summarizes his theories of special relativity, which describes physics at high speeds, and general relativity, which proposes that gravity results from the curvature of spacetime.
MASSIVE PHOTON HYPOTHESIS OPENS DOORS TO NEW FIELDS OF RESEARCHijrap
Â
1) A massive photon hypothesis is proposed, where the photon mass is directly calculated from kinetic gas theory to be 1.25605 x 10-39 kg.
2) This photon mass explains various experiments like light deflection near the Sun and the gravitational redshift.
3) The photon gas is found to behave as a perfect blackbody and ideal gas, with photons having 6 degrees of freedom.
4) The thermal de Broglie wavelength of this photon gas is calculated to be 1.75967 x 10-3 m, matching the wavelength of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
5) This links the CMB radiation to being continuously generated by the photon gas permeating space, rather than being a relic of
Electron's gravitational and electrostatic force test.RitikBhardwaj56
Â
This innovative ebook by John A. Macken delves deep into the fascinating world of electron interactions, shedding light on wave-based models and their impact on gravitational and electrostatic forces. Macken's theory 'Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation of the Universe' revolutionizes our understanding of fundamental forces at the quantum level. From explaining key parameters without dimensions to comparing gravitational and electrostatic forces, this ebook offers a thorough exploration of wave-based models in electron interactions.
With a fresh perspective, this ebook is a key player in advancing physics education. It simplifies complex concepts through Macken's theory, providing valuable insights into fundamental forces for students and educators alike. The inclusion of natural units and dimensionless constants makes quantum mechanics more accessible, improving the learning process for students at every level. As a result, this ebook is an essential tool for classrooms, self-study, and research, contributing to the ongoing development of scientific knowledge in the field of physics.
1) Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity, which describes the laws of physics for both non-accelerating and accelerating frames of reference.
2) The theory of special relativity, published in 1905, describes motion at constant velocity while general relativity, published in 1915, describes accelerated frames and gravity.
3) One of the most famous equations in physics, E=mc2, comes from the theory of relativity and shows that mass and energy are equivalent and interconvertible.
Virtual particles in the vacuum and gravityEran Sinbar
Â
1) The document proposes that virtual particle pairs that pop in and out of existence due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle are the source of gravity.
2) It suggests that in rare cases, the annihilation of a real electron and a virtual positron would generate energy that distorts spacetime, causing gravity, rather than the energy returning to the vacuum.
3) Through examples and equations, it shows that this model can derive the Newtonian gravitational force equation, providing an explanation for where the kinetic energy gained from gravity originates.
1) The vacuum has fluctuations of energy due to virtual particle pairs popping in and out of existence according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. However, integrating all the expected energy from these fluctuations results in a vacuum energy that is 120 orders of magnitude greater than observed dark energy driving the expansion of the universe, known as the vacuum catastrophe.
2) The author proposes to solve this by assuming virtual particle pairs can only become real particles contributing to dark energy when they interact with and are separated by photons from the cosmic microwave background.
3) Similar to how Planck solved the ultraviolet catastrophe by quantizing energy transfer, the author develops an equation where most virtual particle separations would occur when their bond energy matches the thermal
Quantization of photonic energy and photonic wave lengthEran Sinbar
Â
The document proposes that if space is quantized at the Planck length, then photonic energy and wavelength must also be quantized. It suggests that future experiments could detect these quantization levels in cosmic radiation or particle collisions. It also puts forward a "grid dimensions" theory that proposes extra non-local dimensions between Planck length pieces of space that could explain quantum non-local effects like entanglement. Key equations presented quantify proposed quantized limits for momentum, mass, velocity of particles if space-time is quantized.
Mathematical derivation of a quantized space-time.pdfEran Sinbar
Â
The document proposes a model of quantized space-time based on the Hawking-Bekenstein formula relating black hole entropy to surface area. It suggests that space can be quantized into discrete, spherical units of Planck length radius, with each unit containing just one bit of information. This resolves inconsistencies raised by the formula and defines space between units as a "grid dimension" that could explain quantum non-locality. Quantizing space-time in this way leads to Heisenberg uncertainty and relates the proposed grid dimension concept to the Higgs field mechanism.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) developed the theories of special and general relativity. Special relativity, published in 1905, established that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference and that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant. General relativity, published in 1915, introduced gravitation as a result of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass and energy. One of Einstein's most famous equations is E=mc2, which shows that mass and energy are equivalent and interconvertible.
This document is Einstein's seminal 1905 paper "Concerning an Heuristic Point of View Toward the Emission and Transformation of Light". In the paper, Einstein summarizes issues with existing theories of light and blackbody radiation. He proposes that light energy is quantized rather than continuous, consisting of discrete "energy quanta" localized in space that can only be emitted or absorbed as complete units. This revolutionary idea helped lay the foundations for the development of quantum mechanics.
The Significance of the Speed of Light relating to EinsteinKenny Hansen
Â
This document discusses Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity and how it relates to the universal constant speed of light. It explores how light can behave as both a particle and wave, and how its speed is directly linked to concepts like mass, time, and energy. The speed of light is fundamental to our understanding of physics and the nature of the universe according to Einstein's theory.
The document is a learning activity worksheet about special and general relativity. It contains multiple choice questions, matching activities, and short answer questions about key concepts of relativity such as mass-energy equivalence, reference frames, postulates of special relativity, and consequences of general relativity like gravitational redshift and black holes. The worksheet aims to explain the consequences of the postulates of both special and general relativity.
The entropy of the entangled Hawking radiationOlivierDenis15
Â
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework
capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling
quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing
entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox
by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us
to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating
a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation,
itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the
Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since
the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula
for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with
the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox
of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum
gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information
The Entropy of the Entangled Hawking RadiationOlivier Denis
Â
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation, itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
The document provides information on quantum theory and its application to atomic structure. It discusses key concepts such as:
1) Energy is quantized and can only be emitted or absorbed in discrete packets called quanta.
2) Electrons in atoms exist in discrete energy levels called shells or orbitals. They can only transition between these levels by absorbing or emitting quanta of energy.
3) Quantum numbers are used to describe the specific energy state of each electron in an atom, including its distance from the nucleus, energy, and orientation.
ĎT 4
where Ď is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
1) The document discusses a computer simulation called Starsmasher that astrophysicists use to model binary star mergers like that of V1309 Scorpii.
2) Starsmasher uses smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) which treats fluids as interacting parcels to efficiently simulate gas dynamics in stellar events.
3) The document provides details on how Starsmasher simulations work and the goals of modeling the light curve and visual appearance of V1309 Scorpii's merger event.
This document provides an overview of statistical mechanics. It defines microstates and macrostates, and explains that statistical mechanics studies systems with many microstates corresponding to a given macrostate. The Boltzmann distribution is derived, which gives the probability of finding a system in a particular microstate as being proportional to the exponential of the negative of the energy of that microstate divided by the temperature. Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics are described as applying to classical distinguishable particles, yielding the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. References for further reading are also included.
A Physical Philosophy for Approaching the True and Then the Beautiful: Princi...Scientific Review SR
Â
Physics demands not only the beautiful but also the true. The true is the first, and the beautiful is the second. The philosophy of physics should emphasize the true and then the beautiful. After reviewing three kind of main hypotheses beyond standard model, and based on experimental and observational evidences, three physical principles and three philosophical rules are suggested, namely P1-action principle, P2-duality principle, P3-equivalence principle, and R1-logic harmony, R2-minimum hypotheses, R3-maximum hopes. It is revealed that there are no supersymmetry and dark sectors because the space and time for the existence of unknown particles resemble impossible.
Dark matter modeled as a Bose Einstein gluon condensate with an energy density relative to baryonic energy density in agreement with observation (ArXiv: 1507.00460)
Relativity theory project & albert einstenSeergio Garcia
Â
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the pillars of modern physics. He was born in 1879 in Germany and died in 1955 in the United States. He is best known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2, which has been called the world's most famous equation. He developed the special theory of relativity, which describes the laws of motion at high speeds and led to his famous equation, and the general theory of relativity, which describes gravity as a geometric property of space and time.
Relativity theory project & albert einstenSeergio Garcia
Â
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the pillars of modern physics. He was born in 1879 in Germany and died in 1955 in the United States. He is best known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2, which has been called the world's most famous equation. The document provides background on Einstein's life and work, and summarizes his theories of special relativity, which describes physics at high speeds, and general relativity, which proposes that gravity results from the curvature of spacetime.
MASSIVE PHOTON HYPOTHESIS OPENS DOORS TO NEW FIELDS OF RESEARCHijrap
Â
1) A massive photon hypothesis is proposed, where the photon mass is directly calculated from kinetic gas theory to be 1.25605 x 10-39 kg.
2) This photon mass explains various experiments like light deflection near the Sun and the gravitational redshift.
3) The photon gas is found to behave as a perfect blackbody and ideal gas, with photons having 6 degrees of freedom.
4) The thermal de Broglie wavelength of this photon gas is calculated to be 1.75967 x 10-3 m, matching the wavelength of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
5) This links the CMB radiation to being continuously generated by the photon gas permeating space, rather than being a relic of
Electron's gravitational and electrostatic force test.RitikBhardwaj56
Â
This innovative ebook by John A. Macken delves deep into the fascinating world of electron interactions, shedding light on wave-based models and their impact on gravitational and electrostatic forces. Macken's theory 'Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation of the Universe' revolutionizes our understanding of fundamental forces at the quantum level. From explaining key parameters without dimensions to comparing gravitational and electrostatic forces, this ebook offers a thorough exploration of wave-based models in electron interactions.
With a fresh perspective, this ebook is a key player in advancing physics education. It simplifies complex concepts through Macken's theory, providing valuable insights into fundamental forces for students and educators alike. The inclusion of natural units and dimensionless constants makes quantum mechanics more accessible, improving the learning process for students at every level. As a result, this ebook is an essential tool for classrooms, self-study, and research, contributing to the ongoing development of scientific knowledge in the field of physics.
1) Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity, which describes the laws of physics for both non-accelerating and accelerating frames of reference.
2) The theory of special relativity, published in 1905, describes motion at constant velocity while general relativity, published in 1915, describes accelerated frames and gravity.
3) One of the most famous equations in physics, E=mc2, comes from the theory of relativity and shows that mass and energy are equivalent and interconvertible.
Virtual particles in the vacuum and gravityEran Sinbar
Â
1) The document proposes that virtual particle pairs that pop in and out of existence due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle are the source of gravity.
2) It suggests that in rare cases, the annihilation of a real electron and a virtual positron would generate energy that distorts spacetime, causing gravity, rather than the energy returning to the vacuum.
3) Through examples and equations, it shows that this model can derive the Newtonian gravitational force equation, providing an explanation for where the kinetic energy gained from gravity originates.
1) The vacuum has fluctuations of energy due to virtual particle pairs popping in and out of existence according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. However, integrating all the expected energy from these fluctuations results in a vacuum energy that is 120 orders of magnitude greater than observed dark energy driving the expansion of the universe, known as the vacuum catastrophe.
2) The author proposes to solve this by assuming virtual particle pairs can only become real particles contributing to dark energy when they interact with and are separated by photons from the cosmic microwave background.
3) Similar to how Planck solved the ultraviolet catastrophe by quantizing energy transfer, the author develops an equation where most virtual particle separations would occur when their bond energy matches the thermal
Quantization of photonic energy and photonic wave lengthEran Sinbar
Â
The document proposes that if space is quantized at the Planck length, then photonic energy and wavelength must also be quantized. It suggests that future experiments could detect these quantization levels in cosmic radiation or particle collisions. It also puts forward a "grid dimensions" theory that proposes extra non-local dimensions between Planck length pieces of space that could explain quantum non-local effects like entanglement. Key equations presented quantify proposed quantized limits for momentum, mass, velocity of particles if space-time is quantized.
Mathematical derivation of a quantized space-time.pdfEran Sinbar
Â
The document proposes a model of quantized space-time based on the Hawking-Bekenstein formula relating black hole entropy to surface area. It suggests that space can be quantized into discrete, spherical units of Planck length radius, with each unit containing just one bit of information. This resolves inconsistencies raised by the formula and defines space between units as a "grid dimension" that could explain quantum non-locality. Quantizing space-time in this way leads to Heisenberg uncertainty and relates the proposed grid dimension concept to the Higgs field mechanism.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) developed the theories of special and general relativity. Special relativity, published in 1905, established that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference and that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant. General relativity, published in 1915, introduced gravitation as a result of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass and energy. One of Einstein's most famous equations is E=mc2, which shows that mass and energy are equivalent and interconvertible.
This document is Einstein's seminal 1905 paper "Concerning an Heuristic Point of View Toward the Emission and Transformation of Light". In the paper, Einstein summarizes issues with existing theories of light and blackbody radiation. He proposes that light energy is quantized rather than continuous, consisting of discrete "energy quanta" localized in space that can only be emitted or absorbed as complete units. This revolutionary idea helped lay the foundations for the development of quantum mechanics.
The Significance of the Speed of Light relating to EinsteinKenny Hansen
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This document discusses Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity and how it relates to the universal constant speed of light. It explores how light can behave as both a particle and wave, and how its speed is directly linked to concepts like mass, time, and energy. The speed of light is fundamental to our understanding of physics and the nature of the universe according to Einstein's theory.
The document is a learning activity worksheet about special and general relativity. It contains multiple choice questions, matching activities, and short answer questions about key concepts of relativity such as mass-energy equivalence, reference frames, postulates of special relativity, and consequences of general relativity like gravitational redshift and black holes. The worksheet aims to explain the consequences of the postulates of both special and general relativity.
The entropy of the entangled Hawking radiationOlivierDenis15
Â
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework
capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling
quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing
entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox
by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us
to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating
a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation,
itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the
Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since
the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula
for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with
the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox
of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum
gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information
The Entropy of the Entangled Hawking RadiationOlivier Denis
Â
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation, itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
indian journal of pharmaceutical science 21 pdf.pdfnareshkotra
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Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
This document discusses the pathogenesis and diagnosis of schizophrenia from the perspective of mitochondrial dysfunction and nonlinear dynamics analysis. It summarizes that:
1) Schizophrenia is thought to result from an interplay between genetic and environmental factors that disrupt brain development, and recent research implicates mitochondrial dysfunction caused by disruption of multiple genes.
2) Studies using nonlinear dynamics analysis of EEG signals and other data have found reduced complexity and more linear/regular rhythms in schizophrenia patients compared to controls, indicating lower chaotic dynamics.
3) Quantum biophysical semeiotics clinical evaluation techniques can detect an inherited real risk of schizophrenia even in asymptomatic individuals by examining microvascular function and complexity of oscillations. This allows for early pre-clinical diagnosis
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
This document summarizes a study on job satisfaction among employees of SIDCO (State Industries Promotion Corporation) in Tamil Nadu, India. The study surveyed 254 employees across SIDCO units. It found that most employees were aged 18-36, had nuclear families of 3 or fewer members, lived in urban areas, earned Rs. 20,001-30,000 monthly, and had 0-20 years of experience. The study aimed to understand factors influencing job satisfaction and differences by socioeconomic characteristics. It used questionnaires and statistical analysis to assess relationships between job satisfaction, quality of work life, organizational culture, and employee performance.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a speed publication schedule with the whilst maintaining rigorous proper review and the use of recommended electronic formats for an article delivery of expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate quick screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure that they are alike to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
international research journal of engineering and technology 3 nov.pdfnareshkotra
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The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining a proper peer review and the use of recommended electronic formats for an article delivery expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to an immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as assure that they are likely to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
ugc list of approved journals 02 nov.pdfnareshkotra
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Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
This document summarizes a study on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model and analyze the heat transfer performance of ceramic heat exchangers with different duct cross-sectional shapes (rectangular, elliptical, cylindrical). CFD was used to calculate parameters like temperature distribution, velocity distribution, heat transfer rate, and effectiveness. The predicted heat transfer rate from CFD analysis was found to be 15% higher than theoretical calculations. Analysis showed that cylindrical ducts had the highest effectiveness at 62%, followed by elliptical at 55% and rectangular at 52%. The document also provides background on the need to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions, and discusses objectives, assumptions, and methodology of the CFD modeling and analysis.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal published by Quarterly offers fast publication schedule with whilst maintaining rigorous peer review. The use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites and the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field of appropriate to ensure that they are likely to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published a Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule with maintaining a rigorous peer review and the use of recommended electronic formats and articles of delivery expedites and the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to the rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field of appropriate to ensure that they are much a like to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
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An electrical testing lab in Dubai plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of electrical systems across various industries. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology and staffed by experienced professionals, these labs conduct comprehensive tests on electrical components, systems, and installations.
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The study compares AMUSE's FDM and MJF 3D printing technologies.pptxAmuse
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3 Examples of new capital gains taxes in CanadaLakshay Gandhi
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journals on medical.pdf
1. NeuroQuantology | April 2018 | Volume 16 | Issue 4 | Page 18-25 | doi: 10.14704/nq.2018.16.4.1221
Sorli A., Euclidean-Planck Metrics of Space, Particle Physics and Cosmology
eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com
18
Euclidean-Planck Metrics of Space, Particle
Physics and Cosmology
Amrit Sorli1*, Uros Dobnikar2, Santanu Kumar Patro3, Magi Mageshwaran4, Davide Fiscaletti5
ABSTRACT
Recent research has introduced a novel model where a fundamental arena of the universe is infinite Euclidean
space of Planck metrics, where time is merely mathematical parameter of universal changes. The history of the
universe has merely a mathematical existence and is nonexistent in the physical sense. On the other hand, the
future is not yet existent. The only existent physical reality is the universe, which exists in the timeless space of
Euclidean-Planck metrics. This view is the basis of an âEnergy-Mass-gravityâ Model that unifies energy, mass, and
gravity. Additionally, this model reveals some discrepancies in the Big Bang cosmology model that need to be
examined in details in order to keep the Big Bang cosmology as the leading model of todayâs physics.
Key Words: Euclidean Space, Planck Units, Energy, Mass, Gravity, Cosmology, Gravitational Constant G
DOI Number: 10.14704/nq.2018.16.4.1221 NeuroQuantology 2018; 16(4):18-25
Introduction
Recent research confirms that material changes
run in timeless space. The linear time of âpast-
present-futureâ belongs to the mind. The time we
measure with clocks is the duration of material
changes, i.e. motion in timeless space (Sorli et al.,
2017).
In timeless space every physical object
and every signal moves in space only, and not in
time. This related understanding has far-reaching
implications for the field of astronomy and
cosmology. For example, although it might take a
few billion light years for a signal from a distant
star to arrive at the Earth, in which case the star
has already died, we nonetheless have to
understand that the star has both emitted the
signal, and died, in the same timeless space.
NASA results confirm that universal space
has the form of Euclidean space, which is infinite:
âWe now know (as of 2013) that the universe is
flat with only a 0.4% margin of error. This
suggests that the Universe is infinite in extent;
however, since the Universe has a finite age, we
can only observe a finite volume of the Universe.
All we can truly conclude is that the Universe is
much larger than the volume we can directly
observeâ (NASA, 2013).
âEuclidean-Planck metricsâ (EPM) of universal
space
The Euclidean-Planck metrics of universal space
are developed from the standpoint of considering
Universal space as being timeless and as having a
Euclidean shape. In set theory a set A is a subset
of a set B, or equivalently B is a superset of A, if A
is âcontainedâ inside B, that is, all elements of A
are also elements of B.
B
A â (1),
A
B â (2).
Corresponding author: Amrit Sorli
Address: 1Foundations of Physics Institute, Slovenia; 2School of Light Institute, Slovenia; 3Department of Mathematics, Berhampur
University, India; 4PG and Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappas College Chennai, India; 5SpaceLife Institute, Italy
e-mail ďŞ sorli.amrit@gmail.com
Relevant conflicts of interest/financial disclosures: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any
commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Received: 11 February 2018; Accepted: 15 March 2018
2. NeuroQuantology | April 2018 | Volume 16 | Issue 4 | Page 18-25 | doi: 10.14704/nq.2018.16.4.1221
Sorli A., Euclidean-Planck Metrics of Space, Particle Physics and Cosmology
eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com
19
That A is the subset of B is denoted with (1). That
B is the superset of A is denoted with (2).
We observe that in universal space there
exists matter and electromagnetic energy, while
theoretical research predicts the existence of
dark matter and dark energy. Universal space
U
S has properties of superset B (in sense that all
elements of A are also elements of B). Matter M ,
electromagnetic energy EM , dark matter D
M
and dark energy D
E have properties of subset A.
We can write this in the following form:
{ }
D
D
U E
M
EM
M
S ,
,
,
: (3).
Out of (3) it follows that the set universal space
U
S must also have physical properties, as it has
as its subsets M , EM , D
M , D
E . The idea of 20th
century physics of an empty space deprived of
physical properties that contain matter and
energy does not seem to be correct. By taking
into account NASAâs discovery that universal
space has a Euclidean shape, combined with the
idea that Planck units represent possible physical
properties of universal space, we are able to
develop the âEuclidean-Planck metricsâ of
universal space (EPM) in which each Planck
volume 3
P
l of space contains an amount of Planck
energy P
E , which means that empty universal
space devoid of matter and fields has a Planck
energy density PE
Ď :
3
P
P
PE
l
E
=
Ď (4).
Figure 1. Euclidean-Planck metrics (EPM) of universal space
Every elementary particle with an amount of
energy E and without inertial mass (as for
example a photon) will change the Euclidean-
Planck metrics of universal space (further on
EPM) in the sense that it will diminish the Planck
energy density of space by exactly the amount of
its energy E :
3
P
PE
SE
l
E
â
= Ď
Ď (5).
3
)
( P
SE
PE l
E â
â
= Ď
Ď (6),
Where EPM
SE
PE â
=
â )
( Ď
Ď , so we can write:
3
P
EPM l
E â
â
= (7).
Every massive particle will change the Euclidean-
Planck metrics, meaning every massive particle
will diminish the Planck energy density of space
PE
Ď in its centre as follows:
V
mc
PE
SE
2
â
= Ď
Ď (8),
Where m is its mass and V is its volume.
Out of equation (8) we derive the equation for
mass-energy equivalence as follows:
V
mc
E EPM â
â
=
= 2
(9).
A relativistic particle, because of its high speed,
creates a âdragging effectâ within universal space.
Owing to this dragging effect, the energy of space
is additionally absorbed by the relativistic
particle, and that is why a relativistic particle
gains its relativistic energy, which can be
expressed by the formula:
V
E EPM â
â
â
= Îł (10),
where Îł is the Lorentz factor.
Formula (9) is also valid for massive objects and
stellar objects. For massive objects with a given
velocity v and volume V the formula for its total
energy is as follows:
2
2
2c
v
V
V
E EPM
EPM
â
â
â
+
â
â
= (11).
Formula (11) we can develop:
3. NeuroQuantology | April 2018 | Volume 16 | Issue 4 | Page 18-25 | doi: 10.14704/nq.2018.16.4.1221
Sorli A., Euclidean-Planck Metrics of Space, Particle Physics and Cosmology
eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com
20
ďˇ
ďˇ
ď¸
ďś
ď§
ď§
ď¨
ďŚ
+
â
â
â
= 2
2
1
c
v
V
E EPM (12).
Formula (12) shows that the kinetic energy of a
moving body has its origin in a diminished value
of EPM. The kinetic energy of a moving body is
the energy of space that is additionally stored in
that moving body. If that body hits a wall, its
kinetic energy will be released as heat and light.
In LHC part of the kinetic energy of two protons
colliding is released as a Higgs boson.
Out of equation (10) we get the relation
between the relativistic energy of a particle, the
diminished value of EPM, and the Lorentz factor:
V
E
EPM â
â
=
Îł (13).
Now, one can write the following formula for the
relativistic rate of clocks in SR
V
mc
t
t
EPM â
â
â
â
=
â
2
0 (14),
where 0
t
â is the elapsed time in a moving
inertial system (in case of GPS satellite) and t
â is
the elapsed time in the stationary inertial system
(in case of GPS surface of the Earth) and m is the
mass of the satellite. The Lorentz factor is
primarily related to the diminished energy
density of space caused by the dragging effect
between space and the satellite. 0
t
â and t
â
depend exclusively on the variability of the EPM,
and not on some special position of the observer
in the sense of an âinner observerâ and an âouter
observerâ as it is interpreted in Special Relativity.
GPS system proves this beyond any doubt
(Ashby, 2003).
Euclidean-Planck metrics and âEnergy-Mass-
Gravityâ Model
Albert Einstein used to say: "The mass of a body is
a measure of its energy-content" (Einstein 1905).
In other words, according to Einstein, mass and
energy are made out of the same âstuffâ and can
be converted into each other. According to Ervin
SchrĂśdinger, space is the fundamental energy of
the universe: âWhat we observe as material bodies
and forces are nothing but shapes and variations
in the structure of spaceâ (Laszlo 2006). In this
article, a combined Einstein/SchrĂśdinger view is
developed by way of an âEnergy-Mass-Gravity
Modelâ (EMG Model) that will be presented in
this chapter. In EMG Model universal space has
properties of Bose-Einstein condensate and is in
symmetry with all particles: every particle
changes EPM of space in the sense that
diminishes its energy density with respect to the
Planck energy density exactly for the value of its
energy and so mass. In EMG curvature of space-
time, from the micro to the macro scale,
represents only the mathematical description of
the energy density of space. The changes of the
energy density with respect to the EPM of space
generate a curvature of space-time similar to the
curvature produced by a âdark energyâ density
(Fiscaletti and Sorli, 2014; Fiscaletti, 2016),
through a quantized metric, characterizing the
underlying microscopic geometry of space,
expressed by relation
ν
Âľ
¾ν dx
dx
g
s
d Ë
Ë2
= (15).
In equation (15) the (quantum operators)
coefficients of the metric are defined (in polar
coordinates) as
00
00
Ë
1
Ë h
g +
â
= , 11
11
Ë
1
Ë h
g +
= , 11
11
Ë
1
Ë h
g +
= ,
( )
33
2
2
33
Ë
1
sin
Ë h
r
g +
= Ď , ¾ν
¾ν h
g Ë
Ë = for ν
Âľ â
(16)
and
0
Ë =
¾ν
h except
2
6
2
4
2
2
00
2
35
3
8
Ë r
c
V
V
Gc
c
G
h DE
EPM
EPM
ďˇ
ďˇ
ď¸
ďś
ď§
ď§
ď¨
ďŚ
ďˇ
ď¸
ďś
ď§
ď¨
ďŚ
â
+
â
= Ď
Ď
Ď
Ď
h
and
2
6
2
4
2
2
11
2
35
2
3
8
Ë r
c
V
V
Gc
c
G
h DE
EPM
EPM
ďˇ
ďˇ
ď¸
ďś
ď§
ď§
ď¨
ďŚ
ďˇ
ď¸
ďś
ď§
ď¨
ďŚ
â
+
â
â
= Ď
Ď
Ď
Ď
h
(17).
In this scheme, dark energy is itself structured
energy of space on the basis of equation
â
DE
Ď
6
2
4
2
2
35
ďˇ
ď¸
ďś
ď§
ď¨
ďŚ
â DE
EPM
c
V
V
Gc
Ď
Ďh
(18).
This means, taking account the results of Santos
(2009, 2010) about the link between the two-
point correlation function of the vacuum
fluctuations and the space-time curvature, that
the variable energy density corresponding to the
dark energy acts as a two-point correlation
function according to relation
4. NeuroQuantology | April 2018 | Volume 16 | Issue 4 | Page 18-25 | doi: 10.14704/nq.2018.16.4.1221
Sorli A., Euclidean-Planck Metrics of Space, Particle Physics and Cosmology
eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com
21
6
2
4
4
4
ďˇ
ď¸
ďś
ď§
ď¨
ďŚ
â DE
qvE
c
V
c
Ď
Ďh
( )
ď˛
â
â
0
sds
s
C (19)
where mass )
(s
C is the two-point correlation
function of the fluctuations with respect to the
value of the Planck energy density of EPM of
space, which depends only on the distance
between the two points. In EMG model, in the
light of equations (15)-(19), the three-
dimensional space defined by the quantized
metric (15) determined by the changes and
fluctuations with respect to the Planck energy
density of EPM of space can be considered as the
fundamental origin of the curvature of space-time
characteristic of general relativity. In other
words, there is a fundamental physical
equivalence between curvature of space and
diminishing of the energy density of the space.
According to equations (15)-(19), each
form of energy has the property to modify the
EPM of space, by generating the curvature of the
space-time characteristic of general relativity.
This means, in the light of equations (5)-(7), that
in the EMG approach also the energy of a photon
can cause a curvature. The physical origin of the
curvature of space (and thus of the modification
of the EPM of space) in the lowering of energy
with respect to the Planck energy, implies
therefore that also a photon, which has energy, as
a consequence has got a mass in the sense of
âmass as the amount of energy.â A photonâs mass
can be defined by the following formula:
2
c
v
h
m
â
= (20),
Where h is Planckâs constant, ν is frequency,
and c is light speed. Unlike a proton, a photon
has no rest mass, but its energy can also be
presented as mass according to the mass-energy
equivalence principle as well as the physical
origin of the curvature of space in each form of
change of energy density with respect to the
Planck energy density. We could say that formula
(20) shows that the photonâs energy is equivalent
to its âkinetic massâ.
A given massive particle that is moving with
velocity v mass m is the sum of rest mass 0
m
and kinetic mass K
m :
K
m
m
m +
= 0 (21),
where K
m is:
2
2
0
2c
v
m
mK = (22).
Moving particles interact with space in a so called
âdragging effectâ which increases it energy and
mass. Kinetic mass K
m is the energy of space
which is additionally integrated in the moving
particle.
Combining formula (21) and (22) we get:
2
2
0
0
2c
v
m
m
m +
= (23)
and thus
ďˇ
ďˇ
ď¸
ďś
ď§
ď§
ď¨
ďŚ
+
â
= 2
2
0
2
1
c
v
m
m (24).
Also gluons, which represent 99% of proton
mass, can be imagined as particles that have no
rest mass, they only have kinetic mass that is
equal to their energy. The same goes for quarks;
i.e., we can imagine them as particles with no rest
mass; they have their energy and correspondent
kinetic mass. The rest mass of a proton 0
m is the
sum of the kinetic masses of gluons Gluons
K
m . and
kinetic masses of quarks Quarks
K
m . :
ďĽ
ďĽ +
= Gluons
K
Quarks
K m
m
m .
.
0 (25).
Formula (25) can also be written as follows:
ďĽ
ďĽ +
= 2
2
0
c
E
c
E
m Gluons
Quarks
(26).
In formula (26) the energy of quarks is presented
according to the SchrĂśdinger view (Laszlo 2006),
which means that it corresponds to the
structured energy of space, which is also our
view. This view does not need the existence of
some special field (Higgs field) in order to give
quarks mass. The Higgs mechanism represents
the ultimate in complexity in particle physics
while not contributing to the clarity of physics.
More than that: the Higgs mechanism has created
a gap between mass and energy that is contrary
to their unification as represented in Einsteinâs
âmass-energyâ equivalence principle. Adding to
this the epistemological instability of the Higgs
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22
mechanism (Sorli, Kaufman, 2018), we assume
that the Higgs mechanism will not have a long
âlife-time.â
Also, the idea that the proton rest mass
has the origin in the holographic structure of the
universe (Haramein, 2013) has no solid
theoretical basis which would be based on the
bijective correspondence with the physical word
(Sorli, Kaufman, 2018). Further on it has been
experimentally proved 3D universe is not a
hologram of some primordial 2D reality (Cho,
2012).
Particles that have rest mass are different
structures of space energy, and they diminish
EPM exactly for the amount of their mass-energy
according to formula (9). A diminished EPM, and
therefore the corresponding equivalence
between curvature of space and each lowering of
the energy density with respect to the Planck
energy density, is the physical origin of both
inertial mass and gravitational mass. The
pressure of outer space, which has a relatively
higher EPM, moving towards the centre of a
massive particle, which has a relatively
diminished EPM, is what gives birth to both
inertia and gravity.
In this way, two massive particles or
physical objects create an area of diminished
EPM that is the origin of gravity. In this model,
outer space has a relatively higher EPM than the
space surrounding two physical objects. This
creates an pressure in the direction of the
particles; the pressure of outer space pushes
together inner space that has a diminished EPM
as a result of the presence of the two physical
objects. In this way, particles and physical objects
that are in space are pushed together indirectly
via space. In this model, gravity does not work
directly between two massive bodies. Rather, in
this model, gravity works on bodies indirectly via
variable EPM of space.
The model presented in this chapter
regarding the origin of energy, mass, and gravity
(EMG Model) works both without a hypothetical
graviton, as well as without a Higgs field. The
origin of the energy and mass of all massive
particles is a diminished EPM. The Higgs
mechanism is developed upon the proposition
that, in general, all particles are mass-less.
Particles which interact with the Higgs field (for
example quarks) will gain mass, while particles
which do not interact with the Higgs field (for
example photons) will not gain mass. The Higgs
mechanism does not continue the tradition of
Einsteinâs view, in which mass and energy are
made out of the same âstuffâ. The Higgs model
has several epistemological instabilities that need
to be carefully examined (Sorli, Kaufman, 2018).
Figure 2. Gravity as the pressure of outer space that is created by
the diminished EPM around two particles
The Higgs mechanism has its origin in
supersymmetry, which is an extension of the
Standard Model: âSupersymmetry predicts a
partner particle for each particle in the standard
model, to help explain why particles have mass.
At first sight, the Standard Model seems to
predict that all particles should be massless, an
idea at odds with what we observe around us.
Theorists have come up with a mechanism to give
particles masses that requires the existence of a
new particle, the Higgs bosonâ (CERN, 2018). In
the EMG Model the fundamental symmetry of the
universe is between a given massive particle (or
physical object) and the variable EPM, which was
expressed in formula (9). In the EMG Model the
Higgs boson is the characteristic a flux of released
relativistic energy caused by the collision of two
protons. Higgs boson is the manmade artificial
flux generated in the collision of two protons and
has an extremely short life-time of s
22
10
56
,
1 â
â .
Higgs boson is not direct unshakable proof for the
existence of the hypothetical Higgs field (Sorli,
Kaufman, 2018).
The assumption of Higgs mechanism:
"Must be a field which gives mass to the
particles", is wrong. The right assumption is:
"Must be a field which gives inertial mass to the
particles". In this article is shown that the field
which is giving inertial mass to the particles is
space itself, namely, its variable energy density
which we describe with Euclidean-Planck metrics
EPM. Inertial mass (inertia) is a physical property
of massive particle which originates from the
outer higher pressure of space towards lover
pressure of space in the centre of the massive
particle. Each elementary particle with a given
inertial mass is diminishing the energy density of
space with respect to the Planck energy density
exactly for the amount of its mass-energy
content.
6. NeuroQuantology | April 2018 | Volume 16 | Issue 4 | Page 18-25 | doi: 10.14704/nq.2018.16.4.1221
Sorli A., Euclidean-Planck Metrics of Space, Particle Physics and Cosmology
eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com
23
In EMG Model there is no difference
between mass and energy. Space is the source of
mass and energy of all particles; energy, mass,
and gravity are intrinsically related to the
variable EPM; the kinetic energy of a massive
body additionally diminishes the EPM, thereby
increasing the gravity force. Letâs do a âthought
experimentâ: we place two iron balls on a vertical
axis at distance d and we then measure the
gravitational force. Then we start rotating the
balls, thereby giving them a high angular velocity,
and we measure their gravitational force, and
find that it is greater than that of the first
measurement:
still
g
rotating
g F
F .
. f (27).
This thought experiment has theoretical support
in previous research regarding the relativistic
mass of a rotating cylinder (Gilloch J.M., W.H.
McCrea, 1951).
Euclidean-Planck metrics and CMB signal
Euclidean-Planck metrics EPM introduces the
idea that CMB moves in timeless space and that
time is the duration of its motion. CMB radiation
has its source in the period of recombination,
circa 377,000 years after the Big Bang. We can
imagine this recombination epoch as a slice of a
three dimensional ball (shown in figure 3 below
marked as RS â recombination slice). At the time
of recombination, and so when the universe was
around 377,000 years old, the epoch radius of the
universe was around 42 million light-years.
Because recombination lasted around 100,000
years, the source of CMB lasted around 100,000
years, and so ended when the age of the universe
was around 477,000 years. This means that the
source of CMB has not been physically present in
the universe for 13.7 billion years minus 477,000
years. Therefore, CMB is relic radiation of a
source that was âextinguishedâ around
13,699523 billion years ago. As shown in figure 3
below, given that CMB radiation was produced in
the recombination epoch, the signal is now
reaching an area in universal space that is
13,699523 billion light years distant from the
radius of the recombination epoch (point A in
figure 3). Given as well that the radius of the
universe today is around 46,6 billion light years,
this means that CMB should not be reaching us
yet and is around 32,9 billion light years distant
from the planet Earth (point B on the figure 3).
This discrepancy needs to be solved in order to
for CMB to continue as the main proof underlying
Big Bang cosmology.
Figure 3. Plane of intersection of expanding universe
NASA results provide strong evidence
that universal space has the shape of Euclidean
space, which excludes the use of non-Euclidean
geometries in cosmology. Universal space does
not have an open curvature, it does not have a
closed curvature, and universal space is flat and
infinite in extent, and that which is infinite cannot
expand. We can imagine the hypothetical
expansion of the universe according to the Big
Bang model only as the increase of distances
between galaxies in the infinite stationary space.
In the Big Bang model the estimated age
of the universe is 13.7 billion years which is
s
17
10
1
,
4 â . The radius of the observed mapped
universe is 46,6 billion light years which is
m
26
10
4
,
4 â . This means that, according to the Big
Bang model, the universe should expanding since
its beginning with the speed of 1
9
10
073
,
1 â
â ms
which is 3,58 times of the speed of the light. This
is against existent physical laws and against
common sense.
The velocity of accelerated expansion
today is valued at
1
68 â
kms which puts
(considering the age of the universe is 13,7 billion
years ) the radius of the universe at km
19
10
78
,
2 â
. On the other hand, the radius of the observed
universe is around km
23
10
41
,
4 â . This
discrepancy of the rate 4
10 confirms there is a
huge system error in the Big Bang model
regarding the size of the observable universe.
Universe in dynamic equilibrium has stable
value of gravitational constant G
In the model of the universe in dynamic
equilibrium, dark energy is the energy of space
itself (Fiscaletti 2016). Space is neither empty nor
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filled with some type of energy; rather, space is
the concrete fundamental energy of the universe
as was proposed by Ervin SchrĂśdinger (Laszlo
2006). The curvature of space in General
Relativity is the mathematical expression of its
energy density. A higher curvature of space
means a lower energy density of space (Fiscaletti,
Sorli 2015) for which the actual geometry is
Euclidean.
We propose in this article a model of the
universe in dynamic equilibrium. In intergalactic
space, where the value of EPM is at a maximum,
the energy of space is continuously transforming
into cosmic rays that then themselves transform
into elementary particles (Friedlander, 2002). In
the centre of black holes the EPM value is at a
minimum, and as a result atoms become unstable
and disintegrate back into the energy of space.
The calculation of EPM in the centre of black hole
that has a mass M that is equal to the mass of
the Sun, and has a radius r of 3000 metres gives
the following value:
3
36
113
3
2
/
10
582
,
1
10
633
,
4
4
3
m
J
r
c
M
PE
SE â
â
â
=
â
â
â
=
Ď
Ď
Ď (28)
and thus here one has
3
36
3
2
/
10
582
,
1
4
3
m
J
r
c
M
SE
PE
EPM â
=
â
â
=
â
=
â
Ď
Ď
Ď (29).
The value of EPM in the centre of a black hole the
size of the Sun is smaller than in outer
intergalactic space by 3
36
/
10
582
,
1 m
J
â .
The circulation of energy just described,
i.e., the process âformation of particles in outer
space - formation of stars - black holes -
disintegration of matter in space energy,â is
eternal; it has no beginning and will not have an
end. Black holes are the ârejuvenating
mechanismsâ of the universe, where âoldâ matter
is transformed back into the âfreshâ energy of
space itself. The universe as a whole has an
infinite amount of energy which cannot be
created and cannot be destroyed.
In a universe of dynamic equilibrium, the
gravitational constant G is unchangeable. The
value of the gravitational constant G can be
written as follows:
2
2
2
2
3
1
P
PE
P
P
P
P
P
t
c
t
t
m
l
G
â
=
â
=
â
=
Ď
Ď
(30).
Formula (30) shows only the change of Planck
energy density of space PE
Ď , which means the
change of EPM, could influence the G value. The
calculation of G in the centre of a black hole,
where EPM diminishes by 3
36
/
10
582
,
1 m
J
â ,
confirms that the value of G remains
unchangeable in the measurable rate and we can
then consider that it is of the same value
throughout universal space (Sorli et al., 2018a).
Our research group plans an experiment to
measure the value of G at three different places
on the globe (India, Russia, and China) at the
same time periodically trice a year for 6 years.
We expect no variation of G in time will be
found as it is suggested in the research by
Anderson and others (Anderson et al., 2015).
Cosmology without paradoxes
At night, we see the universe as a dark sky simply
because the light coming from the galaxies is not
strong enough to lighten all of universal space.
When you put candles in a very large room, the
room remains dark and you see the sources of
light. You can imagine the universe as a room that
is infinite in extension and has an infinite number
of candles which are separated by enormous
distances. The idea that universal space would be
full of light if the universe was not expanding
makes no sense. According to our model, in our
observable space, the galaxies do not have
enough light to fill all of universal space with
light. Olberâs paradox is a classic example of the
way in which science sometimes creates a
problem through the wrong reasoning.
The other problem with todayâs
cosmology is the inflation model, which
unsuccessfully tries to explain the appearance of
energy in the first moments of the Big Bang.
There is no reasonable explanation for the
appearance of energy in the so-called âfirst
momentsâ of the Big Bang. We have known in
physics, since the time of Newton, that energy
cannot be created and cannot be destroyed; but it
can be transformed. The Big Bang model does not
satisfy the law of conservation of energy. On the
other hand, the model of the universe presented
here, which describes the universe as being in a
permanent dynamic equilibrium, fully satisfies
the law of energy conservation.
Big Bang cosmology needs a âcreator,â a
someone who has given an initial energy that
causes the âbirthâ of the universe. In this sense,
the Big Bang cosmology has some âbiblical
elementsâ that are not deserving of being a part
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Sorli A., Euclidean-Planck Metrics of Space, Particle Physics and Cosmology
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25
of cosmology. In our model, the universe is a non-
created system in a permanent dynamic
equilibrium; it works perfectly without a creator.
The experimental support of Big bang model
inflation is supposed to be the signal detected by
BICEP 2 (CortĂŞs, 2015). The hypothetic inflation
signal could not be detected by BICEP2 because it
could not have yet reached the Earth. Measured
mapped universe is far too big to incorporate Big
Bang model. For inflation signal is valid the same
as for the CMB signal, see chapter âEuclidean-
Planck metrics and CMB signalâ.
The idea of many coexisting universes
(multiverse) that cannot be seen (Carr, Ellis,
2008) is a pure speculation with no experimental
data. Our 3D material universe exists we can say
in âparallelâ higher dimensional Hilbert spaces
which are origin of mind and consciousness (Sorli
et al., 2017b).
Conclusions
The idea that particles and fields exist in an
empty space deprived of physical properties is
the main obstacle standing in the way of the
progress of physics. With the introduction of
Euclidean-Planck metrics (EPM) of universal
space, particle physics gains a new model
regarding the origin of energy, mass, and the
gravity of elementary particles. More than this,
EPM applied to cosmology shows that the Big
Bang model has insufficiencies that are
unsolvable. NASA results confirm that universal
space is Euclidean, which excludes the possibility
that universal space could be finite, which itself
then excludes the possibility that it could expand.
The model of infinite universal space governed by
the EPM presented in this article heralds the end
of the Big Bang model of cosmology and
introduces a model of the universe that is in a
permanent dynamic equilibrium.
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