2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. Johdannaisten
peruskäsitteitä
• Johdannainen on instrumentti, jonka hinta on
riippuvainen tai johdettavissa yhden tai useamman
muun instrumentin arvosta
o Esim. (lineaarinen)
• Forward-sopimus: sopimuksen haltija sitoutuu ostamaan 5 000 laatikkoa
banaaneja 2 kk päästä hintaan 2,50 €/laat.
• Sopimuksen arvo P eräpäivänä (payoff) riippuu banaanien hinnasta 2 kk
päästä
• Sopimuksen arvo positiivinen/negatiivinen riippuen banaanien hinnasta
• Payoff = (P ‒ 2,50) · 5 000
o Esim. (epälineaarinen)
• Optio-sopimus: sopimuksen haltija oikeutettu ostamaan 5 000 laatikkoa
banaaneja 2 kk päästä hintaan 2,50 €/laat.
• Jos hinta P on yli 2,50 €/laat., sopimuksen haltija ostaa sovittua hintaa
arvokkampia banaaneja;
• Jos hinta P on alle 2,50 €/laat., sopimuksen haltija ei käytä osto-oikeuttaan
• Payoff = max(0, P ‒ 2,50) · 5 000
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 2
3. Johdannaisten käyttö
• Riskinhallinta
o Tulevaisuuden epävarmuus, mutta usein myös tuotot, vähenevät
o Kulut ja marginaali; välittäjä yms. ottavat yleensä omansa
• Spekulointi
o Sijoittaja arvioi kohteen hinnan suunnan ja ostaa johdannaisia, joiden hinta
nousee
• Arbitraasi
o Sijoittaja arvioi, mitkä kohteet tai johdannaiset on hinnoiteltu väärin ja ostaa
hinnoitteluvirheen poistuttua johdannaisia, joiden hinta nousee.
• Erilaisia johdannaisia
o Osake-indeksit
o Osakkeet
o Korot
o Raaka-aineet
o Öljy ja energia
o Valuutat
o Johdannainen
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 3
4. Muutamia johdannaisia
• Forward (lineaarinen)
o Sitoumus, joka velvoittaa ostajan ostamaan ja myyjän myymään tietyn
määrän hyödykettä tiettyyn hintaan sopimuksessa määritettynä hetkenä
o Kahdenkeskisillä markkinoilla
• Futuuri (lineaarinen)
o Forward-sopimuksen kaltainen sopimus, jolla voi käydä kauppaa
futuuripörsseissä julkisilla markkinoilla
• Osapuolilla oltava marginaali (talletus)
• Vilkkaat jälkimarkkinat
• Toimituspäivät standardeja (esim. 3 kk välein kuukauden 2. perjantai)
• Swap-sopimukset (lineaarinen)
o Sitoumus, joka muuttaa yhdentyyppisen kassavirran toisenlaiseen
o Esim. laiaan liittyvän vaihtuvan korkokannan muuttaminen kiinteäksi
• Optio (epälineaarinen)
o Oikeuttaa ostamiseen tai myymiseen ehtojen mukaisesti mutta ei velvoita
käyttämään oikeutta
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 4
5. Osakeoptiot
• Optio(sopimus) oikeuttaa osakkeen tai hyödykkeen
ostamisen tai myymiseen sopimusehtojen mukaisesti
mutta ei velvoita käyttämään tuota oikeutta
• Sopimuksen toisella osapuolella on velvollisuus suorittaa
kauppa, jos option haltija niin vaatii
• Optiotyypit:
o Osto-optio oikeuttaa hyödykkeen tai osakkeen ostamiseen
• Option liikkeellelaskijalla velvollisuus myydä sovittuna päivä sovittuun
hintaan
• Option haltijalla pitkä positio
• Esim. osto-optio oikeuttaa ostamaan 150 kpl Pohjola Pankin osakkeita
hintaan 10,20 € 29.11.2015
o Myyntioptio oikeuttaa hyödykkeen tai osakkeen myymiseen
• Option liikkeellelaskijalla velvollisuus ostaa sovittuna päivänä sovittuun
hintaan
• Option haltijalla lyhyt positio
• Esim. myyntioptio oikeuttaa myymään Vaisalan osakkeita hintaan 15,60 €
13.3.2013.
o Pitkä ja lyhyt positio
• Pitkä positio vastaa tilannetta, jossa altistuu samansuuntaisesti riskeille kuin
omistaja; lyhyt positio taas altistuu päinvastaisesti
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 5
6. Optioiden perusarvot
• Osto-option perusarvo:
o Optio oikeuttaa ostamaan n kpl osakkeita hintaan K € ja osakkeen hinta
päättymispäivänä on S €
o Option arvo C päättymispäivänä on C = max(0, n· (S ‒ K))
• Jos S < K, optiolla ei arvoa ja option haltija ei toteuta osto-oikeutta;
markkinoilta saa halvemmalla
• Jos S > K, voitto on n· (S ‒ K), kun lunastaa osakkeet K €:lla ja myy ne
heti markkinoille S €:lla
o Kuvana: Kun x < K, y = 0; x ≥ K, y = n· (x‒K) eli kasvava suora K:sta alkaen
• Myyntioption perusarvo:
o Optio oikeuttaa myymään n kpl osakkeita hintaan K € ja osakkeen hinta
päättymispäivänä on S €
o Option arvo C päättymispäivänä on C = max(0, n· (K ‒ S))
• Jos S < K, voitto on n· (K ‒ S), kun ostaa osakkeita S €:lla ja myy ne heti
sopimuksen mukaisesti K €:lla
• Jos S > K, optiolla ei arvoa ja option haltija ei toteuta myyntioikeutta;
markkinoille voi myydä kalliimmalla
o Kuvana: Kun x ≥ K, y = 0; x < K, y = n· (x‒K) eli laskeva suora K:hon asti
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 6
7. Korkojohdannaiset
• Erilaisia korkojohdannaisia
o Joukkovelkakirjat (jvk)
• Korko kiinteä
o Optiot joukkovelkakirjoihin
o Korkokatto tai –lattia
• Korvausta maksetaan, jos korko ei pysy sovituissa rajoissa
o Velkakirjoihin kätketyt optiot
o Swap-sopimukset
o Yms. Yms.
• Korko- ja luottoriski
o Korkoriski liittyy markkinakorkojen muutoksiin
o Luottoriski liittyy velallisen kykyyn maksaa velkansa korkoineen
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 7
8. Joukkovelkakirjat
• Joukkovelkakirjan liikkeellelaskija sitoutuu
maksamaan velkakirjan haltijalle rahaa
sopimusehtojen mukaisesti
o Nimellisarvo maksetaan maturiteettipäivänä
o Useissa velkakirjoissa vuosittain, puolivuosittain tai neljännesvuosittain
maksettava kuponki
o Kupongin suuruus on prosenttiosuus nimellisarvosta eli kuponkikorko
o Esim. USA:n valtion 15-vuoden bondi, jonka
• Nimellisarvo on $ 1000;
• Maturiteetti 15 vuotta;
• Kuponki $ 50;
• Vuosittainen kuponkikorko (50 / 1 000) · 100 % = 5 %.
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 8
9. Joukkovelkakirjan
käyttäytyminen
• Joukkovelkakirja voidaan ajatella johdannaisena,
jonka arvo on kiinnitetty markkinoilla määräytyvään
maturiteettituottoon
o Maturiteettituotto on markkinoilla määräytyvä korko, joka kuvaa, kuinka
paljon korkoa voi saada kyseisen maturiteetin ajaksi
o Velkakirjan liikkeellelaskupäivänä kuponki määräytyy markkinoiden
maturiteettituoton mukaan, ja kuponkituotto tuottovaatimuksen mukaan
• JVK:ssa korko kiinnitetään senhetkiseen maturiteettituottoon
• Seuraavana päivänä markkinoilla maturiteettituotto muuttuu mutta
JVK:ssa se on kiinteä, joten JVK:n arvo muuttuu
• Joukkovelkakirja on siis instrumentti, jonka arvo on
kiinteästi sidottu markkinakorkoihin
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 9
10. Joukkovelkakirjan hinta
• Joukkovelkakirja:
o Jäljellä n vuotta
o Kuponki maksetaan vuosittain
o Kupongin suuruus C
o Nimellisarvo F
• Joukkovelkakirjan arvo saadaan diskonttaamalla
sen tuottamat kassavirrat markkinakorolla r
o PV =
𝐹𝐹
(1+𝑟𝑟)𝑛𝑛 + ∑𝑡𝑡=1
𝑛𝑛 𝐶𝐶
(1+𝑟𝑟)𝑡𝑡
=
𝐹𝐹
(1+𝑟𝑟)𝑛𝑛 +
𝐶𝐶
𝑟𝑟
� 1 −
1
(1+𝑟𝑟)𝑛𝑛
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 10
11. Joukkovelkakirjan hinta -
huomioita
• Kun markkinakorko pienempi kuin kuponkituotto:
JVK:n arvo suurempi kuin nimellishinta
• Kun markkinakorko on sama kuin kuponkituotto:
JVK:n arvo sama kuin nimellishinta
• Kun markkinakorko on suurempi kuin kuponkituotto:
JVK:n arvo pienempi kuin nimellishinta
• Jos markkinakorot pysyvät korkealla, JVK:n tuotto
on korkea; ja kääntäen
• Kun markkinakorot nousevat, JVK:n hinta laskee
mutta tuotto jatkossa korkeampi
• Kun markkinakorot laskevat, JVK:n hinta nousee
mutta tuotto jatkossa matalampi
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 11
12. Optio joukkovelkakirjaan
• Option kohde-etuutena voi olla JVK
• Hinnoittelu samaan tapaan kuten osake-optioissa
o Osakkeen hinnan paikalla JVK:n hinta
• JVK:n option hinta käyttäytyy samoin kuin osake-optiot:
o Jos JVK:n hinta laskee
• Osto-option hinta laskee, myyntioption hinta nousee
o Jos JVK:n hinta nousee
• Osto-option hinta nousee, myyntioption hinta laskee
o Jos markkinakorko nousee
• JVK:n hinta markkinoilla laskee
o JVK:n osto-option hinta laskee ja myyntioption hinta nousee
o Jos markkinakorko laskee
• JVK:n hinta markkinoilla nousee
o JVK:n osto-option hinta nousee ja myyntioption hinta laskee
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 12
13. JVK:n option perusarvo
• JVK:n option perusarvo:
o Kohde-etuuden hinta päättymispäivänä P (jota vastaa markkinakorko r)
o Sovittu toteutushinta K (jota vastaa toteutuskorko r· K)
• JVK:n osto-option perusarvo:
o Optio oikeuttaa ostamaan n kpl joukkovelkakirjoja hintaan K €
o Option arvo päättymispäivänä T on C = max(0, n· (P-K))
o Jos P < K (eli r > rK), optiolla ei ole arvoa (markkinoilta saa halvemmalla)
o Jos P > K, (eli r < rK), option arvo on n· (P-K)
• Tämä on voitto, jonka saa, kun lunastaa n kpl JVK:ta hintaan P ja myy ne
heti markkinoille kappalehintaan K
• JVK:n myyntioption perusarvo:
o Optio oikeuttaa myymään n kpl joukkovelkakirjoja hintaan K €
o Option arvo päättymispäivänä T on C = max(0, n· (K-P))
o Jos P > K (eli r < rK), optiolla ei ole arvoa (markkinoille voi myydä kalliimmalla)
o Jos P < K, (eli r > rK), option arvo on n· (K-P)
• Tämä on voitto, jonka saa, kun ostaa n kpl JVK:ta hintaan P ja myy ne
heti markkinoille kappalehintaan K
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 13
14. Luottoriskin vaikutus
• Riskitön markkinakorko r on korko, jonka markkinoilta voi
saada (lähes) varmasti (esim. Saksan joukkovelkakirjat)
• Jos takaisinmaksu ei ole (käytännössä) varmaa, luottoon
sisältyy riskipreemio p
o Korkolisä, jonka luoton ottaja joutuu maksamaan verrattuna riskittömään
markkinakorkoon
o Yritys maksaa korko siis r + p
• Jos luottamus yritykseen heikkenee ja (markkinoiden
arvioima) konkurssiriski kasvaa, myös yrityksen maksama
preemio kasvaa, jolloin yrityksen maksama korko kasvaa
• Luottoriskillisen joukkovelkakirjan hinta saadaan kuten
edellä (s. 10) mutta r korvataan luvulla r + p, missä siis
r on riskitön maturiteettituotto ja p on riskipreemio
Syksy 2018Lähde: Sijoitusakatemia 14