Java 8 introduced parallel streams to allow collections to be processed in parallel using multiple threads. While parallel streams can improve performance by splitting work across CPU cores, they also introduce challenges. Parallel streams use the ForkJoinPool by default, so long-running or blocking tasks could impact other parallel operations. Side effects must also be avoided. Parallel streams may not provide benefits with a single CPU or for I/O-bound work. Developers must consider hardware resources and task dependencies to determine if parallel streams are applicable.

1. JAVA 8 Parallel Stream
第五組：蔡詠捷、王登文、游憶文

2. outline
• Java 8 Lambda Expression
• Stream & Parallel Stream
• Code Demo
• Java Fork and Join using ForkJoinPool(Java7)
• Parallel Stream is good or not good？
• Conclusion

3. Java 8 Lambda Expression

5. Lambda Expression
• Java 8 support Lambda Expression then officially support functional
programming paradigm
• Lambda comes from the Lambda Calculus and refers to anonymous
functions in programming
• Lambda Expression
• Method argument 必須為一個 Functional Interface
• Functional Interface : Single Abstract Method interface（SAM interface）
• Ex : java.lang.Runnable, java.util.Comparator

7. Lambda Expression
• Functional Interface 定義：只有一個 public abstract method 的 Java
Interface
• 取代Functional Interface所產出的匿名類別，簡化程式碼

8. Lambda Expression
• @FunctionalInterface Annotation

9. Stream
• Stream 是一個Collection Wrapper，可以讓把集合內的元素 ( Elements ) 以
串流 ( Stream ) 形式交到 Stream Methods 以 Lambda Expression 執行
• Stream 執行時期如同 Iterator，單向而不可往返，資料只讀取一次，讀取過一
次後即用盡了

10. Stream
• Lazy evalutation
• JVM 在沒有遇到 terminal operations 前，並不會執行任何 Stream method
• Short-circuit execution
• JVM 會自行判斷 short-circuit，提早完成集合元素遍歷 ( Element traversal )
• Automatic parallelism
• JVM 可以把 Java Lambda Streams 同時交給多核心處理器 ( Multi-Core )或多線程
(Multi-Thread) 來執行，無須去編寫任何多線程代碼

11. Stream
• Lazy evaluation
• Code example

12. Stream
• Short circuit example
• ( fn1() || fn2() )
• if fn1() is true , fn2() will not execute
• ( fn1() && fn2() )
• if fn1() is false , fn2() will not execute

13. Stream
• Collection support
• Array support

14. Parallel Stream
• 直接將 Stream() 改為 ParallelStream()
• 要視硬體及JVM配置與JVM負載而定
• 也有可能造成負面作用(Side-effect)

15. Code Demo

16. Example Background
https://www.dropbox.com/s/dyx9rpxj53ofyxb/%E8%9E%A2%E5
%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96%202015-11-
01%2000.19.44.png?dl=0

17. Let’s look some examples~
In Java7, We do that......
https://www.dropbox.com/s/dyx9rpxj53ofyxb/%E8%9E%A2%E5
%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96%202015-11-
01%2000.19.44.png?dl=0

18. In Java8, We just need!

19. We can easily change to Parallel

20. Java Fork and Join using ForkJoinPool

21. Fork
• each subtask can be executed in parallel by different CPUs, or
different threads on the same CPU.
• The limit for when it makes sense to fork a task into subtasks is
also called a threshold. It is up to each task to decide on a sensible
threshold. It depends very much on the kind of work being done.

22. Join
Once the subtasks have finished
executing, the task may join (merge) all
the results into one result.

23. ForkJoinPool
A special thread pool which is designed to work well with
fork-and-join task splitting.
Example:As a parameter to the ForkJoinPool constructor
you pass the indicated level of parallelism you desire.
ForkJoinPool forkJoinPool = new ForkJoinPool(8);
As a parameter to the ForkJoinPool constructor you pass
the indicated level of parallelism you desire.

24. ForkJoinPool
You can submit two types of tasks. RecursiveAction and
RecursiveTask.
Action won’t return any result, just compute but task will return
something.

25. ForkJoinPool
You can submit two types of tasks. RecursiveAction and
RecursiveTask.
Action won’t return any result, just compute but task will return
something.

26. Use case:
MyRecursiveAction myRecursiveAction = new MyRecursiveAction(24);
forkJoinPool.invoke(myRecursiveAction);
Advanced Topic: http://coopsoft.com/ar/CalamityArticle.html

27. Parallel Stream is good or
not good？
Discuss Parallel Stream Good and Bad

28. Parallel Stream Problem
• Java 8 parallel streams may be
faster,not faster or slower
• streams 方法以低成本達到平行處
理(parallel processing)的方便性，
but they do almost in a ‘Black
Box’
• parallel processing != concurrent
processing. But most in Java 8
「automatic parallelization」
example like concurrent
processing.

29. Concurrent Processing VS Parallel Processing

30. Streams Good for
• They allow functional
programming style using
bindings.
• They allow for better
performance by removing
iteration. Iteration occurs with
evaluation. With streams, we can
bind dozens of functions without
iterating.
• Streams may be infinite.
Functions may be bound to
infinite streams without problem.
=>a short circuiting operation

31. Side Effect
• All streams use the same
ForkJoinPool=>very long
running task=> many long
running sub-tasks => use
each thread in pool
• one parallel subtask
performing I/O has side
effects on others
• Two Parallel Streams In One
ForjoinPool=>Occupied
Threads use

32. Use For Recommand
• Applicable
• Multi CPU
• Unrelation in I/O
• Split Pool & Num Setting
• Collection,Array…
• Not Applicable
• One CPU =>not good in performance
• In I/O Work
• Suggest：
• Don’t use in default ForkJoinPool(If WorkingTask and Server Setting
tolerate…)

33. Conclusion
• Parallel Stream seem to convenience and many benefits，but how many
question behind that is not known？
• Parallel streams is Unpredictable， and hard to be run in Correct
• All most of Parallel Stream Using can’t be predictable to know the
performance of the Normal and Unrelated process。
• Please ‘Parallel Stream’ easy to allay it…(Or if you have a high skill…)

34. Reference
• https://dzone.com/articles/think-twice-using-java-8
• http://zeroturnaround.com/rebellabs/java-parallel-streams-are-bad-for-your-health/
• http://winterbe.com/posts/2014/07/31/java8-stream-tutorial-examples/
• https://wefollownews.appspot.com/cittopnews201408_48/14848.html
• http://openhome.cc/Gossip/Java/ParallelStream.html
• http://www.slideshare.net/dgomezg/parallel-streams-en-java-
8http://www.slideshare.net/JustinSDK/java-se-8-lambda
• http://magiclen.org/java-8-lambda/http://developer.51cto.com/art/201311/417451.htm
• Custom Thread Pool 參考 : http://stackoverflow.com/questions/21163108/custom-thread-
pool-in-java-8-parallel-stream
• ForkJoinPool submit, execute, invoke :
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17881183/difference-between-execute-submit-and-
invoke-in-a-forkjoinpool