The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Yogacharya Dr Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani's invited talk on "Nasal Cycle and its Therapeutic Applications: A Yogic Perspective" during the National Conference on Chronobiology and Health on 18 March 2016 at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute in the Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth campus, Pondicherry.
Preparation to yogic breathing as well as some popular methods of yogic breathing (pranayama) are mentioned here, along with some additional health tips.
Set within the framework and against the background authority and context of the Yoga canon - ancient and modern - this is an exposition of the seminal significance of prana (vital life force), its conscious control and expansion within the energy sheath (pranayama kosha) for the benefit of the human condition. The classical kumbhakas (pranayamas), their health benefits; physical, mental and emotional upon the various body systems are elucidated enabling a clear understanding of the application of these practices across the age range. Gender specific advice and guidance for the alleviation of stress and its related issues is given. Time honoured views on Swara Yoga are touched upon. Pranayama’s spiritual dimension completes the health benefits for the sadhak.
This study sheet by Ammaji Yogacharini Meenakshi Devi Bhavanani, reminds us of the main aspects of the traditional Eight Classical Pranayamas mentioned in time honored classical texts like the Hatha Yoga Pradipika and the Gherandha Samhita. However these Pranayamas are considered by the Rishi Culture Ashtanga Yoga Tradition of Dr. Swami Gitananda to be relatively advanced practices, which should be taught only after basic training in proper breathing is given. Yoga practitioners outside the traditional tutelage of the Gurukula often ignore the step by step practice of Pranayama as its import is little understood or appreciated. Swami Gitananda Guru Maharaja said, “God breathed the Breath of Life into man and he became a living soul.” He went on to say, “We must deepen it, lengthen it, control it, expand it and become conscious of it and its potentiality to link us with our Highest Nature.” In addition to over 375 Asanas, Kriyas, Mudras, Bandhas and cleansing practices more than 120 Pranayamas are taught in this tradition, designed to cleanse, purify, strengthen and sensitize the body, emotions and mind, making the human being a fit vehicle of the Divine Spirit.
Basics of Asana & Pranayama - Beginner's GuideGulshan Kumar
It contains very basic and simple information on asana and pranayama. It is basic information guide for Yoga Beginners. You can ask me questions at https://www.askyogaexpert.org
A guide to some practices of Rishiculture Ashtanga (Gitananda) Yoga compiled by Yogacharya Dr Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani for training programmes at the Pondicherry University Community College.
Sukhsohale Neelam D , Phatak Mrunal S , Sukhsohale Sachin D , Agrawal Sanjay B
International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health, Vol.4 No.12 (2012) Pages 2000-12
Yogacharya Dr Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani's invited talk on "Nasal Cycle and its Therapeutic Applications: A Yogic Perspective" during the National Conference on Chronobiology and Health on 18 March 2016 at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute in the Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth campus, Pondicherry.
Preparation to yogic breathing as well as some popular methods of yogic breathing (pranayama) are mentioned here, along with some additional health tips.
Set within the framework and against the background authority and context of the Yoga canon - ancient and modern - this is an exposition of the seminal significance of prana (vital life force), its conscious control and expansion within the energy sheath (pranayama kosha) for the benefit of the human condition. The classical kumbhakas (pranayamas), their health benefits; physical, mental and emotional upon the various body systems are elucidated enabling a clear understanding of the application of these practices across the age range. Gender specific advice and guidance for the alleviation of stress and its related issues is given. Time honoured views on Swara Yoga are touched upon. Pranayama’s spiritual dimension completes the health benefits for the sadhak.
This study sheet by Ammaji Yogacharini Meenakshi Devi Bhavanani, reminds us of the main aspects of the traditional Eight Classical Pranayamas mentioned in time honored classical texts like the Hatha Yoga Pradipika and the Gherandha Samhita. However these Pranayamas are considered by the Rishi Culture Ashtanga Yoga Tradition of Dr. Swami Gitananda to be relatively advanced practices, which should be taught only after basic training in proper breathing is given. Yoga practitioners outside the traditional tutelage of the Gurukula often ignore the step by step practice of Pranayama as its import is little understood or appreciated. Swami Gitananda Guru Maharaja said, “God breathed the Breath of Life into man and he became a living soul.” He went on to say, “We must deepen it, lengthen it, control it, expand it and become conscious of it and its potentiality to link us with our Highest Nature.” In addition to over 375 Asanas, Kriyas, Mudras, Bandhas and cleansing practices more than 120 Pranayamas are taught in this tradition, designed to cleanse, purify, strengthen and sensitize the body, emotions and mind, making the human being a fit vehicle of the Divine Spirit.
Basics of Asana & Pranayama - Beginner's GuideGulshan Kumar
It contains very basic and simple information on asana and pranayama. It is basic information guide for Yoga Beginners. You can ask me questions at https://www.askyogaexpert.org
A guide to some practices of Rishiculture Ashtanga (Gitananda) Yoga compiled by Yogacharya Dr Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani for training programmes at the Pondicherry University Community College.
Sukhsohale Neelam D , Phatak Mrunal S , Sukhsohale Sachin D , Agrawal Sanjay B
International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health, Vol.4 No.12 (2012) Pages 2000-12
Dr Ananda's invited presentation on Yoga Research: Past, Present and Future at the International E-conference titled "Recent Advances in the Medical Sciences International E - Conference, RAMSIECON 2021" organised by Department of Physiology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore from 30th June to 3rd July 2021.
ABSTRACT: “Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,” said Rudyard Kipling. This dichotomy however seems to have been overcome in recent times, as many eastern healing traditions have slowly and steadily percolated the health care system worldwide. This is especially true of mind–body therapies that focus on the health promotive intrinsic connections that exist between the human brain, mind, body, and individual behaviour. This includes techniques of meditation (mantra meditation, mindfulness meditation, and others), qi gong, tai chi, and yoga.
This article appeared in the Annals of SBV 2014; 3 (1): 29-41.
Effects of a single session of yogic relaxation on cardiovascular parameters ...Yogacharya AB Bhavanani
Aim and objective: This pilot study was done to determine effects of a single session of yogic relaxation on cardiovascular parameters in a transgender population. Methods: Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) measurements were recorded in 106 transgender participants (mean age of 23.86 ± 7.87 y) attending a yogic relaxation program at CYTER, MGMCRI. Participants practised a series of techniques consisting of quiet sitting, om chanting, mukha bhastrika, nadi shuddhi, brahma mudra, pranava pranayama in sitting posture and savitri pranayama in shavasana. HR, systolic (SP) and diastolic pressure (DP) were recorded before and after the 60 minute session using non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) apparatus. Pulse pressure (PP), mean pressure (MP), rate-pressure product (RPP) and double product (DoP) indices were derived from recorded parameters. Student’s paired t test was used to compare data that passed normality testing and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test for others. P values less than 0.05 were accepted as indicating significant differences for pre-post comparisons. Results: All recorded cardiovascular parameters witnessed a reduction following the session. This was statistically more significant (p < 0. 0001) in HR, MP, RPP and DoP and significant (p = 0.002) in SP. Conclusion: There is a healthy reduction in HR, BP and derived cardiovascular indices following a single yogic relaxation session in a transgender population. These changes may be attributed to enhanced harmony of cardiac autonomic function as a result of mind-body relaxation program. It is suggested that an open and non-hostile environment is conducive for obtaining such a state of psychosomatic relaxation and that such opportunities for transgender participants should be created in all healthcare facilities. This research paper was published in International Journal of Physiology, January-June, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 1
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SLOW AND FAST SURYANAMASKAR ON PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONYogacharya AB Bhavanani
Numerous scientific studies have reported beneficial physiological changes after short and long term yoga training. Suryanamaskar is an integral part of modern yoga training and may be performed either in a slow or rapid manner. As there are few studies on suryanamaskar we conducted this study to study differential effect of 6 months training in the fast and slow versions. 42 school children in the age group of 12 to 16 were randomly divided into two groups of 21 each. Group I and Group II received 6 months training in performance of slow suryanamaskar (SSN) and fast suryanamaskar (FSN) respectively. Training in SSN produced a significant decrease in diastolic pressure. In contrast, training in FSN produced a significant increase in systolic pressure. Although there was a highly significant increase in hand grip strength and hand grip endurance in both the groups, the increase in hand grip endurance in FSN group was significantly more than in SSN group. MIP and MEP increased significantly in both groups and the increase of MIP in the FSN group was more significant as compared to SSN. Training in SSN reduced the resting diastolic pressure and rate-pressure-product, which, indicates a decrease in load on the heart. In contrast, FSN increased diastolic pressure and rate-pressure-product. The present study shows suryanamaskar has positive physiological benefits as evidenced by changes in pulmonary function, respiratory pressures, handgrip strength, handgrip endurance and resting cardiovascular parameters. It also demonstrates that there are differences between performance of suryanamaskar in a slow and fast manner and that the effects of FSN are similar to physical aerobic exercises whereas the effects of SSN are similar to those of Yoga training.
Report on the CME on “Sleep, consciousness and meditation: neurophysiological...Yogacharya AB Bhavanani
A report on the CME on “Sleep, consciousness and meditation: neurophysiological correlates” held 27 Nov 2014 at Pondicherry, India. It was organised by the Department of Physiology & Centre for Yoga Therapy, Education and Research (CYTER) MAHATMA GANDHI MEDICAL COLLEGE & RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SRI BALAJI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY, PUDUCHERRY)
Kiran and Kawalinder K. Girgla, Richa Ghay and Anterpreet K Arora
International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences (http://www.cibtech.org/jms/htm), 2011 Vol. 1 (1) September-December, 139-143
Bhavanani AB. Efficacy of Yoga in Respiratory Disorders: Some Research Finding. Tamilnadu and Puducherry State Conference on Pulmonary Diseases TAPPCON 2017 at SBVU, Pondicherry. Pg 55-57.
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Impact of Sheetali and Sheetkari Pranayama on the Topographic Mapping of the Brain Waves
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 10 (October 2014), PP. 51-57
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Impact of Sheetali and Sheetkari Pranayama on the Topographic Mapping of the Brain Waves J. Thanalakshmi1, R. Ravindran2, Sembulingam K3 and Prema Sembulingam4 1. Tutor in Physiology, Madha Medical College & Research Institute, Kundrathur Main Road, Kovur, Thandalam near Porur, Chennai – 600 122, Tamil Nadu, India. 2. Reader, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Tharamani Campus, Chennai – 600 113, Tamil Nadu 3. Professor of Physiology, Madha Medical College & Research Institute, Kundrathur Main Road, Kovur, Thandalam near Porur, Chennai – 600 122, Tamilnadu, India, 4. Professor of Physiology, Madha Medical College & Research Institute, Kundrathur Main Road, Kovur, Thandalam near Porur, Chennai – 600 122, Tamilnadu, India,
ABSTRACT: Pranayama is yogic breathing technique which is known to improve the physical and mental well-being. The tremendous impact of yoga on the functioning of nervous system, attenuation of stress and promotion of relaxation is well known. Sheetali and Sheetkari pranayama also produce similar effects but, in addition, they also cool down the body and the brain. However, the impact of these pranayama on electroencephalogram (EEG) is not explored so far. For this study, 20 male volunteers were recruited and divided into two equal groups namely yoga group (YG) who underwent the practice of these pranayama for two months and non-yoga group (NYG) who did not do any type of breathing technique. In both the groups, EEG topographic mapping was recorded and the results were compared. The mapping revealed an increase in the delta (red bands) and alpha band power (green bands) in the frontal and occipital regions and an increase in theta band power (yellow bands) in the frontal region with a marked decrease in beta band power (blue bands) almost throughout the entire hemisphere after two months’ of Sheetali and Sheethkari pranayama practice indicating that the brain (mind) was calm and quiet in relaxed state with less anxiety. KEY WORDS: Yoga, Sheetali and Sheetkari Pranayama, Electroencephalogram, Topographic mapping, Brain waves, Band power,
I. INTRODUCTION
Yoga and meditation are the two unique gifts to human beings for maintaining healthy life by natural way. They enforce not only physical well-being but also mental well-being [1]. Physical well-being can be assessed by clinical methods whereas mental health is assessed subjectively by their behavior and objectively by recording the electrical activity of the brain in the form of electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG is a multiple digitized channel recording of brain waves that indicates the brain functional status, thanks to German Psychiatrist Hans Berger who is responsible for the introduction of the term EEG [2]. EEG can be used on a normal subject to find out the basic quality of the person ie, whether he is calm and quiet or anxious and aggressive by nature. If the person is anxious and aggressive, he shows exaggerated response even for a simple provocation. If this continues, cumulative effect of this may make the person to end up with psychiatric problem. If this nature is diagnosed earlier, consequences can be avoided by various methods like counseling, medication, yoga etc. Fortunately, identification of the problem is possible by recording EEG [3].. EEG is also useful in identifying some neurological problems like epilepsy. However, a new technique had evolved from EEG called EEG brain topography in which the activity level of different brain areas is mapped out. It is not commonly used for recording simple basic EEG. It is called for some special cases like diagnosis of brain tumors and neurological disorders like epilepsy, arteriovenous mal-formations, stroke, narcolepsy, coma, withdrawal effects of psychoactive drugs and infectious diseases of the brain like meningitis [4]. In psychiatry also EEG Brain Mapping is valuable in identifying disorders of biological origin like schizophrenia, dementia, depression, brain atrophy, attention deficit disorders in children etc. [4].
EEG Brain mapping technique is now extended to the field of yoga and meditation also.The claim of the yoga teachers and yoga specialists that yoga and meditation modifies and refines the brain function is authenticated by this technique. It was found that Vipassana meditation increased the activity of anterior cingulate cortex, frontal cortex and prefrontal cortex [5] whereas Zen meditation increased the activity of
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cingulate cortex and frontal cortex [6]. Chiesa and Seretti were also of the same opinion after reviewing many articles but wanted these facts to be proved by further analysis [7]. Lutz et al were also in accordance with this fact but they found it in the emotion-based “compassion meditation” brain where heightened activity was noticed not only in cingulate gyrus but also in amygdala, tempero-pareital junction and right posterior superior temporal sulcus [8]. Practice of yoga has tremendous impact on the functioning of nervous system; it attenuates stress by
promoting relaxation and increases the cognitive abilities like attention [9]. Pranayama is a part of yoga concerned with breathing technique. It claims to eliminate toxins from the body and maintain good health [10]. There are different types of Pranayama like Ujjai, Vastrika, Vibhagha, Nadi Sodhana, Nadi shuddi, Savithiri, Kapalabhati, Pranakarshan, Sheetali and Sheetkari Pranayama [10]. The effect of Pranakarshan Pranayama on altering the EEG brain waves according to the level of consciousness of the subject were reported recently [11]. Bhramari Pranayama was found to produce high frequency biphasic paroxysmal gamma waves which might resemble epileptic recordings but examination of the brain functional status proved it to be non-epileptic [12]. Yoga nidra, another form of yoga was found to induce mental relaxation by reducing anxiety level which was indicated by the well-formed alpha waves [11, 13, 14]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of Sheetali and Seetkari pranayama on EEG mapping is not explored so far. Hence this study was taken up.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
20 male volunteers in the age group of 20-26 years were recruited from in and around Tharamani area in Chennai. They were divided into two groups namely non-yoga group (NYG) and yoga group (YG). YG subjects were recruited from the Government Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College in Arumbakkam at Chennai. NYG subjects were recruited from the student population of Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IBMS), Tharamani in Chennai. All the participants were non-athletic, non-exercising and non-yogic subjects. All were normal healthy subjects without any history of allergic disorders, respiratory disorders, systemic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. None of them were under any kind of medication. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethical committee. Informed consent was obtained from each subject after explaining the procedure and giving the assurance that they could withdraw from the study whenever they wanted. YG was asked to assemble in the Department of Physiology at the IBMS. A brief introduction was given to them about Sheetali and Sheetkari pranayama and the procedure to perform them was demonstrated by Dr. K. Kanimozhi, the trained yoga teacher. They were asked to do these two pranayama in front of the instructor to make sure whether the participants learnt the procedure properly. Then they were instructed to practice these twice in a day, morning and evening, for two months. Periodically they were supervised by Dr. K. Kanimozhi and Dr. Mahesh Kumar (yoga practitioner in IBMS) to ensure the validity of the practice. After two months, the subjects were instructed to report in the Research Laboratory in the Department of Physiology and EEG recording was done. NYG was instructed to report in the same laboratory and EEG was recorded for them also. Procedure for Pranayama Getting ready for Pranayama : Participants were instructed to sit in padmasana position (cross-legged on the floor with the feet on the thighs and the soles facing upwards) with relaxed body and erect spine. The hands were to be kept on the knees in Gyan Mudra Posture (the tips of the index fingers to be joined to the tips of the thumbs while keeping the other fingers extended and loose). Eyes were to be closed gently. Body and the mind were to be relaxed for 2 minutes (min) followed by 3 min of normal breathing before starting the procedure. Sheetali pranayama (Fig 1)
The participants were asked to extend the tongue outside the mouth as far as possible without strain and roll
the sides of the tongue up so that it would form a tube. They were instructed to inhale through the tube for 4 seconds (sec) with opened eyes. The inhalation was done with the hissing sound like.....c....c.....c and they were instructed to concentrate on the coolness developed on the tongue and roof of the mouth
At the end of inhalation, the tongue was drawn in, mouth was closed and exhalation was done through the nose. They were asked to feel the coolness of the breath penetrating into the brain and spreading out into their entire nervous system.
Initially inhalation was done for 4 sec and exhalation was done for 6 sec (4:6). Slowly with practice they
were instructed to increase the counts to 4:8, or 5:10 or 6:12.
This was continued for 5 minutes (min) which was considered as one round of Sheethali pranayama. This was followed by 1min rest.
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This 5 min Sheetali pranayama with one min gap was repeated two more times and at the end
of this, 3 min rest was followed. Altogether this one round was spanned for 20 min [15].
This was followed by Sheetkari pranayama. Sheetkari pranayama Participants continued Sheetkari pranayama in the same posture with relaxed body and erect spine
They were asked to open the lips and bring the teeth together lightly.
They were instructed to take a long deep inhalation through the gap between the teeth.
At the end of inhalation, the chin was lowered to the chest and the breath was held for 6 sec without making any impact on the quality and depth of the following exhalation.
Then the chin was lifted up, the right nostril was closed with the right thumb and exhalation done slowly through the left nostril. This completed one round.
This was repeated for three rounds in 20 min duration
At the end, breathing was brought back to normal [15, 16]
Fig. 1. Performance of Sheetali Pranayama Recording of EEG: EEG was recorded by using Recorder Medicare System (RMS) - Model “Brain View Plus”. The instrument was standardized and calibrated. The subjects were seated in a chair comfortably. Then, nineteen active electrodes viz, FP1, FP2, F7, F3, FZ, F4, F8, T3, C3, CZ, C4, T4, T5, P3, PZ, P4, T6, O1 and O2 were placed on the scalp and two inactive electrodes were placed on right and left ear lobes. The odd numbered recording electrodes were placed on the left side of the scalp while even numbered electrodes were placed on the right side of the scalp (Fig 2) in a fashion of geometrical array. Before the recording was started, the subjects were instructed to look straight in front of them, even with closed eyes and not to make any unnecessary movements to avoid artifact in the EEG signals. Data acquisition : The activity of the brain was recorded by special software inside the computerized apparatus on a color screen. The raw EEG signals were amplified and band pass filtered in the 0.5- 30Hz frequency range and digitized at a sampling rate of 128Hz. The impedance of the recording electrodes was maintained below 5KΩ. By visual inspection the presence of an adequate EEG signals was determined. Only artifact free 1 min EEG recordings were selected for the analysis
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Fig 2. Placement of electrodes for recording EEG
III. RESULTS:
Analysis of EEG Mapping : In the topographic recordings, the level of activity was shown by different color shades. Generally black and blue colors represent low EEG frequency band power and yellow and red color indicates the larger EEG frequency band power [3, 17]. Yogic group: In YG, EEG topographic study showed an increase in the delta (red bands) and alpha band power (green bands) in the frontal and occipital regions and an increase in theta band power (yellow bands) in the frontal region. There was a marked decrease in beta band power (blue bands) almost throughout the entire hemisphere (Fig 3) Non yogic group: In NYG, there was no theta or alpha band power (absence of yellow and green bands) and few delta waves were seen in frontal, central, and occipital regions (red bands) (Fig 4).
IV. DISCUSSION Our results showed that practice of Sheetali and Sheetkari pranayama is beneficial to the body and mind as indicated by the notable decrease in beta band power and increase in the alpha, delta and theta band power. Normally, beta band power is prominently seen in a highly focused, agitated and attentive brain as in cases of problem solving or in fear, anxiety etc. whereas alpha and delta bands are mostly seen in calm and quiet brain [18]. These two types of pranayama are claimed to cool the body and counter-act the Pitta and body heat by regulating the body temperature and modifying the functions of important areas of the brain. They also reduce the mental and emotional excitation by promoting the free flow of prana through the body [19, 20]. YG subjects in our study also showed a state of relaxation with decreased level of anxiety which was reflected by the presence of increased alpha band power and decreased beta band power. At the same time, their brains were deeply focused with higher level of mental consciousness as indicated by the increase in delta and theta band powers. This observation regarding the impact of Sheetali and Sheetkari Pranayama practice on topographic mapping of the brain is the first of its kind. There are reports in the literature regarding the impact of other types of pranayama on brain mapping: Vialatte et al found that Bhramari pranayama improvised the activity of the brain by producing “controlled high-frequency gamma waves” [12]; though gamma waves were concerned with epileptic episodes, the YG subjects of their study were normal ones without any symptom of epilepsy. Mangalteertham Sannyasi noticed that Yoga Nidra produced alpha dominance in the brain associated with mental relaxation [21]. In school children, a positive correlation was noticed between the long-time practice of Yoga Nidra and reduction in the stress and anxiety levels as revealed by the alpha level in EEG [13]. Barnwal Suresh Lal noticed increased alpha EEG in students who practiced Nadi Sodhan Pranayama [22] According to Rachel Hanson, , pranayama increases both alpha and beta activity in the beginning of the practice, meaning that initially, it induces increased awareness and increased relaxation at a time.. Actually in day-to-day life, the beta activity decreases and alpha activity increases when the person is aware and awake with daily activity, and this pattern reverses when the person is relaxing and falling asleep. But pranayama increases both the types of brain activity, ie. making the person more alert and at the same time, more relaxed which is called as “ideal state of the mind” by Yogis [23]. Sheetali and Sheetkari Pranayama fall in this category giving all the
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Fig. 3. Topographic mapping of brain activity in yoga subjects primary advantages of deep breathing techniques like reducing the stress, controlling anger and irritation, combating restlessness and creating the feeling of tranquility and peace like any other type of pranayama as revealed by the topographic mapping of the brain activity. However, these two types of pranayama differ strikingly from other types in that they cool down the body and reduce the temperature of the brain as claimed by Swami Swatmaram. According to him, this cooling effect is the mechanism by which it decreases the bile, corrects the spleen disorders, controls hunger and thirst and calms down the entire nervous system [24]
Deboer and Tobler (1995) noticed that during sleep when the body temperature falls, slow frequency waves were produced and EEG theta frequency changes in parallel with euthermic brain temperature [25, 26]. Our results reaffirm these statements through the topographic mapping of the brain waves in YG, ie, Sheetali and Sheetkari pranayama produce slow frequency alpha, theta and delta waves which stand for calm and relaxed state.
V. CONCLUSION
Practice of Sheetali and Sheetkari pranayama is good to the body and mind and this is revealed by the notable decrease in beta band power and increase in alpha, delta and theta band power in various areas of the brain. EEG analysis was done on various types of pranayama but to the best of our knowledge, on Sheetali and Sheetkari pranayama, our study is the first of its kind. As it brings the cooling effect on the body and is easy to perform, it will be beneficial in tropical countries like India to abate the heat, and keep the body and the mind
cool and calm.
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Fig 4. Topographic mapping of brain activity in non-yoga subjects
Limitations in the present study
* Comparison of topographic mapping in YG should have been done before and after the practice of Pranayama
in the same subjects instead of comparing the YG and NYG
* Admittedly, the number of subjects was less
* Correlation between the frequency and amplitude of the EEG waves and the information derived from the
topographic mapping may be an interesting interpretation with more reliable conclusions; and it is underway
Acknowledgement :The authors are deeply indebted to the Government Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College for providing the subjects for our study. We are also thankful to the Yoga Instructors Dr. K. Kanimozhi and Dr K. Mahesh Kumar for teaching the method of doing Sheetali and Sheetkari pranayama and supervising them periodically to ensure the validity of the practice. Our thanks are due to Mr. T. Lokeshwar, Yoga instructor, for his valuable suggestions of these two types of pranayama.
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