This document provides an overview of cloud computing, including its key concepts, architectural principles, and research challenges. It defines cloud computing as a model enabling on-demand access to configurable computing resources via the internet. The document outlines the layered architecture of cloud computing and different service models like IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. It also discusses types of clouds including public, private, hybrid, and virtual private clouds. The document aims to provide a better understanding of cloud computing design challenges and identify important research directions in this area.
Introduction to Cloud Computing and Cloud InfrastructureSANTHOSHKUMARKL1
Introduction, Cloud Infrastructure: Cloud computing, Cloud computing delivery models and services, Ethical issues, Cloud vulnerabilities, Cloud computing at Amazon, Cloud computing the Google perspective, Microsoft Windows Azure and online services, Open-source software platforms for private clouds.
Introduction to Cloud Computing and Cloud InfrastructureSANTHOSHKUMARKL1
Introduction, Cloud Infrastructure: Cloud computing, Cloud computing delivery models and services, Ethical issues, Cloud vulnerabilities, Cloud computing at Amazon, Cloud computing the Google perspective, Microsoft Windows Azure and online services, Open-source software platforms for private clouds.
A PROPOSED MODEL FOR IMPROVING PERFORMANCE AND REDUCING COSTS OF IT THROUGH C...ijccsa
Information technologies are affecting the big business enterprises of todays from data processing and
transactions to achieve the goals efficiently and effectively, affecting creates new business opportunities
and towards new competitive advantage, service must be enough to match the recent trends of IT such as
cloud computing. Cloud computing technology has provided all IT services. Therefore, cloud computing
offers an alternative to adaptable with technology model current , creating reducing cost (Fixed costs and
ongoing), the proliferation of high speed Internet connections through Rent, not acquisitions, cheaper
powerful computing technology and effective performance. The public and private clouds are characterized
by flexibility, operational efficiency that reduces costs improve performance. Also cloud computing
generates business creativity and innovation resulted from collaborative ideas of users; presents cloud
infrastructure and services; paving new markets; offering security in public and private clouds; and
providing environmental impact regarding utilizing green energy technology. In this paper, the main
concentrate the cloud computing.
A Proposed Model for Improving Performance and Reducing Costs of IT Through C...neirew J
Information technologies are affecting the big business enterprises of todays from data processing and
transactions to achieve the goals efficiently and effectively, affecting creates new business opportunities
and towards new competitive advantage, service must be enough to match the recent trends of IT such as
cloud computing. Cloud computing technology has provided all IT services. Therefore, cloud computing
offers an alternative to adaptable with technology model current , creating reducing cost (Fixed costs and
ongoing), the proliferation of high speed Internet connections through Rent, not acquisitions, cheaper
powerful computing technology and effective performance. The public and private clouds are characterized
by flexibility, operational efficiency that reduces costs improve performance. Also cloud computing
generates business creativity and innovation resulted from collaborative ideas of users; presents cloud
infrastructure and services; paving new markets; offering security in public and private clouds; and
providing environmental impact regarding utilizing green energy technology. In this paper, the main
concentrate the cloud computing.
In the context of the 4.0 revolution, technology applications, especially cloud computing will have strong impacts on all areas, including accounting systems of enterprises. Cloud computing contributes to helping the enterprise accounting apparatus become compact, help automate the input process, improve the accuracy of the input data. Besides, the issur of accounting, reporting, risk control and information security also became better, contributing to improving the effectiveness of accounting. However, besides the positive impacts, businesses also face many difficulties in deploying and applying cloud computing. However, this application requirement will become an inevitable trend contributing to improving the operational efficiency of enterprises. To promote this process requires from the State as well as businesses themselves must have awareness and appropriate decisions. Breakthroughs in information technology have dramatically changed the accounting industry and the creation of financial statements. The Internet and the technologies that use the power of the Internet are playing an important role in the management and accounting activities of businesses - who always tend to be ready to receive and use public innovations technology in collecting, storing, processing and reporting information.
An Efficient MDC based Set Partitioned Embedded Block Image CodingDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, fast, efficient, simple and widely used
Set Partitioned Embedded bloCK based coding is done on
Multiple Descriptions of transformed image. The maximum
potential of this type of coding can be exploited with discrete
wavelet transform (DWT) of images. Two correlated
descriptions are generated from a wavelet transformed image
to ensure meaningful transmission of the image over noise
prone wireless channels. These correlated descriptions are
encoded by set partitioning technique through SPECK coders
and transmitted over wireless channels. Quality of
reconstructed image at the decoder side depends upon the
number of descriptions received. More the number of
descriptions received at output side, more enhance the quality
of reconstructed image. However, if any of the multiple
description is lost, the receive can estimate it exploiting the
correlation between the descriptions. The simulations
performed on an image on MATLAB gives decent
performance and results even after half of the descriptions is
lost in transmission.
Swiftly increasing demand of computational
calculations in the process of business, transferring of files
under certain protocols and data centers force to develop an
emerging technology cater to the services for computational
need, highly manageable and secure storage. To fulfill these
technological desires cloud computing is the best answer by
introducing various sorts of service platforms in high
computational environment. Cloud computing is the most
recent paradigm promising to turn around the vision of
“computing utilities” into reality. The term “cloud
computing” is relatively new, there is no universal agreement
on this definition. In this paper, we go through with different
area of expertise of research and novelty in cloud computing
domain and its usefulness in the genre of management. Even
though the cloud computing provides many distinguished
features, it still has certain sorts of short comings amidst with
comparatively high cost for both private and public clouds. It
is the way of congregating amasses of information and
resources stored in personal computers and other gadgets
and further putting them on the public cloud for serving
users. Resource management in a cloud environment is a
hard problem, due to the scale of modern data centers, their
interdependencies along with the range of objectives of the
different actors in a cloud ecosystem. Cloud computing is
turning to be one of the most explosively expanding
technologies in the computing industry in this era. It
authorizes the users to transfer their data and computation to
remote location with minimal impact on system performance.
With the evolution of virtualization technology, cloud
computing has been emerged to be distributed systematically
or strategically on full basis. The idea of cloud computing has
not only restored the field of distributed systems but also
fundamentally changed how business utilizes computing
today. Resource management in cloud computing is in fact a
typical problem which is due to the scale of modern data
centers, the variety of resource types and their inter
dependencies, unpredictability of load along with the range of
objectives of the different actors in a cloud ecosystem.
Advance Computing Paradigm with the Perspective of Cloud Computing-An Analyti...Eswar Publications
Internet has been a driving force towards the various technologies that have been developed. Arguably, one of the
most discussed among all of these is Cloud Computing. Cloud computing is seen as a trend in the present day scenario with almost all the organizations trying to make an entry into it. It is a promising and emerging technology for the next generation of IT applications. This paper presents the evolution, history, and definition of cloud computing and also presents a comprehensive analysis of the cloud computing by explaining its services and deployment models, and identifying various characteristics of concern.
Load Balancing In Cloud Computing:A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: As the IT industry is growing day by day, the need of computing and storage is increasing
rapidly. The amount of data exchanged over the network is constantly increasing. Thus the process of this
increasing mass of data requires more computer equipment to meet the various needs of the organizations.
To better capitalize their investment, the over-equipped organizations open their infrastructures to others by
exploiting the Internet and other important technologies such as virtualization by creating a new computing
model: the cloud computing. Cloud computing is one of the significant milestones in recent times in the
history of computers. The basic concept of cloud computing is to provide a platform for sharing of resources
which includes software and infrastructure with the help of virtualization. This paper presents a brief review
of cloud computing. The main emphasize of this paper is on the load balancing technique in cloud
computing.
Keywords: Cloud Computing, Load Balancing, Dynamic Load Balancing, Virtualization, Data Center.
A review on serverless architectures - function as a service (FaaS) in cloud ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Emergence of cloud computing as the inevitable IT computing paradigm, the perception of the compute reference model and building of services has evolved into new dimensions. Serverless computing is an execution model in which the cloud service provider dynamically manages the allocation of compute resources of the server. The consumer is billed for the actual volume of resources consumed by them, instead paying for the pre-purchased units of compute capacity. This model evolved as a way to achieve optimum cost, minimum configuration overheads, and increases the application's ability to scale in the cloud. The prospective of the serverless compute model is well conceived by the major cloud service providers and reflected in the adoption of serverless computing paradigm. This review paper presents a comprehensive study on serverless computing architecture and also extends an experimentation of the working principle of serverless computing reference model adapted by AWS Lambda. The various research avenues in serverless computing are identified and presented.
Now a days the work is being done by hiring the space and resources from the cloud providers in order to do work effectively and less costly. This paper describes the cloud, its challenges, evolution, attacks along with the approaches required to handle data on cloud. The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. The need of this review paper is to provide the awareness of the current emerging technology which saves the cost of users.
With expanding volumes of knowledgeable production and the variability of themes and roots, shapes and languages, most detectable issues related to the delivery of storage space for the information and the variety of treatment strategies in addition to the problems related to the flow of information and methods
go down and take an interest in the advantage of them face the researchers. In any case, such a great significance comes with a support of a great infrastructure that includes large data centers comprising thousands of server units and other supporting equipment. The cloud is not a small, undeveloped branch of it, it is a type of computing that is based on the internet, an image from the internet. Cloud Computing is a
developed technology, cloud computing, possibly offers an overall economic benefit, in that end users shares a large, centrally achieved pool of storing and computing resources, rather than owning and managing their own systems. But, it needs to be environment friendly also. This review paper gives a general overview of cloud computing, also it describes cloud computing, architecture of cloud computing, characteristics of cloud computing, and different services and deployment model of cloud computing. This paper is for anyone who will have recently detected regarding cloud computing and desires to grasp a lot of regarding cloud computing.
With expanding volumes of knowledgeable production and the variability of themes and roots, shapes and languages, most detectable issues related to the delivery of storage space for the information and the variety of treatment strategies in addition to the problems related to the flow of information and methods go down and take an interest in the advantage of them face the researchers. In any case, such a great significance comes with a support of a great infrastructure that includes large data centers comprising thousands of server units and other supporting equipment. The cloud is not a small, undeveloped branch of it, it is a type of computing that is based on the internet, an image from the internet. Cloud Computing is a developed technology, cloud computing, possibly offers an overall economic benefit, in that end users shares a large, centrally achieved pool of storing and computing resources, rather than owning and managing their own systems. But, it needs to be environment friendly also. This review paper gives a general overview of cloud computing, also it describes cloud computing, architecture of cloud computing, characteristics of cloud computing, and different services and deployment model of cloud computing. This paper is for anyone who will have recently detected regarding cloud computing and desires to grasp a lot of regarding cloud computing.
A Virtualization Model for Cloud ComputingSouvik Pal
Cloud Computing is now a very emerging field in the IT industry as well as research field. The advancement of Cloud Computing came up due to fast-growing usage of internet among the people. Cloud Computing is basically on-demand network access to a collection of physical resources which can be provisioned according to the need of cloud user under the supervision of Cloud Service provider interaction. From business prospective, the viable achievements of Cloud Computing and recent developments in Grid computing have brought the platform that has introduced virtualization technology into the era of high performance computing. Virtualization technology is widely applied to modern data center for cloud computing. Virtualization is used computer resources to imitate other computer resources or whole computers. This paper provides a Virtualization model for cloud computing that may lead to faster access and better performance. This model may help to combine self-service capabilities and ready-to-use facilities for computing resources.
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant.docxpriestmanmable
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant number if they had more resources and discrimination of color was ceased. Must include those who discriminate against skin color and must include facts from sources that help individuals gain insight on the possibility of colored individuals thriving in society if same resourcesAnd equal opportunity was provided.
.
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Information technologies are affecting the big business enterprises of todays from data processing and
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A Proposed Model for Improving Performance and Reducing Costs of IT Through C...neirew J
Information technologies are affecting the big business enterprises of todays from data processing and
transactions to achieve the goals efficiently and effectively, affecting creates new business opportunities
and towards new competitive advantage, service must be enough to match the recent trends of IT such as
cloud computing. Cloud computing technology has provided all IT services. Therefore, cloud computing
offers an alternative to adaptable with technology model current , creating reducing cost (Fixed costs and
ongoing), the proliferation of high speed Internet connections through Rent, not acquisitions, cheaper
powerful computing technology and effective performance. The public and private clouds are characterized
by flexibility, operational efficiency that reduces costs improve performance. Also cloud computing
generates business creativity and innovation resulted from collaborative ideas of users; presents cloud
infrastructure and services; paving new markets; offering security in public and private clouds; and
providing environmental impact regarding utilizing green energy technology. In this paper, the main
concentrate the cloud computing.
In the context of the 4.0 revolution, technology applications, especially cloud computing will have strong impacts on all areas, including accounting systems of enterprises. Cloud computing contributes to helping the enterprise accounting apparatus become compact, help automate the input process, improve the accuracy of the input data. Besides, the issur of accounting, reporting, risk control and information security also became better, contributing to improving the effectiveness of accounting. However, besides the positive impacts, businesses also face many difficulties in deploying and applying cloud computing. However, this application requirement will become an inevitable trend contributing to improving the operational efficiency of enterprises. To promote this process requires from the State as well as businesses themselves must have awareness and appropriate decisions. Breakthroughs in information technology have dramatically changed the accounting industry and the creation of financial statements. The Internet and the technologies that use the power of the Internet are playing an important role in the management and accounting activities of businesses - who always tend to be ready to receive and use public innovations technology in collecting, storing, processing and reporting information.
An Efficient MDC based Set Partitioned Embedded Block Image CodingDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, fast, efficient, simple and widely used
Set Partitioned Embedded bloCK based coding is done on
Multiple Descriptions of transformed image. The maximum
potential of this type of coding can be exploited with discrete
wavelet transform (DWT) of images. Two correlated
descriptions are generated from a wavelet transformed image
to ensure meaningful transmission of the image over noise
prone wireless channels. These correlated descriptions are
encoded by set partitioning technique through SPECK coders
and transmitted over wireless channels. Quality of
reconstructed image at the decoder side depends upon the
number of descriptions received. More the number of
descriptions received at output side, more enhance the quality
of reconstructed image. However, if any of the multiple
description is lost, the receive can estimate it exploiting the
correlation between the descriptions. The simulations
performed on an image on MATLAB gives decent
performance and results even after half of the descriptions is
lost in transmission.
Swiftly increasing demand of computational
calculations in the process of business, transferring of files
under certain protocols and data centers force to develop an
emerging technology cater to the services for computational
need, highly manageable and secure storage. To fulfill these
technological desires cloud computing is the best answer by
introducing various sorts of service platforms in high
computational environment. Cloud computing is the most
recent paradigm promising to turn around the vision of
“computing utilities” into reality. The term “cloud
computing” is relatively new, there is no universal agreement
on this definition. In this paper, we go through with different
area of expertise of research and novelty in cloud computing
domain and its usefulness in the genre of management. Even
though the cloud computing provides many distinguished
features, it still has certain sorts of short comings amidst with
comparatively high cost for both private and public clouds. It
is the way of congregating amasses of information and
resources stored in personal computers and other gadgets
and further putting them on the public cloud for serving
users. Resource management in a cloud environment is a
hard problem, due to the scale of modern data centers, their
interdependencies along with the range of objectives of the
different actors in a cloud ecosystem. Cloud computing is
turning to be one of the most explosively expanding
technologies in the computing industry in this era. It
authorizes the users to transfer their data and computation to
remote location with minimal impact on system performance.
With the evolution of virtualization technology, cloud
computing has been emerged to be distributed systematically
or strategically on full basis. The idea of cloud computing has
not only restored the field of distributed systems but also
fundamentally changed how business utilizes computing
today. Resource management in cloud computing is in fact a
typical problem which is due to the scale of modern data
centers, the variety of resource types and their inter
dependencies, unpredictability of load along with the range of
objectives of the different actors in a cloud ecosystem.
Advance Computing Paradigm with the Perspective of Cloud Computing-An Analyti...Eswar Publications
Internet has been a driving force towards the various technologies that have been developed. Arguably, one of the
most discussed among all of these is Cloud Computing. Cloud computing is seen as a trend in the present day scenario with almost all the organizations trying to make an entry into it. It is a promising and emerging technology for the next generation of IT applications. This paper presents the evolution, history, and definition of cloud computing and also presents a comprehensive analysis of the cloud computing by explaining its services and deployment models, and identifying various characteristics of concern.
Load Balancing In Cloud Computing:A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: As the IT industry is growing day by day, the need of computing and storage is increasing
rapidly. The amount of data exchanged over the network is constantly increasing. Thus the process of this
increasing mass of data requires more computer equipment to meet the various needs of the organizations.
To better capitalize their investment, the over-equipped organizations open their infrastructures to others by
exploiting the Internet and other important technologies such as virtualization by creating a new computing
model: the cloud computing. Cloud computing is one of the significant milestones in recent times in the
history of computers. The basic concept of cloud computing is to provide a platform for sharing of resources
which includes software and infrastructure with the help of virtualization. This paper presents a brief review
of cloud computing. The main emphasize of this paper is on the load balancing technique in cloud
computing.
Keywords: Cloud Computing, Load Balancing, Dynamic Load Balancing, Virtualization, Data Center.
A review on serverless architectures - function as a service (FaaS) in cloud ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Emergence of cloud computing as the inevitable IT computing paradigm, the perception of the compute reference model and building of services has evolved into new dimensions. Serverless computing is an execution model in which the cloud service provider dynamically manages the allocation of compute resources of the server. The consumer is billed for the actual volume of resources consumed by them, instead paying for the pre-purchased units of compute capacity. This model evolved as a way to achieve optimum cost, minimum configuration overheads, and increases the application's ability to scale in the cloud. The prospective of the serverless compute model is well conceived by the major cloud service providers and reflected in the adoption of serverless computing paradigm. This review paper presents a comprehensive study on serverless computing architecture and also extends an experimentation of the working principle of serverless computing reference model adapted by AWS Lambda. The various research avenues in serverless computing are identified and presented.
Now a days the work is being done by hiring the space and resources from the cloud providers in order to do work effectively and less costly. This paper describes the cloud, its challenges, evolution, attacks along with the approaches required to handle data on cloud. The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. The need of this review paper is to provide the awareness of the current emerging technology which saves the cost of users.
With expanding volumes of knowledgeable production and the variability of themes and roots, shapes and languages, most detectable issues related to the delivery of storage space for the information and the variety of treatment strategies in addition to the problems related to the flow of information and methods
go down and take an interest in the advantage of them face the researchers. In any case, such a great significance comes with a support of a great infrastructure that includes large data centers comprising thousands of server units and other supporting equipment. The cloud is not a small, undeveloped branch of it, it is a type of computing that is based on the internet, an image from the internet. Cloud Computing is a
developed technology, cloud computing, possibly offers an overall economic benefit, in that end users shares a large, centrally achieved pool of storing and computing resources, rather than owning and managing their own systems. But, it needs to be environment friendly also. This review paper gives a general overview of cloud computing, also it describes cloud computing, architecture of cloud computing, characteristics of cloud computing, and different services and deployment model of cloud computing. This paper is for anyone who will have recently detected regarding cloud computing and desires to grasp a lot of regarding cloud computing.
With expanding volumes of knowledgeable production and the variability of themes and roots, shapes and languages, most detectable issues related to the delivery of storage space for the information and the variety of treatment strategies in addition to the problems related to the flow of information and methods go down and take an interest in the advantage of them face the researchers. In any case, such a great significance comes with a support of a great infrastructure that includes large data centers comprising thousands of server units and other supporting equipment. The cloud is not a small, undeveloped branch of it, it is a type of computing that is based on the internet, an image from the internet. Cloud Computing is a developed technology, cloud computing, possibly offers an overall economic benefit, in that end users shares a large, centrally achieved pool of storing and computing resources, rather than owning and managing their own systems. But, it needs to be environment friendly also. This review paper gives a general overview of cloud computing, also it describes cloud computing, architecture of cloud computing, characteristics of cloud computing, and different services and deployment model of cloud computing. This paper is for anyone who will have recently detected regarding cloud computing and desires to grasp a lot of regarding cloud computing.
A Virtualization Model for Cloud ComputingSouvik Pal
Cloud Computing is now a very emerging field in the IT industry as well as research field. The advancement of Cloud Computing came up due to fast-growing usage of internet among the people. Cloud Computing is basically on-demand network access to a collection of physical resources which can be provisioned according to the need of cloud user under the supervision of Cloud Service provider interaction. From business prospective, the viable achievements of Cloud Computing and recent developments in Grid computing have brought the platform that has introduced virtualization technology into the era of high performance computing. Virtualization technology is widely applied to modern data center for cloud computing. Virtualization is used computer resources to imitate other computer resources or whole computers. This paper provides a Virtualization model for cloud computing that may lead to faster access and better performance. This model may help to combine self-service capabilities and ready-to-use facilities for computing resources.
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant.docxpriestmanmable
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant number if they had more resources and discrimination of color was ceased. Must include those who discriminate against skin color and must include facts from sources that help individuals gain insight on the possibility of colored individuals thriving in society if same resourcesAnd equal opportunity was provided.
.
92 Academic Journal Article Critique Help with Journal Ar.docxpriestmanmable
92 Academic Journal Article Critique
Help with Journal Article Critique Assignment
Ensure the structure of the assignment will include the following:
Title Page
Introduction
Description of the Problem or Issue
Analysis
Discussion
Critique
Conclusion
References
.
A ) Society perspective90 year old female, Mrs. Ruth, from h.docxpriestmanmable
A ) Society perspective
90 year old female, Mrs. Ruth, from home with her daughter, is admitted to hospital after sustaining a hip fracture. She has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on home oxygen and moderate to severe aortic stenosis. (Obstruction of blood flow through part of the heart) She undergoes urgent hemiarthroplasty (hip surgery) with an uneventful operative course.
The patient and her family are of Jewish background. The patient’s daughter is her primary caregiver and has financial power-of-attorney, but it is not known whether she has formal power of attorney for personal care. Concerns have been raised to the ICU team about the possibility of elder abuse in the home by the patient’s daughter.
Unfortunately, on postoperative day 4, the patient develops delirium with respiratory failure secondary to hospital acquired pneumonia and pulmonary edema. (Fluid in the lungs) Her goals of care were not assessed pre-operatively. She is admitted to the ICU for non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for 48 hours, and then deteriorates and is intubated. After 48 hours of ventilation, it was determined that due to the severity of her underlying cardio-pulmonary status (COPD and aortic stenosis), ventilator weaning would be difficult and further ventilation would be futile.
The patient’s daughter is insistent on continuing all forms of life support, including mechanical ventilation and even extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (does the work of the lungs) if indicated. However, the Mrs Ruth’s delirium clears within the next 24 hours of intubation, and she is now competent, although still mechanically ventilated. She communicated to the ICU team that she preferred 1-way extubation (removal of the ventilator) and comfort care. This was communicated in writing to the ICU team, and was consistent over time with other care providers. The patient went as far to demand the extubation over the next hour, which was felt to be reasonable by the ICU team.
The patient’s daughter was informed of this decision, and stated that she could not come to the hospital for 2 hours, and in the meantime, that the patient must remain intubated.
At this point, the ICU team concurred with the patient’s wishes, and extubated her before her daughter was able to come to the hospital.
The daughter was angry at the team’s decision, and requested that the patient be re-intubated if she deteriorated. When the daughter arrived at the hospital, the patient and daughter were able to converse, and the patient then agreed to re-intubation if she deteriorated.
(1) What are the ethical issues emerging in this case? State why? (
KRISTINA)
(2) What decision model(s) would be ideal for application in this case? State your justification.
(Lacey Powell
)
(3) Who should make decisions in this situation? Should the ICU team have extubated the patient?
State if additional information was necessary for you to arrive at a better decision(s) in your case.
9 dissuasion question Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2017)..docxpriestmanmable
9 dissuasion question
Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2017). Criminal behavior: A psychological approach (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 12, “Sexual Assault” (pp. 348–375)
Chapter 13, “Sexual Abuse of Children and Youth” (pp. 376–402)
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Learning Resources.
Think about the following two statements:
Rape is seen as a pseudosexual act.
Rape is always and foremost an aggressive act.
Consider the two statements above regarding motivation of sexual assault. Is rape classified as a pseudosexual act to you, or is it more or less than that? Explain your stance. Do you see rape as an aggressive act by nature, or can it be considered otherwise in certain situations? Explain your reasoning for this.
Excellent - above expectations
Main Discussion Posting Content
Points Range:
21.6 (54%) - 24 (60%)
Discussion posting demonstrates an
excellent
understanding of
all
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other scholarly sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
19.2 (48%) - 21.57 (53.92%)
Discussion posting demonstrates a
good
understanding of
most
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting provides moderate detail (including at least one pertinent example), evidence from the readings and other scholarly sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
16.8 (42%) - 19.17 (47.93%)
Discussion posting demonstrates a
fair
understanding of the concepts and key points as presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting may be
lacking
or incorrect in some area, or in detail and specificity, and/or may not include sufficient pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Points Range:
0 (0%) - 16.77 (41.93%)
Discussion posting demonstrates
poor or no
understanding of the concepts and key points of the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting is incorrect and/or shallow and/or does not include any pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Reply Post & Peer Interaction
Points Range:
7.2 (18%) - 8 (20%)
Student interacts
frequently
with peers. The feedback postings and responses to questions are excellent and fully contribute to the quality of interaction by offering constructive critique, suggestions, in-depth questions, use of scholarly, empirical resources, and stimulating thoughts and/or probes.
Points Range:
6.4 (16%) - 7.16 (17.9%)
Student interacts
moderately
with peers. The feedback postings and responses to questions are good, but may not fully contribute to the quality of interaction by offering constructive critique, suggestions, in-depth questions, use of scholarly, empirical resources, and stimulating thoughts and/or probes.
Points Range:
5.6 (14%) - 6.36 (15.9%)
Student interacts
minimally
with peers .
9 AssignmentAssignment Typologies of Sexual AssaultsT.docxpriestmanmable
9 Assignment
Assignment: Typologies of Sexual Assaults
There are many different types of sexual assaults and many different types of offenders. Although they are different, they can be classified in order to create a common language between the criminal justice field and the mental health field. This in turn will enable more accurate research, predict future offenses, and assist in the prosecution and rehabilitation of the offenders.
In this Assignment, you compare different typologies of sexual offenders to determine the differences in motivation, expression of aggression, and underlining personality structure. You also determine the best way to interview each typology of sexual offenders.
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review the Learning Resources.
Select two typologies of sexual offenders listed in the resources.
By Day 7
In a 3- to 5- page paper:
Compare the two typologies of sexual offenders you selected by explaining the following:
The motivational differences between the two typologies
The expression of aggression in the two typologies
The differences in the underlining personality structure of the two typologies
Excellent - above expectations
Points Range:
47.25 (63%) - 52.5 (70%)
Paper demonstrates an
excellent
understanding of
all
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
42 (56%) - 47.2 (62.93%)
Paper demonstrates a
good
understanding of
most
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper includes moderate detail, evidence from the readings, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
36.75 (49%) - 41.95 (55.93%)
Paper demonstrates a
fair
understanding of the concepts and key points as presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper may be
lacking
in detail and specificity and/or may not include sufficient pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Points Range:
0 (0%) - 36.7 (48.93%)
Paper demonstrates poor understanding of the concepts and key points of the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper is missing detail and specificity and/or does not include any pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Writing
Points Range:
20.25 (27%) - 22.5 (30%)
Paper is
well
organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is
fully
consistent with graduate level writing style. Paper contains
multiple
, appropriate and exemplary sources expected/required for the assignment.
.
9 Augustine Confessions (selections) Augustine of Hi.docxpriestmanmable
9 Augustine
Confessions
(selections)
Augustine of Hippo wrote his Confessions between 397 -400 CE. In it he gives an
autobiographical account of his whole life up through his conversion to Christianity.
In Book 2, excerpted here, he thinks over the passions and temptations of his youth,
especially during a period where he had to come home from where he was studying
and return to living with his parents. His mother Monica was already Christian and
his father was considering it. They want him to be academically successful and
become a great orator.
From Augustine, Confessions. Translated by Caroline J-B Hammond. Loeb Classical
Library Harvard University Press 2014
(Links to an external site.)
.
1. (1) I wish to put on record the disgusting deeds in which I engaged, and
the corrupting effect of sensual experience on my soul, not because I love
them, but so that I may love you, my God. I do this because of my love for
your love, to the end that—as I recall my wicked, wicked ways in the
bitterness of recollection—you may grow even sweeter to me. For you are
a sweetness which does not deceive, a sweetness which brings happiness
and peace, pulling me back together from the disintegration in which I was
being shattered and torn apart, when I turned away from you who are unity
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
and dispersed into the multiplicity that is oblivion. For there was a time
during my adolescence when I burned to have my fill of hell. I ran wild and
reckless in all manner of shady liaisons, and my outward appearance
deteriorated, and I degenerated before your eyes as I went on pleasing
myself and desiring to appear pleasing in human sight.
2. (2) What was it that used to delight me, if not loving and being loved? But
there was no boundary maintained between one mind and another, and
reaching only as far as the clear confines of friendship. Instead the slime
of fleshly desire and the spurts of adolescence belched out their fumes,
and these clouded and obscured my heart, so that it was impossible to
distinguish the purity of love from the darkness of lust. Both of them
together seethed in me, dragging my immaturity over the heights of bodily
desire, and plunging me down into a whirlpool of sin. Your anger grew
strong against me, but I was unaware of it. I had been deafened by the
loud grinding of the chain of my mortality, the punishment for the pride of
my soul, and I went even further away from yo.
8.3 Intercultural Communication
Learning Objectives
1. Define intercultural communication.
2. List and summarize the six dialectics of intercultural communication.
3. Discuss how intercultural communication affects interpersonal relationships.
It is through intercultural communication that we come to create, understand, and transform culture and identity. Intercultural communication is communication between people with differing cultural identities. One reason we should study intercultural communication is to foster greater self-awareness (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). Our thought process regarding culture is often “other focused,” meaning that the culture of the other person or group is what stands out in our perception. However, the old adage “know thyself” is appropriate, as we become more aware of our own culture by better understanding other cultures and perspectives. Intercultural communication can allow us to step outside of our comfortable, usual frame of reference and see our culture through a different lens. Additionally, as we become more self-aware, we may also become more ethical communicators as we challenge our ethnocentrism, or our tendency to view our own culture as superior to other cultures.
As was noted earlier, difference matters, and studying intercultural communication can help us better negotiate our changing world. Changing economies and technologies intersect with culture in meaningful ways (Martin & Nakayama). As was noted earlier, technology has created for some a global village where vast distances are now much shorter due to new technology that make travel and communication more accessible and convenient (McLuhan, 1967). However, as the following “Getting Plugged In” box indicates, there is also a digital divide, which refers to the unequal access to technology and related skills that exists in much of the world. People in most fields will be more successful if they are prepared to work in a globalized world. Obviously, the global market sets up the need to have intercultural competence for employees who travel between locations of a multinational corporation. Perhaps less obvious may be the need for teachers to work with students who do not speak English as their first language and for police officers, lawyers, managers, and medical personnel to be able to work with people who have various cultural identities.
“Getting Plugged In”
The Digital Divide
Many people who are now college age struggle to imagine a time without cell phones and the Internet. As “digital natives” it is probably also surprising to realize the number of people who do not have access to certain technologies. The digital divide was a term that initially referred to gaps in access to computers. The term expanded to include access to the Internet since it exploded onto the technology scene and is now connected to virtually all computing (van Deursen & van Dijk, 2010). Approximately two billion people around the world now access the Internet regularl.
8413 906 AMLife in a Toxic Country - NYTimes.comPage 1 .docxpriestmanmable
8/4/13 9:06 AMLife in a Toxic Country - NYTimes.com
Page 1 of 4http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/04/sunday-review/life-in-a-toxic-country.html?ref=world&pagewanted=all&pagewanted=print
August 3, 2013
Life in a Toxic Country
By EDWARD WONG
BEIJING — I RECENTLY found myself hauling a bag filled with 12 boxes of milk powder and a
cardboard container with two sets of air filters through San Francisco International Airport. I was
heading to my home in Beijing at the end of a work trip, bringing back what have become two of
the most sought-after items among parents here, and which were desperately needed in my own
household.
China is the world’s second largest economy, but the enormous costs of its growth are becoming
apparent. Residents of its boom cities and a growing number of rural regions question the safety of
the air they breathe, the water they drink and the food they eat. It is as if they were living in the
Chinese equivalent of the Chernobyl or Fukushima nuclear disaster areas.
Before this assignment, I spent three and a half years reporting in Iraq, where foreign
correspondents talked endlessly of the variety of ways in which one could die — car bombs,
firefights, being abducted and then beheaded. I survived those threats, only now to find myself
wondering: Is China doing irreparable harm to me and my family?
The environmental hazards here are legion, and the consequences might not manifest themselves
for years or even decades. The risks are magnified for young children. Expatriate workers
confronted with the decision of whether to live in Beijing weigh these factors, perhaps more than at
any time in recent decades. But for now, a correspondent’s job in China is still rewarding, and so I
am toughing it out a while longer. So is my wife, Tini, who has worked for more than a dozen years
as a journalist in Asia and has studied Chinese. That means we are subjecting our 9-month-old
daughter to the same risks that are striking fear into residents of cities across northern China, and
grappling with the guilt of doing so.
Like them, we take precautions. Here in Beijing, high-tech air purifiers are as coveted as luxury
sedans. Soon after I was posted to Beijing, in 2008, I set up a couple of European-made air
purifiers used by previous correspondents. In early April, I took out one of the filters for the first
time to check it: the layer of dust was as thick as moss on a forest floor. It nauseated me. I ordered
two new sets of filters to be picked up in San Francisco; those products are much cheaper in the
United States. My colleague Amy told me that during the Lunar New Year in February, a family
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/w/edward_wong/index.html
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/china/index.html?inline=nyt-geo
8/4/13 9:06 AMLife in a Toxic Country - NYTimes.com
Page 2 of 4http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/04/sunday-review/life-in-a-toxic-country..
8. A 2 x 2 Experimental Design - Quality and Economy (x1 and x2.docxpriestmanmable
8. A 2 x 2 Experimental Design: - Quality and Economy (x1 and x2 as independent variables)
Dr. Boonghee Yoo
[email protected]
RMI Distinguished Professor in Business and
Professor of Marketing & International Business
Make changes on the names, labels, and measure on the variable view.
Check the measure.
Have the same keys between “Name” and “Label.”
Run factor analysis for ys (dependent variables).
Select “Principal axis factoring” from “Extraction.”
The two-factor solution seems the best as (1) they are over one eigenvalue each and (2) the variance explained for is over 60%.
The new eigenvalues after the rotation.
The rotated factor matrix is clear.
But note that y3 and y1 are collapsed into one factor.
If not you should rerun factor analysis after removing the most problematic item one at a time.
Repeat this procedure until the rotated factor pattern has
(1) no cross-loading,
(2) no weak factor loading (< 0.5), and
(3) an adequate number of items (not more than 5 items per factor).
If a clear factor pattern is obtained, name the factors.
Attitude and purchase intention (y3 and y1)
Boycotting intention (y2)
Compute the reliability of the items of each factor
Make sure all responses were used.
Cronbach’s a (= Reliability a) must be greater than 0.70. Then, you can create the composite variable out of the member items.
Means and STDs must be similar among the items.
No a here should be greater than Cronbach’s a. If not, you should delete such item(s) to increase a.
Create the composite variable for each factor.
BI = mean (y2_1,y2_2,y2_3)
“PI” will be added to the data.
Go to the Variable View and change its “Name” and “Label.”
8. A 2 x 2 Experimental Design: - Quality and Economy (x1 and x2 as independent variables)
Dr. Boonghee Yoo
[email protected]
RMI Distinguished Professor in Business and
Professor of Marketing & International Business
BLOCK 1. Title and introductory paragraph.
Title and introductory paragraph
Plus, background questions
BLOCK 2 to 5. Show one of four treatments randomly.
x1(hi), x2 (hi)
x1 (hi), x2 (low)
x1 (low), x2 (hi)
x1 (low), x2 (low)
BLOCK 6. Questions.
Manipulation check questions (multi-item scales)
y1, y2, and y3 (multi-item scales)
Socio-demographic questions
Write “Thank you for participation.”
The questionnaire (6 blocks)
A 2x2 between-sample design: SQ (Service quality and ECON (Contribution to local economy)
Each of the four BLOCKs consist of:
The instruction: e.g., “Please read the following description of company ABC carefully.”
The scenario: An image file or written statement
(No questions inside the scenario blocks)
Qualtrics Survey Flow (6 blocks)
Manipulation check questions y1, y2, …, yn
Questions to verify that subjects were manipulated as intended. For example, if the stimulus is dollar-amount price, the manipulation check.
800 Words 42-year-old man presents to ED with 2-day history .docxpriestmanmable
800 Words
42-year-old man presents to ED with 2-day history of dysuria, low back pain, inability to fully empty his bladder, severe perineal pain along with fevers and chills. He says the pain is worse when he stands up and is somewhat relieved when he lies down. Vital signs T 104.0 F, pulse 138, respirations 24. PaO2 96% on room air. Digital rectal exam (DRE) reveals the prostate to be enlarged, extremely tender, swollen, and warm to touch.
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:
The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
Why prostatitis and infection happen. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro, and macrocytic).
.
8.1 What Is Corporate StrategyLO 8-1Define corporate strategy.docxpriestmanmable
8.1 What Is Corporate Strategy?
LO 8-1
Define corporate strategy and describe the three dimensions along which it is assessed.
Strategy formulation centers around the key questions of where and how to compete. Business strategy concerns the question of how to compete in a single product market. As discussed in Chapter 6, the two generic business strategies that firms can follow to pursue their quest for competitive advantage are to increase differentiation (while containing cost) or lower costs (while maintaining differentiation). If trade-offs can be reconciled, some firms might be able to pursue a blue ocean strategy by increasing differentiation and lowering costs. As firms grow, they are frequently expanding their business activities through seeking new markets both by offering new products and services and by competing in different geographies. Strategic leaders must formulate a corporate strategy to guide continued growth. To gain and sustain competitive advantage, therefore, any corporate strategy must align with and strengthen a firm’s business strategy, whether it is a differentiation, cost-leadership, or blue ocean strategy.
Corporate strategy comprises the decisions that leaders make and the goal-directed actions they take in the quest for competitive advantage in several industries and markets simultaneously.3 It provides answers to the key question of where to compete. Corporate strategy determines the boundaries of the firm along three dimensions: vertical integration along the industry value chain, diversification of products and services, and geographic scope (regional, national, or global markets). Strategic leaders must determine corporate strategy along the three dimensions:
1. Vertical integration: In what stages of the industry value chain should the company participate? The industry value chain describes the transformation of raw materials into finished goods and services along distinct vertical stages.
2. Diversification: What range of products and services should the company offer?
3. Geographic scope: Where should the company compete geographically in terms of regional, national, or international markets?
In most cases, underlying these three questions is an implicit desire for growth. The need for growth is sometimes taken so much for granted that not every manager understands all the reasons behind it. A clear understanding will help strategic leaders to pursue growth for the right reasons and make better decisions for the firm and its stakeholders.
WHY FIRMS NEED TO GROW
LO 8-2
Explain why firms need to grow, and evaluate different growth motives.
Several reasons explain why firms need to grow. These can be summarized as follows:
1. Increase profits.
2. Lower costs.
3. Increase market power.
4. Reduce risk.
5. Motivate management.
Let’s look at each reason in turn.
INCREASE PROFITS
Profitable growth allows businesses to provide a higher return for their shareholders, or owners, if privately held. For publicly trade.
8.0 RESEARCH METHODS These guidelines address postgr.docxpriestmanmable
8.0 RESEARCH METHODS
These guidelines address postgraduate students who have completed course
requirements and assumed to have sufficient background experience of high-level
engagement activities like recognizing, relating, applying, generating, reflecting and
theorizing issues. It is an ultimate period in our academic life when we feel confident
at embarking on independent research.
It cannot be overemphasized that we must enjoy the experience of research process
and not look at it as an academic chore.
To enable such a desired behaviour, these guidelines consider the research process
in terms of the skills and knowledge needed to develop independent and critical
styles of thinking in order to evaluate and use research as well as to conduct fresh
research.
The guidelines should be viewed as briefs which the Research Supervisors are expected
to exemplify based on their own experience as well as expertise.
8.1 Chapter 1 - Introduction
INTRODUCE the subject or problem to be studied. This might require the
identification of key managerial concerns, theories, laws and governmental rulings,
critical incidents or social changes, and current environmental issues, that make the
subject critical, relevant and worthy of managerial or research attention.
• To inform the Reader (stylistically - forthright, direct, and brief / concise),
• The first sentence should begin with `This Study was intended
to’….’ And immediately tell the Reader the nature of the study for the
reader's interest and desire to read on.
8.1.1 The Research Problem
What is the statement of the problem? The statement of the problem or problem
statement should follow logically from what has been set forth in the background of
the problem by defining the specific research need providing impetus for the
study, a need not met through previous research. Present a clear and precise
statement of the central question of research, formulated to address the need.
8.1.2 The Purpose of the Study
What is the purpose of the study? What are the RESEARCH QUESTION (S) of
the study? What are the specific objective (s) of the study? Define the specific
research objective (s) that would answer the research Question (s) of the study.
8.1.3 The Rationale of the Study:
1. Why in a general sense?
2. One or two brief references to previous research or theories critical in structuring
this study to support and understand the rationale.
3. The importance of the study for the reader to know, to fully appreciate the need
for the study - and its significance.
4. Own professional experience that stimulated the study or aroused interest in the
area of research.
5. The Need for the Study - will deal with valid questions or professional concerns
to provide data leading to an answer - reference to literature helpful and
appropriate.
8.1.4 The Significance of the Study:
1. Clearly .
95People of AppalachianHeritageChapter 5KATHLEEN.docxpriestmanmable
95
People of Appalachian
Heritage
Chapter 5
KATHLEEN W. HUTTLINGER and LARRY D. PURNELL
Overview, Inhabited Localities,
and Topography
OVERVIEW
Appalachia consists of that large geographic expanse in
the eastern United States that is associated with the
Appalachian mountain system, a 200,000-square-mile
region that extends from the northeastern United States
in southern New York to northern Mississippi. It includes
all of West Virginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia,
Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee,
and Virginia. This very rural area is characterized by a
rolling topography with very rugged ridges and hilltops,
some extending over 4000 feet high, with remote valleys
between them. The surrounding valleys are often 2000
feet or more in elevation and give one a sense of isolation,
peacefulness, and separateness from the lower and more
heavily traveled urban areas. This isolation and rough
topography have contributed to the development of
secluded communities in the hills and natural hollows or
narrow valleys where people, over time, have developed a
strong sense of independence and family cohesiveness.
These same isolated valleys and rugged mountains pre-
sent many transportation problems for those who do not
have access to cars or trucks. Very limited public trans-
portation is available only in the larger urbanized areas.
Even though the Appalachian region includes several
large cities, many people live in small settlements and in
inaccessible hollows or “hollers” (Huttlinger, Schaller-
Ayers, & Lawson, 2004a). The rugged location of many
communities in Appalachia results in a population that is
often isolated from the mainstream of health-care ser-
vices. In some areas of Appalachia, substandard secondary
and tertiary roads, as well as limited public bus, rail, and
airport facilities, prevent easy access to the area (Fig. 5–1).
Difficulty in accessing the area is partially responsible for
continued geographic and sociocultural isolation. The
rugged terrain can significantly delay ambulance response
time and is a deterrent to people who need health care
when their health condition is severe. This is one area in
which telehealth innovations can and often do provide
needed services.
Many of the approximately 24 million people who live
in Appalachia can trace their family roots back 150 or
more years, and it is common to find whole communities
comprising extended, related families. The cultural her-
itage of the region is rich and reflected in their distinctive
music, art, and literature. Even though family roots are
strong, many of the region’s younger residents have left
the area to pursue job opportunities in the larger urban
cities of the north. The remaining, older population
reflects a group that often has less than a high-school edu-
cation, is frequently unemployed, may be on welfare
and/or disability, and is regularly uninsured (20.4 per-
cent) (Virginia He.
8-10 slide Powerpoint The example company is Tesla.Instructions.docxpriestmanmable
8-10 slide Powerpoint The example company is Tesla.
Instructions
As the organization’s top leader, you are responsible for communicating the organization’s strategies in a way that makes the employees understand the role that they play in helping to achieve the organization’s strategies. Design a presentation that explains the following:
The company is Tesla
1. Your Organization's Mission and Vision
2. Your organization’s overall strategies and how they align with the Mission and Vision
3. At least five of your organization’ strategic SMART goals that align with the overall organizational strategy
4. At least three different departments’ specific roles in helping to achieve those strategic SMART goals
5. This can be a PowerPoint presentation with a voice-over or it can be a video presentation.
Length: 8 – 10 slides, not including title and reference slide.
Notes Length: 200-250 words for each slide.
References: Include a minimum of five scholarly resources.
I will do the voice over. I do not need a separate document of speaker notes as long as the PowerPoint has the requested 200-250 words for each slide
.
8Network Security April 2020FEATUREAre your IT staf.docxpriestmanmable
8
Network Security April 2020
FEATURE
Are your IT staff ready
for the pandemic-driven
insider threat? Phil Chapman
Obviously the threat to human life is
the top concern for everyone at this
moment. But businesses are also starting
to suffer as productivity slips globally
and the workforce itself is squeezed.
The UK Government’s March budget
did announce some measures, especially
for small and medium-size enterprises
(SMEs), that will make this period
slightly less painful for organisations.
However, as is apparent from the tank-
ing stock market (the FTSE 100 has
hit levels not seen since June 2012) the
economy and pretty much all businesses
in the country (unless you produce hand
sanitiser) are going to suffer. There is no
time like now for the UK to embrace
its mantra of ‘keep calm and carry on’
because that is what we must do if we’re
going to keep business flowing.
For the IT department at large there is
lots of urgent work to do to ensure that
the business is prepared to keep running
smoothly even if people are having to
work remotely. The task at hand for cyber
security professionals is arguably even
larger as Covid-19 is seeing cyber criminals
capitalising on the fact that the insider
threat is worse than ever, with more people
working remotely from personal devices
than many IT and cyber security teams
have likely ever prepared for.
This article will argue that the cyber
security workforce, which is already suf-
fering a digital skills crisis, may also be
lacking the adequate soft skills required
to effectively tackle the insider threat
that has been exacerbated by the pan-
demic. It will first examine the insider
threat, and why this has become so
much more insidious because of Covid-
19. It will then look into the essential
soft skills required to tackle this threat,
before examining how organisations can
effectively implement an apprentice-
ship strategy that generates professionals
with both hard and soft skills, includ-
ing advice from the CISO of globally
respected law firm Pinsent Masons, who
will provide insight into how he is mak-
ing his strategy work. It will conclude
that many of these issues could be solved
if the industry didn’t rely so heavily on
recruiting graduates and rather looked
towards hiring apprentices.
The insider threat
In the best of times, every cyber-pro-
fessional knows that the biggest threat
to an organisation’s IT infrastructure
is people, both malicious actors and
– much more often – employees and
partners making mistakes. The problem
is that people lack cyber knowledge and
so commit careless actions – for exam-
ple, forwarding sensitive information to
the wrong recipient over email or plug-
ging rogue USBs into their device (yes,
that still happens). Cyber criminals
capitalise on this ignorance by utilising
social engineering tactics ranging from
the painfully simple, like fake emails
from Amazon, to the very sophisticated,
such as.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. 1 Introduction
With the rapid development of processing and storage tech-
nologies and the success of the Internet, computing re-
sources have become cheaper, more powerful and more
ubiquitously available than ever before. This technological
trend has enabled the realization of a new computing model
Q. Zhang · L. Cheng · R. Boutaba (�)
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
e-mail: [email protected]
Q. Zhang
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Cheng
e-mail: [email protected]
called cloud computing, in which resources (e.g., CPU and
storage) are provided as general utilities that can be leased
and released by users through the Internet in an on-demand
fashion. In a cloud computing environment, the traditional
role of service provider is divided into two: the infrastruc-
ture providers who manage cloud platforms and lease re-
sources according to a usage-based pricing model, and ser-
vice providers, who rent resources from one or many in-
frastructure providers to serve the end users. The emer-
gence of cloud computing has made a tremendous impact
on the Information Technology (IT) industry over the past
few years, where large companies such as Google, Ama-
zon and Microsoft strive to provide more powerful, reliable
and cost-efficient cloud platforms, and business enterprises
seek to reshape their business models to gain benefit from
this new paradigm. Indeed, cloud computing provides sev-
eral compelling features that make it attractive to business
owners, as shown below.
No up-front investment: Cloud computing uses a pay-as-
you-go pricing model. A service provider does not need to
3. invest in the infrastructure to start gaining benefit from cloud
computing. It simply rents resources from the cloud accord-
ing to its own needs and pay for the usage.
Lowering operating cost: Resources in a cloud environ-
ment can be rapidly allocated and de-allocated on demand.
Hence, a service provider no longer needs to provision ca-
pacities according to the peak load. This provides huge sav-
ings since resources can be released to save on operating
costs when service demand is low.
Highly scalable: Infrastructure providers pool large
amount of resources from data centers and make them easily
accessible. A service provider can easily expand its service
to large scales in order to handle rapid increase in service
demands (e.g., flash-crowd effect). This model is sometimes
called surge computing [5].
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
8 J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18
Easy access: Services hosted in the cloud are generally
web-based. Therefore, they are easily accessible through a
variety of devices with Internet connections. These devices
not only include desktop and laptop computers, but also cell
phones and PDAs.
Reducing business risks and maintenance expenses: By
outsourcing the service infrastructure to the clouds, a service
provider shifts its business risks (such as hardware failures)
to infrastructure providers, who often have better expertise
and are better equipped for managing these risks. In addi-
4. tion, a service provider can cut down the hardware mainte-
nance and the staff training costs.
However, although cloud computing has shown consid-
erable opportunities to the IT industry, it also brings many
unique challenges that need to be carefully addressed. In this
paper, we present a survey of cloud computing, highlighting
its key concepts, architectural principles, state-of-the-art im-
plementations as well as research challenges. Our aim is to
provide a better understanding of the design challenges of
cloud computing and identify important research directions
in this fascinating topic.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In
Sect. 2 we provide an overview of cloud computing and
compare it with other related technologies. In Sect. 3, we
describe the architecture of cloud computing and present
its design principles. The key features and characteristics of
cloud computing are detailed in Sect. 4. Section 5 surveys
the commercial products as well as the current technologies
used for cloud computing. In Sect. 6, we summarize the cur-
rent research topics in cloud computing. Finally, the paper
concludes in Sect. 7.
2 Overview of cloud computing
This section presents a general overview of cloud comput-
ing, including its definition and a comparison with related
concepts.
2.1 Definitions
The main idea behind cloud computing is not a new one.
John McCarthy in the 1960s already envisioned that com-
puting facilities will be provided to the general public like
a utility [39]. The term “cloud” has also been used in vari-
5. ous contexts such as describing large ATM networks in the
1990s. However, it was after Google’s CEO Eric Schmidt
used the word to describe the business model of provid-
ing services across the Internet in 2006, that the term re-
ally started to gain popularity. Since then, the term cloud
computing has been used mainly as a marketing term in a
variety of contexts to represent many different ideas. Cer-
tainly, the lack of a standard definition of cloud computing
has generated not only market hypes, but also a fair amount
of skepticism and confusion. For this reason, recently there
has been work on standardizing the definition of cloud com-
puting. As an example, the work in [49] compared over 20
different definitions from a variety of sources to confirm a
standard definition. In this paper, we adopt the definition
of cloud computing provided by The National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) [36], as it covers, in our
opinion, all the essential aspects of cloud computing:
NIST definition of cloud computing Cloud computing is a
model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access
to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that
can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal man-
agement effort or service provider interaction.
The main reason for the existence of different percep-
tions of cloud computing is that cloud computing, unlike
other technical terms, is not a new technology, but rather
a new operations model that brings together a set of ex-
isting technologies to run business in a different way. In-
deed, most of the technologies used by cloud computing,
such as virtualization and utility-based pricing, are not new.
Instead, cloud computing leverages these existing technolo-
gies to meet the technological and economic requirements
of today’s demand for information technology.
6. 2.2 Related technologies
Cloud computing is often compared to the following tech-
nologies, each of which shares certain aspects with cloud
computing:
Grid Computing: Grid computing is a distributed com-
puting paradigm that coordinates networked resources to
achieve a common computational objective. The develop-
ment of Grid computing was originally driven by scien-
tific applications which are usually computation-intensive.
Cloud computing is similar to Grid computing in that it also
employs distributed resources to achieve application-level
objectives. However, cloud computing takes one step further
by leveraging virtualization technologies at multiple levels
(hardware and application platform) to realize resource shar-
ing and dynamic resource provisioning.
Utility Computing: Utility computing represents the
model of providing resources on-demand and charging cus-
tomers based on usage rather than a flat rate. Cloud comput-
ing can be perceived as a realization of utility computing. It
adopts a utility-based pricing scheme entirely for economic
reasons. With on-demand resource provisioning and utility-
based pricing, service providers can truly maximize resource
utilization and minimize their operating costs.
Virtualization: Virtualization is a technology that ab-
stracts away the details of physical hardware and provides
J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18 9
virtualized resources for high-level applications. A virtual-
7. ized server is commonly called a virtual machine (VM). Vir-
tualization forms the foundation of cloud computing, as it
provides the capability of pooling computing resources from
clusters of servers and dynamically assigning or reassigning
virtual resources to applications on-demand.
Autonomic Computing: Originally coined by IBM in
2001, autonomic computing aims at building computing sys-
tems capable of self-management, i.e. reacting to internal
and external observations without human intervention. The
goal of autonomic computing is to overcome the manage-
ment complexity of today’s computer systems. Although
cloud computing exhibits certain autonomic features such
as automatic resource provisioning, its objective is to lower
the resource cost rather than to reduce system complexity.
In summary, cloud computing leverages virtualization
technology to achieve the goal of providing computing re-
sources as a utility. It shares certain aspects with grid com-
puting and autonomic computing but differs from them in
other aspects. Therefore, it offers unique benefits and im-
poses distinctive challenges to meet its requirements.
3 Cloud computing architecture
This section describes the architectural, business and various
operation models of cloud computing.
3.1 A layered model of cloud computing
Generally speaking, the architecture of a cloud comput-
ing environment can be divided into 4 layers: the hard-
ware/datacenter layer, the infrastructure layer, the platform
layer and the application layer, as shown in Fig. 1. We de-
scribe each of them in detail:
8. The hardware layer: This layer is responsible for man-
aging the physical resources of the cloud, including phys-
ical servers, routers, switches, power and cooling systems.
In practice, the hardware layer is typically implemented
in data centers. A data center usually contains thousands
of servers that are organized in racks and interconnected
through switches, routers or other fabrics. Typical issues
at hardware layer include hardware configuration, fault-
tolerance, traffic management, power and cooling resource
management.
The infrastructure layer: Also known as the virtualiza-
tion layer, the infrastructure layer creates a pool of storage
and computing resources by partitioning the physical re-
sources using virtualization technologies such as Xen [55],
KVM [30] and VMware [52]. The infrastructure layer is an
essential component of cloud computing, since many key
features, such as dynamic resource assignment, are only
made available through virtualization technologies.
The platform layer: Built on top of the infrastructure
layer, the platform layer consists of operating systems and
application frameworks. The purpose of the platform layer
is to minimize the burden of deploying applications directly
into VM containers. For example, Google App Engine oper-
ates at the platform layer to provide API support for imple-
menting storage, database and business logic of typical web
applications.
The application layer: At the highest level of the hierar-
chy, the application layer consists of the actual cloud appli-
cations. Different from traditional applications, cloud appli-
cations can leverage the automatic-scaling feature to achieve
better performance, availability and lower operating cost.
Compared to traditional service hosting environments
9. such as dedicated server farms, the architecture of cloud
computing is more modular. Each layer is loosely coupled
with the layers above and below, allowing each layer to
evolve separately. This is similar to the design of the OSI
Fig. 1 Cloud computing
architecture
10 J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18
model for network protocols. The architectural modularity
allows cloud computing to support a wide range of applica-
tion requirements while reducing management and mainte-
nance overhead.
3.2 Business model
Cloud computing employs a service-driven business model.
In other words, hardware and platform-level resources are
provided as services on an on-demand basis. Conceptually,
every layer of the architecture described in the previous sec-
tion can be implemented as a service to the layer above.
Conversely, every layer can be perceived as a customer of
the layer below. However, in practice, clouds offer services
that can be grouped into three categories: software as a ser-
vice (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure
as a service (IaaS).
1. Infrastructure as a Service: IaaS refers to on-demand
provisioning of infrastructural resources, usually in terms
of VMs. The cloud owner who offers IaaS is called an
IaaS provider. Examples of IaaS providers include Ama-
zon EC2 [2], GoGrid [15] and Flexiscale [18].
10. 2. Platform as a Service: PaaS refers to providing platform
layer resources, including operating system support and
software development frameworks. Examples of PaaS
providers include Google App Engine [20], Microsoft
Windows Azure [53] and Force.com [41].
3. Software as a Service: SaaS refers to providing on-
demand applications over the Internet. Examples of SaaS
providers include Salesforce.com [41], Rackspace [17]
and SAP Business ByDesign [44].
The business model of cloud computing is depicted by
Fig. 2. According to the layered architecture of cloud com-
puting, it is entirely possible that a PaaS provider runs its
cloud on top of an IaaS provider’s cloud. However, in the
current practice, IaaS and PaaS providers are often parts of
the same organization (e.g., Google and Salesforce). This is
why PaaS and IaaS providers are often called the infrastruc-
ture providers or cloud providers [5].
Fig. 2 Business model of cloud computing
3.3 Types of clouds
There are many issues to consider when moving an enter-
prise application to the cloud environment. For example,
some service providers are mostly interested in lowering op-
eration cost, while others may prefer high reliability and se-
curity. Accordingly, there are different types of clouds, each
with its own benefits and drawbacks:
Public clouds: A cloud in which service providers of-
fer their resources as services to the general public. Pub-
lic clouds offer several key benefits to service providers, in-
cluding no initial capital investment on infrastructure and
shifting of risks to infrastructure providers. However, pub-
11. lic clouds lack fine-grained control over data, network and
security settings, which hampers their effectiveness in many
business scenarios.
Private clouds: Also known as internal clouds, private
clouds are designed for exclusive use by a single organiza-
tion. A private cloud may be built and managed by the orga-
nization or by external providers. A private cloud offers the
highest degree of control over performance, reliability and
security. However, they are often criticized for being simi-
lar to traditional proprietary server farms and do not provide
benefits such as no up-front capital costs.
Hybrid clouds: A hybrid cloud is a combination of public
and private cloud models that tries to address the limitations
of each approach. In a hybrid cloud, part of the service in-
frastructure runs in private clouds while the remaining part
runs in public clouds. Hybrid clouds offer more flexibility
than both public and private clouds. Specifically, they pro-
vide tighter control and security over application data com-
pared to public clouds, while still facilitating on-demand
service expansion and contraction. On the down side, de-
signing a hybrid cloud requires carefully determining the
best split between public and private cloud components.
Virtual Private Cloud: An alternative solution to address-
ing the limitations of both public and private clouds is called
Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). A VPC is essentially a plat-
form running on top of public clouds. The main difference is
that a VPC leverages virtual private network (VPN) technol-
ogy that allows service providers to design their own topol-
ogy and security settings such as firewall rules. VPC is es-
sentially a more holistic design since it not only virtualizes
servers and applications, but also the underlying commu-
nication network as well. Additionally, for most companies,
VPC provides seamless transition from a proprietary service
12. infrastructure to a cloud-based infrastructure, owing to the
virtualized network layer.
For most service providers, selecting the right cloud
model is dependent on the business scenario. For exam-
ple, computation-intensive scientific applications are best
deployed on public clouds for cost-effectiveness. Arguably,
certain types of clouds will be more popular than others.
http://Force.com
http://Salesforce.com
J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18 11
In particular, it was predicted that hybrid clouds will be the
dominant type for most organizations [14]. However, vir-
tual private clouds have started to gain more popularity since
their inception in 2009.
4 Cloud computing characteristics
Cloud computing provides several salient features that are
different from traditional service computing, which we sum-
marize below:
Multi-tenancy: In a cloud environment, services owned
by multiple providers are co-located in a single data center.
The performance and management issues of these services
are shared among service providers and the infrastructure
provider. The layered architecture of cloud computing pro-
vides a natural division of responsibilities: the owner of each
layer only needs to focus on the specific objectives associ-
ated with this layer. However, multi-tenancy also introduces
difficulties in understanding and managing the interactions
among various stakeholders.
13. Shared resource pooling: The infrastructure provider of-
fers a pool of computing resources that can be dynamically
assigned to multiple resource consumers. Such dynamic re-
source assignment capability provides much flexibility to in-
frastructure providers for managing their own resource us-
age and operating costs. For instance, an IaaS provider can
leverage VM migration technology to attain a high degree
of server consolidation, hence maximizing resource utiliza-
tion while minimizing cost such as power consumption and
cooling.
Geo-distribution and ubiquitous network access: Clouds
are generally accessible through the Internet and use the
Internet as a service delivery network. Hence any device
with Internet connectivity, be it a mobile phone, a PDA or
a laptop, is able to access cloud services. Additionally, to
achieve high network performance and localization, many
of today’s clouds consist of data centers located at many
locations around the globe. A service provider can easily
leverage geo-diversity to achieve maximum service utility.
Service oriented: As mentioned previously, cloud com-
puting adopts a service-driven operating model. Hence it
places a strong emphasis on service management. In a cloud,
each IaaS, PaaS and SaaS provider offers its service accord-
ing to the Service Level Agreement (SLA) negotiated with
its customers. SLA assurance is therefore a critical objective
of every provider.
Dynamic resource provisioning: One of the key features
of cloud computing is that computing resources can be ob-
tained and released on the fly. Compared to the traditional
model that provisions resources according to peak demand,
dynamic resource provisioning allows service providers to
acquire resources based on the current demand, which can
14. considerably lower the operating cost.
Self-organizing: Since resources can be allocated or de-
allocated on-demand, service providers are empowered to
manage their resource consumption according to their own
needs. Furthermore, the automated resource management
feature yields high agility that enables service providers to
respond quickly to rapid changes in service demand such as
the flash crowd effect.
Utility-based pricing: Cloud computing employs a pay-
per-use pricing model. The exact pricing scheme may vary
from service to service. For example, a SaaS provider may
rent a virtual machine from an IaaS provider on a per-hour
basis. On the other hand, a SaaS provider that provides
on-demand customer relationship management (CRM) may
charge its customers based on the number of clients it serves
(e.g., Salesforce). Utility-based pricing lowers service oper-
ating cost as it charges customers on a per-use basis. How-
ever, it also introduces complexities in controlling the oper-
ating cost. In this perspective, companies like VKernel [51]
provide software to help cloud customers understand, ana-
lyze and cut down the unnecessary cost on resource con-
sumption.
5 State-of-the-art
In this section, we present the state-of-the-art implementa-
tions of cloud computing. We first describe the key technolo-
gies currently used for cloud computing. Then, we survey
the popular cloud computing products.
5.1 Cloud computing technologies
This section provides a review of technologies used in cloud
computing environments.
15. 5.1.1 Architectural design of data centers
A data center, which is home to the computation power and
storage, is central to cloud computing and contains thou-
sands of devices like servers, switches and routers. Proper
planning of this network architecture is critical, as it will
heavily influence applications performance and throughput
in such a distributed computing environment. Further, scala-
bility and resiliency features need to be carefully considered.
Currently, a layered approach is the basic foundation of
the network architecture design, which has been tested in
some of the largest deployed data centers. The basic layers
of a data center consist of the core, aggregation, and access
layers, as shown in Fig. 3. The access layer is where the
servers in racks physically connect to the network. There
are typically 20 to 40 servers per rack, each connected to an
access switch with a 1 Gbps link. Access switches usually
connect to two aggregation switches for redundancy with
12 J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18
Fig. 3 Basic layered design of data center network infrastructure
10 Gbps links. The aggregation layer usually provides im-
portant functions, such as domain service, location service,
server load balancing, and more. The core layer provides
connectivity to multiple aggregation switches and provides
a resilient routed fabric with no single point of failure. The
core routers manage traffic into and out of the data center.
A popular practice is to leverage commodity Ethernet
switches and routers to build the network infrastructure. In
16. different business solutions, the layered network infrastruc-
ture can be elaborated to meet specific business challenges.
Basically, the design of a data center network architecture
should meet the following objectives [1, 21–23, 35]:
Uniform high capacity: The maximum rate of a server-
to-server traffic flow should be limited only by the available
capacity on the network-interface cards of the sending and
receiving servers, and assigning servers to a service should
be independent of the network topology. It should be possi-
ble for an arbitrary host in the data center to communicate
with any other host in the network at the full bandwidth of
its local network interface.
Free VM migration: Virtualization allows the entire VM
state to be transmitted across the network to migrate a VM
from one physical machine to another. A cloud comput-
ing hosting service may migrate VMs for statistical multi-
plexing or dynamically changing communication patterns
to achieve high bandwidth for tightly coupled hosts or to
achieve variable heat distribution and power availability in
the data center. The communication topology should be de-
signed so as to support rapid virtual machine migration.
Resiliency: Failures will be common at scale. The net-
work infrastructure must be fault-tolerant against various
types of server failures, link outages, or server-rack failures.
Existing unicast and multicast communications should not
be affected to the extent allowed by the underlying physical
connectivity.
Scalability: The network infrastructure must be able to
scale to a large number of servers and allow for incremental
expansion.
Backward compatibility: The network infrastructure
17. should be backward compatible with switches and routers
running Ethernet and IP. Because existing data centers have
commonly leveraged commodity Ethernet and IP based de-
vices, they should also be used in the new architecture with-
out major modifications.
Another area of rapid innovation in the industry is the de-
sign and deployment of shipping-container based, modular
data center (MDC). In an MDC, normally up to a few thou-
sands of servers, are interconnected via switches to form
the network infrastructure. Highly interactive applications,
which are sensitive to response time, are suitable for geo-
diverse MDC placed close to major population areas. The
MDC also helps with redundancy because not all areas are
likely to lose power, experience an earthquake, or suffer ri-
ots at the same time. Rather than the three-layered approach
discussed above, Guo et al. [22, 23] proposed server-centric,
recursively defined network structures of MDC.
5.1.2 Distributed file system over clouds
Google File System (GFS) [19] is a proprietary distributed
file system developed by Google and specially designed to
provide efficient, reliable access to data using large clusters
of commodity servers. Files are divided into chunks of 64
megabytes, and are usually appended to or read and only
extremely rarely overwritten or shrunk. Compared with tra-
ditional file systems, GFS is designed and optimized to run
on data centers to provide extremely high data throughputs,
low latency and survive individual server failures.
Inspired by GFS, the open source Hadoop Distributed
File System (HDFS) [24] stores large files across multi-
ple machines. It achieves reliability by replicating the data
across multiple servers. Similarly to GFS, data is stored on
multiple geo-diverse nodes. The file system is built from a
18. cluster of data nodes, each of which serves blocks of data
over the network using a block protocol specific to HDFS.
Data is also provided over HTTP, allowing access to all con-
tent from a web browser or other types of clients. Data nodes
can talk to each other to rebalance data distribution, to move
copies around, and to keep the replication of data high.
5.1.3 Distributed application framework over clouds
HTTP-based applications usually conform to some web ap-
plication framework such as Java EE. In modern data center
environments, clusters of servers are also used for computa-
tion and data-intensive jobs such as financial trend analysis,
or film animation.
MapReduce [16] is a software framework introduced by
Google to support distributed computing on large data sets
J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18 13
on clusters of computers. MapReduce consists of one Mas-
ter, to which client applications submit MapReduce jobs.
The Master pushes work out to available task nodes in the
data center, striving to keep the tasks as close to the data
as possible. The Master knows which node contains the
data, and which other hosts are nearby. If the task cannot
be hosted on the node where the data is stored, priority is
given to nodes in the same rack. In this way, network traffic
on the main backbone is reduced, which also helps to im-
prove throughput, as the backbone is usually the bottleneck.
If a task fails or times out, it is rescheduled. If the Master
fails, all ongoing tasks are lost. The Master records what it
is up to in the filesystem. When it starts up, it looks for any
such data, so that it can restart work from where it left off.
19. The open source Hadoop MapReduce project [25] is in-
spired by Google’s work. Currently, many organizations are
using Hadoop MapReduce to run large data-intensive com-
putations.
5.2 Commercial products
In this section, we provide a survey of some of the dominant
cloud computing products.
5.2.1 Amazon EC2
Amazon Web Services (AWS) [3] is a set of cloud services,
providing cloud-based computation, storage and other func-
tionality that enable organizations and individuals to deploy
applications and services on an on-demand basis and at com-
modity prices. Amazon Web Services’ offerings are acces-
sible over HTTP, using REST and SOAP protocols.
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) enables
cloud users to launch and manage server instances in data
centers using APIs or available tools and utilities. EC2 in-
stances are virtual machines running on top of the Xen virtu-
alization engine [55]. After creating and starting an instance,
users can upload software and make changes to it. When
changes are finished, they can be bundled as a new machine
image. An identical copy can then be launched at any time.
Users have nearly full control of the entire software stack
on the EC2 instances that look like hardware to them. On
the other hand, this feature makes it inherently difficult for
Amazon to offer automatic scaling of resources.
EC2 provides the ability to place instances in multiple lo-
cations. EC2 locations are composed of Regions and Avail-
ability Zones. Regions consist of one or more Availability
20. Zones, are geographically dispersed. Availability Zones are
distinct locations that are engineered to be insulated from
failures in other Availability Zones and provide inexpensive,
low latency network connectivity to other Availability Zones
in the same Region.
EC2 machine images are stored in and retrieved from
Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). S3 stores
data as “objects” that are grouped in “buckets.” Each object
contains from 1 byte to 5 gigabytes of data. Object names
are essentially URI [6] pathnames. Buckets must be explic-
itly created before they can be used. A bucket can be stored
in one of several Regions. Users can choose a Region to opti-
mize latency, minimize costs, or address regulatory require-
ments.
Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is a secure and
seamless bridge between a company’s existing IT infrastruc-
ture and the AWS cloud. Amazon VPC enables enterprises
to connect their existing infrastructure to a set of isolated
AWS compute resources via a Virtual Private Network
(VPN) connection, and to extend their existing management
capabilities such as security services, firewalls, and intrusion
detection systems to include their AWS resources.
For cloud users, Amazon CloudWatch is a useful man-
agement tool which collects raw data from partnered AWS
services such as Amazon EC2 and then processes the in-
formation into readable, near real-time metrics. The metrics
about EC2 include, for example, CPU utilization, network
in/out bytes, disk read/write operations, etc.
5.2.2 Microsoft Windows Azure platform
Microsoft’s Windows Azure platform [53] consists of three
21. components and each of them provides a specific set of ser-
vices to cloud users. Windows Azure provides a Windows-
based environment for running applications and storing data
on servers in data centers; SQL Azure provides data services
in the cloud based on SQL Server; and .NET Services offer
distributed infrastructure services to cloud-based and local
applications. Windows Azure platform can be used both by
applications running in the cloud and by applications run-
ning on local systems.
Windows Azure also supports applications built on the
.NET Framework and other ordinary languages supported in
Windows systems, like C#, Visual Basic, C++, and others.
Windows Azure supports general-purpose programs, rather
than a single class of computing. Developers can create web
applications using technologies such as ASP.NET and Win-
dows Communication Foundation (WCF), applications that
run as independent background processes, or applications
that combine the two. Windows Azure allows storing data
in blobs, tables, and queues, all accessed in a RESTful style
via HTTP or HTTPS.
SQL Azure components are SQL Azure Database and
“Huron” Data Sync. SQL Azure Database is built on Mi-
crosoft SQL Server, providing a database management sys-
tem (DBMS) in the cloud. The data can be accessed using
ADO.NET and other Windows data access interfaces. Users
can also use on-premises software to work with this cloud-
based information. “Huron” Data Sync synchronizes rela-
tional data across various on-premises DBMSs.
14 J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18
Table 1 A comparison of representative commercial products
22. Cloud Provider Amazon EC2 Windows Azure Google App
Engine
Classes of Utility Computing Infrastructure service Platform
service Platform service
Target Applications General-purpose applications General-
purpose Windows
applications
Traditional web applications
with supported framework
Computation OS Level on a Xen Virtual
Machine
Microsoft Common Language
Runtime (CLR) VM; Predefined
roles of app. instances
Predefined web application
frameworks
Storage Elastic Block Store; Amazon
Simple Storage Service (S3);
Amazon SimpleDB
Azure storage service and SQL
Data Services
BigTable and MegaStore
Auto Scaling Automatically changing the
number of instances based on
parameters that users specify
23. Automatic scaling based on
application roles and a
configuration file specified by
users
Automatic Scaling which is
transparent to users
The .NET Services facilitate the creation of distributed
applications. The Access Control component provides a
cloud-based implementation of single identity verification
across applications and companies. The Service Bus helps
an application expose web services endpoints that can be
accessed by other applications, whether on-premises or in
the cloud. Each exposed endpoint is assigned a URI, which
clients can use to locate and access a service.
All of the physical resources, VMs and applications in
the data center are monitored by software called the fabric
controller. With each application, the users upload a config-
uration file that provides an XML-based description of what
the application needs. Based on this file, the fabric controller
decides where new applications should run, choosing phys-
ical servers to optimize hardware utilization.
5.2.3 Google App Engine
Google App Engine [20] is a platform for traditional web
applications in Google-managed data centers. Currently, the
supported programming languages are Python and Java.
Web frameworks that run on the Google App Engine include
Django, CherryPy, Pylons, and web2py, as well as a custom
Google-written web application framework similar to JSP
or ASP.NET. Google handles deploying code to a cluster,
monitoring, failover, and launching application instances as
24. necessary. Current APIs support features such as storing and
retrieving data from a BigTable [10] non-relational database,
making HTTP requests and caching. Developers have read-
only access to the filesystem on App Engine.
Table 1 summarizes the three examples of popular cloud
offerings in terms of the classes of utility computing, tar-
get types of application, and more importantly their models
of computation, storage and auto-scaling. Apparently, these
cloud offerings are based on different levels of abstraction
and management of the resources. Users can choose one
type or combinations of several types of cloud offerings to
satisfy specific business requirements.
6 Research challenges
Although cloud computing has been widely adopted by the
industry, the research on cloud computing is still at an early
stage. Many existing issues have not been fully addressed,
while new challenges keep emerging from industry applica-
tions. In this section, we summarize some of the challenging
research issues in cloud computing.
6.1 Automated service provisioning
One of the key features of cloud computing is the capabil-
ity of acquiring and releasing resources on-demand. The ob-
jective of a service provider in this case is to allocate and
de-allocate resources from the cloud to satisfy its service
level objectives (SLOs), while minimizing its operational
cost. However, it is not obvious how a service provider can
achieve this objective. In particular, it is not easy to de-
termine how to map SLOs such as QoS requirements to
low-level resource requirement such as CPU and memory
requirements. Furthermore, to achieve high agility and re-
25. spond to rapid demand fluctuations such as in flash crowd
effect, the resource provisioning decisions must be made on-
line.
Automated service provisioning is not a new problem.
Dynamic resource provisioning for Internet applications has
been studied extensively in the past [47, 57]. These ap-
proaches typically involve: (1) Constructing an application
performance model that predicts the number of application
instances required to handle demand at each particular level,
J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18 15
in order to satisfy QoS requirements; (2) Periodically pre-
dicting future demand and determining resource require-
ments using the performance model; and (3) Automatically
allocating resources using the predicted resource require-
ments. Application performance model can be constructed
using various techniques, including Queuing theory [47],
Control theory [28] and Statistical Machine Learning [7].
Additionally, there is a distinction between proactive
and reactive resource control. The proactive approach uses
predicted demand to periodically allocate resources before
they are needed. The reactive approach reacts to immedi-
ate demand fluctuations before periodic demand prediction
is available. Both approaches are important and necessary
for effective resource control in dynamic operating environ-
ments.
6.2 Virtual machine migration
Virtualization can provide significant benefits in cloud com-
puting by enabling virtual machine migration to balance
26. load across the data center. In addition, virtual machine mi-
gration enables robust and highly responsive provisioning in
data centers.
Virtual machine migration has evolved from process
migration techniques [37]. More recently, Xen [55] and
VMWare [52] have implemented “live” migration of VMs
that involves extremely short downtimes ranging from tens
of milliseconds to a second. Clark et al. [13] pointed out that
migrating an entire OS and all of its applications as one unit
allows to avoid many of the difficulties faced by process-
level migration approaches, and analyzed the benefits of live
migration of VMs.
The major benefits of VM migration is to avoid hotspots;
however, this is not straightforward. Currently, detecting
workload hotspots and initiating a migration lacks the agility
to respond to sudden workload changes. Moreover, the in-
memory state should be transferred consistently and effi-
ciently, with integrated consideration of resources for appli-
cations and physical servers.
6.3 Server consolidation
Server consolidation is an effective approach to maximize
resource utilization while minimizing energy consumption
in a cloud computing environment. Live VM migration tech-
nology is often used to consolidate VMs residing on multi-
ple under-utilized servers onto a single server, so that the
remaining servers can be set to an energy-saving state. The
problem of optimally consolidating servers in a data center
is often formulated as a variant of the vector bin-packing
problem [11], which is an NP-hard optimization problem.
Various heuristics have been proposed for this problem
[33, 46]. Additionally, dependencies among VMs, such as
27. communication requirements, have also been considered re-
cently [34].
However, server consolidation activities should not hurt
application performance. It is known that the resource usage
(also known as the footprint [45]) of individual VMs may
vary over time [54]. For server resources that are shared
among VMs, such as bandwidth, memory cache and disk
I/O, maximally consolidating a server may result in re-
source congestion when a VM changes its footprint on the
server [38]. Hence, it is sometimes important to observe
the fluctuations of VM footprints and use this information
for effective server consolidation. Finally, the system must
quickly react to resource congestions when they occur [54].
6.4 Energy management
Improving energy efficiency is another major issue in cloud
computing. It has been estimated that the cost of powering
and cooling accounts for 53% of the total operational expen-
diture of data centers [26]. In 2006, data centers in the US
consumed more than 1.5% of the total energy generated in
that year, and the percentage is projected to grow 18% an-
nually [33]. Hence infrastructure providers are under enor-
mous pressure to reduce energy consumption. The goal is
not only to cut down energy cost in data centers, but also to
meet government regulations and environmental standards.
Designing energy-efficient data centers has recently re-
ceived considerable attention. This problem can be ap-
proached from several directions. For example, energy-
efficient hardware architecture that enables slowing down
CPU speeds and turning off partial hardware components
[8] has become commonplace. Energy-aware job schedul-
ing [50] and server consolidation [46] are two other ways to
reduce power consumption by turning off unused machines.
28. Recent research has also begun to study energy-efficient net-
work protocols and infrastructures [27]. A key challenge in
all the above methods is to achieve a good trade-off between
energy savings and application performance. In this respect,
few researchers have recently started to investigate coordi-
nated solutions for performance and power management in
a dynamic cloud environment [32].
6.5 Traffic management and analysis
Analysis of data traffic is important for today’s data cen-
ters. For example, many web applications rely on analysis
of traffic data to optimize customer experiences. Network
operators also need to know how traffic flows through the
network in order to make many of the management and plan-
ning decisions.
However, there are several challenges for existing traf-
fic measurement and analysis methods in Internet Service
Providers (ISPs) networks and enterprise to extend to data
16 J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18
centers. Firstly, the density of links is much higher than
that in ISPs or enterprise networks, which makes the worst-
case scenario for existing methods. Secondly, most existing
methods can compute traffic matrices between a few hun-
dreds end hosts, but even a modular data center can have
several thousand servers. Finally, existing methods usually
assume some flow patterns that are reasonable in Internet
and enterprises networks, but the applications deployed on
data centers, such as MapReduce jobs, significantly change
the traffic pattern. Further, there is tighter coupling in appli-
cation’s use of network, computing, and storage resources,
29. than what is seen in other settings.
Currently, there is not much work on measurement and
analysis of data center traffic. Greenberg et al. [21] report
data center traffic characteristics on flow sizes and concur-
rent flows, and use these to guide network infrastructure de-
sign. Benson et al. [16] perform a complementary study of
traffic at the edges of a data center by examining SNMP
traces from routers.
6.6 Data security
Data security is another important research topic in cloud
computing. Since service providers typically do not have ac-
cess to the physical security system of data centers, they
must rely on the infrastructure provider to achieve full
data security. Even for a virtual private cloud, the service
provider can only specify the security setting remotely, with-
out knowing whether it is fully implemented. The infrastruc-
ture provider, in this context, must achieve the following
objectives: (1) confidentiality, for secure data access and
transfer, and (2) auditability, for attesting whether secu-
rity setting of applications has been tampered or not. Con-
fidentiality is usually achieved using cryptographic proto-
cols, whereas auditability can be achieved using remote at-
testation techniques. Remote attestation typically requires a
trusted platform module (TPM) to generate non-forgeable
system summary (i.e. system state encrypted using TPM’s
private key) as the proof of system security. However, in a
virtualized environment like the clouds, VMs can dynami-
cally migrate from one location to another, hence directly
using remote attestation is not sufficient. In this case, it is
critical to build trust mechanisms at every architectural layer
of the cloud. Firstly, the hardware layer must be trusted
using hardware TPM. Secondly, the virtualization platform
must be trusted using secure virtual machine monitors [43].
30. VM migration should only be allowed if both source and
destination servers are trusted. Recent work has been de-
voted to designing efficient protocols for trust establishment
and management [31, 43].
6.7 Software frameworks
Cloud computing provides a compelling platform for host-
ing large-scale data-intensive applications. Typically, these
applications leverage MapReduce frameworks such as
Hadoop for scalable and fault-tolerant data processing. Re-
cent work has shown that the performance and resource con-
sumption of a MapReduce job is highly dependent on the
type of the application [29, 42, 56]. For instance, Hadoop
tasks such as sort is I/O intensive, whereas grep requires
significant CPU resources. Furthermore, the VM allocated
to each Hadoop node may have heterogeneous character-
istics. For example, the bandwidth available to a VM is
dependent on other VMs collocated on the same server.
Hence, it is possible to optimize the performance and cost
of a MapReduce application by carefully selecting its con-
figuration parameter values [29] and designing more effi-
cient scheduling algorithms [42, 56]. By mitigating the bot-
tleneck resources, execution time of applications can be
significantly improved. The key challenges include perfor-
mance modeling of Hadoop jobs (either online or offline),
and adaptive scheduling in dynamic conditions.
Another related approach argues for making MapReduce
frameworks energy-aware [50]. The essential idea of this ap-
proach is to turn Hadoop node into sleep mode when it has
finished its job while waiting for new assignments. To do so,
both Hadoop and HDFS must be made energy-aware. Fur-
thermore, there is often a trade-off between performance and
energy-awareness. Depending on the objective, finding a de-
31. sirable trade-off point is still an unexplored research topic.
6.8 Storage technologies and data management
Software frameworks such as MapReduce and its various
implementations such as Hadoop and Dryad are designed
for distributed processing of data-intensive tasks. As men-
tioned previously, these frameworks typically operate on
Internet-scale file systems such as GFS and HDFS. These
file systems are different from traditional distributed file sys-
tems in their storage structure, access pattern and application
programming interface. In particular, they do not implement
the standard POSIX interface, and therefore introduce com-
patibility issues with legacy file systems and applications.
Several research efforts have studied this problem [4, 40].
For instance, the work in [4] proposed a method for sup-
porting the MapReduce framework using cluster file sys-
tems such as IBM’s GPFS. Patil et al. [40] proposed new
API primitives for scalable and concurrent data access.
6.9 Novel cloud architectures
Currently, most of the commercial clouds are implemented
in large data centers and operated in a centralized fashion.
Although this design achieves economy-of-scale and high
manageability, it also comes with its limitations such high
energy expense and high initial investment for construct-
ing data centers. Recent work [12, 48] suggests that small-
size data centers can be more advantageous than big data
J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18 17
centers in many cases: a small data center does not con-
sume so much power, hence it does not require a power-
32. ful and yet expensive cooling system; small data centers are
cheaper to build and better geographically distributed than
large data centers. Geo-diversity is often desirable for re-
sponse time-critical services such as content delivery and
interactive gaming. For example, Valancius et al. [48] stud-
ied the feasibility of hosting video-streaming services using
application gateways (a.k.a. nano-data centers).
Another related research trend is on using voluntary re-
sources (i.e. resources donated by end-users) for hosting
cloud applications [9]. Clouds built using voluntary re-
sources, or a mixture of voluntary and dedicated resources
are much cheaper to operate and more suitable for non-profit
applications such as scientific computing. However, this ar-
chitecture also imposes challenges such managing heteroge-
neous resources and frequent churn events. Also, devising
incentive schemes for such architectures is an open research
problem.
7 Conclusion
Cloud computing has recently emerged as a compelling par-
adigm for managing and delivering services over the Inter-
net. The rise of cloud computing is rapidly changing the
landscape of information technology, and ultimately turning
the long-held promise of utility computing into a reality.
However, despite the significant benefits offered by cloud
computing, the current technologies are not matured enough
to realize its full potential. Many key challenges in this
domain, including automatic resource provisioning, power
management and security management, are only starting
to receive attention from the research community. There-
fore, we believe there is still tremendous opportunity for re-
searchers to make groundbreaking contributions in this field,
and bring significant impact to their development in the in-
33. dustry.
In this paper, we have surveyed the state-of-the-art of
cloud computing, covering its essential concepts, architec-
tural designs, prominent characteristics, key technologies as
well as research directions. As the development of cloud
computing technology is still at an early stage, we hope our
work will provide a better understanding of the design chal-
lenges of cloud computing, and pave the way for further re-
search in this area.
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http://www.xensource.comCloud computing: state-of-the-art and
research challengesAbstractIntroductionOverview of cloud
computingDefinitionsRelated technologiesCloud computing
architectureA layered model of cloud computingBusiness
modelTypes of cloudsCloud computing characteristicsState-of-
the-artCloud computing technologiesArchitectural design of
data centersDistributed file system over cloudsDistributed
application framework over cloudsCommercial productsAmazon
EC2Microsoft Windows Azure platformGoogle App
EngineResearch challengesAutomated service
provisioningVirtual machine migrationServer
consolidationEnergy managementTraffic management and
analysisData securitySoftware frameworksStorage technologies
and data managementNovel cloud
architecturesConclusionReferences
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