This document provides an introduction to UML (Unified Modeling Language) modeling. It discusses various UML concepts including relationships between classes like association, aggregation, and composition. It also covers interfaces and realizations. Specifically: 1) Relationships define connections between classes and include association, inheritance, dependencies, and more. Associations denote conceptual links between classes while aggregations and compositions define part-whole relationships. 2) Aggregations represent weak connections where parts can exist independently of the whole. Compositions are stronger, meaning parts only exist within the whole. Interfaces define a class's operations without implementation, and realizations show that a class conforms to an interface's contract. 3) The

1. Introduction
to UML
Presented By: Arta Iftikhar

2. Agenda
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What will we learn
today?
• Working with Relationships
• Understanding
Aggregations, compositions,
interfaces & Realizations

3. Acknowledgements
Material for the Lectures are derived from a
variety of sources, including:
• Joseph, Schmuller. "Sams Teach Yourself
UML in 24 Hours."
• Object-Oriented and Classical Software
Engineering, Sixth Edition, WCB/McGraw-Hill,
2005 Stephen R. Schach
• UML resource page http://www.uml.org/
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4. 1. Working with
Relationships

5. Working with
Relationships
A class describes a group of objects with:
 similar properties (attributes).
 Common behavior (operations)
 common relationships to other objects
 and common meaning (“semantics”).
Example:
employee: has a name, employee# and department;
an employee is hired, and fired; an employee works
in one or more projects.
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6. Instances
An instance represents a phenomenon.
The name of an instance is underlined and can contain the class of the
instance.
The attributes are represented with their values.
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zone2price = {
{‘1’, .20},
{‘2’, .40},
{‘3’, .60}}
tarif_1974:TarifSchedule

7. Types of relationships
Relationships are basically connections between classes to fill out a
picture.
A way to related classes to one another.
Types of Relationships
Associations
Constraints on Associations
Qualified Associations
Reflexive Associations
Inheritance
Generalizations
Dependencies
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8. Association
When classes are connected conceptually, it’s called association
Associations denote relationships between classes.
Example:
Association between a player and a team.
It can be described as “A player plays on the team”
A filled triangle used to point appropriate direction of the association.
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9. Association
When one class associates with another, each one usually plays a role
within that association.
You can show each class’s role by writing it near the line next to the
class.
Or
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10. Constraints on Association
Sometimes an association between 2 classes must follow a rule. That
rule is called Constraint.
It is indicated by putting a constraint near the association line.
Example
A bank teller serves a customer. But each Customer is served in the order
in which he/she appears in the line. That’s a constraint.
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11. Constraints on Association
Another type of constraint is the (or) relationship. Signified by (or) on a
dashed line that connects 2 association lines.
Example
A high school student choosing either an academic course of study or a
commercial one as shown in figure.
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12. Association Classes
When an association have attributes and operations, just like a class, It’s
called association class.
It is visualized in the same way as a regular class and a dashed line is
used to connect it to the association line.
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13. Multiplicity of Association
The number of objects from one class that relate with a single object in
an associated class.
The ability to show how many objects are involved in the association.
One class can relate to another class in many relationships. That are
One-to-one relationship
One-to-many relationship
Many-to-one relationship
Many-to-many relationship
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14. UML classes and association in MHC-
PMS
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15. Classes and associations in the MHC-PMS
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16. Qualified
Associatio
n
 A qualified association has a qualifier that is
used to select an object (or objects) from a larger
set of related objects, based upon the qualifier
key. Informally, in a software perspective, it
suggests looking things up by a key, such as
objects in a HashMap.
Example
For example, if a ProductCatalog contains
many ProductDescriptions, and each one can be
selected by an itemID
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17. Reflexive
Associatio
n
When a class is in an association with itself, it’s
called Reflexive association.
 When a class have object that plays a variety of
roles.
For example, A carOpponent can be either a driver
or a passenger.
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18. Inheritance
One class can inherit attributes and operations from another class (Super
class).
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An inheritance hierarchy in an animal kingdom

19. Generalization
Generalization is an everyday technique that we use to manage complexity.
Rather than learn the detailed characteristics of every entity that we experience,
we place these entities in more general classes (animals, cars, houses, etc.) and
learn the characteristics of these classes.
This allows us to infer that different members of these classes have some common
characteristics e.g., squirrels and rats are rodents.
In modeling systems, it is often useful to examine the classes in a system to see if
there is scope for generalization. If changes are proposed, then you do not have to
look at all classes in the system to see if they are affected by the change.
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20. Generalization
In object-oriented languages, such as Java, generalization is implemented using the
class inheritance mechanisms built into the language.
In a generalization, the attributes and operations associated with higher-level
classes are also associated with the lower-level classes.
 The lower-level classes are subclasses inherit the attributes and operations from
their super classes. These lower-level classes then add more specific attributes and
operations.
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21. A Generalization Hierarchy
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22. A generalization hierarchy with added detail
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23. Dependencies
One class use another class, called dependency.
Represented by a dashed line with an arrowhead.
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24. Recap…

25. 2. Understanding
Aggregations, compositions,
interfaces & Realizations

26. Aggregation
A class consists of number of component classes. That special type of
relationship is called Aggregation.
Components and classes are in part-whole association.
Represented by a line between component and the whole with an open
diamond adjoining the whole.
Weak type of association.
Example:
A home computer system is an aggregation that’s consists of a CPU box, a
keyboard, a monitor, a CD-ROM drive, a modem, one-or-more hard drives,
a disk driver, printer and some speakers.
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27. Aggregation
Computer system as an
aggregation
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28. The Aggregation Association
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29. Constraints on Aggregation
Sometimes set of possible components in an aggregation fall into an Or
relationship.
For example, in a restaurant a meal consists of salad or soup along with
main course and desert.
To model such problem, you will use a constraint representing with a
dotted line connecting two part-whole lines.
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30. Composites
A strong type of aggregation.
Each component can belong to just one whole.
For example, the composites of coffee table are the tabletops and the
legs, makes a composition.
Represented by a line between component and the whole with a filled
diamond.
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31. Composite
Structure
Diagram
One way to show components of class is
composition. However, if we want to show
internal structure of class, we use
composite structure diagram using
UML2.0
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32. Composite Structure Diagram
Example:
Suppose you are creating a
model of a shirt.
The composite structure
diagram focuses on the shirt
and its internal structure.
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33. Interfaces and Realizations
An interface is a set of operations
that specifies some aspect of a
class’s behavior and it’s a set of
operations that a class present to
other classes.
Class rectangle symbol that
contains the keyword «interface».
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Symbol

34. Interface
Example:
 Every time you use a washing machine,
you don't rip it apart to get to the underlying
circuitry so that you can turn it on and set
the time parameters. You get the washing
machine to perform those operations by
turning a control knob.
 The control knob, an interface to a
washing machine, allows you to get the
washing machine to carry out some of the
washing machine's operations
 Another way to represent a class and an
interface is with a small circle connected by
a line to the class.
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35. Realization
 The realization is a relationship between two objects, where the
client (one model element) implements the responsibility specified
by the supplier (another model element).
 The realization relationship can be employed in class diagrams
and components diagrams.
 The realization relationship does not have names.
 It is represented by a dashed line with a hollow arrowhead at one
end that points from the client to the server.
Interface Realization
 Interface realization is a kind of specialized relation between the
classifier and the interface. In interface realization relationship,
realizing classifiers conforms to the contract defined by the
interface.
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36. Inheritance vs Realization
Inheritance
Inheritance is like a relationship
between a parent and a child.
The parent passes on physical
attributes (eye color, hair color,
and so on) to the child, and the
child also takes on behaviors
from the parent
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Realization
 Realization is something like the
relationship between a teacher
and a student
 The teacher doesn't pass on any
physical attributes to the student,
but the student learns behaviors
and procedures from the teacher.

37. Interfaces Everywhere
A class can realize more than one
interface, and an interface can be realized
by more than one class.
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To model interaction with a class through its
interface, use a dependency symbol.
UML 2.0's "ball-and-socket" notation for modeling
interaction through an elided interface symbol.

38. Interfaces and ports
A port is an access point that
the mouse plugs into.
Your computer also has a
serial port, a parallel port, and
one or more USB ports.
These ports are the points
through which the computer
interacts with its environment.
In the figure the port symbol
is a small square on the
border of the class icon, and
the square is connected to
the interface.
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39. Visibility
 Visibility applies to attributes or
operations and specifies the extent to
which other classes can use a given
class's attributes or operations (or an
interface's operations).
Three levels of visibility are possible.
1. At the public level, usability extends
to other classes.
2. At the protected level, usability is
open only to classes that inherit
from the original class.
3. At the private level, only the original
class can use the attribute or
operation.
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40. Scope
Scope is another concept relevant to attributes and operations and how
they relate across a system.
Two kinds of scope are possible.
1. In instance scope, each instance of a class has its own value for the
attribute or operation.
2. In classifier scope, only one value of the attribute or operation exists
across all instances of the class.
A classifier-scoped attribute or operation appears with its name underlined.
This type of scoping is usually used when a specified group of instances
(and no others) must share the exact values of a private attribute. Instance
scoping is by far the more common type of scope.
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41. Recap…