21. THE ORTHODOX CALIPHATE
After Muhammed´s death in
632, several caliphs succeeded
him.
The first four caliphs were
people close to Muhammed.
Their names were:
• Abu Bakr (632-634)
• Umar (634-644)
• Otmán (644-656)
• Alí (656-661)
22. THE ORTHODOX CALIPHATE
The first four caliphs continued
to conquer territories outside
the Arabian Peninsula , in the
name of the Holy War.
The Holy War is one of the
instructions established by the
Coran to defend and spread
Islam.
24. THE UMMAYYAD CALIPHATE
In 661 Caliph Ali was assassinated and the Ummayyad family took
power.
During the Ummayyad caliphate, the title of Caliph became
hereditary.
The Ummayad moved the capital of the empire to Damascus (Syria).
They conquered many territories from Persia to the Iberian
Peninsula.
25. THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM
The Ummayyad caliphs
conquered the Persian
Empire (Mesopotamia
and Irán), Egypt, Syria
and Palestina).
The expansion arrived to
river Indo to the East, and
the north of Africa and
the Iberian Peninsula to
the West.
In 711 the Muslims crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and
occupied almost all the Iberian Peninsula, which had
been governed by the Visigoths. It became Al-Andalus
26. THE ABBASID CALIPHATE
In 750 a rebelion ended the Ummayyad Caliphate (most members of the
Ummayyad dinasty were assassinated) and the Abbasid family came into power.
Baghdad (Irak) became the new capital of the Empire.
28. THE END OF THE CALIPHATES
From the 10th century on, a period of decadence started.
Finally, the Caliphate divided into independent territories until they dissapeared in
1258, when Baghdad was conquered by the Mongolians.
29. Main authorities in
Islamic society
The caliph
The highest religious
and political authority
The vizier The prime minister
Royal treasures They collected taxes
Emirs
The governors of the
provinces
Judges
They were responsible
for applying the laws
