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![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
sseleriWcoHdAniseussI4.1 krowteN s
tnereffiD sepyt fo et r slanim mrof om st fo eht da coh skrowten — rof ,elpmaxe DP A- ekil ,secived bom i el
,senohp owt - yaw ,sregap ,srosnes ro potksed sretupmoc — htiw tnereffid seitilibapac ni smret fo mumixam
noissimsnart ,rewop ygrene ,ytilibaliava ytilibom ttap e ,snr dna SoQ .stnemeriuqer dA coh skrowten era
slanimretfosmretnisuoenegoretehyllareneg dna .dereffosecivres
renefosmretnI g simsnartfosmretniytienegoretehedonylnotonredisnocotsaheno,rewopdnay s noi
rewop dna ygrene a iav ibal l ,yti tub osla av r gniy co noitacinumm ,segnar hcus sa gnipeels ro vitca e sedom dna
eht ecnetsixe fo ygrene .seilppus dA coh skrowten esiar wen seussi gninrecnoc ytiruces dna avirp c .y dA coh
skrowten tirehni emos fo eht lanoitidart smelborp fo sseleriw noitacinummoc dna sseleriw :gnikrowten T eh
sseleriw idem um seod on t evah reporp seiradnuob edistuo fo hcihw sedon era nwonk ot eb elbanu ot ecer ive
krowten .semarf ehT sseleriw lennahc si ,kaew ,elbailernu dna detcetorpnu morf edistuo ,slangis hcihw may
esuac stol fo smelborp ot eht sedon ni eht .krowten ehT sseleriw lennahc sah emit - gniyrav dna irtemmysa c
seitreporpnoitagaporp . neddiH - desopxednaedon - ruccoyamsmelborpedon .
seussIhcraeseRlocotorP)CAM(lortnoCsseccAmuideM1.4.1
sseleriW tlum elpi ssecca nac eb dezirogetac otni modnar ssecca ,.g.e( AMSC dna AMSC htiw noisilloC
D noitcete MSC[ A/ DC )] dellortnocdna ssecca ,.g.e( TDMA dna nekot - desab .)semehcs R modna ssecca liw l eb
foesuacebskrowtencohdarofelbatius kcal fo erutcurtsarfni us tropp . I eht,noitiddan I 11.208EEE (WL NA )
eettimmoc sa eht sisab rof sti sdradnats detceles eht C MS A C/ A .emehcs ehT ngised fo CAM slocotorp rof a
emnorivnecohdapohitlum n asit toh hcraeser eussi .
seussIgnikrowteN2.4.1
tsoM fo eht niam lanoitcnuf seiti fo eht gnikrowten slocotorp deen ot eb .dengiseder gnikrowteN slocotorp esu
eno - poh simsnart s noi secivres dedivorp by eht gnilbane seigolonhcet ot tcurtsnoc dne -to- dne led i ev ry civres e
morf a rednes gnideen ot etacol eht reviecer edisni eht krowten . ehT esoprup fo eht noitacol secivres si ot
yllacimanyd pam ot sti tnerruc noitacol ni eht .krowten tnerruC snoitulos yllareneg detpoda ot eganam elibom
slanimret ni erutcurtsarfni skrowten era ,etauqedani dna wen sehcaorppa deen ot eb dnuof rof elibom
m egana m .tne A mis p el ulos t noi ot edon noitacol si desab no gnidoolf eht noitacol euq ry hguorht eht krowten .
sihT hcaorppa si elbatius rof ylno detimil - ezis .skrowten gnillortnoC eht gnidoolf aera nac pleh ot enifer eht
uqinhcet e. deveihcaebnacsihT by laudarg ly ehtlitnu,gnisaercni edon si ,detacol eht rebmun fo ovnispoh l ev d
ehtni gnidoolf noitagaporp .
3.4.1 drawroFdnagnituoRcoHdA i gn
ehT ylhgih d ny a cim rutan e fo a elibom da coh krowten stluser ni tneuqerf dna elbatciderpnu segnahc fo
rowten k ,ygolopot gnidda ytluciffid dna ytixelpmoc ot gnituor gnoma eht elibom .sedon ehT segnellahc dna
,seitixelpmoc delpuoc htiw eht lacitirc i ecnatropm fo gnituor locotorp ni gnihsilbatse snoitacinummoc gnoma
,sedonelibom aeragnituorehtekam eht som t ca ti ev eser a hcr aera htiw eht M NA TE niamod . ehT acifissalc t noi
fo eht gnituor slocotorp can eb enod aiv ht e t py e of tsac reporp ty, taht ,si hw e reht ht ey esu a U ,tsacin
tsacdaorBrotsacoeGro,tsacitluM R gnituo P locotor .
nituoRtsacinU4.4.1 g
A yramirp laog fo tsacinU gnituoR P slocotor si eht tcerroc dna tneiciffe etuor tnemhsilbatse dna ecnanetniam
neewteb a riap fo ,sedon os taht segassem may eb dereviled ylbailer dna ni a t mi e yl .rennam TENAM
ridehtekamscitsiretcarahc e esehtfoesutc slocotorp ni elbisaef . PgnituoRTENAM r slocoto m nietarepotsu
ylhgihhtiwskrowteN d ny a ecruosernonursmhtiroglagnituorerehwseigolopotcim - deniartsnoc secived .
TENAM gnituoR P slocotor era lacipyt ly dedividbus tni o owt niam :seirogetac caorp t evi gnituor slocotorp dna
evitcaer gnituor .slocotorp P evitcaor gnituor slocotorp era red i dev rf om atsid n ec - rotcev dna nil k- ts a et
.slocotorp yehT niatniam tnetsisnoc dna detadpu gnituor noitamrofni rof e ev ry p ria fo krowten sedon by
,gnitagaporp ,ylevitcaorp r etuo setadpu at dexif ti em vretni a .sl As eht ituor ng mrofni a noit is lausu ly
elbaT“saotderreferoslaeraslocotorpeseht,selbatnideniatniam -D nevir ”.slocotorp
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 6](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-6-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
sa ecnatsid - rotcev dna knil - etats - desab prot oco l ,s lead to oop r r uo et evnoc r ecneg a dn l wo t uphguorh t rof
anyd m ygolopotci . T ereh eleriwcohdaehtnidedeensisemehcsgnituorfoteswena,erof s tnocs ext. The
CAM ,reyal semitemos osla derrefer ot sa a bus - reyal fo t eh ad ta- il kn l eya r, ovni lv se t eh cnuf it no s dna
serudecorp yrassecen ot refsnart atad owtneewteb eromro sedon fo the en t .krow tI ehtsi foytilibisnopser
eht CAM reyal ot ep fr mro e rr or oc r tcer i no for amona il es rucco ir gn in the yhp is lac al ey r. ehT reyal
smrofrep cificeps seitivitca rof fr ma i ,gn syhp i ac l a dd r se is ,gn dna f wol a dn er or r noc rt o sl . elbisnopsersitI
rof r gnivlose stcilfnoc a gnom d fi ef r ne t edon s for hc a enn l ecca s .s esuaceB eht CAM reyal h sa a id r tce
gniraeb no woh ylbailer dna yltneiciffe atad nac eb rt na sm etti d eb t neew t ow sedon gnola the r uo it gn ap th
ni eht ,krowten ti stceffa eht ilauq ty of servi ec ( oQ S) of t eh en t ow r .k T eh ngised fo a CAM locotorp
ybdesuacseussisserddaosladluohs mitelbailernunadnasedonfoytilibom e- av r lennahcgniy .
neddihfonoitartsullI1.2erugiF - desopxedna - melborplanimret
torPCAMfonoitacifissalC3.2 oc slo
suoiraV CAM semehcs depoleved rof sseleriw da coh owten rks nac eb c al iss f dei as nwohs in Fi ug re 2.2 .
In noitnetnoc - eerf semehcs ,.g.e( emiT Di noisiv elpitluM eccA ss [T AMD ], rF e uq e ycn Div isi no luM it ple
sseccA ,]AMDF[ dna edoC noisiviD elpitluM Ac ec ss AMDC[ )] , certain a ss i mng en st era us de to diova
noc t tne i .sno noitnetnoC -ba des ,semehcs no t eh ehto r ,dnah are awa re of eht sir k of collisi no s fo
dettimsnart ad t .a noitnetnoC - eerf CAM semehcs era erom elbacilppa ot citats skrowten rat eh r t nah
wkrowten ortnocdezilartnecehthti l.
orpCAMfonoitacifissalC2.2erugiF t oco ls
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 11](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-11-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
• tneuqerF htap :skaerb dA coh sseleriw skrowten ecneirepxe dyn cima ahc n seg ni rowten k
ygolopot esuaceb fo eht detcirtsernu ilibom ty of eht sedon ni eht krowten . ehT ygolopot segnahc
dael ot tneuqerf segnahc ni eht ivitcennoc ty of sseleriw sknil dna ecneh eht etuor ot a alucitrap r
noitanitsed yam deen ot eb detupmocer ev ry o .netf ehT ilibisnopser ty of gnidnif a etuor na d
ihsilbatseer gn ti ecno ti teg s ekorb n si dehcatta to eht wten o kr layer. ecnO a htap is b nekor , ht e
gnituor locotorp setaitini a etuor emhsilbatseer nt .ssecorp sihT etuor tnemhsilbatseer secorp s
sekat a fingis i tnac am tnuo fo emit ot niatbo a wen etuor ot eht tsed i an ti .no ehT uor te
tnemhsilbatseer emit si a noitcnuf fo eht rebmun fo sedon in eht ,krowten simsnart is no egnar s of
,sedon tnerruc ygolopot fo eht ,krowten htdiwdnab fo eht ,lennahc ciffart daol ni eht ,krowten
dna eht erutan of eht uor it gn locotorp .
effE ct fo p hta el n :htg It si dnuof taht eht PCT th uphguor t sedarged dipar ly tiw h an i rcn e sa e in
htap htgnel ni gnirts raenil( ch )nia olopot gy da h co sseleriw skrowten ,]7[ .]8[ sihT si nwohs ni
erugiF 3.9 . ehT ytilibissop fo a p hta kaerb in aerc s se htiw htap l htgne . neviG taht eht ilibaborp ty
fo a knil kaerb si ,lp eht p ilibabor ty fo a htap rb eak )bp( rof a htap fo el n htg ebnack iatbo n de as
bp = 1- 1( - pl k) .
noitaterpretnisiM fo noitsegnoc :wodniw PCT sredisnoc eht noitsegnoc wodniw sa a erusaem of
eht etar of noissimsnart taht si pecca t elba ot eht krowten dna the re iec v .re nI da coh seleriw s
,skrowten eht noitsegnoc lortnoc msinahcem era dekovni nehw eht krowten steg denoititrap ro
nehw a htap kaerb ucco r .s sihT secuder eht noitsegnoc wodniw dna rcni sesae eht OTR .doirep
nehW eht etuor si ocer n ,derugif eht oc n noitseg wodniw may ton fer l ce t t eh t msnar i noiss tar e
ca c elbatpe to eht n we ro ,etu sa the wen uor te m ya lautca ly pecca t a hcum hi ehg r t snar im s nois
rate.
cirtemmysA knil vaheb i :ro ehT oidar hc lenna u des ni da coh sseleriw skrowten sah effid r tne
seitreporp hcus sa acol t noi - tnedneped itnetnoc o ,n latnemnorivne stceffe no ,noitagaporp na d
lanoitcerid seitreporp gnidael ot as emmy t cir sknil . ehT lanoitcerid sknil nac tluser ni eviled ry fo
a tekcap ot a ,edon tub f erulia ni eht eviled ry fo eht elwonkca d tnemg kcab ot t eh s .redne tI si
elbissop rof a lanoitceridib knil ot emoceb inu - lanoitcerid rof a elihw . sihT nac osla dael ot PCT
gnikovni eht oc n noitseg lortnoc gla o mhtir dna areves l r narte s sim is o sn .
• inU - lanoitcerid :htap lanoitidarT PCT seiler no dne - ot - dne KCA rof gnirusne ilibailer ty. Si cn e
eht KCA cap k te si ev ry s troh derapmoc ot a atad s ge m ,tne sKCA emusnoc hcum ssel htdiwdnab
ni deriw .skrowten nI da coh sseleriw krowten s, eve ry PCT KCA tekcap seriuqer STR - STC -
ataD - KCA egnahcxe ni esac EEEI 11.208 si desu sa eht rednu l iy ng CAM p locotor . sihT nac ael d
ot na lanoitidda daehrevo fo erom naht 70 byt se fi reht e are on narter s im s snois . sihT nac el da ot
tnacifingis htdiwdnab co noitpmusn no t eh esrever ,htap hcihw yam or yam ton dnetnoc htiw t eh
drawrof htap . fI eht esrever tap h dnetnoc s htiw t eh rawrof d ,htap ti ac n l dae ot the r cude it no in
eht tuphguorht fo the drawrof htap .
htapitluM :gnituor rehT e ex stsi a tes fo SoQ gnituor dna tseb -e ff o tr uor t gni slocotorp t ah t su e
elpitlum shtap neewteb a ecruos -d noitanitse riap . erehT era es v lare navda t sega ni isu ng um tl tapi h
nituor g. emoS fo eseht segatnavda edulcni eht noitcuder ni etuor gnitupmoc ,emit eht hgih
ecneiliser ot htap b ,skaer hgih llac ecnatpecca ,oitar dna b rette es c iru t .y roF TCP, seht e
segatnavda may dda ot tuphguorht arged d noita .
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 64](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-46-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
krowteN p gninoititra na d gnigremer : ehT modnar ly ivom ng on d se ni na da coh w ri ssele netwo kr
nac dael ot en two kr pa itr ti no s. sA gnol as eht PCT ,rednes the CT P er cei ,rev dna all ht e
etaidemretni sedon ni eht htap neewteb eht PCT rednes dna eht PCT reviecer niamer ni eht as me
,noititrap eht PCT noc n noitce liw l iamer n int .tca It si ekil ly taht eht nes d re dna r iece v re of ht e
PCT noisses lliw niamer ni tnereffid snoititrap ,dna ni rec tain c ,sesa t ah t no ly eht retni m de iate
sedon era detceffa by t eh krowten gninoititrap . erugiF 4.6 setartsulli eht tceffe fo rowten k
snoititrap ni da coh leriw sse en t krow s. A owten rk htiw owt PCT s se is sno A dna B si nwohs ni
giF u er 5.9 )a( ta emit 1ttnatsni .
erugiF 4.6 fE f tce fo gninoititrap dna gnigrem of n te w kro
itacifitoNeruliaFkniLticilpxEhtiwPCT5.6 on
dnalloH dna V ia d ay orp p deso ht e esu fo PCT iw th ex ticilp knil af i erul on it acif it no T( PC -ELFN)
]8[ rof gnivorpmi PCT amrofrep n ec ni da hoc sseleriw .skrowten ihT s si imis l ra to CT P- ,F
tpecxe rof eht gnildnah fo ticilpxe knil eruliaf noitacifiton (E )NFL dna t eh esu fo PCT eborp
tekcap s rof gnitceted eht etuor tnemhsilbatseer . ehT NFLE si ro i detanig by eht edon d itcete ng a
htap kaerb nopu ed t itce on fo a knil eruliaf ot the T PC .rednes sihT nac be elpmi m ne t de ni t ow
wa :sy )i( yb gnidnes na 2PMCI noitanitsed elbahcaernu )RUD( egassem ot eht ,rednes ro )ii( by
gip gy- ikcab ng siht ofni r noitam no eht rrEetuoR o 3r egassem aht t is nes t to eht s redne . On ec t eh
PCT rednes seviecer eht E NFL p ca k ,te ti elbasid s sti ter r noissimsna sremit dna ne t sre a dnats by
etats . nI siht ,etats ti lacidoirep ly ro i setanig eborp stekcap ot ees fi a en w etuor si dehsilbatseer .
nopU noitpecer fo na KCA by eht PCT iecer v re for eht eborp ,stekcap ti sevael eht dnats by etats ,
serotser eht noissimsnarter ,sremit dna seunitnoc ot noitcnuf sa lamron .
1.5.6 segatnavdA a dn asiD d av n segat
PCT -E NFL evorpmi s the PCT amrofrep n ec by d gnilpuoce eht p hta br ae k i rofn mati no f mor t eh
noitsegnoc noitamrofni by eht esu of ELF .N tI si ssel tnedneped on eht tuor i gn p locotor na d
seriuqer no ly knil eruliaf noitacifiton tuoba eht htap .kaerb The segatnavdasid fo T PC -ELFN
edulcni eht :gniwollof )i( nehw eht n krowte si iraropmet ly p ,denoititra eht htap eruliaf may sal t
regnol na d siht ac n ael d ot eht ro i noitanig fo rep i cido eborp cap k ste noc s gnimu nab dwi htd na d
rewop dna )ii( eht oc ng noitse wodniw desu retfa a wen etuor si deniatbo yam ton fer lect t eh
baveihca le noissimsnart etar elbatpecca ot eht net krow dna eht PCT ecer iv re .
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 74](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-47-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
PCT6.6 - SuB
PCT htiw gnireffub ilibapac ty a dn euqes n ec noitamrofni PCT( - )SuB ]01[ si ralimis to t eh T PC -F
dna PCT -E NFL ni sti esu fo deef b kca itamrofni on morf na etaidemretni edon no noitceted fo a
htap .kaerb tuB PCT -BuS si erom tnedneped on eht gnituor locotorp co derapm ot T PC -F dna
PCT - FLE N. PCT - SuB saw ,desoporp htiw ssa o ivitaic ty- ab s de ituor ng )RBA( 11[ ] locotorp sa
eht gnituor ehcs me. ,ecneH ti sekam esu fo emos fo eht laiceps segassem s hcu sa ilacol z de euq ry
)QL( dna ER P ,YL fed i den sa trap fo RBA for gnidnif a laitrap htap . esehT egassem s are
deifidom ot rac ry PCT noitcennoc dna ges m tne noitamrofni . nopU noitceted fo a htap ,kaerb na
maertspu demretni i eta n edo [ dellac tovip on de ])NP( etanigiro s an expl ci it uor te di nocs n noitce
noitacifiton E( R )ND mess .ega sihT NDRE p ca k te si detagaporp ot eht TCP- uB S ednes r dna ,
nopu noitpecer of ,ti eht PCT - SuB rednes spots snart missi no dna fr ee z se all it m sre dna wodniw s
sa CTni P-F. ehT tekcap s ni tisnart ta eht emretni d etai sedon morf eht CT P- uB S rednes ot t eh NP
era fub f ere d litnu a n we laitrap p ta h morf the NP ot eht PCT - SuB reviecer si deniatbo by the PN.
In redro ot diova cennu e ass ry ,snoissimsnarter eht sremit for eht fub f ere d cap ke st at the CT P-
SuB ednes r dna ta eht etaidemretni on d se pu ot NP esu uoemit t av l seu rp o lanoitrop ot eht dnuor -
t pir it me (R .)TT ehT etaidemretni sedon neewteb eht PCT - SuB rednes dna eht NP nac seuqer t
eht PCT - SuB rednes ot evitceles ly timsnarter yna fo eht tsol .stekcap Up no noitceted fo a tap h
,kaerb eht maertsnwod n edo ro i setanig a etuor on t noitacifi )NR( tekcap ot t eh T PC - uB S re viec e ,r
hcihw si dedrawrof by lla eht maertsnwod sedon ni eht htap . nA etaidemretni edon taht eviecer s
na NR tekcap sdracsid all stekcap ignoleb ng ot aht t fl wo . ehT NDRE cap k te si detagaporp ot eht
PCT - SuB rednes ni a elbailer way by u is ng an ticilpmi gdelwonkca m tne dna noissimsnarter
sinahcem m. ehT NP cni l sedu eht euqes n ec mun b re fo eht PCT tnemges ignoleb ng ot t eh fl wo
taht si tnerruc ly ta eht daeh fo sti eueuq ni eht ER ND cap ket. ehT NP osla stpmetta ot dnif a en w
laitrap etuor ot eht PCT - SuB ,reviecer dna eht av ilibalia ty fo hcus a itrap al htap ot tsed i an it no si
detamitni ot eht PCT - SuB rednes hguorht na ex ticilp etuor lufsseccus noitacifiton )NSRE(
ekcap t. PCT - SuB sezilitu eht etuor fnocer i noitarug fomsinahcem RBA ot niatbo eht rap it al tuor e
ot eht noitanitsed .
1.6.6 segatnavdA a dn asiD d av n segat
ehT segatnavda fo T PC - SuB edulcni ecnamrofrep tnemevorpmi dna ecnadiova fo tsaf
noissimsnarter eud ot eht esu fo ireffub n ,g s euqe n ec irebmun n ,g dna celes t evi wonkca led tnemg .
PCT -B Su osla sekat egatnavda fo eht nu d re l iy ng gnituor p ,slocotor pse e laic ly the no - ed m na d
gnituor slocotorp cus h sa BA R. ehT id s da v segatna fo PCT - SuB edulcni t eh cni r esae d
nedneped cy no eht gnituor locotorp dna eht gnireffub ta eht etaidemretni .sedon ehT af eruli of
etaidemretni on d se aht t reffub eht cap k ste yam l dae ot ssol of p ca k ste dna p fre o cnamr e
noitadarged . ehT d nepe d ne cy of PCT - SuB on eht gnituor locotorp may ged r da e sti frep orm na ce
htiw rehto gnituor torp o sloc taht od ton evah mis i ral noc t lor m sse a seg sa in BA R.
S7.6 p PCTtil
enO fo the rojam seussi t tah stceffa eht p fre o amr n ec fo PCT revo ad coh w eleri ss en t krow s si t eh
noitadarged fo orht u hg p tu htiw gnisaercni p hta ,htgnel sa dessucsid rae ly ni siht .retpahc hT e
trohs ,.e.i( ni smret fo tap h )htgnel snoitcennoc eg n lare ly niatbo hcum h rehgi orht u tuphg aht n
gnol snoitcennoc . sihT nac osla dael ot ssenriafnu gnoma PCT ,snoisses erehw eno es ssi no may
niatbo hcum rehgih thro tuphgu naht rehto ses snois . sihT ssenriafnu borp l me si rehtruf row s dene
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 84](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-48-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
by eht esu fo CAM torp o sloc hcus sa EEEI .208 1 ,1 hcihw era dnuof ot evig a gih h re orht u uphg t
rof niatrec knil - level es s ,snois gnidael ot na fe f tce nwonk sa ch lenna ac p erut .tceffe sihT ffe ect
sdael ot niatrec swolf gnirutpac eht lennahc rof regnol emit itarud o ,sn ereht by r icude ng
tuphguorht rof rehto lf o .sw ehT lennahc erutpac tceffe nac osla dael to wol llarevo s sy tem
tuphguorht . tilpS - PCT ]31[ sedivorp a euqinu os l noitu ot siht melborp by lps it gnit eht t nar s rop t
reyal sevitcejbo otni noitsegnoc lortnoc dna end- ot - dne ilibailer t .y The noitsegnoc ortnoc l si
tsom ly a lo lac ph nonemone eud ot the r tluse fo hgih noitnetnoc na d gih h ffart ic aol d in a l aco l
er g noi . In eht da coh wi sseler wten o kr ,tnemnorivne siht sdnamed lo ac l solut .snoi tA eht s ma e
,emit ytilibailer si na ne d- ot - dne uqer i tnemer dna sdeen dne - ot - dne onkca w stnemgdel .
erugiF 5.6 nA noitartsulli fo pS il t- PCT
In Fi ug re 5.6 , edon 1 ni ti setai a T PC isses no ot no ed 51 . edoN 4 na d edon 31 are ohc s ne as orp xy
sedon . ehT rebmun fo p or xy sedon in a PCT noisses si mreted i den by t eh len htg of the htap
neewteb ecruos dna noitanitsed sedon . desaB no a detubirtsid ,mhtirogla eht etaidemretni edon s
taht eviecer T PC tekcap s enimreted rehtehw ot ca t sa a orp xy edon ro tsuj sa a elpmis idrawrof ng
don e. ehT tsom elpmis mhtirogla sekam eht ced i nois rof itca ng sa orp xy edon fi eht p ekca t has
aerla dy t desrevar erom t nah a p eder t denimre nu rebm fo spoh morf eht l tsa orp xy edon ro ht e
rednes fo eht PCT s se si .no nI giF u er ,9.9 eht htap neewteb edon 1 dna n edo 4 si eht tsrif z eno
s( e nemg t ,) t eh ap th teb w nee sedon 4 dna 31 si t eh sec dno enoz (s mge en )t , dna t eh last noz e is eb t neew
edon 31 51dna .
1.7.6 segatnavdA a dn siD ad av n segat
tilpS - PCT sah eht gniwollof :segatnavda )i( im devorp orht u ,tuphg )ii( im devorp t orh u uphg t
,ssenriaf dna )iii( essel n de tcapmi fo m ibo il ty. Th tuphguor orpmi v tneme si eud ot eht der u noitc
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 94](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-49-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s SI01 841
ni eht evitceffe noissimsnart htap htgnel rebmun( fo spoh ni a z eno or a ap th segm ne t .) T PC
tuphguorht sedarged wi ht isaercni ng htap el n .htg tilpS - PCT sah retrohs anetacnoc t de htap
,stnemges hcae gnitarepo ta sti nwo noissimsnart ,etar dna ecneh eht tuphguorht si aercni s de .
sihT osla sdael ot devorpmi orht u tuphg f enria ss in t eh s .metsy ecniS in spl ti -T PC , t eh htap
nemges t el n htg nac eb retrohs aht n eht ne d-to- dne htap len ,htg t eh ffe ect fo m ilibo ty no
tuphguorht si denessel . ehT segatnavdasid of sp til - PCT nac eb detsil sa :swollof (i) It uqer i er s
snoitacifidom ot PCT ,locotorp )ii( eht dne - ot - dne nnoc e tc i no dnah l gni fo t dar i lanoit TCP is
,detaloiv dna )iii( eht iaf l eru of orp xy sedon ac n dael ot th or u tuphg arged dat noi . ehT anoitidart l
PCT sah dne - ot - dne ,scitnames erehw eht etaidemretni sedon od ton ssecorp CT P stekcap ,
saerehw ni tilps - ,PCT eht etaidemretni sedon n dee ot ssecorp eht PCT ekcap ts dna h ,ecne in
noitidda ot eht ssol fo dne - ot - dne ,scitnames niatrec iruces ty ehcs m se taht eriuqer PI pa ly oad
cne r noitpy tonnac eb us .de iruD ng tneuqerf p hta skaerb or irud ng erf q tneu edon ,seruliaf ht e
ecnamrofrep fo tilps - PCT yam eb detceffa .
HdArofslocotorPreyaLtropsnarTrehtO8.6 o krowteNsseleriWc s
ehT amrofrep n ec of a tropsnart reyal p locotor ac n eb ne h ecna d fi ti ekat s into tnuocca the utan re
fo eht krowten orivne n tnem ni hcihw ti si ppa l .dei yllaicepsE ni eriw l sse ,stnemnorivne ti si
tnatropmi ot redisnoc eht seitreporp of eht ph sy i lac reyal dna eht oitcaretni n fo eht tropsnart layer
htiw eht rewol la .srey sihT noitces sessucsid emos fo eht tropsnart la rey slocotorp t tah ew re
engised d ficeps i lac ly rof da coh sseleriw rowten ks. nevE hguoht gnikrowretni htiw T PC is ev ry
,tnatropmi ereht ex tsi lareves noitacilppa ranecs i so hcus sa im yratil co noitacinumm erehw a
lacidar ly wen tropsnart reyal locotorp nac eb desu .
1.8.6 noitacilppA dellortnoC tropsnarT torP oc lo
ekilnU eht PCT snoitulos dessucsid reilrae ni ht is pahc t ,re acilppa t oi n ortnoc l del tr ropsna t
locotorp )5PTCA( ]41[ si a il thg -w thgie opsnart rt reyal orp t oco l. tI si on t na ex snet i no ot TCP.
PTCA sngissa eht pser o ilibisn ty fo irusne ng ilibailer ty ot eht noitacilppa .reyal tI is more kil e
PDU htiw kcabdeef fo d evile ry dna etats m ecnanetnia . PTCA sdnats ni bet neew T PC dna DU P
erehw PCT ex secneirep wol frep o ecnamr iw th hgih ilibailer ty dna PDU vorp i sed tteb er
ecnamrofrep htiw hgih p tekca ssol ni da coh sseleriw .skrowten ehT key ngised yhposolihp of
PTCA si ot evael eht gninoisivorp fo ilibailer ty ot eht noitacilppa reyal dna edivorp a si lpm e
kcabdeef noitamrofni tuoba eht eviled ry sutats fo stekcap ot eht pa p noitacil laye .r TCA P
stroppus eht iroirp ty fo stekcap ot eb ,dereviled b tu ti si eht ilibisnopser ty fo eht rewol sreyal ot
lautca ly edivorp a di detaitnereff ecivres ab des no siht iroirp ty.
A orez ni eht yaled fi dle srefer ot eht tsehgih iroirp ty ,tekcap hcihw seriuqer etaidemmi
noissimsnart htiw muminim elbissop led ay. Any rehto eulav ni eht d le ay dleif srefer ot eht led ay
taht eht egassem nac ex .ecneirep nO itteg ng t eh noitamrofni tuoba the eviled ry st ,suta ht e
noitacilppa reyal nac ediced no noissimsnarter fo a cap k te htiw eht emas o dl roirp ity ro htiw na
detadpu iroirp t .y lleW retfa eht cap k s’te tefil i em ex ,serip PTCA elc a sr eht cap k s’te st ta e
noitamrofni dna eviled ry .sutats The ’tekcap s emitefil si uclac l deta as imsnarter×4 t it m uoe t
)OTR( dna si tes sa eht l emitefi nehw eht tekcap si tnes to t eh krowten al yer. A edon setamitse
eht OTR retni v la by su i gn the nuor d- pirt emit b eewte n eht snart im noiss t emi fo a em ssage na d
eht emit fo noitpecer fo eht gnidnopserroc KCA . ,ecneH the OTR eulav m ya ton be baliava le if
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 05](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-50-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
ereht era on ex gnitsi elbailer snoitcennoc ot a tsed i an t noi . A p ekca t tuohtiw any sem as eg bmun er
,.e.i( on eviled ry sutats )deriuqer si deldnah ex yltca eht emas way sa ni UDP tuohtiw gniniatniam
yna etats noitamrofni .
2.8.6 segatnavdA a dn asiD d av n segat
enO fo eht tsom tnatropmi segatnavda fo PTCA si taht ti sedivorp eht odeerf m fo hc gnisoo ht e
deriuqer ilibailer ty level ot eht noitacilppa la rey . ecniS PTCA si a thgil - thgiew tropsnart layer
,locotorp ti si elbalacs for egral wten o skr . tuphguorhT si ton detceffa by p hta skaerb sa hcum sa
ni PCT sa ereht si on noitsegnoc wodniw for am noitalupin sa trap fo eht htap kaerb ocer very.
enO egatnavdasid fo AC PT si taht ti si ton tapmoc ible htiw CT P. esU fo PTCA ni a yrev al r eg da
coh sseleriw wten o kr nac dael ot aeh vy oc n noitseg ni eht krowten sa ti seod ton evah any
noitsegnoc lortnoc cem h msina .
torPtropsnarTcoHdA9.6 o loc
dA coh tropsnart cotorp ol )PTA( [ ]51 si acificeps lly sed ign de of r da hoc wi sseler wten o skr dna is
ton a nairav t fo T PC . ehT rojam stcepsa by hcihw PTA srefed morf TCP era )i( oitanidrooc n
gnoma elpitlum la ,srey ( )ii etar b desa simsnart s ,snoi )iii( gnilpuoced co segn ti no ortnoc l dna
ilibailer t ,y dna )vi( issa s det noitsegnoc .lortnoc ralimiS ot rehto PCT stnairav desoporp rof da
coh sseleriw ,skrowten PTA sesu secivres morf krowten dna CAM sreyal rof gnivorpmi ti s
cnamrofrep e. PTA sesu noitamrofni morf lo rew la rey s of r (i) se ti noitam fo the i tin ial
noissimsnart ,etar )ii( ed t ,noitce ,ecnadiova dna lortnoc fo oc n ,noitseg na d )iii( noitceted fo htap
b aer sk .
gniruD a noc n noitce putrats ssecorp ro wh ne ATP revocer s morf a p hta ,kaerb t eh tr sna m si nois
etar ot eb us de si denimreted by a rp o ssec dellac kciuq .trats iruD ng eht q kciu ts ra t orp c se s, ht e
PTA rednes setagaporp a eborp tekcap ot cihw h eht etaidemretni sedon hcatta eht noissimsnart
etar ni( eht mrof fo uc tnerr led a ,)y hw i hc si deviecer by the PTA ,reviecer dna na KCA si nes t
kcab ot eht PTA rednes . ehT PTA rednes strats gnisu eht wen ly deniatbo noissimsnart etar by
gnittes eht atad noissimsnart it srem . gniruD a noitcennoc ,putrats eht noitcennoc tseuqer dna eht
KCA stekcap era desu sa eborp cap k ste ni redro ot ecuder lortnoc revo h .dae nehW ereht si no
ciffart dnuora na mretni e etaid ,edon eht noissimsnart yaled si orppa x detami as β × ( QD + DC),
erehw β si eht rotcaf taht sredisnoc eht decudni ciffart ol da . sihT si ot redisnoc eht i decudn l dao
daol( no a ucitrap l ra knil eud ot laitnetop noitnetnoc decudortni by the tspu r mae na d rtsnwod eam
sedon ni eht )htap nehw t eh lautca tr simsna is no geb i sn . A foeulavtluafed 3 is desu rof β.
PTA sesu KCAS stekcap lacidoirep ly ot erusne eht evitceles msnarter i noiss fo tsol ,stekcap
hcihw serusne eht bailer i ytil fo tekcap eviled ry. T eh KCAS doirep si ohc s ne hcus taht it is m ero
naht eht dnuor - pirt emit dna nac kcart eht krowten d many i sc . ehT reviecer smrofrep a ew i ethg d
egareva fo eht led a noissimsnart/y etar noitamrofni rof eve ry imocni ng tekcap ot niatbo t eh
noissimsnart etar for an PTA wolf na d siht ulav e is dedulcni ni ht e bus se neuq t SACK cap k te it
se sdn . fI an PTA rednes sah ton deviecer any KCA stekcap rof t ow evitucesnoc fe bde ack
,sdoirep ti seogrednu a m evitacilpitlu aerced se fo eht noissimsnart etar . retfA a driht hcus doirep
tuohtiw yna ,KCA eht noitcennoc si demussa ot eb tsol dna eht PTA rednes seog ot eht
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 15](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-51-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
LkrowteN4.7 a skcattArey
elohmroW :kcatta nI siht ,kcatta an tta ekca r er ec i ev s ekcap ts at eno l co ati no in ht e n te ow rk dna t slennu
meht ylbissop( )ylevitceles ot rehtona l taco i no in the en t ,krow ehw re the pa ekc ts era res ne t into t eh
krowten [ .]61 lohmrowasaotderrefersisrekcattagnidullocowtneewteblennutsihT e. I luoct d be
dehsilbatse hguorht a elgnis gnol - gnar e sseleriw knil ro neve thr hguo a deriw l kni eb twe ne eht t ow
gnidulloc atta ekc r .s euD ot eht tsacdaorb erutan fo eht oidar ,lennahc eht ta t rekca can cr tae e a ow r ohm el
iotdesserddatonstekcaprofneve st e fl . esusielohmrowehtfienodsimrahonhguohT pd r repo l rofy
ffe i tneic gniyaler fo ,stekcap ti stup eht at at kc re in a wop re uf l isop t noi pmoc ra de to ot eh r sedon in t eh
,krowten hcihw eht rekcatta dluoc esu ni a rennam taht dluoc pmoc r mo ise ht e se iruc ty of t eh en t ow r .k If
metonerasmsinahcemreporp om,skcattaelohmrowtsniagakrowtenehtdnefedotdeyolp ts of t eh
tuorgnitsixe i mskrowtensseleriwcohdarofslocotorpgn a etuordilavdnifotliafy s.
• elohkcalB :kcatta nI siht ,kcatta a suoicilam don e af l es ly a evd tr ises doog ap t sh ( ,.g.e s oh rtest ap th ro
sedehtot)htapelbatstsom t htapehtgnirudedonnoitani - dnif i pgn r seco s ( noni -de dnam r uo it pgn rotoc )slo
ro ni eht etuor etadpu sem s ga es ( ni at b el -d ir nev uor t gni prot oco ls). ehT noitnetni fo eht lam ci suoi edon
dluoc eb ot rednih eht htap - idnif gn ecorp ss ro to i tn re pec t la l ad ta ap c tek s gnieb s ne t to t eh des it tan i no
nocedon cer den .
• enitnazyB :kcatta ,ereH a rpmoc o desim aidemretni te edon or a s te of pmoc r mo si de i etn r dem ia et sedon
skrow ni noisulloc dna seirrac tuo skcatta hcus sa c er a it gn ro tu i gn l ,spoo tuor i gn ekcap ts no non - po it am l
,shtap dna ylevitceles gnippord ap c ek ts [ 71 ]. enitnazyB seruliaf era drah to de et tc . ehT krowten dluow
mees ot eb gnitarepo yllamron ni eht tniopweiv fo t eh don e ,s hguoht it yam ca tually eb hxe i ib it gn
nitnazyB oivahebe r.
• noitamrofnI :erusolcsid A rpmoc o desim edon may el ak noc if ned it al ro i opm rtant ni form ita no ot
zirohtuanu ed edon s in t eh n te ow r .k hcuS noitamrofni yam edulcni i amrofn it no r age rdi gn t eh en t ow rk
,ygolopot mitporo,sedonfonoitacolcihpargoeg edondezirohtuaotsetuorla s i enehtn t krow .
• ecruoseR noitpmusnoc :kcatta nI siht ta ta ,kc a am cil uoi s don e tr ei s to emusnoc / aw ets yawa r ruose c se fo
rehto sedon tneserp ni eht owten r .k T eh secruoser taht era detegrat era yrettab ,rewop wdnab idt ,h dna
lanoitatupmoc ,rewop hcihw are no ly il m ti de ly a av ali ble in ad coh iw reless owten r .sk ehT skcatta dluoc
eb ni eht mrof fo yrassecennu stseuqer f ro r uo t ,se ev ry rf neuqe t ge taren i no of eb a noc pa ekc t ,s ro
stekcapelatsfognidrawrof to .sedon
gnituoR atta :skc erehT sepytlarevesera a tt kca s nuom et d no t eh r uo t gni protocol hw i hc are ai dem
ta gnitpursid eht noitarepo of the en t ow r .k nI tahw ,swollof eht suoirav skcatta no eht gnituor pr ocoto l era
ylfeirbdebircsed .
gnituoR elbat :wolfrevo nI siht epyt fo ,kcatta an revda sary don e vda re t si se r uo t se to non - xe ist ne t
krowtenehtnitneserpsedondezirohtuaehtot,sedon . cotsikcattanahcusfoevitcejboniamehT a su e na
wolfrevo fo eht r uo it gn t ba les, hcihw uow ld in turn verp ent t eh erc ati no of ne tri se oc r er s dnop i gn to wen
setuor ot ua t oh ir zed edon s. evitcaorP gnituor slocotorp era erom elbarenluv to ht si at at kc c derapmo to
tuorevitcaer i ocotorpgn ls.
gnituoR elbat :gninosiop ,ereH eht morpmoc si de don es in eht en t ow r sk dnes f ci titi uo s uor it gn
setadpu ro yfidom eniuneg r uo te adpu te tekcap s s ne t to ot reh morpmocnu si de edon s. gnituoR elbat
gninosiop yam tluser in bus - lamitpo tuor i ,gn noitsegnoc ni snoitrop fo eht owten r ,k or ve en kam e s mo e
eccanikrowtenehtfostrap ssib el .
tekcaP :noitacilper nI siht ta ,kcat na yrasrevda don e r lpe i ac t se ts a el ap c ek t .s T sih semusnoc
lanoitidda htdiwdnab dna yrettab rewop secruoser va lia ba le to t eh sedon dna a sl o c sesua nnu e ec ss yra
tuorehtninoisufnoc i corpgn e ss .
etuoR ehcac :gninosiop nI eht esac fo no - dnamed gnituor otorp co sl ( hcus sa t eh DOA V orp t loco
,)]81[ hcae edon sniatniam a etuor ehcac hcihw sdloh noitamrofni gnidrager uor t se th ta ha ev eb c mo e
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 55](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-55-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
nwonk ot eht edon ni t eh rec ne t past. ralimiS ot uor gnit elbat ,gninosiop na vda e sr ra y nac al os op i nos eht
cejboralimiseveihcaotehcacetuor it ev s.
gnihsuR :kcatta nO -de dnam gnituor otorp c slo t ah t su e lpud i ac te sserppus i no ud ir gn t eh tuor e
yrevocsid ssecorp era barenluv el to this at kcat [ 91 ]. nA revda yras edon hcihw seviecer a uoR et tseuqeR
tekcap morf eht ecruos edon sdoolf eht ap c ek t uq i kc ly thr uohguo t t eh n te ow rk eb fore ot eh r edon s hw i hc
osla eviecer t eh sa em etuoR Re seuq t pa kc te can r ae c .t sedoN taht eviecer eht etamitigel etuoR tseuqeR
stekcap vdaehthguorhtdeviecerydaerlatekcapehtfosetacilpudebotstekcapesohtemussa re s ra y
edon dna ecneh sid card oht se ap c ek st . ynA etuor id s revoc ed yb t eh s ecruo edon dluow noc tain eht
demretniehtfoenosaedonyrasrevda iate sedon . ecruoseht,ecneH erucesdnifotelbaebtondluowedon
edulcnitonodtahtsetuor,sitaht,setuor t evdaeh r as r dony e.
kcattAreyaLtropsnarT5.7 s
noisseS :gnikcajih ,ereH na vda sre ary t ka es c no rt ol evo r a s se s noi eb twe ne t ow edon s. ecniS tsom
noitacitnehtua essecorp s era deirrac tuo ylno ta eht trats fo a sses i ,no cno e eht s se is no eb twe ne t ow sedon
steg ,dehsilbatse eht yrasrevda edon sedareuqsam sa eno fo eht dne sedon fo eht sses i no a dn ih j kca s t eh
s sse i no .
skcattAreyaLnoitacilppA6.7
:noitaidupeR nI si elpm ,smret noitaiduper srefer ot eht ained l or ta t pme et d ned ial yb a edon i ovn lved in a
vahfonoitacinummoc i citrapgn i ehtfotraprollanidetap c nummo icati .no
kcattArehtO7.7 s
itluM1.7.7 - reyal skcattA
itluM - reyal skcatta era esoht taht dluoc nirucco yna eyal r of ht e en t ow rk orp t loco ts ac .k folaineD ecivres
itlumnommocehtfoemoseranoitanosrepmidna - skcattareyal .
• laineD fo :ecivreS nI siht epyt fo ,kcatta na yrasrevda stpmetta ot tneverp gel iti am te dna
dezirohtua sresu fo secivres dereffo yb t eh en t ow rk fr mo ecca ssi gn t soh e s re vi ec s. A lained fo
ecivres )SoD( kcatta nac eb deirrac tuo in ynam wa .sy ehT cissalc yaw si to lf doo ekcap ts to yna
dezilartnec ecruoser ,.g.e( na ssecca op in )t desu ni t eh en t krow so t ah t t eh er uos rce si on regnol
a elbaliav ot sedon ni eht ,krowten tluser i gn in t eh owten rk on l egno r epo r ta i gn ni t eh ma renn ti
saw dengised to epo rat .e sihT yam dael ot a eruliaf ni eht yreviled fo deetnaraug secivres ot eht
dne .sresu euD ot eht euqinu scitsiretcarahc fo da coh leriw sse ,skrowten eht re xe ist ynam erom
syaw ot hcnual a SoD kcatta in hcus a en t ow r ,k hw i hc uow ld on t eb sop is ble in w eri d n te ow rks.
locotorpkrowtenehtnireyalynatsniagadehcnualebnacskcattaSoD stack.
• :gnimmaJ nI siht mrof fo ,kcatta eht revda yras yllaitini speek nom ti or gni t eh wir ele ss dem i mu in
redro ot enimreted eht ycneuqerf ta hcihw t eh ecer i ev r edon is re ec ivi gn is ang sl rf mo t eh se dn er.
tI neht stimsnart langis s no t ah t fr ycneuqe so t ah t er or r-free r tpece i no at t eh re viec re si hi edn r de .
a)SSSD(murtcepsdaerpsecneuqestceriddna)SSHF(murtcepsdaerpsgnippohycneuqerF re t ow
emocrevotahtseuqinhcetdesuylnommoc j skcattagnimma .
• NYS :gnidoolf ,ereH na yrasrevda sdnes a large ebmun r fo NYS ap c ek ts to a v itci m don e,
gnifoops eht nruter sesserdda fo t eh NYS kcap e .st gniviecernO eht NYS ,stekcap eht mitciv edon
sdnes kcab tnemgdelwonkca NYS( - )KCA ap c tek s to edon s sohw e erdda s es s evah neeb iceps f dei
ni eht viecer ed NYS kcap ste . ,revewoH eht mitciv edon uow ld on t r ece ive a yn CA K ap c ek t ni
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 65](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-56-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
uter r .n nI ,tceffe a flah - nepo noitcennoc steg aerc t .de ehT mitciv edon ub i sdl pu a atad/elbat
erutcurts rof gnidloh noitamrofni drager i gn la l gnidnep c tcenno i .sno ecniS eht mumixam elbissop
ezis fo eht bat le si ,detimil eht rcni e sa i gn ebmun r of h la f- nepo c cenno t noi s tluser s in an evo rfl wo
ni the at b el . ,ecneH neve fi a noitcennoc tseuqer semoc rf mo a l ge iti am te edon ta a l eta r op int fo
tciveht,wolfrevoelbatehtfoesuaceb,emit i lacehttcejerotdecrofebdluowedonm l euqer ts .
• detubirtsiD SoD :kcatta A erom ereves mrof fo eht SoD ta kcat si the distri tub ed SoD ( )SoDD
catta k. nI siht ,kcatta lareves seirasrevda taht a er distri detub ht r uohguo t t eh n te ow rk oc ll edu dna
tneverp ybdereffosecivresehtgnisseccamorfsresuetamitigel t eneh t ow rk.
• :noitanosrepmI nI noitanosrepmi ,skcatta na yrasrevda semussa eht di entity a dn p ir iv el eg s of na
dezirohtua ,edon rehtie ot ma ek esu fo krowten secruoser t ah t may on t eb va ai al ble ot it rednu
lamron ,secnatsmucric ro ot tpursid eht lamron gninoitcnuf fo eht krowten yb ni j ce it gn f esla
gnituor noitamrofni otni eht en t ow r .k nA yrasrevda edon dluoc edareuqsam sa na aut oh ir edondez
gnisu lareves .sdohtem tI dluoc yb ecnahc sseug eht edi ytitn dna noitacitnehtua sliated fo t eh
dezirohtua edon tegrat( ,)edon ro ti dluoc s poon of r infor am t noi r ge a dr i gn the nedi tity dna
noitacitnehtua fo eht egrat t edon morf a pr ve i suo nummoc ic ita ,no or ti uoc ld ci nevmucr t ro
elbasid eht tnehtua i tac i no em c nah si m ta the targ te don e. A nam -in- eht - elddim kcatta si rehtona
epyt fo anosrepmi t noi ta at .kc ,ereH eht yrasrevda sdaer dna ssop ibly dom ifi ,se em ssa eg s eb t neew
owt dne sedon tuohtiw gnittel e ti eh r of them wonk th ta ht ey evah neeb ta tac .dek esoppuS owt
sedon X dna Y era gnitacinummoc w ti h e hca ot eh r; t eh a vd re s ra y i pm sre etano s don e Y wi ht
tcepser ot edon X dna setanosrepmi edon X htiw tcepser ot edon ,Y olpxe iti gn ht e la kc fo thi dr -
acinummocehtfonoitacitnehtuaytrap t ebnoi t sedonneew X a Ydn .
.7.7 2 eciveD gnirepmaT
ekilnU sedon ni a deriw ,krowten sedon ni da coh wi er l sse en t ow rks era us au ll y pmoc act, so tf , dna dnah -
utannidleh er . lisaenelotsrodegamadtegdluocyehT y.
anaMyeK8.7 g tneme
gnivaH nees eht suoirav sdnik fo skcatta elbissop no da coh sseleriw en t ow rks, ew won kool at vari suo
seuqinhcet deyolpme ot emocrevo the at kcat s. yhpargotpyrC si eno fo eht tsom nommoc dna elbailer
snaem ot usne re se uc rit .y yhpargotpyrC si ton cificeps ot da coh w ri eless en t ow r .sk tI nac eb deilppa ot
a yn noitacinummoc owten r .k tI si eht yduts fo t eh p ir cn ip el ,s t nhce i uq e ,s dna la og rit smh yb hw i hc
demrofsnartsinoitamrofni i uanuonhcihwnoisrevdesiugsidaotn t oh ir ze epd sr no c na rea ub,d t hw ci nach
eb derevocer ni sti lanigiro of rm yb na i dednetn r ce ip ei nt. nI eht ecnalrap fo ,yhpargotpyrc eht ro i lanig
noitamrofni ot eb tnes morf eno nosrep ot ona t eh r si cal del p al ni t xe t. sihT txetnialp si detrevnoc ni to
txetrehpic yb eht ssecorp fo pyrcne t ,noi taht ,si the a lpp i ac t noi fo ec r at in al og rit mh s or f nu cti .sno nA
citnehtua reviecer nac tpyrced / ed c do e t eh ci hp ert xe t ba kc into alp int xe t yb the corp ess of pyrced it .no The
sessecorp fo noitpyrcne dna noitpyrced era denrevog yb keys, hw i hc are s am ll a nuom st of inform ita no
desu yb eht pyrc t cihpargo la og rit mh s. nehW eht yek si ot eb pek t erces t ot e usn re the se uc rity of t eh
,metsys ti is lac l de a s ce ret .yek T eh eruces noitartsinimda fo gotpyrc r hpa ic yek s is lac l de key
eganam m tne .
ehT ruof niam slaog fo yhpargotpyrc era ,ytilaitnedifnoc ,ytirgetni ua t tneh icat noi eht( r ece iv re s uoh ld eb
elba ot yfitnedi eht rednes dna yfirev taht t eh em ssa eg ca t lau ly c ma e rf mo t ah t s ,)redne a dn non -
taiduper i no . nidetneserpsiyhpargotpyrcfoydutsdeliatedA [ ]12 .
erehT era owt am j ro sdnik fo cr py t go r cihpa al og rit mh :s s my m cirte yek al og tir mh s, hw i hc use t eh s ema
yek rof noitpyrcne dna ,noitpyrced dna cirtemmysa yek ,smhtirogla hcihw esu owt tnereffid syek for
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 75](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-57-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
A maerts rehpic ,si ni ,tceffe a kcolb pic h re fo kcolb l gne th .eno One fo eht selpmis t st aer m
srehpic si eht manreV ,rehpic hcihw sesu a yek of eht emas htgnel sa eht etnialp xt rof noitpyrcne .
roF ,elpmaxe fi eht etnialp xt si eht yranib irts ng ,00101001 dna eht yek si ,10011010 neht eht
cne r etpy d irts ng si evig n by eht ROX fo eht pl etnia xt dna ke ,y ot be 011 0 1011 . ehT pl etnia xt si
niaga derevocer by XO gniR eht ic etrehp xt htiw eht emas ke .y fI eht yek si modnar ly nesohc ,
detropsnart eruces ly ot eht ,reviecer dna desu rof no ly one ,noitacinummoc siht smrof eht
emiteno dap hw i hc ah s nevorp ot be eht tsom eruces fo lla cr py t pargo h ci s sy te sm . ehT no ly
kcenelttob reh e si ot eb elba ot eruces ly dnes the k ye ot eht reviecer .
smhtiroglAyeKcirtemmysA2.8.7
As cirtemmy key (or bup l ci ke )y gla o smhtir esu tnereffid ke sy ta the rednes dna reviecer sdne for
cne r noitpy dna ced r ,noitpy ylevitcepser . teL eht cne r noitpy corp sse eb er p detneser by a oitcnuf n
,E dna ced r noitpy yb .D nehT eht etnialp xt m si demrofsnart otni eht etrehpic xt c sa c = )m(E .
ehT iecer v re th ne oced d se c by ppa l iy ng .D eH n ,ec D si cus h taht m = c(D ) = (E(D m .)) ehW n
siht as cirtemmy key oc n tpec si desu ni cilbup k ye algo ,smhtir eht key E is m eda bup l ,ci elihw D
si ,etavirp nwonk no ly to eht dednetni iecer v .re An oy ne ohw sehsiw ot s dne a egassem ot th si
reviecer cne r stpy ti gnisu .E hguohT c nac eb draehrevo by revda s ,seira eht noitcnuf E si desab
no a lanoitatupmoc ly di tluciff lacitamehtam rp o ,melb hcus sa eht otcaf r noitazi fo egral emirp
srebmun . eH n ec , ti si n to elbissop rof vda e rasr ies ot de evir D gi ev n .E nO ly eht r reviece ac n
ced r tpy c gnisu eht etavirp key .D A ev ry ralupop ex elpma fo cilbup k ye cr tpy o parg hy si eht
ASR metsys ]12[ depoleved by ,tseviR ,rimahS dna ,nameldA hcihw si desab no eht egetni r
noitazirotcaf melborp .
latigiD serutangis semehcs era osla desab no cilbup yek cne r .noitpy nI eseht cs h ,seme ht e
snoitcnuf E dna D era sohc ne hcus taht )m(E(D ) = ))m(D(E = m rof any sem s ega .m esehT era
dellac elbisrever cilbup yek s .smetsy nI siht ac s ,e eht p nosre hw o sehsiw ot ngis a ucod m ne t
cne r stpy ti gnisu reh/sih etavirp key ,D hw i hc si nwonk no ly ot hi .reh/m An oby dy ohw ah s
reh/sih cilbup key E nac ced r tpy ti na d niatbo eht lanigiro do ,tnemuc fi ti h sa eeb n gis n de by the
gnidnopserroc rednes . nI ,ecitcarp a detsurt driht rap ty )PTT( si deerga up no ni ,ecnavda ohw si
elbisnopser rof iussi ng t eseh di latig gis n seruta D( dna E p )sria na d rof gnivloser any etupsid s
gnidrager eht serutangis .
sehcaorppAtnemeganaMyeK9.7
ehT amirp ry aog l fo key eganam m tne si ot sh era a terces emos( fni o tamr i )no oma ng a sp fice i de
tes fo napicitrap ts. erehT era lareves sdohtem taht nac eb lpme o dey ot rep f mro siht ,noitarepo lla
fo meht iriuqer ng av ryi gn stnuoma fo laitini co ,noitarugifn acinummoc t ,noi dna upmoc ta it .no
ehT niam sehcaorppa ot yek am n tnemega era key ,noitubirtsiderp yek art n ,trops yek noitartibra ,
dna key tnemeerga ]22[ .
1.9.7 yeK erP - noitubirtsid
Key erp - ,noitubirtsid sa eht eman su ,stsegg vni o sevl gnitubirtsid keys ot lla int etsere d rap it es
erofeb eht st tra of co numm i tac i .no sihT dohtem sevlovni hcum less moc m acinu ti no and
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 95](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-59-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s I01 8S 41
,noitatupmoc tub lla stnapicitrap tsum eb nwonk a ,iroirp gnirud eht laitini .noitarugifnoc Once
lped o ,dey ereht is on msinahcem ot edulcni en w srebmem ni ht e uorg p or to chan eg the key. As
na tnemevorpmi revo the cisab erp - noitubirtsid ,emehcs bus - spuorg may eb demrof nihtiw t eh
,puorg dna emos noitacinummoc nac eb etcirtser d ot a puorgbus . oH w reve , eht noitamrof fo bus -
spuorg si osla na a iroirp noisiced htiw on elf x ilibi ty irud ng eht noitarepo .
2.9.7 yeK snarT p ro t
nI key tropsnart s metsy ,s eno fo eht tacinummoc i gn seititne setareneg ke sy dna stropsnart meht
ot eht rehto srebmem . T eh tselpmis emehcs ssa u sem taht a derahs key aerla dy ex stsi am gno ht e
gnitapicitrap srebmem . T sih roirp erahs d key is u des ot encr tpy a n we ek y a dn is t msnar ti det ot
lla gnidnopserroc sedon . nO ly oht se edon s hcihw evah eht roirp derahs key ac n ced r tpy ti . sihT is
dellac eht key cne r itpy ng key )KEK( .dohtem ,revewoH eht ex ecnetsi fo a p roir key tonnac
syawla eb .demussa fI eht cilbup yek erutcurtsarfni )IKP( is ,tneserp eht yek nac be cne r etpy d
htiw hcae p s’tnapicitra p cilbu yek dna nart s trop ed ot it. sihT semussa eht ex ecnetsi fo a ,PTT
hcihw may ton eb elbaliava rof da coh sseleriw n skrowte .
3.9.7 yeK oitartibrA n
Key noitartibra semehcs esu a lartnec bra rotarti ot etaerc dna etubirtsid syek oma ng la l
tnapicitrap s. ,ecneH yeht era a cl ssa fo key t tropsnar .semehcs owteN r sk hcihw vah e a fixed
erutcurtsarfni esu eht PA sa na ,rotartibra ecnis ti seod ton evah tnegnirts rewop ro noitatupmoc
tniartsnoc s. nI da hoc sseleriw ,skrowten eht p bor l me htiw atnemelpmi t noi fo bra i art t de orp t oco sl
si taht eht rotartibra h sa to eb erewop d no ta lla emit s ot eb ca c sse i elb to all sedon . sihT l dae s ot a
rewop d niar no taht p ucitra l ra edon . nA retla n evita dluow eb ot am ke eht ke iy ng s vre ice
,detubirtsid tub elpmis noitacilper fo eht artibra t noi ta tnereffid sedon dluow eb ex snep i ev of r
ecruoser - deniartsnoc dev seci na d dluow reffo am ny stniop of ilibarenluv ty to skcatta . fI any one
fo eht detacilper tibra r srota si catta ,dek eht s iruce ty fo eht elohw s metsy skaerb nwod .
4.9.7 yeK nemeergA t
tsoM yek tnemeerga cs h seme era b desa no asym cirtem key al smhtirog . yehT era desu nehw wt o
ro erom elpoep tnaw ot ga r ee nopu a erces t ,yek hcihw lliw neht eb desu rof ehtruf r
nummoc oitaci n. Key tnemeerga slocotorp era desu ot hsilbatse a eruces etnoc xt revo hcihw a
noisses nac be ,nur st gnitra htiw am ny eitrap s ohw hsiw ot nummoc i etac dna an ucesni re
nnahc el. nI puorg key tnemeerga s ,semehc hcae tnapicitrap setubirtnoc a trap ot ht e s terce key.
esehT deen eht l tsae am tnuo fo erp - fnoc i ug r ,noita tub hcus ehcs m se evah high oc m atup t anoi l
ytixelpmoc . ehT tsom ralupop key tnemeerga semehcs esu eht eiffiD - leH l nam ex egnahc ,]12[ na
cirtemmysa key al tirog hm desab no etercsid lo smhtirag .
teNsseleriWcoHdAnIgnituoReruceS01.7 w kro s
ekilnU eht lanoitidart deriw ,tenretnI erehw ded i detac sretuor noc t dellor by eht retnI n te civres e
sredivorp ( )sPSI ex ,tsi ni da coh sseleriw n krowte s, sedon tca htob sa raluger ret im an ls uos( rce or
itsed )noitan dna osla sa sretuor rof rehto on d .se nI eht ba s ecne fo detacided ,sretuor idivorp ng
iruces ty semoceb a lahc l igne ng t ksa ni eseht net .skrow suoiraV rehto caf t ro s hw i hc am ke t eh
ksat fo gnirusne ces u er noitacinummoc ni da coh sseleriw skrowten ffid ci u tl edulcni eht ilibom ty
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 06](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-60-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
fo ,sedon a suoucsimorp edom fo ,noitarepo detimil issecorp ng ,rewop dna detimil ilibaliava ty of
secruoser hcus sa yrettab ,rewop ,htdiwdnab dna yromem .
1.01.7 stnemeriuqeR fo a eruceS gnituoR torP o loc rof dA coH sseleriW teN w ro ks
ehT latnemadnuf setisiuqer fo a eruces ituor ng rp o locot rof da coh sseleriw skrowten era detsil sa
lof l wo :s
• noitceteD fo suoicilam :sedon A eruces ituor ng locotorp dluohs eb elba ot tceted eht erp sence
fo suoicilam sedon ni eht krowten dna dluohs diova eht noitapicitrap fo such sedon in eht ituor ng
corp e ss . Ev ne fi hcus m suoicila sedon p apicitra te ni eht etuor sid c evo ry ssecorp , t eh gnituor
locotorp dluohs esoohc p shta taht od not cni l edu hcus edon s.
• eetnarauG fo tcerroc ro etu evocsid r :y fI a uor te eewteb n eht ecruos dna t eh noitanitsed edon s
ex ,stsi eht gnituor orp t loco dluohs eb ba le to fi dn eht uor te, dna sh dluo la so rusne e t eh
ssentcerroc fo eht s detcele etuor .
• difnoC ilaitne ty fo n te w kro olopot g :y an noitamrofni erusolcsid kcatta yam dael ot eht ocsid very
fo eht krowten ygolopot by eht suoicilam .sedon ecnO eht krowten t olopo gy si ,nwonk eht
rekcatta may try ot uts dy eht ciffart nrettap ni eht krowten . fI emos fo eht sedon era dnuof ot eb
erom evitca derapmoc ot ,srehto eht rekcatta yam try ot tnuom ,.g.e( )SoD skcatta no hcus
kcenelttob .sedon sihT yam etamitlu ly ceffa t eht no - gniog gnituor .ssecorp ,ecneH eht
ytilaitnedifnoc fo eht krowten ygolopot si na natropmi t tnemeriuqer ot eb tem by eht eruces
gnituor slocotorp .
• ilibatS ty a tsniag catta k :s ehT ituor ng torp o loc tsum eb s fle - ts ba el in the snes e taht ti tsum eb
elba ot r treve ot sti lamron itarepo ng etats nihtiw a etinif tnuoma fo it em fa t re a ap ssi ev or an
evitca kcatta . The ituor ng p locotor dluohs ekat erac taht eht se skcatta od not rep m tnena ly d si pur t
eht gnituor p .ssecor ehT locotorp tsum osla ne s eru B enitnazy entsubor s ,s taht ,si t eh orp t oco l
dluohs krow reporp ly neve fi emos fo eht ,sedon hcihw erew reilrae gnitapicitrap ni eht gnituor
,ssecorp nrut tuo ot ceb o em suoicilam ta a retal p tnio fo emit ro era tnetni i lano ly ad ma deg .
ruceS11.7 i yt - rPgnituoRcoHdAerawA o locot
ehT iruces ty- erawa da hoc gnituor )RAS( ocotorp l [ ]52 sesu iruces ty sa eno of eht yek rtem i sc ni
htap gnidnif . A wemarf o kr rof icrofne ng dna m gnirusae eht setubirtta fo eht ces u ir ty m cirte has
neeb p vor i ded ni [ 52 ]. sihT krowemarf osla en selba eht esu of fid f ere nt level s of ces urity for
tnereffid snoitacilppa taht esu SAR rof r uo t gni . nI da coh sseleriw en t ,skrow noitacinummoc
neewteb dne sedon orht u hg bissop ly elpitlum etaidemretni sedon si ab s de no eht tcaf t ah t eht t ow
dne sedon tsurt eht etni mr de iate sedon . RAS fed i sen level fo tsurt sa a cirtem rof uor it ng dna as
eno fo eht setubirtta rof iruces ty ot eb nekat i otn noitaredisnoc elihw .gnituor ehT gnituor
locotorp esab d no the el v le fo t tsur si explai den usi gn Fi rug e 41.9 . sA ohs wn ni Fi ug re 41.9 , wt o
shtap tsixe neewteb eht owt sreciffo 1O dna 2O ohw tnaw ot etacinummoc htiw hcae rehto . nO e
fo eseht shtap si a retrohs htap hcihw snur orht u hg etavirp sedon ohw se tsurt slevel era very wol .
,ecneH eht locotorp sesoohc a regnol tub ces u er p hta hcihw sessap guorht h rehto eruces (o reciff )
sedon . nI eht VDOA ,locotorp eht os ecru no ed stsacdaorb a tseuqeRetuoR tekcap ot sti
ien g obh rs. nA etaidemretni ,edon no iviecer ng a tseuqeRetuoR ,tekcap sdrawrof ti rehtruf fi ti
seod ton evah a etuor to t eh ed ts .noitani ,esiwrehtO ti setaitini a ylpeRetuoR tekcap kcab ot eht
ecruos don e gnisu eht esrever htap desrevart by eht tseuqeRetuoR tekcap .
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 16](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-61-320.jpg)
![dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
ereht by der i gnitcer lla t eh stekcap orht u hg esti l .f sihT si nwonk sa a elohkcalb .kcatta The
elohkcalb kcatta si sulli t detar in Fi erug .7 3 teL edon M be eht oicilam us edon t ah t retne s t eh
owten rk. tI esitrevda s taht ti sah eht hs o tsetr tap h ot eht ed noitanits don e D nehw it er cei sev ht e
tseuqeRetuoR cap k te es nt by don e S. ehT catta k re may on t eb elba to suc eec d fi on de A, cihw h
osla seviecer eht tseuqeRetuoR cap k te morf no ed ,S lper i se rae lier t ah n edon M. tuB a major
egatnavda for eht suoicilam on ed si taht ti seod ton evah ot hcraes sti gnituor elbat rof a etuor to
eht noitanitsed . ,oslA eht peRetuoR ly p stekca ori etanig tcerid ly morf eht ma il ci suo edon dna on t
morf eht anitsed t noi edon . ,ecneH eht suoicilam edon dluow eb elba ot per ly retsaf aht n edon ,A
hcihw dluow evah ot hcraes sti gnituor elbat rof a etuor ot eht noitanitsed .edon ,suhT edon S
may t dne ot hsilbatse a etuor ot noitanitsed D th hguor the ma il ci suo don e M, al gniwol edon M to
netsil ot lla stekcap em a tn rof eht de ts noitani edon . snoituloS rof eht elohkcalB borP lem One of
eht snoitulos rof eht elohkcalb melborp si ot tcirtser eht etaidemretni n sedo morf ro i gnitanig
ylpeRetuoR .stekcap Only eht noitanitsed edon dluow eb dettimrep ot etaitini peRetuoR ly
kcap e st . ceS u ir ty si lits l ton etelpmoc ly derussa , ecnis eht suoicilam on de may eil ni eht htap
nesohc by eht oitanitsed n edon . ,oslA eht led ay in devlov ni eht etuor csid o ev ry orp c sse i cn r esae s
sa eht ezis fo eht krowten aercni s se .
nosirapmoC fo barenluv i seitil fo RA NA htiw RSD dna VDOA ocotorp ls
In rehtona noitulos ot t sih ,melborp su etsegg d ni [ 92 ], sa noos sa the R etuo R pe ly p ekca t si
deviecer morf eno fo eht etaidemretni ,sedon rehtona tseuqeRetuoR tekcap si tnes morf eht
ecruos edon ot eht en igh rob edon fo t eh etaidemretni edon ni eht htap . sihT si ot erusne t ah t hcus
a htap ex stsi morf eht ni t taidemre e edon to t eh d tse noitani edon . For exam ,elp tel the s ruo ce edon
dnes tseuqeRetuoR stekcap dna eviecer ylpeRetuoR th or u hg eht etaidemretni suoicilam edon M.
ehT peRetuoR ly tekcap fo edon M sniatnoc noitamrofni idrager ng sti next- poh en i robhg on d se .
teL ti niatnoc rofni m noita tuoba eht bhgien or no ed .E ,nehT sa nwohs in giF u er 4.7 eht uos r ec
edon S dnes s truF h oRre u tseuqeRet stekcap to th si obhgien r don e E. oN ed E sdnopser by idnes ng
a peRetuoRrehtruF ly tekcap ot ecruos edon .S ecniS edon M si a suoicilam edon hcihw si ton
tneserp ni eht gnituor tsil fo edon ,E eht peRetuoRrehtruF ly tekcap tnes by edon E lliw ton
niatnoc a etuor ot eht lam suoici edon M. tuB fi ti sniatnoc a etuor ot eht d tse ani t noi edon ,D t neh
eht wen etuor ot eht d noitanitse hguorht edon E si ,detceles dna the reilrae s detcele uor te orht ugh
Medon si detcejer . sihT locotorp etelpmoc ly setanimile eht elohkcalb kcatta desuac by a lgnis e
tta acker. ehT rojam egatnavdasid fo siht emehcs si taht eht lortnoc daehrevo fo eht ituor ng
locotorp sesaercni baredisnoc ly. ,oslA if eht suoicilam sedon krow ni a rg o ,pu ht is locotorp liaf s
lbaresim y.
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 36](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ise-viii-ad-hocnetworks10is841-notes-190706073352/85/Ise-viii-ad-hoc-networks-10-is841-notes-63-320.jpg)
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Ise viii-ad-hoc networks [10 is841]-notes
Ise viii-ad-hoc networks [10 is841]-notes
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Ise viii-ad-hoc networks [10 is841]-notes
- 1. COHDA SKROWTEN buS Co:ed 10IS 48 1 AI M :skra 25 :keeW/srH 40 xE am uoH rs: 30 latoT :srH 25 xE am Ma skr : 100 TRAP – A TINU 1 6 oH sru cudortnI tion: dA coh eN t ow r :sk I ,noitcudortn seussI in dA coh sseleriw en t ,skrow Ad hoc eleriw ss i etn rnet. TINU 2 7 oH sru M CA – 1: CAM rP oto sloc rof dA coh seleriw s :skrowteN I tn or d itcu on, Iss seu in d se gi ni gn a M CA prot oco l for Ad coh leriw e ss ,skrowteN seD i ng go sla of a CAM cotorp ol rof dA coh iw er el ss eN twor ,sk lC a ss i itacif on of MAC ,slocotorp Co noitnetn b desa slocotorp iw th itavreser on em ch ina s sm . TINU 3 6 oH sru M CA – 2: netnoC tion- desab M CA slocotorp iw th ehcs d lu i gn hcem ani ms , M CA proto oc sl aht t su e dir itce o an l nnetna a ,s rehtO M CA rp oto sloc . TINU 4 7 oH sru uoR t ni g – 1: tuoR i gn slocotorp rof dA coh sseleriw eN two :skr I ortn d ,noitcu Is us es in de is gning a or tu ni g orp t co ol rof dA coh sseleriw Ne wt or ,sk cifissalC a noit fo or u gnit torp oco ,sl Tab el rd evi or gnitu protocol, On-demand ro tu gni p or tocol. PA TR - B TINU 5 6 oH sru uoR t ni g – :2 H dirby ro gnitu proto ,loc ituoR ng otorp co sl htiw eff ce tive lf doo gni mechan si sm , eiH rar cihc la or tu ing ,slocotorp rewoP a aw er or itu ng prot oco sl . TINU 6 7 oH sru tropsnarT Lay re : T tropsnar la rey slocotorp rof Ad coh leriw e ss Networ :sk I tn rod tcu oi n, Issues in d se ig in ng a snart p tro la rey locotorp rof Ad coh leriw e ss eN t ow r ,sk seD i ng slaog of a t ar sn port lay re orp tocol f ro Ad hoc leriw ess eN t ,skrow acifissalC t noi fo snart p tro la ey r oitulos n ,s TCP o ev r Ad hoc iw r le e ss Networ sk , O eht r t ar ns rop t la rey slocotorp rof dA h co iw er le ss Netw kro s. TINU 7 6 oH sru uceS rity : :ytiruceS eS c iru ty ni leriw e ss dA coh leriw e ss eN t ow r ,sk eN t krow es c iru ty riuqer eme ,stn sI s seu & llahc e gn es ni iruces ty p isivor o ,gnin eN two kr iruces ty atta c ,sk Key ma gan eme ,tn eS c eru ro tu i gn in Ad hoc iw r ele ss krowteN s. NU TI 8 7 oH sru QoS: Q ilau ty fo civres e ni dA hoc sseleriw :skrowteN tnI rod ,noitcu Iss eu s and c llah en eg s in orp iv ding QoS in Ad coh sseleriw eN t ow r ,sk C sal is itacif on fo QoS os l itu o ,sn M CA la rey os l oitu n ,s network la ey r so itul no s. txeT ooB k :s 1. C. aviS Ram M yhtru & B. S. onaM j: dA hoc W sseleri N te ,skrow 2nd Ed iti on P, ae rson Edu ac it on 002, 5 ecnerefeR :skooB 1. zO an K. To zugn a dn iugnaiG gi :irarreF Ad hoc Wi er ssel eN twor sk , Jo nh W li ey, 02 07. 2. hzuiX en ehC n ,g oaiX ,gnuH gniD - uhZ D :u dA hoc sseleriW eN twork ni ,g lK u ew r acA de im c Pub il s sreh , 02 40 . 3. K.C . To :h cohdA eliboM W sseleri skrowteN - rP otoco sl and S tsy e ,sm Pearson dE u ac it o ,n 2002.
- 2. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 CONTEN ST S .l No. retpahC Des tpirc ion aP ge oN . .1 TINU – 1 TCUDORTNI I NO 3 .2 TINU – 2 CAM – 1 10 .3 TINU – 3 CAM – 2 13 .4 TINU – 4 GNITUOR – 1 18 .5 TINU – 5 GNITUOR – 2 25 .6 TINU – 6 SNART P REYALTRO 40 .7 TINU – 7 TIRUCES Y 52 .8 TINU – 8 SoQ tilauQ( y o )ecivreSf 64 De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 2
- 3. dA coH riWssele teN wo kr s 8SI01 41 TINU – 1 INT OR D TCU ION 1. ?skrowteNcoHdAerAtahW nA da coh krowten si a noitcelloc fo sseleriw elibom sedon ro( )sretuor nyd a im c la ly of r gnim a aropmet ry krowten tuohtiw eht esu fo yna sixe t gni krowten erutcurtsarfni ro ec dezilartn .noitartsinimda ehT sretuor era eerf ot vom e ylmodnar dna ezinagro sevlesmeht ;ylirartibra ,suht eht s’krowten eriw l sse ygolopot may egnahc yldipar dna .ylbatciderpnu hcuS a krowten may etarepo ni a dnats - enola ,noihsaf ro may eb detcennoc ot t eh I enretn t. ,pohitluM ,ytilibom egral krowten ezis denibmoc htiw ecived ,ytienegoreteh ,htdiwdnab dna yrettab rewop stniartsnoc ekam eht ngised fo etauqeda gnituor slocotorp a rojam .egnellahc emoS mrof fo gnituor locotorp si ni lareneg yrassecen ni us hc na tnemnorivne , esuaceb owt stsoh taht may hsiw ot egnahcxe stekcap nwohssa,yltceridetacinummocotelbaebtonthgim woleb erugiFni 1.1 . erugiF 1.1 Mo elib ad hoc ten ow kr . eliboM sresu lliw tnaw ot c etacinummo ni autis t snoi ni hcihw no dexif deriw erutcurtsarfni si ava i .elbal F ro ,elpmaxe a puorg fo raeser c sreh ne etuor ot a ecnerefnoc may eem t ta eht ropria t dna deen ot tcennoc ot eht ediw aera ,krowten stneduts may deen ot tcaretni gnirud a ,erutcel ro srethgiferif deen ot tcennoc ot na ecnalubma ne etuor ot na negreme cy .enecs nI hcus ,snoitautis a noitcelloc fo elibom stsoh htiw seleriw s krowten secafretni yam mrof a te aropm ry krowten tuohtiw eht dia fo yna tse a dehsilb erutcurtsarfni ro dezilartnec .noitartsinimda esuaceB dawon sya am ny spotpal era deppiuqe htiw lufrewop PC U ,s egral ksiddrah ,sevird dna doog dnuos dna egami ,seitilibapac eht aedi fo gnimrof a krowten gnoma eseht ,srehcraeser ,stneduts ro srebmem fo a eucser ,maet ohw nac ylisae eb deppiuqe htiw eht secived nem denoit ,evoba mees s bissop l .e hcuS skrowten deviecer elbaredisnoc noitnetta ni tnecer sraey ni htob laicremmoc dna atilim ry ,snoitacilppa eud ot eht evitcartta seitreporp fo gnidliub a krowten no eht ylf dna ton gniriuqer yna dennalperp serutcurtsarfni lartnecronoitatsesabasahcu rellortnoc . A elibom da coh krowten ( AM NET) puorg sah neeb demrof w nihti IET .F ehT amirp ry sucof fo siht gnikrow puorg si ot poleved dna evlove MAN TE snoitacificeps dna ecudortni meht ot eht nI t tenre dradnats .kcart The laog si ot troppus elibom ad coh skrowten htiw sderdnuh fo sretuor dna os l ev ch segnella ni iht s dnik fo ten w .kro emoS egnellahc s taht da coh gnikrowten fa sec era limi det riw e ssel rt a simsn s noi ,egnar neddih lanimret ,smelborp tekcap sessol eud ot imsnart noiss ,srorre libom ti y- decudni etuor ,segnahc dna ettab ry tniartsnoc s. eliboM da coh skrowten dluoc ecnahne eht ecivres aera fo ssecca skrowten dna edivorp seleriw s ytivitcennoc otni saera with roop ro suoiverp ly on egarevoc ,.g.e( llec .)segde itcennoC ytiv ot eriw d erutcurtsarfni lliw eb dedivorp hguorht elpitlum syawetag htiw ylbissop tnereffid c seitilibapa dna noitazilitu . oT vorpmi e ,ecnamrofrep t eh elibom soh t dluohs evah eht iliba ty ot tpada ot noitairav ni ofrep r ecnam dna egarevoc dna ot hctiws wetag a sy nehw .laicifeneb oT ecnahne eht noitciderp fo eht tseb llarevo ofrep r ,ecnam a krowten - reyal cirtem sah a retteb weivrevo fo eht .krowten dA coh gnikrowten sgnirb serutaef ekil ysae noitcennoc ot ssecca ,skrowten nyd a cim pohitlum krowten tcurts ,seru dna tcerid reep -to- reep co noitacinumm . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 3
- 4. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 T eh pohitlum reporp ty fo an da coh krowten sdeen ot eb degdirb yb a wetag ay to eht wi der .enobkcab The wetag ay tsum evah a krowten ecafretni no ob ht t sepy fo skrowten dna eb a trap fo htob eht labolg gnituor dna lacoleht da .gnituorcoh 1.1 fiD f secnere teb w nee ralulleC dna dA coH sseleriW teN w ro ks krowteNsseleriWcoHdAfosnoitacilppA2.1 s ehT dleif fo sseleriw gnikrowten me segre morf eht noitargetni fo lanosrep ,gnitupmoc ralullec ,ygolonhcet dna eht tenretnI . sihT si eud to eht gnisaercni noitcaretni s neewteb noitacinummoc a dn ,gnitupmoc hcihw era gnignahc noitamrofni ssecca rf om a“ n emity an ”erehwy otni la“ l eht it ,em eve r wy h ”.ere At ,tneserp a egral yteirav fo skrowten ,stsixe gnignar morf eht llew -k nwon erutcurtsarfni fo ralullec skrowten ot non erutcurtsarfni dasseleriw skrowtencoh . :skrowtensseleriwcohdafosnoitacilppaehteragniwollofehT rowtenytinummoC k krowtenesirpretnE krowtenemoH owtenesnopserycnegremE rk rowtenelciheV k rowtenrosneS k ekilnU a dexif sseleriw ,krowten sseleriw da coh ro no - ht e- ylf skrowten era deziretcarahc yb eht kcal fo curtsarfni tur .e sedoN ni a elibom da coh krowten era eerf ot mo ev dna ezinagro esmeht l sev ni na artibra ry .noihsaf resuhcaE si eerf maorot tuoba elihw inummoc c gnita htiw srehto . htapehT neewteb hcae riap fo sresu may evah elpitlum ,sknil and eht oidar neewteb meht nac eb .suoenegoreteh sihT swolla na a noitaicoss fo suoirav sknil ot eb a trap fo eht emas .krowten eliboM da coh skrowten nac etarepo ni a dnats - enola noihsaf ro dluoc ylbissop eb detcennoc ot a regral krowten hcus sa eht .tenretnI dA coh skrowten era detius rof esu ni snoitautis erehw na erutcurtsarfni si elbaliavanu ro ot lped oy eno si ton tsoc - .evitceffe enO fo ynam lbissop e sesu fo elibom da coh skrowten si ni emos ssenisub ,stnemnorivne erehw eht deen rof evitaroballoc gnitupmoc thgim eb erom tnatropmi edistuo eht eciffo orivne n tnem t nah ,edisni hcus sa ni a ssenisub gniteem edistuo ht e ganostneilcfeirboteciffo i ngissanev m .tne A elibom da coh krowten nac osla eb desu ot edivorp sisirc tnemeganam es r seciv ,snoitacilppa hcus sa ni retsasid ,yrevocer erehw ht e eritne co tacinumm noi rfni a erutcurts si rtsed o dey dna r gnitrose noitacinummoc ylkciuq si .laicurc By gnisu a elibom da coh ,krowten na erutcurtsarfni dluoc eb tes pu ni sruoh daetsni fo ,skeew sa si deriuqer ni eht esac fo deriw enil cinummoc a .noit axenoitacilpparehtonA elpm fo a elibom da coh De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 4
- 5. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 krowten si ,htooteulB hcihw si dengised ot troppus a lanosrep aera krowten AP( N) yb gnitanimile eht deen of r seriw neewteb suoirav ved i ,sec hcus sa sretnirp dna nosrep la latigid .stnatsissa ehT suomaf EEEI 11.208 ro iFiW locotorp osla stroppus na da coh krowten tsys em ni eht ecnesba fo a sseleriw ssecca .tniop A elibom da silbatsesecivedelibomfonoitcellocasikrowtencoh h ltrohsagni i ev ro te aropm ry en t krow ni t eh ecnesba fo a gnitroppus .erutcurts eliboM da coh skrowten nac eb desu ni gnihsilbatse ,tneiciffe d imany c noitacinummoc snoitarepoyratilimdna,ycnegreme,eucserrof . .1 3 ellahChcraeseRdnalacinhceT nges eliboM da coh skrowten esop lareves cinhcet la dna hcraeser segnellahc taht deen ot eb .desserdda dA coh erutcetihcra sah am ny eb n ,stife hcus sa les f- noitarugifnocer dna ilibatpada ty to hgih ly av r elbai elibom scitsiretcarahc hcus sa rewop dna simsnart s noi ,snoitidnoc ciffart tsid r ,snoitubi dna aol d .gnicnalab ehT se stifeneb esop wen segnellahc hcihw ylniam ediser ni eht ytilibatciderpnu fo krowten ygolopot eud ot eht ytilibom fo ,sedon ,hcihw delpuoc htiw eht lacol tsacdaorb ilibapac ty, sesuac a tes fo snrecnoc ni gningised a etsysnoitacinummoc tnom o skrowtensseleriwcohdafop . 1.3.1 ytiruceS seussI a dn Ch ella n seg ytiruceS sah emoceb a mirp a yr nrecnoc ot edivorp detcetorp noitacinummoc neewteb elibom sedon ni a elitsoh ne v nori m ne t. U ekiln eht wi der enil ,skrowten eht euqinu citsiretcarahc s fo bom i el da coh skrowten esop a rebmun fo rtnon i aiv l llahc e segn ot ytiruces ,ngised hcus sa nepo reep -to- reep en t krow ,erutcetihcra derahs sseleriw idem u ,m tnegnirts ecruoser ,stniartsnoc dna ylhgih d ny a cim krowten to .ygolop esehT segnellahc ylraelc ekam a esac rof gnidliub ecnefitlum ytiruces snoitulos taht eveihca htob daorb noitcetorp dna elbarised krowten .ecnamrofrep enO fo eht latnemadnuf seitilibarenluv fo AM N sTE semoc rf om rieht nepo reep - ot - eep r .erutcetihcra ekilnU deriw skrowten taht evah detacided ,sretuor hcae elibom edon ni na da coh krowten may noitcnuf sa a retuor dna of r draw stekcap rof rehto .sedon ehT sseleriw lennahc is elbissecca ot htob gel iti tam e krowten sresu dna suoicilam .srekcatta sA a ,tluser ereht si on raelc enil fo ed esnef ni AM N sTE morf eht ytiruces ngised .evitcepsrep ehT yradnuob taht setarapes eht edisni krowten morf eht edistuo dlrow semoceb .derrulb erehT si on llew - denifed ecalp ro erutcurtsarfni erehw ew may lped oy a elgnis iruces ty ulos t noi . ,revoeroM atrop elb ,secived sa llew sa eht tsys em s ytiruce ofni r noitam yeht ,erots era elbarenluv ot sesimorpmoc ro ph lacisy ,erutpac yllaicepse ol w- dne secived wi ht kaew .noitcetorp srekcattA may kaens tni o eht krowten hguorht eseht detrevbus ,sedon hcihw esop eht aew tsek knil dna rucni a onimod tceffe fo iruces ty sehtnisehcaerb y ets m. ehT tnegnirts ecruoser stniartsnoc ni sTENAM etutitsnoc rehtona laivirtnon egnellahc ot ytiruces .ngised hT e sseleriw lennahc si htdiwdnab deniartsnoc dna derahs gnoma elpitlum ten gnikrow .seititne ehT noitatupmoc ytilibapac fo a elibom edon si osla .deniartsnoc roF ,elpmaxe emos wol - dne ,secived hcus sa ,sADP nac yldrah mrofrep co oitatupm n- evisnetni sksat l eki as emmy t cir cr cihpargotpy .noitatupmoc esuaceB elibom secived era ipyt yllac derewop by ,seirettab yeht may ha ev yrev li detim ygrene .secruoser ehT sseleriw idem um dna edon rafesopytilibom erom d ny a skrowtenenilderiwehtotderapmocsTENAMniscim . ehT evoba scitsiretcarahc fo sTENAM ylraelc ekam a esac rof gnidliub lum efit n ec ytiruces ulos t snoi taht eveihca htob daorb noitcetorp dna elbarised krowten .ecnamrofrep ,tsriF eht ytiruces so noitul dluohs daerps amssorca n locriehtnoylerdnastnenopmoclaudividniy l noitcetorpevitce erucesotrewop eht eritne krowten . ehT ytiruces emehcs detpoda yb hcae ecived sah ot krow nihtiw sti nwo ecruoser li atim t snoi ni smret of noitatupmoc ,ytilibapac ,yromem noitacinummoc ,yticapac dna ygrene .ylppus ,dnoceS eht ytiruces noitulos dluohs naps tnereffid sreyal fo eht locotorp cats ,k htiw hcae reyal gnitubirtnoc ot a enil fo .esnefed oN elgnis - la rey noitulos si elbissop ot t trawh lla itnetop al .skcatta T ,drih eht ytiruces noitulos sh dluo trawht staerht rf om htob sredistuo ohw hcnual skcatta no eht sseleriw lennahc dna krowten opot ,ygol dna sredisni ohw kaens otni eht tsys em hguorht desimorpmoc secived dna niag ssecca ot niatrec ys s met wonk l .egde ,htruoF eht ytiruces noitulos dluohs ssapmocne lla eerht stnenopmoc fo verp e ,noitn ,noitceted dna noitcaer taht krow ni trecnoc ot raug d eht metsys rf om lloc a .esp laniF l ,y eht ytiruces noitulos dluohs eb lacitcarp dna elbadroffa ni a hgih ly d ecruoserdnacimany - tsnoc r gnikrowtendenia oiranecs . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 5
- 6. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 sseleriWcoHdAniseussI4.1 krowteN s tnereffiD sepyt fo et r slanim mrof om st fo eht da coh skrowten — rof ,elpmaxe DP A- ekil ,secived bom i el ,senohp owt - yaw ,sregap ,srosnes ro potksed sretupmoc — htiw tnereffid seitilibapac ni smret fo mumixam noissimsnart ,rewop ygrene ,ytilibaliava ytilibom ttap e ,snr dna SoQ .stnemeriuqer dA coh skrowten era slanimretfosmretnisuoenegoretehyllareneg dna .dereffosecivres renefosmretnI g simsnartfosmretniytienegoretehedonylnotonredisnocotsaheno,rewopdnay s noi rewop dna ygrene a iav ibal l ,yti tub osla av r gniy co noitacinumm ,segnar hcus sa gnipeels ro vitca e sedom dna eht ecnetsixe fo ygrene .seilppus dA coh skrowten esiar wen seussi gninrecnoc ytiruces dna avirp c .y dA coh skrowten tirehni emos fo eht lanoitidart smelborp fo sseleriw noitacinummoc dna sseleriw :gnikrowten T eh sseleriw idem um seod on t evah reporp seiradnuob edistuo fo hcihw sedon era nwonk ot eb elbanu ot ecer ive krowten .semarf ehT sseleriw lennahc si ,kaew ,elbailernu dna detcetorpnu morf edistuo ,slangis hcihw may esuac stol fo smelborp ot eht sedon ni eht .krowten ehT sseleriw lennahc sah emit - gniyrav dna irtemmysa c seitreporpnoitagaporp . neddiH - desopxednaedon - ruccoyamsmelborpedon . seussIhcraeseRlocotorP)CAM(lortnoCsseccAmuideM1.4.1 sseleriW tlum elpi ssecca nac eb dezirogetac otni modnar ssecca ,.g.e( AMSC dna AMSC htiw noisilloC D noitcete MSC[ A/ DC )] dellortnocdna ssecca ,.g.e( TDMA dna nekot - desab .)semehcs R modna ssecca liw l eb foesuacebskrowtencohdarofelbatius kcal fo erutcurtsarfni us tropp . I eht,noitiddan I 11.208EEE (WL NA ) eettimmoc sa eht sisab rof sti sdradnats detceles eht C MS A C/ A .emehcs ehT ngised fo CAM slocotorp rof a emnorivnecohdapohitlum n asit toh hcraeser eussi . seussIgnikrowteN2.4.1 tsoM fo eht niam lanoitcnuf seiti fo eht gnikrowten slocotorp deen ot eb .dengiseder gnikrowteN slocotorp esu eno - poh simsnart s noi secivres dedivorp by eht gnilbane seigolonhcet ot tcurtsnoc dne -to- dne led i ev ry civres e morf a rednes gnideen ot etacol eht reviecer edisni eht krowten . ehT esoprup fo eht noitacol secivres si ot yllacimanyd pam ot sti tnerruc noitacol ni eht .krowten tnerruC snoitulos yllareneg detpoda ot eganam elibom slanimret ni erutcurtsarfni skrowten era ,etauqedani dna wen sehcaorppa deen ot eb dnuof rof elibom m egana m .tne A mis p el ulos t noi ot edon noitacol si desab no gnidoolf eht noitacol euq ry hguorht eht krowten . sihT hcaorppa si elbatius rof ylno detimil - ezis .skrowten gnillortnoC eht gnidoolf aera nac pleh ot enifer eht uqinhcet e. deveihcaebnacsihT by laudarg ly ehtlitnu,gnisaercni edon si ,detacol eht rebmun fo ovnispoh l ev d ehtni gnidoolf noitagaporp . 3.4.1 drawroFdnagnituoRcoHdA i gn ehT ylhgih d ny a cim rutan e fo a elibom da coh krowten stluser ni tneuqerf dna elbatciderpnu segnahc fo rowten k ,ygolopot gnidda ytluciffid dna ytixelpmoc ot gnituor gnoma eht elibom .sedon ehT segnellahc dna ,seitixelpmoc delpuoc htiw eht lacitirc i ecnatropm fo gnituor locotorp ni gnihsilbatse snoitacinummoc gnoma ,sedonelibom aeragnituorehtekam eht som t ca ti ev eser a hcr aera htiw eht M NA TE niamod . ehT acifissalc t noi fo eht gnituor slocotorp can eb enod aiv ht e t py e of tsac reporp ty, taht ,si hw e reht ht ey esu a U ,tsacin tsacdaorBrotsacoeGro,tsacitluM R gnituo P locotor . nituoRtsacinU4.4.1 g A yramirp laog fo tsacinU gnituoR P slocotor si eht tcerroc dna tneiciffe etuor tnemhsilbatse dna ecnanetniam neewteb a riap fo ,sedon os taht segassem may eb dereviled ylbailer dna ni a t mi e yl .rennam TENAM ridehtekamscitsiretcarahc e esehtfoesutc slocotorp ni elbisaef . PgnituoRTENAM r slocoto m nietarepotsu ylhgihhtiwskrowteN d ny a ecruosernonursmhtiroglagnituorerehwseigolopotcim - deniartsnoc secived . TENAM gnituoR P slocotor era lacipyt ly dedividbus tni o owt niam :seirogetac caorp t evi gnituor slocotorp dna evitcaer gnituor .slocotorp P evitcaor gnituor slocotorp era red i dev rf om atsid n ec - rotcev dna nil k- ts a et .slocotorp yehT niatniam tnetsisnoc dna detadpu gnituor noitamrofni rof e ev ry p ria fo krowten sedon by ,gnitagaporp ,ylevitcaorp r etuo setadpu at dexif ti em vretni a .sl As eht ituor ng mrofni a noit is lausu ly elbaT“saotderreferoslaeraslocotorpeseht,selbatnideniatniam -D nevir ”.slocotorp De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 6
- 7. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 nituoRtsacitluM5.4.1 g gnitsacitluM is na tneiciffe noitacinummoc ecivres rof gnitroppus tniopitlum .snoitacilppa owT niam sehcaorppa era desu rof tsacitlum gnituor ni dexif :skrowten puorg - derahs eert dna ecruos - cificeps .eert nI eht puorg ,erahs a elgnis eert si detcurtsnoc rof eht elohw .puorg ehT ecruos - cificeps hcaorppa ,sniatniam rof cae h ,ecruos a eert drawot lla its .sreviecer erehT era owt sepyt fo lum t tsaci locotorp s: MA DO V dna Ad H co tsacitluM gnituoR P locotor gnizilitU gnisaercnI DI - srebmuN MA( RIS .) htoB slocotorp era no dnamed dna yreviledderahsatcurtsnoc tr noissestsacitlumanihtiwsreviecerdnasredneselpitlumtroppusotee . ehT ygolopot fo a sseleriw elibom krowten nac eb ev ry d ,cimany dna ecneh eht ecnanetniam fo a detcennoc meertgnituortsacitlum ay ca voegralesu .daehre noitacoL6.4.1 - gnituoRerawA noitacoL - erawa gnituor slocotorp ,esu gnirud gnidrawrof ,snoitarepo eht s’edon noitisop dedivorp by G labol gninoitisoP tsyS em (G )SP ro rehto inahcem s .sm yllacificepS , a edon stceles t eh txen poh rof tekcap idrawrof gn yb gnisu eht lacisyhp noitisop fo sti eno - poh srobhgien dna eht lacisyhp p noitiso fo eht noitanitsed don e. noitacoL - erawa ituor ng seod ton eriuqer retuor tnemhsilbatse dna .ecnanetniam oN gnituor noitamrofni si .derots ehT esu fo oeg - noitacol tamrofni noi sdiova krowten ediw ,sehcraes sa htob lortnoc dna atad stekcap era tnes drawot eht nwonk lacihpargoeg setanidrooc fo eht noitanitsed .edon eerhT niam seigetarts nac eb noitacolnideifitnedi - ,gnidrawrofydeerg:slocotorpgnituorerawa detcerid idoolf ,gn dna lacihcrareih gnituor . ydeerG :gnidrawrof nI siht epyt fo etarts gy, a edon eirt s ot drawrof eht tekcap ot eno fo sti srobhgien taht si estinahtnoitanitsedehtotresolc fl . fI seciohctnereffid,stsixeedonresolcenonahterom era elbissop . I ,f no the rehto ,dnah on resolc robhgien ,stsixe wen selur era dedulcni ni eht ydeerg etarts g sei ot dnif na evitanretla tuor e. D tceri :gnidoolf D gnitceri fl gnidoo sedon drawrof eht stekcap ot lla srobhgien aht t are detacol ni eht noitcerid fo eht tanitsed .noi ecnatsiD gnituoR tceffE mhtiroglA rof ytiliboM )MAERD( dna noitacoL diA gnituoR ylppatahtsmhtiroglagnituorowtera)RAL( elpicnirpsiht . lacihcrareiH :gnituor T eh acoL t noi P yxor gnituoR P locotor dna eht T onimre de R gnituo P locotor era acihcrareih l gnituor slocotorp ni hcihw gnituor si derutcurts ni owt la .srey htoB slocotorp ylppa tnereffid elur s ot gnol - dna trohs id s ecnat ,gnituor ylevitcepser . itacoL on- erawa gnituor is desu rof r gnituo no gnol ,secnatsid otesolcsevirratekcapanehwsaerehw ecnatsidevitcaorpa,noitanitsedeht - rotcev emehcs si detpoda . ortnoCnoissimsnarT7.4.1 l seussI)PCT(locotorP CT P si na evitceffe noitcennoc - detneiro tropsnart ortnoc l locotorp taht sedivorp eht e laitness wolf lortnoc dna noitsegnoc lortnoc eriuqer d ot erusne lbailer e tekcap eviled r .y N suoremu stnemecnahne dna tpo i noitazim s weftsapehtrevodesoporpneebevah CTevorpmiotsraey P erutcurtsarfnirofecnamrofrep - dnasNALWdesab ralullec gnikrowten orivne n .stnem rutcurtsarfnI e- desab sseleriw krowten s era poheno sseleriw skrowten erehw a elibom cived e sesu eht w sseleri idem um ot ssecca the dexif .erutcurtsarfni ehT libom e pohitlum da coh otsegnellahchserfsgnirbtnemnorivne T PC locotorp . wollofehtedulcniseussinepodnasaerahcraeserniamehT :gni fotcapmI m ytilibo reyalCAMnoitcaretnisedoN noitsegnocPCTfotcapmI w odni w ezis slocotorpCAMneewtebnoitcaretnI ytiruceSkrowteN8.4.1 T eh sseleriw da coh erutan fo MA EN T sgnirb wen iruces ty segnellahc to eht n krowte .ngised iW rel sse ten skrow era yllareneg erom elbarenluv ot noitamrofni dna lacisyhp ytiruces staerht th na dexif deriw skrowten . ygolopotgnignahcyllacimanyddna,erutcurtsarfnifoecnesba,sedondnaslennahcfoytilibarenluV ekam da coh ’skrowten ytiruces a tluciffid .ksat tsacdaorB sseleriw slennahc wolla em s egas gnippordsevae dna tcejni i .no ehT ecnesba fo erutcurtsarfni sekam eht cissalc iruces ty ulos t snoi desab no noitacifitrec seitirohtua elbacilppanisrevresenilnodna . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 7
- 8. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 ytiruceStnereffiD9.4.1 A kcatt s gniruceS sseleriw da coh skrowten si a hgih ly ahc l gnignel .eussi erehT era niatrec cificeps skcatta ot hcihw ht e da coh txetnoc si .elbarenluv P gnimrofre noitacinummoc ni eerf ecaps sesopxe da coh rowten sk ot pordsevae ro tcejni .segassem Ad coh krowten skcatta nac eb deifissalc otni tca i ev dna evissap .skcatta A evissap kcatta seod ton tcejni any ,egassem tub snetsil ot eht .lennahc A evissap kcatta seirt ot revocsid elbaulav ofni r itam no dna seod ton ecudorp yna wen ciffart ni eht .krowten nI eht esac fo na evitca ,kcatta segassem era detresni otni eht ;krowten hcus skcatta evlovni snoitca hcus sa ,noitacilper acifidom t ,noi dna noiteled fo degnahcxe .atad In srepmieraskcattaevitca,skrowtencohda laineD,noitano O D(ecivreSf O ,)S erusolcsiddna kcatta . :noitanosrepmI In iht s pyt e fo ,kcatta sedon may nioj eht krowten ,ylbatcetednu ro dnes eslaf nituor g ,noitamrofni gnidareuqsam sa emos rehto detsurt .edon A kcalb eloh kcatta sllaf in siht ogetac ry: ,ereh a suoicilam edon sesu eht ro gnitu locotorp ot evda r esit flesti as gnivah eht setrohs t htap ot eht edon esohw stekcap ti stnaw ot .tpecretni laineD fo :ecivres skcattA ekil gnituor elbat wolfrevo dna peels noitavirped llaf ni siht .yrogetac csiD erusol :kcatta A noitacol erusolcsid kcatta nac laever gnihtemos tuoba eht yhp s laci noitacol fo sedon ro eht erutcurts fo eht .krowten owT t epy s fo iruces ty inahcem s sm c na eb yllareneg :deilppa itneverp v itceteddnae ve. P evitnever yterasmsinahcem p llaci yeknodesaby - cdesab r .yhpargotpy gnituoReruceS01.4.1 suoicilaM sedon nac tpursid eht tcerroc gninoitcnuf fo a gnituor locotorp yb idom f gniy gnituor noitamrofni , gnitacirbaf eslaf gnituor amrofni t ,noi dna i gnitanosrepm rehto .sedon ehT eruceS R nituo g P locotor )PRS( si na noisnetxe taht si deilppa ot lareves gnitsixe tcaer i ev tuor i gn .slocotorp RS P si desab no eht noitpmussa fo ht e ecnetsixe fo a iruces ty ossa c noitai neewteb eht rednes and reviecer desab no a derahs terces key detaitogen ta eht noc noitcen putes . RS P tahtskcattaehttsniagasthgif etuorehttpursid evocsid ry ssecorp . agnitaitiniedonA fitnediotelbasiyrevocsidetuor y .noitamrofnignituoreslafdracsiddna 11.4.1 ecivreSfoytilauQ (QoS) ytilibaehT fo a krowten edivorpot Q So nosdneped eht cisnirtni scitsiretcarahc fo lla eht krowten ,stnenopmoc morf noissimsnart sknil ot CAM dna krowten la .srey sseleriW sknil evah a wol dna ylhgih elbairav ,yticapac dna hgih ssol .setar seigolopoT era ylhgih d cimany and evah hgih tekcap ssol .setar modnaR ssecca – desab onevahslocotorpCAM Q So troppus . SoQ CAM slocotorp evlos eht smelborp fo idem um oc n ,noitnet troppus elbailer tsacinu ,snoitacinummoc dna edivorp ecruoser noitavreser rof aer l-time fart f ci ni a detubirtsid w sseleri ivne ro .tnemn suoremuN CAM slocotorp dna stnemevorpmi taht evah desoporp slocotorp taht nac edivorp SoQ seetnaraug ot laer - emit ciffart ni a detubirtsid sseleriw tnemnorivne edulcni G puor A noitacoll elpitluM A ssecc htiw P kcabyggi R noitavrese cotorp)RP/AMAG( sinahcemnoitnetnoc)BB(tsruBkcalBdnalo m. W5.1 i tenretnIsseler sseleriW tenretnI sah emoceb elbissop hguorht eht love u noit fo elbatrop retupmoc s a dn sseleriw snoitcennoc revo a elibom enohpelet .krowten ,revewoH eht noitazilaer fo a elibom upmoc ti gn tnemnorivne seriuqer a noitacinummoc erutcetihcra hcihw ton ylno si co elbitapm htiw eht tnerruc serutcetihcra tub osla sekat otni tnuocca eht cificeps serutaef fo ytilibom dna .ssensseleriw nI eht tsal wef ,sraey ew evah nees na esaercni ni eht esu of tenretnI s tsy e sm sa llew sa na esaercni ni elibom .snoitacinummoc ,woN am ny secivres fo hgih ytilitu ot eht dne sresu era desab no eht tenretnI .ygolonhcet fI a ecnegrevnoc fo eht elibom dna In enret t seigolonhcet nac eb ,deveihca ti dluow eb lufrewop in gnizilaer tsav seimonoce of elacs sa llew sa hgih ly elbixelf secivres .smroftalp ,tuB ot eganam a elbailer sseleriw ,tenretnI eerht sdnik fo stniartsnoc evah ot eb :deiduts ehT sseleriw gnitarepo ,tnemnorivne ehT gnitsixe tenretnI ,erutcetihcra ehT mil noitati fo eht dne everaskrowtensseleriW,secived ry snosaergniwollofehtrofgnitseretni 8 boM i ytil itnoitallatsnidecudeR me ibailerdesaercnI l yti gnoL - sgnivastsocmret De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 8
- 9. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 noitcennocretnI tenretnIehtdnaskrowteNcoHdAeliboMfo ehT noitcennocretni fo elibom da coh skrowten ot fi dex PI en t ow r sk si eno of the t po i sc er ec ivi gn om er noitnetta nihtiw eht ENAM T gnikrow gr puo of t eh I TE F as ew ll sa ni ynam r aese r hc orp j ce ts f dednu yb eht uE r naepo .noinU lareveS snoitulos evah yltnecer neeb ,desoporp tub at t ih s it em ti is cnu l ae r hcihw seno reffo eht seb t rep for cnam e pmoc era d to t eh othe .sr ehT tenretnI si a vitarepooc le y r nu oc ll ecti no fo retupmoc owten r sk t ah t ps an the gl bo e. tI si osla a vast c lo l tce i no fo res secruo : ,elpoep i ofn r am it ,no dna .aidemitlum T nnocdna,stnemegnarra,stnemeergaforebmunasebircsed”tenretnI“droweh ec it no s. ennoctenretnI2.1erugiF itc no In ,tcaf ti si a owten rk of n te ow rks— om re sicerp le ,y a en t ow rk of l aco l a er a en t ow rks. hcaE laudividni krowten sah i st nwo amod in dna ah s ps ecific er s uo rc se dna bapac ilit ei .s erugiF 2.1 swohs a si elpm tenretnI cennoc it .no T eh tenretnI sreffo a eirav ty of es rv ci es hcus as e- am li , aobyek rd-to- obyek ra d hc ,gnitta laer - emit eciov dna vi oed nummoc i tac i ,no a dn t eh rt fsna re , stor ,ega dna er trie av l of fi .sel ehT tenretnI sesu a metsys of pa kc te s iw t hc i gn rof ad ta rt na s ef r. ehT enretnI t saw ed is deng to eb hi hg ly .tsubor nI esac eno noitces fo eht krowten emaceb i ,elbarepon stekcap dluoc ylpmis eb se tn evo r ona t reh tsedriehthcaerdnaetuor i an t .noi De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 9
- 10. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 TINU – 2 M CA – 1 krowteNsseleriWcoHdArofslocotorPreyaLCAM1.2 s muideM A ssecc lortnoC )CAM( slocotorp pl ya an opmi tr na t ro el in t eh rep f mro ance of t eh M ibo le dA coh owteN r sk ENAM( Ts). A CAM locotorp senifed woh hcae bom eli inu t c na erahs the il m ti de wir le sse htdiwdnab cruoser e in na e ff ici ent nnam re . T eh s uo r ec a dn des it tan i no uoc ld be far ,yawa dna hcae it me stekcap deen to eb rel deya f mor eno edon to ona th re ni um itl poh af hs i ,no a muidem has to eb ac ec ssed. vehtnihtiwsedonehtgnimrofniylnoseriuqerylreporpmuidemagnisseccA icini oyt artf nsm si si .no MAC slocotorp oc lortn ssecca ot eht noissimsnart dem i ehT.mu ri aim si to pr vo i ed na or red ly dna fe f neici t esu fo eht ommoc n ceps t mur . T eseh slocotorp era elbisnopser of r ep r- il kn c enno tc noi lbatse i nemhs t (i.e ,. gniriuqca eht )muidem dna rep - knil noitcennoc noitallecnac ( ,.e.i gnisaeler eht .)muidem enO fo eht latnemadnuf segnellahc ni TENAM hcraeser si woh ot esaercni eht llarevo krowten thr tuphguo elihw gniniatniam wol ygrene noitpmusnoc rof tekcap pr co ess gni a dn nummoc ci a it no s. ehT wol tuphguorht si detubirtta ot eht hsrah hc a ar tc er tsi i sc of the r da io nnahc le bmoc i den iw th the c no t ne it no - ab s de an t eru fo ylnommocslocotorpCAM ENAMnidesu sT . gnidrageR eht CAM locotorp rof a sseleriw ENAM T, eht fo ll wo i gn performance meas ru es dluohs eb :deredisnoc T tuphguorh dna led :ya tuphguorhT si yllareneg derusaem as the ep r nec t ga e of us c ec ssf lu ly dettimsnart oidar - knil vel le rf ma es rep nu ti it .em noissimsnarT yaled si denifed sa the i etn r av l eb t neew eht emarf lavirra emit ta eht CAM reyal of a t msnar ti t re dna the it me at hw ci h the art msn ti ter r ae il sez t tah eht dettimsnart emarf sah neeb ccus e ss f lu ly r ce ie dev yb t eh r ce ie v re . :ssenriaF ,yllareneG ssenriaf serusaem woh riaf eht nnahc le al acol it no si a gnom t eh lf wo s in t eh diff re ent bom eli .sedon ehT edon ytilibom dna eht lernu ytilibai fo radio hc a enn ls are eht t ow am in f ca t sro t ah t pmi act f ia r sen s. nE er yg ffe i :ycneic ,yllareneG ygrene ycneiciffe si derusaem sa t eh fra tc i no of t eh us ufe l ne re yg c pmusno it no rof( lufsseccus emarf t otehtot)noissimsnar at l ene r yg neps t. demitluM i sihT:troppusa ehtsi iliba ty fo a M CA uphguorhtsahcus,stnemeriuqerecivrestnereffidhtiwciffartetadommoccaotlocotorp t, de dna,yal emarf l so s ar te. 2.2 tnatropmI sI s eu s dna eht deeN rof muideM sseccA lortnoC )CAM( slocotorP erehT era reves la i opm rtant i euss s in da coh wir ele ss en t ow r .sk tsoM da coh sseleriw owten rk snoitacilppa esu eht ,lairtsudnI cifitneicS dna lacideM ( SI )M dnab t ah t is free fr mo il gnisnec of r am il ties. esuaceB sseleriw si a ylthgit noc rt lo l de medi ,mu ti sah a il m ti de hc a enn l wdnab idth t ah t is t py i ac ll y hcum rellams naht taht of iw r de en t ow rks. ,sediseB eht sseleriw muidem si yltnerehni orre r pr no e. nevE hguoht a oidar may evah ffus i tneic lennahc ,htdiwdnab fact ro s such as um itl ple ca c se s, is ang l f da i ,gn a dn esion dna ecnerefretni nac esuac eht evitceffe tuphguorht ni eriw el ss en t ow rks ot eb is ing fic na tly l ewo r. esuaceB sseleriw sedon may eb ,elibom eht krowten ygolopot nac egnahc f uqer e tn ly w ti uoh t yna elbatciderp patter .n yllausU eht l skni b te neew edon s uow ld be bidirec it ano l, ub t ereht yam be cases nehw secnereffid ni noissimsnart ewop r gi ev ir se to idinu er tc i ano l il kn s, hw i hc secen sitate ceps ial t aer t nem t yb eht CAM protoco sl . dA coh krowten sedon tsum evresnoc ygrene sa yeht som lt y ler y no tab t re ies as t rieh op rew .ecruos ytiruceS seussi dluohs eb deredisnoc ni eht llarevo krowten ,ngised sa ti is rel ta i ev ly ae sy ot pordsevae no sseleriw transm issi .no gnituoR slocotorp eriuqer noitamrofni tuoba t eh ruc er nt t opo l ,ygo os taht a r uo te fr mo a ecruos to a tsed i an it no may be .dnuof ,revewoH eht gnitsixe gnituor s emehc s, s hcu De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 01
- 11. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 sa ecnatsid - rotcev dna knil - etats - desab prot oco l ,s lead to oop r r uo et evnoc r ecneg a dn l wo t uphguorh t rof anyd m ygolopotci . T ereh eleriwcohdaehtnidedeensisemehcsgnituorfoteswena,erof s tnocs ext. The CAM ,reyal semitemos osla derrefer ot sa a bus - reyal fo t eh ad ta- il kn l eya r, ovni lv se t eh cnuf it no s dna serudecorp yrassecen ot refsnart atad owtneewteb eromro sedon fo the en t .krow tI ehtsi foytilibisnopser eht CAM reyal ot ep fr mro e rr or oc r tcer i no for amona il es rucco ir gn in the yhp is lac al ey r. ehT reyal smrofrep cificeps seitivitca rof fr ma i ,gn syhp i ac l a dd r se is ,gn dna f wol a dn er or r noc rt o sl . elbisnopsersitI rof r gnivlose stcilfnoc a gnom d fi ef r ne t edon s for hc a enn l ecca s .s esuaceB eht CAM reyal h sa a id r tce gniraeb no woh ylbailer dna yltneiciffe atad nac eb rt na sm etti d eb t neew t ow sedon gnola the r uo it gn ap th ni eht ,krowten ti stceffa eht ilauq ty of servi ec ( oQ S) of t eh en t ow r .k T eh ngised fo a CAM locotorp ybdesuacseussisserddaosladluohs mitelbailernunadnasedonfoytilibom e- av r lennahcgniy . neddihfonoitartsullI1.2erugiF - desopxedna - melborplanimret torPCAMfonoitacifissalC3.2 oc slo suoiraV CAM semehcs depoleved rof sseleriw da coh owten rks nac eb c al iss f dei as nwohs in Fi ug re 2.2 . In noitnetnoc - eerf semehcs ,.g.e( emiT Di noisiv elpitluM eccA ss [T AMD ], rF e uq e ycn Div isi no luM it ple sseccA ,]AMDF[ dna edoC noisiviD elpitluM Ac ec ss AMDC[ )] , certain a ss i mng en st era us de to diova noc t tne i .sno noitnetnoC -ba des ,semehcs no t eh ehto r ,dnah are awa re of eht sir k of collisi no s fo dettimsnart ad t .a noitnetnoC - eerf CAM semehcs era erom elbacilppa ot citats skrowten rat eh r t nah wkrowten ortnocdezilartnecehthti l. orpCAMfonoitacifissalC2.2erugiF t oco ls De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 11
- 12. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 rehtonA yrogetac sdneped no ygrene - ciffe ei nt prot oco ls ta a ll l eya rs of the en t ow rk edom l. ,ecneH CAM orp t sloco t ah t era ewop r wa era are .dedeen rehtonA salc s of M CA pr ocoto ls esu s di er cti ano l na t anne s. ehT egatnavda fo siht dohtem si taht eht angis ls are nart sm tti de ni no ly eno d ri ce it .no T eh sedon ni rehto snoitcerid ,era ,erofereht on regnol enorp ot ecnerefretni ro lloc i nois ef tcef s, dna taps ial er su e is .detatilicaf sresU liw l de dnam s emo l eve l of SoQ rf mo a ENAM T ager rdi gn s hcu si us es sa dne -to-e dn ,yaled elbaliava wdnab idt ,h dna borp abi il ty of ekcap t l so s. ,revewoH eht kcal fo tnec ra il dez c no t or l, detimil htdiwdnab ,slennahc edon ,ytilibom dna rewop ro lanoitatupmoc ,stniartsnoc dna eht re or r-pr eno erutan fo eht sseleriw me ,muid ma sek it v re y d iffi uc tl to pr vo ide fe ef c it ev SoQ in ad coh n te ow rks. esuaceB eht CAM yal re ah s a d ri e tc raeb i gn no oh w r le iably a dn fe if ci tne ly ad ta c na eb t msnar it et d fr mo eno edon ot eht txen gnola eht gnituor htap ni eht ,krowten it a ff ec st eht SoQ fo the en t ow r .k ehtonA r noitacifissalc si desab no eht rebmun fo ennahc ls desu for atad rt msna is is .no elgniS - lennahc rp slocoto tes pu snoitavreser rof ,snoissimsnart dna yltneuqesbus timsnart rieht atad gnisu eht emas lennahc ro .ycneuqerf Ma yn M CA sche em s su e a si gn le ennahc l. elpitluM - lennahc ,slocotorp sa ieht r na em i pm il es, ocetanidroocotlennahcenonahteromesu ettimsnartehtgnomasnoissesnoitcenn r dna r ce ie ev r don se . noitnetnoC1.3.2 - CAMdesaB P ocotor ls esehT slocotorp etartnecnoc no eht loc l si i no s of tr msna tti de ad t .a sihT sedulcni owt ogetac ir es, modnaR noitavreseRcimanyDdnaslocotorPsseccA – noisilloC uloseR t Pnoi rot oco ls. 1. htiW modnar ssecca - sab ed sc ,semeh such sa ,AHOLA a don e may a cc ess t eh ennahc l as noos as it si .ydaer ,yllarutaN erom naht eno edon yam timsnart ta eht s ma e ti ,em ca su i gn loc l si i no s. AHOLA si erom elbatius rednu wol metsys aol sd htiw a al rge bmun er of op t ne t ai l ednes r ,s dna ti fo f re s re tal i ev ly l wo uphguorht t. A noitairav fo ,AHOLA dettolS ,AHOLA secudortni dezinorhcnys t msnar i ss i no it em ls sto ralimis to TDMA. aylnotimsnartnacsedon,esacsihtnI t t gebeh i nn i ogn f a it em slot. fonoitcudortniehT emit stols selbuod eht tuphguorht sa derapmoc ot t eh up re AHOLA s mehc e, iw th the oc ts of ecen s as ry emit s ny chr no i taz i .no ehT AMSC - desab semehcs htruf re er ud ce the op ssi lib ti y of ap c ek t lloc i nois s dna ehtevorpmi thr uphguo t. 2. nyD a cim noitavreseR – noisilloC noituloseR :slocotorP oT evlos the hi nedd dna e sopx ed- ret mi lan smelborp ni ,AMSC srehcraeser evah emoc pu htiw ynam slocotorp taht are tnetnoc i no sab ed ub t i ovn lve tulosernoisillocdnanoitavresercimanydfosmrofemos i no . tseuqerehtesusemehcsemoS - ot - /dnes raelc - ot - dnes R( T C/S T )S lortnoc stekcap ot tneverp ,snoisilloc rof elpmaxe um itl ple secca s collisi no ova i cnad e ACAM( ) dna ACAM for w ri le se s NAL s ACAM( )W . ehT tnetnoc i no - ab s de CAM sche em s c na osla eb deifissalc sa es redn - detaitini susrev reviecer - aitini t ,de si gn le- ennahc l rev s su um itl ple- ennahc l, rewop - awa r ,e erid c noit al na t anne – ab s ,de oitceridinu n la knil – sab e ,d and oQ S- erawa ehcs m ,se sa denoitnem .evoba enO gnihsiugnitsid rotcaf rof CAM slocotorp si rehtehw they er ly no t eh rednes ini t emasehtgnitseuqerreviecerehtro,refsnartatadehtgnitai . noitnetnoC2.3.2 - CAMdesaB P eMnoitavreseRhtiwslocotor c inah s sm ehT cimanyd noitavreser hcaorppa sevlovni gnittes pu emos tros fo a ser re vati no oirp r to ad ta simsnart .nois fI a edon taht stnaw ot dnes atad sekat eht taitini ive of tes it gn pu this eser r tav i ,no t eh locotorp si disnoc e der to eb a s redne -initia et d orp t oco l. tsoM semehcs era s redne i in it a et .d nI a reviecer - ini t detai ,locotorp eht viecer i gn edon op lls a op t ne ti la t nar smit it gn edon for ad at . fI eht gnidnes edon deedni sah emos atad for eht ecer i ev r, it is a ll dewo ot art msn ti ti fa ter gnieb op lle .d ehT M ACA — yb In noitativ ACAM( - IB ) dna revieceR - detaitinI — ysuB T eno M lu t pi el ccA e ss ( IR -BT AM ) are pmaxe les fo us emehcshc s. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 21
- 13. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 TINU – 3 M CA – 2 pitluM1.3 l loCsseccAe l ACAM(ecnadiovAnoisi ) ehT ACAM locotorp semocrevo eht neddih - dna opxe s de -termi an l pr bo l me s. ACAM sesu t ow s troh gnilangis cap stek . ehT yek aedi fo ACAMeht emehcs ynatahtsi gnirobhgien edon taht aehrevo rs na STR tekcap sah ot refed sti nwo snoissimsnart litnu emos it me a tf er t eh a ss co ia et d CTS ap c ek t uow ld evah nif i refeddluowtekcapSTCagniraehrevoedonynatahtdna,dehs detcepxeehtfohtgnelehtrof ad ta .noissimsnart nI a neddih - lanimret ,oiranecs C will on t eh ra the RTS s ne t yb ,A ub t ti uow ld aeh r t eh CTS tnes yb .B ,ylgnidroccA C lliw refed sti noissimsnart gnirud s’A ad ta rt msna is is .no ,ylralimiS ni eht desopxe -t lanimre ,noitautis C dluow raeh eht RTS tnes yb ,B tub ton eht CTS s tne yb .A eroferehT C lliw redisnoc flesti rf ee to msnart ti ud ir gn B’s tra msn i ss i .no tI si tnerappa taht ht si RTS–CTS e egnahcx selbane ybraen sedon ot ecuder t eh oc ll si noi s ta t eh ecer iver, on t eht s .redne snoisilloC nac llits rucco neewteb tnereffid RTS pa ekc t ,s t .hguoh fI owt STR stekcap edilloc for yna r ae s ,no hcae s dne i gn edon stiaw rof a ylmodnar nesohc lavretni erofeb tryi gn ga ia .n sihT ssecorp seunitnoc litnu eno fo eht STR nart snoissims sticile ht e d se deri CTS f mor t eh r ece i ev r. ACAM si evitceffe esuaceb RTS dna STC stekcap era yltnacifingis retrohs naht eht lautca ad ta ap c ek t ,s dna the er fo er collisi sno gnoma t meh era l sse atadregnolehtgnomasnoisillocotderapmocevisnepxe pa kc ets. ,revewoH eht RTS–CTS hcaorppa seod ton syawla evlos eht neddih - mret inal pr bo l me ,yletelpmoc dna oc llisi no s c na oc uc r nehw id ff re ne t don es s dne the RTS a dn ht e CTS ap c tek s. teL su edisnoc r na e pmax el iw th uof r sedon — ,A ,B ,C a dn D—in Fi erug .2 .3 edoN A sdnes na RTS ottekcap ,B kcapSTCasdnesBdna te ba kc to A. htiwsedilloctekcapSTCsiht,revewoh,CtA a Rn T pS a kc te s ne t yb D. T ,erofereh C sah on egdelwonk fo eht sbus e neuq t ad at tr na sm si si no fr mo A to .B elihW t eh tad a tekcap si gnieb t ,dettimsnar D sdnes tuo ona th re RTS ceb a su e it did on t r ce ie ve a CTS ap c ek t ni i st f tsri etta m .tp T sih ,emit C seilper ot D iw th a STC ap c ek t ht ta c lo il sed iw th ht e ad ta pa kc te ta .B ,tcafnI nehw neddih slanimret era neserp t a dn the en t ow rk rt affic is hi ,hg the ep fr or ecnam of M ACA ged e en r ta es to taht fo .AHOLA rehtonA ssenkaew fo ACAM si taht ti seod ton edivorp yna tnemgdelwonkca of ad ta snoissimsnart ta t eh tad a- il kn al ey r. fI a noissimsnart sliaf of r a yn rea ,nos r rte ansm si si no ah s ot be bdetaitini reyaltropsnartehty . T atadfonoissimsnartehtnisyaledtnacifingisesuacnacsih . I3.2erugiF l STRfoeruliaffonoitartsul – neddihgnivlosnimsinahcemSTC - desopxedna -t re im an l p or lb em )WACAM(sNALsseleriWrofACAM1.1.3 hT is emehcs u ses a evif -s pet (RTS–CTS– SD – ATAD – CA )K e .egnahcx WACAM swolla hcum retsaf rorre yrevocer ta eht atad - knil reyal yb gnisu eht tnemgdelwonkca kcap te CA( )K ht ta si r ute rned fr mo the gniviecer edon to t eh s dne i gn edon as s noo sa ad at er c pe it no si pmoc let .de T eh kcab - ffo dna iaf r ssen De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 31
- 14. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 seussi gnoma evitca sedon erew osla i evn stig ta .de WACAM seveihca yltnacifingis rehgih tuphguorht derapmoc t ACAMo . neddihehtevlosylluf,revewoh,tonseodtI - dna borplanimretdesopxe el sm . mehcSCAM11.208EEEI2.1.3 e ehT EEEI 11.208 dradnats seificeps t ow dom se of CAM protoc lo : Distri detub ooC rdinati no cnuF it no )FCD( edom rof( da coh )skrowten dna tnioP noitanidrooC noitcnuF ( FCP ) edom f( ro tnec ra ll y nidrooc deta utcurtsarfni re-ba des en t ow r sk ). ehT FCD in EEEI 11.208 si ab s de no AMSC w ti h oC llisi no ecnadiovA )AC/AMSC( ,locotorp hcihw nac eb nees sa a bmoc i an t noi fo ht e SC MA a dn ACAM .semehcs ehT locotorp sesu the RTS–CTS– AD TA– CA K s cneuqe e of r ad at tr na smis is .no toN ylno seod eirraclautrivfotpecnoclevonehtsecudortnioslatitub,gnisnesreirraclacisyhpesulocotorpeht r gnisnes . hT is si detnemelpmi ni eht mrof fo a krowteN lA loca it no ceV t ro ( VAN ), hw i hc is am i tn ia ned yb eve ry don e. T asniatnocVANeh leriwehthcihwotpunoitarudehtstneserpertahteulavemit e demss i mu si detcepxe ot eb ub sy eb c sua e of tr na sm si si no s yb ot reh don e .s esuaceB yreve tekcap niatnoc s t eh ud r ta i no noitamrofni rof eht redniamer fo eht ,egassem yreve edon gniraehrevo a cap k te tnoc i uoun ls y adpu t se i st nwo AN V. T emi stols era dedivid otni elpitlum ,semarf dna ereht era lareves sepyt fo nI ret F ar em apS ic gn )SFI( ls .sto nI gnisaercni redro fo ,htgnel yeht era eht trohS SFI ,)SFIS( tnioP tanidrooC i no cnuF t noi FI S ,)SFIP( CD F IFS ,)SFID( dna dednetxE SFI (E SFI ). T eh edon aw ti s of r the dem i mu to eb rf ee for a ierofebsemittnereffidesehtfonoitanibmoc t ca tually t msnar sti . eriuqernacstekcapfosepyttnereffiD the muidem ot eb fr ee for a diff re ent bmun re or t epy of .SFI roF ,ecnatsni ni da coh dom e, fi t eh dem i mu si eerf retfa a edon sah detiaw rof ,SFID ti nac tra msn it a deueuq ap c .tek ,esiwrehtO fi eht muidem si llits ,ysub a ffokcab ti rem si .detaitini ehT ni i lait ffokcab ”01“ eulav fo eht remit si c oh s ne ra modn ly rf mo neewteb 0 dna WC - ,1 erehw WC is t eh width of t eh noc t tne i ,wodniwno ni mret s of it em ols st . retfA na lufsseccusnu noissimsnart rehtona,tpmetta demrofrepsiffokcab htiw a delbuod ezis fo WC as ced i ded yb a yraniB laitnenopxE fokcaB f BEB( ) al og rit .mh hcaE emit eht muidem si eldi retfa ,SFID eht ti em r si tnemerced e .d nehW eht remit ,seripxe t eh ap c tek is transm ti .det retfA hcae lufsseccus ,noissimsnart rehtona modnar ffokcab nwonk( sa )”ffokcabtsop“ si ep r of r dem yb t eh tr na sm si si no -co pm el ti gn .edon A noc neebsahmuidemehtretfadettimsnartsiKCAro,STC,STRsahcustekcaplort f er e for SFIS . 3.1.3 F (sseccAelpitluMnoitisiuqcArool F )AMA AMAF si rehtona ACAM - desab emehcs taht seriuqer yreve t ar nsm itti gn ts at noi to ac uq i er c tno rol of t eh roolf .e.i( , t eh iw re el ss lennahc ) ofeb re it act lau ly s sdne yna ad ta kcap te . ekilnU M ACA ro M ,WACA AMAF seriuqer taht noisilloc ova i cnad e eb rep f demro at ob th eht s edne r dna re ec iv re edon s. oT eriuqca“ eht ”,roolf eht gnidnes edon sdnes tuo an RTS su i gn e ti eh r pnon ersist ne t ekcap t s sne i gn ( SPN ) ro tnetsisrepnoN reirraC gnisneS SCN( ). ehT reviecer sdnopser htiw a STC ,tekcap hcihw sniatnoc eht sserdda fo t eh dnes i gn .edon ynA noitats raehrevo i gn siht STC ekcap t swonk uoba t the sta it no t ah t sah deriuqca eht fl oo r. ehT STC stekcap era detaeper gnol hguone rof eht tifeneb fo a yn hi nedd se edn r taht s’edongnidnesrehtonaretsigertondid RT .S nisUslocotorPCAM2.3 g tnAlanoitceriD e sann CAM slocotorp rof da skrowtencoh yllacipyt emussa eht su e of nmo i id er c it ano l an et nn a ,s hw i hc tr na smit oidar slangis ot dna recei ev t meh fr mo a ll d ri tce i .sno esehT CAM slocotorp riuqer e a ll ot eh r sedon in t eh ytiniciv ot r me ia n is l ne t. htiW anoitcerid l ,sannetna ti si elbissop ot achi eve hgih re ag in dna r se trict t eh noissimsnart to a ap rt ci ul ra di tcer i .no ,ylralimiS tekcap noitpecer ta a edon w ti h a di er cti ano l na t anne is on t ecnerefretniybdetceffa rf mo ot eh r id r tce i sno . osriapowttahtelbissopsiti,tluserasA f edon s acol t de ni hcae s’rehto ytiniciv etacinummoc uoenatlumis ,yls dneped i gn no the direc it no of t msnar iss .noi Th si htoehtniesuerlaitapsrettebotdaeldluow re , nu af ef ct de d ri ecti sno . tonsi,revewoh,sannetnaesehtgnisU a ksatlaivirt as t eh oc r cer t d ri ecti no dluohs eb pr vo i ded dna tur den to in re la it me. seB wen,sedi slocotorp dluow deen ot eb dengised rof gnikat egatnavda fo t eh new f ae t ru es ne a lb ed yb d ri ecti ano l na t sanne esuaceb eht current pr oto cols ,.g.e( EEEI 11.208 ) onnac t eneb fit fr mo t eh se f ae tu er .s erruC n lt y, lanoitcerid annetna erawdrah si isnoc ylbared reiklub dna erom e snepx i ev t nah nmo idirec it no al na t sanne De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 41
- 15. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 fo elbarapmoc ca ibap lit .sei snoitacilppA gnivlovni egral ilim tary hev lci es ra e, evewoh r, suita lb e setadidnac of r w ri eless ved ices su i gn hcus tna e ann ys ts me s. The esu of hi ehg r rf ycneuqe sdnab ( ,.g.e ediwartlu dnab )noissimsnart will ecuder t eh is ze of d ri tce i ano l na t anne s. ynaM semehcs era desoporp :aedisihthtiw 1. A dettolS AHOLA emehcs htiw tekcap oidar skrowten dna erid cti ano l an et ann pa kc te ar dio en t skrow gnivlovni elpitlum dna anoitcerid l na et nn a .s lennahC - ssecca sledom knil rewop lortnoc dna dire tc i lano maebfotxetnocehtniyrevocsidrobhgien - of r lanoitceridgnim na t nne as. 2. A emehcs ni hcihw yreve edon yllacimanyd serots emos ofni r am it no a uob t ti s en i obhg rs dna rieht noissimsnart seludehcs ht r hguo t eh use of ps ecial ortnoc l kcap te .s T sih swolla a edon ot st ree its na t anne snoissimsnartgniognoehtnodesabyletairporppa in t eh n ie doohrobhg . A m tgnisurofdohte he erid c lanoit knilfomrofwenatnemelpmiotsannetna - etats - asignituordesab sl o pr desopo . 3. A lanoitceriD CAM D( - )CAM emehcs gnisu id er ct noi la na t anne s su es eht f ima il ra RTS– STC – AD TA– KCA ecneuqes erehw ylno eht STR tekcap si tnes gnisu a direc it lano na t .anne yrevE edon si demussa ot eb deppiuqe htiw lareves lanoitcerid ,sannetna tub ylno eno fo meht is all wo ed ot t nar sm ti at yna gi nev ,emit gnidneped no eht l co ta noi fo t eh int dedne r ce e evi r. nI siht ,emehcs yreve edon si sa demus to eb erawa fo sti nwo noitacol sa llew sa t eh l aco t noi s of ti s i demm etai en i .srobhg sihT emehcs sevig retteb tuphguorht naht EEEI 08 2 11. yb gniwolla lumis t suoena t msnar i ss i sno t ah t era on t ssop ib el ni ruc r tne emehcsCAM s. 4. desaB no eht EEEI 11.208 ,locotorp a is pm le cs emeh was pr desopo in hcihw eve ry edon ah s um itl ple ant .sanne ynA edon taht sah atad ot dnes tsrif sdnes tuo na RTS ni all id er ct snoi u is gn eve ry nnetna a. ehT tuosdnesoslareviecerdednetni t Ceh T ehtllagnisusnoitceridllanitekcapS ant anne s. Th roe ig ni al rednes si won elba ot nrecsid hcihw ant anne pi kc ed pu t eh ts r egno ts CTS si ng la dna can el arn the re al tive noitcerid fo eht re ec i ev r. ehT atad tekcap si tnes gnisu eht rroc e gnidnops di er cti ano l na et nn a ni t eh noitcerid of t eh i dednetn r ce ie ev r. hT ,su eht gnitapicitrap sedon deen ton wonk t eh ri l aco t noi inform ta noi in cnavda e. esaelP eton taht no ly eno r da io trans ec i rev in a don e nac t ar msn ti dna r ece i ev at a it .em Th si emehcs nac eveihca pu ot 2 ot 3 semit retteb egareva tuphguorht naht SC M AC/A w ti h t eh RTS–CTS nalanoitceridinmognisu(emehcs t sanne ). 5. A pohitluM STR CAM M( - )CAM hcs e em f ro tr na sm si si no no um lti poh .shtap esuaceB lanoitcerid sannetna evah a rehgih ag in dna art msn is is no egnar than nmo id ri tce i ano l a tn e nn a ,s ti is ssop ible for a edon etacinummocot tcerid ly w ti h ona th re edon t ah t is far .yawa M- CAM rofereht e esu s um tl pi l otspohe dnes RTS ekcap st to se t ba il hs il skn eb t ew en sid t na t edon s, ub t the sbus e uq ent CT ,S AD T ,A dna KCA gnisanitneserastekcap el .poh anaclocotorpsihT dnednatuphguorhtrettebeveihc - ot - ehtnahtyaleddne cisab EEEI 11.208 a dn D- CAM s mehc es ( voba )e . ehT rep formance al os dneped s no t eh t opo l ygo tarugifnoc i no dna lf wo tap ter sn in eht s tsy e .m ehT esu fo lanoitcerid sannetna can i tn r ecudo three wen lborp nilanoitceridrehgih,slanimretneddihfosdnikwen:sme terf re cne e senfaeddna, s. pitluM3.3 le- ocotorPCAMlennahC ls A am j ro melborp fo si elgn derahs - lennahc semehcs si taht eht borp abil ti y of coll si noi i cn r ae s se w ti h t eh rebmun of .sedon tI si ssop elbi ot evlos t sih borp l me w ti h um l cit ha nn le ehcaorppa s. sA nees ni t eh ,noitacifissalc emos lennahcitlum semehcs esu a detacided lennahc rof c no rt ol ap c ek ts o( r si lang i gn ) dna imsnartatadroflennahcetarapeseno ssi no s. ocehtnosenotysubputesyehT htiweno,lennahclortn gniognofoerawaerasedontahtos,noitpmusnochtdiwdnabllams tra msn i ss i sno . rehtonA hcaorppa si ot esu um itl p el cha enn ls of r ad ta kcap te transm si .snois sihT hcaorppa sah t eh :segatnavdagniwollof 1. esuaceB eht mixam um guorht tuph fo a elgnis - lennahc hcs e em si lim ti de yb t eh wdnab i htd of t tah htehtesaercniyllaitnetopnacyletairporppaslennahceromgnisu,lennahc r tuphguo . 2. ataD dettimsnart no tnereffid slennahc seod ton erefretni htiw hcae ,rehto dna um itl elp rt na smis is o sn uoenatlumisnoigeremasehtniecalpekatnac ls y. rewefyltnacifingisotsdaelsihT oisilloc ns. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 51
- 16. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 3. tI si reisae ot s oppu tr SoQ yb u is gn um itl p el c nnah e .sl nI ,lareneg a elpitlum - atad - nahc len CAM locotorp sah ot ssa i ng diffe er nt ennahc ls ot differ ne t don se in aer l it me. T eh eussi fo dem i mu ca cess st lli sdeen to be r ose lved. sevlovnisihT ,gnidiced rof ,ecnatsni eht emit stols at ihw ch a edon uow ld eg t ac ssec ot a rap it uc lar cha nn e .l In c niatre ,sesac ti may eb ne ec s as ry of r la l t eh don es ot eb s ny c norh i dez htiw hcae ,rehto saerehw ni ot eh r i tsn anc ,se it yam eb op ssib el for the sedon to ogen t ai et s eludehc s gnoma evlesmeht s. uMenoTysuBlauD4.3 l )AMTBD(sseccAelpit In t eh semehcs ab des no eht egnahcxe fo RTS–CTS aid l ,eugo t seh e c no t or l pa ekc ts the sm le ev s era pr eno ot silloc i .sno ,suhT ni eht ecneserp fo neddih nimret la ,s t eh er r ame i sn a ri ks fo s bu s neuqe t ad at stekcap gnieb deyortsed uaceb se of c lo il si no s. T eh AMTBD emehcs sesu tuo -of- dnab is lang i gn to ffe tce i ev ly neddihehtevlos - desopxeehtdna - lborplanimret e sm . ahselgnisehtno,revewoh,sinoissimsnartataD er d sseleriw ennahc l. tI sdliub nopu reilrae krow no eht ysuB T no e uM lti elp ccA e ss (BT AM ) dna t eh IR - BT AM s .semehc TBD AM sezilartneced t eh ytilibisnopser fo ganam i gn ecca ss to ht e nommoc medi mu dna od es on t re uq ri e ti em s hcny r no i taz i no a gnom the edon s. sA ni lareves semehcs d si ssuc ed earlie ,r MBD T RsdnesA T noissimsnartputesotslennahcatadnostekcapS r seuqe ts. sbuS owt,yltneuqe ffid e er nt ysub senot no a etarapes an rr wo ennahc l ra e us de to orp et ct t eh snart fer of t eh STR a dn atad kcap e .st ehT rednes fo eht STR s te s pu a T msnar ti - ysuB T eno ( TB )t . ,ylgnidnopserroC eht reviecer stes pu a evieceR - ysuB enoT )rTB( ot ca egdelwonk eht RT ,S iw t tuoh u is gn yna CTS ekcap t. ynA edon taht sesnes na gnitsixe rTB ro tTB srefed morf dnes i gn ti s nwo STR evo r t eh c ennah l. T ofereh r ,e ob th of t eseh ysub senot rehtegot eetnaraug noitcetorp morf noisilloc morf rehto nisedon t eh v ici ni hT.yt r hguo t sueh e of t eh dnatTB rTB ,noitcnujnocni sopxe ed et rmi slan are lba e to i in t tai e ad at kcap te t ar msn is is sno . ddih,oslA ne slanimret nac ylper ot STR stseuqer sa suoenatlumis atad rt a msn i ss i no ucco rs eb twe ne t eh r ce ie v re dna .rednes ,revewoH eht AMTBD emehcs seod ton esu CA K to ac wonk l egde the re ec i dev tad a ekcap st . It ytixelpmocerawdrahlanoitiddaseriuqerosla . torPCAM)AMSC(sseccAelpitluMesneSreirraClennahcitluM5.3 o loc ehT um l lennahcit AMSC locotorp vid i sed eht t ato l a av i elbal wdnab idth (W) into N tcnitsid slennahc of W /N diwdnab th ae c .h ,ereH N yam eb rewol t nah the ebmun r of don es in t eh owten r .k ,oslA eht slennahc may eb dedivid desab no ehtie r an DF MA ro a .AMDC A rettimsnart dluow esu c rra i re snes i gn to see if eht nnahc le ti last su ed si f er e or on t. tI sesu eht sal t desu ennahc l fi it si dnuof rf ee. ,esiwrehtO rehtona eerf lennahc si nesohc ta .modnar fI on eerf lennahc si f ,dnuo t eh edon uohs ld ba kc o ff dna re rt y lat re . nevE nehw eht ciffart l dao is hi hg dna sufficient c lennah s era on t ava li ba l ,e ecnahc s of c lo l si i no s era tahwemos decuder esuaceb hcae edon sdnet ot prefer ti s l sa t- su ed ennahc l i tsn e da of si pm ly soohc i gn a wen cha enn l at .modnar sihT locotorp sah neeb nwohs to eb om re e iff c ei nt t nah is gn le-c nnah le SC AM .semehcs tseretnI i ,ylgn eht ecnamrofrep fo siht emehcs si rewol naht taht of ht e s gni le- nnahc le AMSC emehcs ta rewol t ciffar daol ro nehw t eh re era no ly a s am ll bmun re of ac it ev edon s f ro a l gno doirep fo it m sihT.e si eud to t eh saw te of i ld i gn nahc en l .s ehT silocotorp dednetxe ot celes t t eh seb t c ennah l desab ednesehttadevresborewoplangisehtno r is .ed rewoP6.3 - wA a ygrenEroer - slocotorPCAMtneiciffE esuaceB elibom secived era yrettab ,derewop ti si laicurc ot esnoc rve e ygren dna tu ilize ewop r sa ffe i yltneic as ssop i lb e. nI f ,tca eht eussi fo ewop r esnoc r tav i no uohs ld be noc is d ere d ca r so s la l the l sreya fo t eh locotorp .kcats ehT gniwollof selpicnirp yam evres sa lareneg senilediug rof rewop noc serv ta noi in ocotorpCAM ls. De tp . Ifo ,ES TIBJS 61
- 17. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 1. amaerasnoisilloC j opsarafsadediovaebdluohsdnasnoissimsnarterevisnepxefoesuacro ssi elb . 2. ehT sreviecsnart dluohs eb tpek ni ybdnats edom (or s iw t dehc fo )f venehw re op s bis le sa they c no s mu e tcaninehwygrenetsomeht i domev e. 3. daetsnI fo gnisu eht mixam um ,rewop eht timsnart ter uohs ld s iw t hc to a l wo re ewop r edom t ah t si msnartehteviecerotedonnoitanitsedehtroftneiciffus is is .no rewoP1.6.3 - )AMCP(sseccAelpitluMdellortnoC P AMC seiler no gnillortnoc noissimsnart rewop fo eht rednes os taht eht dednetni receiv re is j su t elba to ed ic ehp r the ekcap t. T sih spleh ni gnidiova efretni r ecne w ti h ehto r en i robhg i gn don se t ah t era ton devlovni ni t eh kcap te hcxe a .egn AMCP sesu t ow ahc enn l ,s no e of r s dne i gn uo t ysub t eno s a dn eht ot reh ekcaplortnocrehtodnaatadrof st . saercnirofdesuneebsahAMCPnimsinahcemlortnocrewopehT i gn lennahc ciffe i ycne thr hguo sp ta i la f er ycneuq uer se ehtar r t nah no ly inc er asi gn ab tt yre il .ef roferehT ,e na tnatropmi eussi si rof eht rettimsnart dna reviecer riap ot enimreted eht mini mum ewop r el lev secen sary rof eht reviecer ot edoced eht ,tekcap elihw gnihsiugnitsid it fr mo on si e or in et efr r ne c .e eht,oslA reviecer sah ot esitrevda sti esion arelot secn os taht on ehto r op t ne it al t ar msn tti er w lli disr pu t i st ogno i gn tpecer i .no nI eht lanoitnevnoc sdohtem fo noisilloc ,ecnadiova a edon si rehtie dewolla ot imsnart t ro on t, sreirracfotluserehtnognidneped e sn i .gn In ,AMCP this em t doh is lareneg ized to a dnuob ed ewop r edom l. erofeB atad imsnart iss ,no t eh rednes sdnes a seuqeR t ewoP_ r_T dneS_o ( PR TS) ekcap t no t eh ad at ennahc l to eht er ec i ev r. ehT reviecer sdnopser htiw na ccA ept ewoP_ r_T S_o e dn PA( TS) ekcap t, la so no the ad ta ennahc l. sihT STPR – TPA S egnahcxe si desu ot enimreted eht minim um art nsm si si no ewop r l ve le t ah t will c esua a eccus ssful tekcap noitpecer ta the er ceiv re . retfA siht ,egnahcxe eht autca l tad a si t ar msn tti de dna ac wonk l degde w ti h na KCA ekcap t. nI a etarapes ,lennahc yreve cer revie stes pu a laiceps ysub t eno as a rep i do ci up l .es The langis st htgner sihtfo ysub evdaenot rti es s to t oeh th re sedon t eh idda t anoi l ewopesion r eht ecer i ev r edon nac ot ler ta e. nehW a rednes srotinom eht ysub enot ,lennahc it is essentially gniod so em thi gn is m rali to reirrac se sn i ,gn as in eht AMSC / AC edom l. nehW a reviecer se dn s uo t a ysub t no e up sl ,e it si od i gn gnihtemos mis li ar to s gnidne uo t a CTS ekcap t. T eh PR TS– PA TS egnahcxe si ana l suogo to the RTS– CTS e .egnahcx ehT am j ro ,ecnereffid vewoh ,re si aht t t eh PR TS– PA TS e gnahcx e eod s on t fo cr e ot reh abotsrettimsnartneddih c fok f. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 71
- 18. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 TINU – 4 UOR IT NG – 1 htiW eht secnavda fo eriw l sse noitacinummoc ,ygolonhcet low- oc ts dna ewop r uf l wire el ss rt csna ie srev era ylediw desu ni elibom acilppa it no s eliboM. skrowten evah detcartta tnacifingis tseretni ni tnecer sraey esuaceb fo rieht devorpmi xelf ibil ti y dna r decude soc st . derapmoC ot deriw ,skrowten elibom skrowten evah euqinu siretcarahc it .sc nI bom i el ,skrowten edon ytilibom may esuac f neuqer t en t krow t opo l ygo ,segnahc hcihw era erar in w ri de n te ow r .sk nI tsartnoc ot eht elbats knil c capa ti y of iw er d n te ow rks, sseleriw knil yticapac yllaunitnoc seirav be esuac fo the i pm acts morf rt msna i ss i no ewop r, r ce ie rev dna,gnidaf,esion,ytivitisnes int efre r ecne . ,yllanoitiddA sseleriw mo elib skrowten evah a hi hg e rr or rat ,e wop re rest ir tc ,snoi dna wdnab idth noitatimil s. eliboM skrowten nac eb deifissalc otni tcurtsarfni eru skrowten dna libom e ad coh en t ow r sk )sTENAM( gnidrocca ot t eh ri ped e nedn ce no fi dex ni rf astr cu t .seru nI na sarfni t erutcur bom eli n te ow r ,k elibom sedon evah deriw ssecca stniop ro( esab st ta i sno ) iw t nih ieht r rt na sm si si no ar gn e. ehT ssecca mocstniop rowtenerutcurtsarfninarofenobkcabehtesop k raskrowtencohdaelibom,tsartnocnI. e ylsuomonotua fles - dezinagro en t skrow uohtiw t rfni a ts r utcu re roppus t. nI a elibom da coh ,krowten sedon mo mkrowtenehterofereht;ylirartibraev a adiparecneirepxey gnahcygolopotelbatciderpnudn se . ,ecneH gnituor shtap ni elibom da coh krowten s tnetop ai lly c atno in um lti elp ,spoh a dn e yrev edon in elibom da coh skrowten sah eht er s snop i ib lity to ca t sa a r uo ret . eliboM da coh skrowten era etairporppa rof elibom a snoitacilpp ni rehtie itsoh el vne ri mno ents rehw e on in rf tsa r cu t ru e is ava li ba l ,e or t opme rarily dehsilbatse elibom ,snoitacilppa hw ci h a er soc t rc uc .lai nI tnecer ,sraey noitacilppa mod ia ns of bom li e da coh skrowten evah deniag erom dna om re i opm tr cna e in mnon ili at ry cilbup nagro i az t snoi dna in laicremmoc dna airtsudni l a er .sa T eh lacipyt noitacilppa soiranecs i cn l edu r ucse e m si si ,sno wal tnemecrofne ,snoitarepo gnitarepooc lairtsudni ,stobor ciffart ganam e nem t, a dn cude ati ano l po re at noi s in ac m .sup cA evit hcraeser krow rof elibom da coh en t ow r sk is rac ryi gn no am inly in ht e if el sd of deM i mu sseccA lortnoC ,)CAM( ,gnituor uoser cr e ganam ement, wop re tnoc r ,lo dna se ruc ti .y esuaceB fo eht ecnatropmi fo gnituor slocotorp ni cimanyd itlum - poh ,skrowten a l to fo bom li e ad coh en t ow rk tuor i gn slocotorp evah neeb oporp s de ni t eh last f we ye ra s. erehT era emos segnellahc aht t ma ek t eh sed i ng fo elibom da coh krowten gnituor slocotorp a t hguo tas .k ,yltsriF ni elibom da coh n te ow r ,sk edon bom il ti y sesuac qerf neu t ygolopot segnahc dna en t ow rk ap rtiti .sno dnoceS l ,y esuaceb fo eht rav i ba le dna elbatciderpnu yticapac fo sseleriw ,sknil kcap et los es s may ha nepp f uqer en lt .y ,revoeroM eht tsacdaorb secudortnimuidemsseleriwehtfoerutan t xednalanimretneddiheh planimretdesop r bo l me s. eussIngiseD1.4 s Rfo o tu i skrowteNcoHdArofslocotorPgn erutcetihcrAgnituoR1.1.4 ehT gnituor erutcetihcra fo a fles - dezinagro krowten c na be eit eh r h ei rar c ih c la or f al t. nI tsom fles - dezinagro ,skrowten eht stsoh lliw eb gnitca sa tnednepedni a r uo ter, ihw ch i pm l sei t ah t r tuo i gn erutcetihcra dluohs yllautpecnoc be lf at, t ah t i ,s ea hc dda r se s ser sev no ly as an i tned ifier dna seod ton yevnoc yna i noitamrofn tuoba eno tsoh t ah t is t opo l go i ac ll y loca et d iw th er ps ect to a yn ot eh r .edon nI a alf t fles - dezinagro ,krowten eht ytilibom ganam e tnem si ton cen e ss ra y be uac se la l of t eh sedon are v isi ble ot hcae ot eh r via r uo t gni prot .sloco nI talf gnituor smhtirogla hcus as Des it tan i no - uqeS enc de Dist ecna rotceV )VDSD( dna sseleriW gnituoR Protocol ( PRW ), the r uo t gni at bles ha ev ne tries to all oh s st in eht fles - dezinagro owten r .k ,revewoH a alf t r tuo i gn al og rit mh eod s on t evah doog sc la a lib ti .y ehT gnituor emocebkrowtenehtnehwyldiparsesaercnidaehrevo s larg re . ortnocot,ecneH l c esuerlennah ps a llait y ni( smret fo ,ycneuqerf ,emit ro gnidaerps )edoc dna ecuder gnituor noitamrofni evo r eh a ,d s mo e form fo De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 81
- 19. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 lacihcrareih emehcs s dluoh be pme l .deyo gniretsulC si eht som t nommoc euqinhcet pme l deyo in lacihcrareih tuor i gn ra ihc te tc .seru ehT aedi dniheb lacihcrareih gnituor is to divide ht e soh ts of a se fl - dezinagro krowten otni a rebmun fo gnippalrevo ro sid joint cl etsu r .s enO edon si detcele sa ulc s et r daeh lchcaerof tsu re . memehtsniatniamdaehretsulcsihT b amrofnipihsre it rofno t ceh l su ter. RfonoitacifissalC2.4 o tu i slocotorPgn ehT detimil secruoser ni sTENAM evah edam gningised na tneiciffe dna er l elbai r tuo i gn s art t yge a v re y gnignellahc .melborp nA illetni tneg gnituor ygetarts si deriuqer ot yltneiciffe use eht il m ti de re uos r sec elihw ta eht emas it me eb a elbatpad to the hc a gn i gn n te ow rk dnoc iti sno such as en t ow rk si ,ez t ciffar ,ytisned dna owten rk ap rti noit i .gn nI lellarap htiw ,siht eht gnituor locotorp yam ne de to pr vo ide id ff er ne t evel ls of SoQ to di tnereff t epy s of a lpp ci at snoi dna user .s roirP ot eht desaercni stseretni in iw rel sse ,gnikrowten ni w ri de en t ow r sk t ow am in al irog t mh s ew re us .de esehT smhtirogla era co ylnomm er ref der knilehtsaot - ts ecnatsiddnaeta - iroglarotcev t smh . I kniln - punasniatniamedonhcae,gnituoretats - ot - etad weiv fo eht krowten yb yllacidoirep gnitsacdaorb eht knil ts ate oc s st of i st en i obhg ir gn edon s to la l ot reh rtsgnidoolfagnisusedon a et gy. nehW hcae edon cer sevie na etadpu ,tekcap ti setadpu sti weiv of t eh ne owt rk a dn its il kn - ts eta noitamrofni yb gniylppa a tsetrohs - htap al mhtirog ot esoohc eht txen - poh edon of r ae ch sed t ni ati .no ehT lanoitidart knil - etats dna ecnatsid - rotcev smhtirogla od ton cs la e ni al rge ENAM sT . sihT si esuaceb ehtfotraptnacifingisaemusnocyamskrowtenegralnisetadpuetuortneuqerfrocidoirep a iav l ba le tiegrahceryltneuqerfotedonhcaeeriuqerdna,noitnetnoclennahcesaercni,htdiwdnab s ewop r s ppu ly. oT emocrevo eht lborp sme detaicossa iw th the li kn -state a dn tsid ance- ev tc or al og ir mht s, a nu ebm r of gnituor slocotorp evah neeb oporp s de f ro TENAM s. T eseh slocotorp nac eb deifissalc otni eerht id ff er tne :spuorg labolg ro pr cao it ,ev no med a dn or r ae cti ,ev dna byh ri .d nI aorp evitc gnituor ,slocotorp eht uor t se ot lla eht snoitanitsed ro( ap rts of t eh en t ow rk) a er de et rmi den ta the ts a tr - pu a dn am intained yb u is gn a cidoirep etuor etadpu pr seco s. nI evitcaer ,slocotorp setuor era denimreted nehw yeht era deriuqer yb eht ruos yrevocsidetuoragnisuec pr eco s .s gnituoRdirbyHdna,evitcaeR,evitcaorP3.4 enO fo eht tsom ralupop sdohtem ot hsiugnitsid elibom da coh krowten gnituor prot sloco si sab ed no woh gnituor noitamrofni is uqca ri de dna m ia n at ni ed yb bom li e edon s. gnisU siht ,dohtem ibom le da coh debnacslocotorpgnituorkrowten ivided. A evitcaorp gnituor locotorp si osla llac ed a “t ba le-d ir ven” r uo it gn orp tocol. gnisU a evitcaorp gnituor ,locotorp sedon ni a elibom da coh krowten ylsuounitnoc etaulave setuor ot all r ae c bah le edon s dna tpmetta ot niatniam ,tnetsisnoc pu -to- etad tuor i gn infor am it .no ,eroferehT a ecruos edon nac g te a tuor i gn htap yletaidemmi if it en e sd .eno nI evitcaorp gnituor ,slocotorp lla sedon deen ot am int nia a snoc ist tne weiv fo t eh en t ow rk t .ygolopo nehW a krowten t ygolopo egnahc ,srucco r pse e tc i ev etadpu s um ts eb detagaporp tuohguorht eht owten rk to ton fi y the .egnahc tsoM evitcaorp gnituor locotorp s pr sopo ed rof elibom da coh skrowten evah detirehni seitreporp morf irogla t mh s su ed in w ri de en t ow r .sk oT tpada ot eht cimanyd serutaef fo elibom da coh ,skrowten yrassecen snoitacifidom evah neeb edam no rt ida ti lano deriw krowten gnituor ocotorp l .s gnisU evitcaorp gnituor ,smhtirogla sedonelibom ylevitcaorp adpu et t eh krowten etats dna m niatnia a etuor sseldrager fo rehtehw atad art ffic xe is st ro on t, a dn t eh evo r eh ad to puniatniam -to- hgihsinoitamrofniygolopotkrowtenetad . evitcaeR gnituor slocotorp rof elibom ad coh n te ow rks a er al os ca ll de “ no - med a ”dn uor t gni prot oco l .s In a er evitca gnituor ,locotorp gnituor shtap are sea cr deh no ly nehw .dedeen A etuor yrevocsid noitarepo De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 91
- 20. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 sekovni a etuor - noitanimreted pr .erudeco ehT yrevocsid erudecorp setanimret nehw rehtie a r uo et sah neeb dnuof ro on etuor si elbaliava tfa re xe ami an t noi for a ll r uo et ep r um at ti no s. nI a elibom da coh ,krowten evitca setuor yam eb tcennocsid ed eud to don e bom il ti .y ,eroferehT etuor ecnanetniam is na tnatropmi noitarepo fo r cae ti ev r uo it gn pr oto oc sl . derapmoC ot eht evitcaorp gnituor protoco sl for bom li e evitcaerehtfoegatnavdatcnitsidasidaehrevolortnocssel,skrowtencohda r tuo i pgn rot sloco . ,suhT evitcaer gnituor slocotorp evah retteb ytilibalacs naht caorp it ev r tuo i gn orp toco sl in om bile da coh owten r .sk ,revewoH nehw gnisu evitcaer gnituor ,slocotorp ecruos sedon yam reffus morf gnol syaled rof etuor gnihcraes erofeb yeht nac for aw rd ad ta pa kc e .st ehT cimanyD ecruoS gnituoR )RSD( ocotorP l dna dA coH On-De dnam ecnatsiD otceV r ( DOA V) uoR it gn Pr oto col are exa pm l se of r ae ctive r tuo i gn rowtencohdaelibomrofslocotorp ks. dirbyH gnituor slocotorp era desoporp ot bmoc i en t eh em ir ts of ob th pr cao t evi dna caer it ve r uo it gn slocotorp dna emocrevo th ie r rohs ct mo i .sgn mroN a ,yll dirbyh uor gnit slocotorp for bom eli da coh skrowten tiolpxe lacihcrareih krowten hcra ti ce tu er .s ehT reporp evitcaorp gnituor ppa r hcao dna r ae ctive cepser,slevellacihcrareihtnereffidnidetiolpxeerahcaorppagnituor it v le y. itcaorP4.4 v slocotorPgnituoRe A p evitcaor gnituor locotorp ,si sa ,denoitnem osla dellac a elbat“ - ”nevird uor it gn prot .loco gnisU a tnockrowtencohdaelibomanisedon,locotorpgnituorevitcaorp i suoun l vey la au et r uo tes t ao ll re elbahca sedon dna tpmetta ot niatniam ,tnetsisnoc pu -to-d eta r tuo i gn inform ta i .no ,eroferehT a uos cr e don e nac teg a gnituor p ta h i mm edi eta ly fi ti sdeen no e. nI evitcaorp gnituor ,slocotorp la l edon s deen to m ia ntain a tnetsisnoc vi we fo eht krowten opot l .ygo nehW a krowten ygolopot egnahc oc ,sruc r tcepse i ev etadpu tsum eb detagaporp tuohguorht eht en t ow rk ot on tify the .egnahc tsoM evitcaorp gnituor slocotorp desoporp rof elibom da coh skrowten evah detirehni pr trepo i se morf al rog ti smh us de in riw ed en t ow r sk . oT tpada ot eht cimanyd ef ta seru of bom eli da coh owten rks, ssecen ra y dom ifi tac i no s ha ev eb en made no lanoitidart iw er end t ow rk r uo t gni prot oco l gnisU.s evitcaorp gnituor irogla t ,smh bom eli sedon pr tcao i ev ly dnaetatskrowtenehtetadpu retuoraniatniam e drag les os f ehw t eh r ad t ta raffic ex si ost r n to ; t evoeh r daeh puniatniamot - ot - tamrofniygolopotkrowtenetad i no i hs i hg . RW P VDSD locotorP)RSLO(gnituoRetatSkniLdezimitpO SF R SH R )FRBT(gnidrawroFesreveRtsacdaorBygolopoT gnituoRsseleriW1.4.4 P )PRW(locotor PRW si a pr tcao i ev nu icast tuor i gn prot oco l of r bom li e da coh en t ow rks. PRW sesu na pmi r devo eB l naml - droF ecnatsiD rotceV uor it gn al rog ti .mh To tpada ot eht cimanyd aef tures of bom i el ad coh ,skrowten emos smsinahcem era decudortni ot usne re the rel elbai hcxe a gn e of adpu te mess ga es dna decuder r uo te l poo s. gnisU ,PRW hcae elibom edon sniatniam a ecnatsid ,elbat a gnituor t ba l ,e a l kni -c tso bat l ,e dna a egasseM noissimsnarteR List (M LR ). nA yrtne ni eht tuor i gn lbat e noc tai sn t eh dist ecna ot a ossecederpeht,edonnoitanitsed r a dn the s osseccu r gnola t apeh ths ot the ed sti an it dna,no a at g to ident yfi ro,poola,htapelpmisatisi,.e.i(etatssti i lavn i ?d ). nirosseccusdnarossecederpgnirotS oreht u nit g lbat e spleh ot tceted gnituor spool dna diova eht gnitnuoc - ot -i nifn yti ,melborp hw i hc si t eh am in ohs rtc mo i gn fo eht lanigiro sid t ecna ev tc or r tuo i gn al og tir .mh A elibom edon etaerc s an ent yr for ae ch en i obhg r in sti De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 02
- 21. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 knil - tsoc bat l .e ehT yrtne sniatnoc eht tsoc fo eht knil c cenno it gn ot the en i obhg r a dn t eh ebmun r of stuoemit esuaceb na rorre - eerf gassem e aw s re ec i dev f mor t ah t en i obhg r. nI ,PRW elibom sedon egnahcxe gnituor selbat htiw rieht obhgien rs su i gn adpu te em ssa eg s. T eh etadpu segassem nac eb s ne t rehtie yllacidoirep ro evenehw r il kn sta et egnahc s ppah e .n T eh LRM sniatnoc ofni rm ita no uoba t hw i hc degdelwonkcatonsahrobhgien a tadpun e em ssa .eg otdettimsnartereblliwegassemetadpueht,dedeenfI eht en i obhg r. ,yllanoitiddA fi ereht si on gnahc e in sti tuor i gn at ble si cn e the l sa t adpu t ,e a edon si deriuqer to se dn a leH lo em ssa eg to usne er nnoc ec it v ti .y nO gniviecer na adpu te mess ,ega t eh edon seifidom sti ecnatsid elbat a dn l koo s for better uor t gni ap ths occa rdi gn to t eh dpu a det infor tam i .no In ,PRW a edon skcehc ycnetsisnoceht stifo srobhgien retfa gnitceted yna li kn cha .egn ycnetsisnocA kcehc spleh ot etanimile l poo s dna ps e de pu vnoc re cneg e. enO gnimoctrohs fo PRW si taht ti sdeen egral me om ry egarots dna gnitupmoc secruoser ot am i tn a ni se arev l t ba el .s ,revoeroM sa a evitcaorp gnituor elibomegralrofelbatiustonsidnaytilibalacsdetimilasahti,locotorp a cohd krowten s. gnituoR2.4.4 - tadpUelbaT i gn A edon nac ediced ot etadpu sti gnituor elbat retfa rehtie gniviecer na tadpu e mess ega rf mo a en i robhg ro otknilafosutatsehtniegnahcagnitceted na ie obhg r. stimorfegassemetadpunasevieceriedonanehW robhgien ,k ti orp c sesse hcae adpu et a dn CA K e tn ry of t eh adpu et em ssa eg ni or ed r. nI ,PRW a edon skcehc eht tsisnoc ycne fo rossecederp noitamrofni detroper yb lla sti srobhgien hcae it em it pr co e ss es na tneve gnivlovni a robhgien .k nI ,tsartnoc lla suoiverp htap - gnidnif smhtirogla kcehc eht ycnetsisnoc fo eht rossecederp ylno rof eht en i obhg r a coss ai det iw th t eh i pn ut e nev t. T sih euqinu erutaef fo PRW stnuocca rof sti tsaf ecnegrevnoc retfa a si gn el r uose rce f ia lu er or er yrevoc as ti e il mi an et s erom htapsuoiverpnahtsnoitautisgnipoolyraropmet - mhtiroglagnidnif s. noitanitseD5.4 - tceVecnatsiDdecneuqeS o VDSD(r ) VDSD si a pr ao ctive nu i ac ts bom eli da coh en t ow rk r uo t gni prot oco l. ekiL ,PRW DSD V si al os desab no eht lanoitidart namlleB -Fo dr al rog ti .mh ,revewoH sti smsinahcem ot evorpmi r uo t gni p fre or ecnam in elibom da coh skrowten era etiuq effid er nt. nI nituor g selbat fo ,VDSD na yrtne serots eht next poh drawot a ,noitanitsed eht tsoc cirtem rof t eh r tuo i gn ap th to t eh sed t tani i ,no dna a ed sti an it no s ecneuqe rebmun taht si detaerc yb ht e ed sti an it .no ecneuqeS srebmun era desu ni VDSD ot hsiugnitsid elats r uo set morf hserf eno s dna ova id t eh for am t noi fo etuor .spool ehT etuor setadpu fo VDSD nac eb ie th re it me nevird ro neve t d ir .nev yrevE edon yllacidoirep stimsnart ,setadpu gnidulcni sti tuor i gn i ofn r tam i ,no to its taidemmi e en i robhg s. elihW a nacifingis t egnahc ucco rs fr mo t eh l sa t adpu et , a edon c na t msnar ti its degnahc gnituor elbat ni na ve ent- irt egg r de ts yl .e evoeroM r, the DSD V ah s owt yaw s nehw se gnidn gnituor t ba l adpue tes. sienO eht lluf“ -du ”pm etadpu epyt ni hcihw eht lluf gnituor bat le is i cn l dedu in is ed t eh adpu t .e nA latnemercni ,etadpu ni ,tsartnoc sniatnoc ylno t esoh e tn ir es w ti h em irt sc t ah t ha ev neeb ssawetadputsalehtecnisdegnahc ent. ekcapenonistifetadpulatnemercnieht,yllanoitiddA t. nI ecnatsid - rotcev ,smhtirogla yreve edon i m ia nt nia s, for ae ch ed sti an it no ,z a set of dist ecna s d{ x } segnarjerehw vo re the ne obhgi rs fo i. edoN i staert robhgien k sa a txen arofpoh tekcap denitsed rof x fi dx slauqe jnim { xd ij .} T eh noisseccus fo txen spoh nesohc ni siht ennam r l sdae to x al gno t eh ohs r tset ap t .h To peek eht sid t ecna setamitse pu - ot - ,etad hcae edon nom i srot the oc ts fo sti uo t og i gn l kni s dna yllacidoirep ,stsacdaorb ot ae ch no e of its n ie robhg s, i st uc r ner t tse i am te of the ohs r et ts dist ecna to eve ry donrehto krowtenehtnie . ecnatsidevobaehT - namlleBdetubirtsiDlacissalcehtsimhtiroglarotcev - oF rd )FBD( irogla t .mh Co derapm ot knil etats ,dohtem ti si upmoc t ta i ano ll y om re fe fic ei nt, si e isa re ot ,tnemelpmi dna seriuqer hcum ssel egarots ;ecaps ,revewoh it si well- nwonk t ah t ht si al og rit mh c na ca esu eht noitamrof fo htob trohs -li dev dna l gno - il ved l .spoo ehT yramirp esuac rof noitamrof fo gnituor l spoo si taht sedon esoohc rieht txen spoh ni a pmoc letely distri tub ed fas noih ba des no inform ita no hcihw nac ylbissop eb ts ale a ,dn t eh fer ,ero i ocn rr e tc . tsomlA lla desoporp tacifidom i sno to the FBD al og rit mh De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 12 ij ik
- 22. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 etanimile eht gnipool melborp yb gnicrof la l sedon in the en t krow to itrap ic ap et in emos form of ladomretni tanidrooc i no orp t oco l. hcuS ladonretni noitanidrooc smsinahcem mi thg eb vitceffe e nehw opot l go i ac l c egnah s are ar r .e ,revewoH nihtiw na da coh elibom nemnorivne t, enf cro i gn a yn s hcu ladonretni noitanidrooc msinahcem lliw eb tluciffid eud ot eht yldipar gnahc i gn t opo l ygo of eht rowtengnituorgniylrednu k. uorynasekamhcihwsetubirttayramirpehtfoenosiyticilpmiS it pgn rot loco derreferp revo srehto rof noitatnemelpmi iw t nih tarepo i lano en t ow r .sk gnituoR noitamrofnI locotorP )PIR( si a clas is cal exa pm l .e etipseD eht gnitnuoc -to-i ytinifn ,melborp ti has pr nevo to eb v re y succ se lufs nihtiw llams - ezis inter en t ow r .sk T eh ssenlufesu fo PIR nihtiw na da oh c e vn ri mno ent, vewoh re , is lim ti de golopotdipareldnahotdengisedtonsawtisa segnahclaci . lpsfoseuqinhceteht,eromrehtruF ti roh i noz dna denosiop - esrever era ton lufesu nihtiw eht eleriw ss e vn ri nemno t ud e to ht e br dao c sa t an t ru e of t eh noissimsnart m uide m. orgnisuybkrowtenehtfosnoitatsehtneewtebdettimsnarterastekcaP tu i gn t ba l se taht era derots ta hcae ats t noi fo the n te ow r .k hcaE gnituor ,elbat ta hcae fo eht ,snoitats sil st all a av i elbal snoitanitsed dna eht bmun re of poh s ot ea .hc hcaE etuor lbat e ne t yr si t gga ed w ti h a se neuq ce ebmun r hw i hc is ro i detanig yb ht e ed sti an it no ts at .noi oT niatniam eht ycnetsisnoc of r uo it gn t ba les ni a nyd a yllacim gniyrav ,ygolopot hcae noitats rep i yllacido msnart ti s etadpu s, dna tr msna sti adpu t se yletaidemmi nehw tnacifingis wen inform ita no is va lia ba l .e esuaceB ew od ton emussa aht t the bom i el stsoh era gniniatniam yna tros fo emit hcnys r no iza ,noit we al os ma ek on as pmus it no a uob t t eh esahp r le ati hsno ip of t eh adpu te ep r sdoi eb twe ne eht bom ile oh ts .s T eseh stekcap etacidni hw i hc stat snoi era elbissecca morf hcae noitats dna ht e rebmun fo spoh yrassecen ot hcaer ht e es ca c se is ble s tat i no s, as si netfo enod ni natsid t- ev tc or tuor i gn la og rit mh s. tI si ton eht up r sop e of th si pahc ret to pr sopo e yna wen scirtem rof etuor noitceles rehto naht eht ssenhserf fo eht ecneuqes ebmun sr sa soc ai t de iw th t eh r uo t ;e tsoc ro rehto scirtem thgim ylisae ecalper the ebmun r of spoh in ot eh r i pm el atnem t noi s. ehT stekcap yam niatnocdettimsnarteb i reyalrehtiegn - reyalrosesserdda)CAM(2 - owten(3 rk) dda res es s. gnituoR noitamrofni si desitrevda yb gnitsacdaorb or um itl cast gni t eh pa kc te s hw ci h ra e tr na sm tti de yllacidoirep dna yllatnemercni sa lacigolopot segnahc era detceted ,.g.e( nehw snoitats evom w ti hin t eh krowten ). ataD si osla tpek tuoba eht htgnel fo it em b te ew en ar ir av l of t eh if rst a dn the rra i av l of the tseb ucitraphcaerofetuor lar ed ts tani i no . edamebyamnoisiceda,atadsihtnodesaB t gnisitrevdayaledo setuor hcihw era tuoba ot egnahc ,noos suht gnipmad snoitautculf of t eh r uo te lbat e .s ehT VDSD locotorp seriuqer hcae libom e noitats ot ,esitrevda ot hcae fo its uc rr ne t en i obhg sr , i st nwo r tuo i gn at lb e (f ro sni t ,ecna yb tsacdaorb i gn sti tne r sei ). ehT seirtne ni siht tsil yam egnahc ylriaf nyd am ci a ll y vo re ti ,em os eht tnemesitrevda tsum eb edam netfo hguone ot erusne taht e yrev elibom retupmoc can al som t al yaw s foretupmocelibomrehtoyreveetacol t eh c lo l tce i no . niLdezimitpO6.4 k locotorP)RSLO(gnituoRetatS RSLO si depoleved rof elibom da coh en t ow r .sk tI asasetarepo elbat - ,nevird evitcaorp taht,locotorp is ti, segnahcxe ygolopot noitamrofni htiw rehto sedon fo eht krowten re ug l ra l .y hcaE edon stceles a tes fo sti robhgien sedon sa lum“ t opi int er l ya s” (M RP ). nI ,RSLO ylno ,sedon detceles sa s hcu ,sRPM era gnidrawrofrofelbisnopser rofdednetni,ciffartlortnoc di suff i no into t eh entir owtene rk. naedivorpsRPM ffe i tneic msinahcem rof gnidoolf lortnoc ciffart yb r cude i gn t eh ebmun r of t msnar i ss i no s r iuqe er .d Nod se , detceles sa ,sRPM osla evah a laiceps ytilibisnopser nehw alced r gni il kn ts a et ofni r am it no in the n te ow rk. snoitanitsedllaotsetuorhtaptsetrohsedivorpotRSLOroftnemeriuqerylnoeht,deednI is t ah t M RP sedon eralced knil s etat ofni r am it no f ro t ieh r RPM sel ce t ro s. lanoitiddA elbaliava knil etats noitamrofni may eb ,dezilitu of r pmaxe el for re dnud a .ycn sedoN hcihw evah neeb celes t de as um itl op int rel ya s yb semlortnocriehtniyllacidoirepnoitamrofnisihtecnuonna)s(edonrobhgienemos s ga se . na,yberehT o ed secnuonna ot eht krowten t ah t it has r ae c ibah lity to t eh don es hw i hc ha ev s le ce t de it sa an M .RP nI etuor ,noitaluclac eht sRPM era desu to of rm the r uo te fr mo a gi nev don e ot yna sed it tan i no in the en t ow rk. ,eromrehtruF eht locotorp sesu eht sRPM ot caf ili at te ffe ic ei nt fl doo i gn of noc t or l m se egas s ni eht De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 22
- 23. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 owten r .k A edon stceles sRPM morf oma ng sti eno - poh srobhgien htiw rtemmys“ ci a ”l (i.e ,. bidire tc i )lano .segaknil ,eroferehT gnitceles eht etuor hguorht sRPM motua ita lac ly ova i sd the pr melbo s sa icos ta de w ti h atad tekcap refsnart revo lanoitceridinu sknil hcus( sa eht melborp fo on t gett gni il kn -l reya stnemgdelwonkca rof atad tekcap tes ae ch ,poh f ro il kn l eya rs e pm l yo i gn th si tec nh i uq e for nu i tsac .)ciffart RSLO si depoleved ot krow tnednepedni ly fr mo ot eh r protoc .slo L ,esiweki RSLO ma ek s on snoitpmussa tuoba eht ednu lr yi gn il kn al ey r. RSLO si a evitcaorp gnituor locotorp of r bom eli da coh owten r .sk tI si llew detius ot egral dna esned bom li e n te ow r ,sk as t eh tpo imiza it no ac ih e dev su i gn t eh sRPM skrow w lle in th si noc t xe t. ehT regral dna erom sned e a en t ow r ,k t eh more tpo imiz ita no nac eb deveihca sa derapmoc ot eht alc ssic li kn ts ate al og r .mhti RSLO sesu poh - yb -hop ,gnituor taht ,si hcae edon sesu sti l aco l infor am it no to r uo te pa kc e .st RSLO si llew detius of r n te row ,sk ehw re the tr fa f ci is modnar dna cidarops neewteb a regral tes fo sedon rehtar naht eb i gn tsomla evisulcxe ly b te we ne a s am ll ceps ific set of .sedon sA a evitcaorp orp t ,loco RSLO si sla o suita lb e of r necs ari so hw e er t eh gnitacinummoc sriap egnahc revo :emit on lanoitidda lortnoc fart f ci si areneg t de in ht is is t tau i no eb c esua tllatasnoitanitsednwonkllarofdeniatniamerasetuor i sem . iF7.4 s nituoRetatSeyeh g )RSF( RSF si na cilpmi it lacihcrareih uor it gn protocol. tI sesu eht ”eyehsif“ uqinhcet e desoporp yb Kl ie nr kco dna ,snevetS erehw eht euqinhcet saw desu ot uder ce t eh size of infor am it no er iuq er d ot er p er tnes lacihparg ad t .a ehT eye fo a hsif serutpac htiw hgih ed ta li t eh pixe sl aen r eht acof l op i .tn ehT liated sesaerced sa eht dist na ce fr mo t eh f co la op int i cn r ae ses. nI ,gnituor t eh eyehsif hcaorppa snart la set ot gniniatniam etarucca ecnatsid dna htap ytilauq noitamrofni uoba t t eh i demm i ta e en i doohrobhg of a don e, iw t cniecnatsidehtsaliatedsselylevissergorph r esae s. RSF si tcnuf i yllano otralimis RSL tahtni it m ia ntai sn a t opo l ygo pam ta ea hc .edon ehT yek ecnereffid is eht yaw ni hcihw gnituor noitamrofni is id ssemi .detan nI ,RSL knil etats stekcap era detareneg dna dedoolf otni eht n te ow rk hw e reven a edon ed tec st a opot l ygo cha .egn nI ,RSF knil etats tekcap s era ton fl .dedoo ,daetsnI sedon niatniam a knil etats tab el ab s de no t eh pu -to- ad te i ofn rm ita no ecer i dev rf mo gnirobhgien ,sedon dna yllacidoirep egnahcxe ti htiw their l aco l en i obhg rs no ly ( on fl doo i gn ). uorhT hg siht e egnahcx ,ssecorp eht elbat seirtne htiw regral ecneuqes srebmun re ecalp t eh eno s iw th ms lla re ecneuqes bmun sre . T eh RSF batcidoirep le exc egnah res bme el s the vector hcxe a gn e in FBD ( ,ro om er ,ylesicerp ,VDSD rehw e eht dist ecna s a er detadpu ac oc rdi gn to the time st ma p or uqes e cn e ebmun r dengissa yb eht edon ro igin ta gni the adpu te). ,revewoH ni RSF knil ats t se rehtar ht an sid t na ce vectors era pr detagapo . nI a sseleriw ,tnemnorivne a oidar knil neewteb elibom sedon yam irepxe e cn e fre neuq t d si nnoc ec st dna cennocer st . ehT RSL locotorP sesaeler a li kn st eta adpu te of r hcae s hcu hc a gn e, hw i hc fl doo s the en t krow dna sesuac vissecxe e vo e hr e .da RSF sdiova siht melborp yb gnisu ,cidoirep daetsni of neve t-d ir ,nev egnahcxe fo eht ygolopot ma ,p g er a lt y cuder i gn the c no rt ol em ssa eg evo r .daeh nehW krowten is ze gr wo s ,egral eht etadpu egassem dluoc c emusno a noc is de bar el nuoma t of wdnab idt ,h hw i hc sdneped no t eh etadpu rep i .do oT ecuder eht ezis fo etadpu segassem uohtiw t res i suo ly af ef c it gn r uo it gn arucca c ,y RSF u eyehsifehtses t nhce i uq e. manieyehsiffonoitacilppaehtsetartsulli1.4erugiF o ensseleriw,elib t ow rk. ehT selcric htiw tnereffid sedahs fo yarg enifed eht eyehsif sepocs w ti h r cepse t ot t eh nec t re edon edon( 11 ). ehT epocs si denifed sa eht tes fo sedon taht can be dehcaer w ti hin a given bmun re of poh s. nI ruo ,esac eerht sepocs are s nwoh of r ,1 ,2 dna > 2 ,spoh res ep ctiv le .y sedoN era oloc r c do ed as lb a ,kc gr ,ya dna etihw ca c dro i gn l .y ehT rebmun fo l ve e sl dna t eh dar i su of hcae epocs will dneped no t eh size of t eh owten r .k T eh noitcuder fo gnituor etadpu ehrevo ad is bo tai den yb su i gn differ ne t egnahcxe ep ir do s rof ehtniseirtnetnereffid r gnituo t ba le. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 32
- 24. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 S1.4erugiF hsiffoepoc e ey eroM ,ylesicerp seirtne gnidnopserroc ot sedon wi ht in t eh lams rel s epoc era agaporp t de ot t eh en i srobhg htiw eht hi hg est f .ycneuqer gnirrefeR ot erugiF ,2.4 ne tr ei s in dlob era gnahcxe ed som t erf neuq lt .y The ser t tneseraseirtneehtfo uo t ta a l ewo r fre neuq cy. baredisnoca,tluserasA l etatsknilfonoitcarfe ne tri se era pus desserp ni a lacipyt tadpu e, t suh cuder i gn t eh em ssa eg is .ez T sih ygetarts secudorp emit ly setadpu morf ybraen ,snoitats tub setaerc egral lat cne i se fr mo ts ta i no s a af r. ,revewoH eht cerpmi i es wonk el gd e fo eht tseb aothtap tnatsid noitanitsed si detasnepmoc yb eht tcaf ehttaht etuor emoceb s pr go er ss i ev ly om er etarucca sa eht tekcap eg ts cl eso r to t eh sed it tan i .no sA eht krowten ezis sworg ,egral a “g ar ”ded rf evoehtpeekotsepocselpitlumssorcadesuebtsumnalpetadpuycneuqe r eh a wold . eyehsifgnisunoitcuderegasseM2.4erugiF ehT RSF pecnoc t o ir gi tan es f mor the Gl abo l Sta et uoR it gn ( RSG ) Pr ocoto l. RSG c na eb vi dewe as a laiceps esac fo SF ,R in ihw ch t reh e si no ly no e f yehsi e-s poc e l ve le . sA a ,tluser eht eritne t opo l ygo at ble is xe c degnah a gnom en igh ob r .s ,ylraelC siht semusnoc a edisnoc r ba le nuoma t of ba wdn idth nehw t eh krowten ezis semoceb lar .eg T hguorh gnitadpu knil etats noitamrofni wi ht differ ne t fre seicneuq gnidneped no eht epocs cnatsid e, RSF sca el s ew ll to egral en t krow si ez a dn peek s evo r eh ad l wo w ti tuoh gnisimorpmoc etuor upmoc ta it no ca cur yca nehw t eh ed sti an t noi si aen r. yB gniniater a gnituor yrtne f ro hcae ,noitanitsed SF R sdiova eht txe ar ow rk of “f gnidni ” t eh dest tani i no (as in no -de dnam r uo t gni ) dna suht atniam i sn wol elgnis - tekcap imsnart ssi no l ta enc .y sA ytilibom i cn r sae e ,s r etuo s to omer et snoitanitsed emoceb le ss accurat .e ,revewoH nehw a tekcap sehcaorppa sti sed ,noitanit ti fi sdn hgihahtiwsrotcessretnetisasnoitcurtsnignituoretaruccaylgnisaercni re er rf esh ar te. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 42
- 25. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 TINU – 5 UOR IT NG – 2 evitcaeR1.5 R slocotorPgnituo evitcaeR gnituor cotorp slo rof elibom da coh en t skrow are ,osla sa ucsid s des suoiverp l ,y ellac d no“ - ”dnamed ituor ng slocotorp . nI a evitcaer gnituor ,locotorp gnituor p shta era ehcraes d no ly nehw .dedeen A uor te yrevocsid op noitare sekovni a etuor imreted n noita .erudecorp The evocsid ry erudecorp setanimret nehw rehtie a ro etu sah neeb dnuof ro no etuor si elbaliava retfa ex noitanima rof lla uor te rep m .snoitatu In a m elibo da coh krowten , evitca uor t se may be detcennocsid eud ot edon .ytilibom ,eroferehT r etuo ecnanetniam si na i tnatropm noitarepo of evitcaer gnituor p ocotor ls. derapmoC ot eht evitcaorp gnituor slocotorp rof m elibo da coh ,skrowten ssel lortnoc daehrevo si a tcnitsid egatnavda fo the caer it ev uor it gn otorp co sl . ,suhT evitcaer ituor ng p slocotor ah ve tteb er ilibalacs ty th na rp o itca ve ituor ng torp o sloc ni m ibo le da hoc en two .skr ,revewoH nehw isu ng evitcaer gnituor ,slocotorp ecruos sedon yam su reff morf gnol led a sy rof etuor ihcraes ng erofeb yeht ac n rof w ra d atad p stekca . nI siht s ,noitce ew lliw ssucsid s lareve t py i lac r tcae ive m ibo le da coh krowten ituor ng orp t ,sloco hcus sa eht wollof i gn : DOA V SD R yllaropmeT deredrO R gnituo Al rog ithm T( ORA) RBC P L RA 1.1.5 dA coH nO - meD a dn ecnatsiD tceV or (A VDO ) nA da hoc wten o kr si the evitarepooc en tnemegag fo a oc l cel it no fo mo ib le sedon wi uoht t t eh deriuqer noitnevretni fo yna dezilartnec ssecca tniop ro ex gnitsi erutcurtsarfni . VDOA si a levon mhtirogla rof eht op tare i no fo hcus da coh en two skr . hcaE elibom tsoh setarepo sa a ezilaiceps d ,retuor dna etuor s era ob deniat sa dedeen i( . ,.e on dnamed htiw til lt e ro on er il na ce no idoirep c stnemesitrevda ). ehT VDOA gnituor mhtirogla si etiuq elbatius rof a d cimany fles - itrats ng krowten as deriuqer by sresu ihsiw ng ot ilitu ze da oh c en t krow .s AO VD sedivorp ool p-free setuor neve elihw er p ria i gn nekorb sknil . esuaceB eht locotorp seod ton eriuqer labolg idoirep c gnituor esitrevda m ,stne eht named d no the vo e llar htdiwdnab ava i bal le to t eh bom i el on d se is laitnatsbus ly ssel naht ni esoht slocotorp taht od ecen s is tate hcus vda e tr i tnemes s. VDOA us se s cirtemmy sknil eewteb n en i robhg i gn on d .se It seod on t at tpmet ot of ll wo ap ths neewteb sedon wh ne eno fo eht sedon tonnac h rae eht rehto .eno oN d se od ton eil no ca t evi ;shtap yeht rehtien niatniam any ituor ng fni o mr noita ron etapicitrap ni any cidoirep ituor ng bat el egnahcxe s. Fu ,rehtr a no ed seod ton h eva ot id s revoc na d niatniam a uor te ot htona er don e tnu il eht owt deen ot etacinummoc selnu s eht fo remr n edo si ireffo ng sti s ivre c se sa na i tn erm de i ta e gnidrawrof noitats ot niatniam ytivitcennoc neewteb owt rehto .sedon nehW eht lacol ivitcennoc ty fo eht elibom edon si fo ,tseretni hcae elibom edon nac emoceb erawa fo eht ehto r sedon ni sti en i hrobhg o do by eht esu of es v lare ,seuqinhcet incl gnidu lacol on( t s sy temwide) tsacdaorb s nwonk sa eH ll o m segasse . The ituor ng t selba of eht sedon w ti nih eht en i oohrobhg d De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 52
- 26. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 era dezinagro ot ezimitpo esnopser emit ot lacol stnemevom dna edivorp kciuq esnopser it em for stseuqer rof tnemhsilbatse fo wen uor t se . The al s’mhtirog amirp ry cejbo t sevi era sa lof l swo : oT tsacdaorb evocsid ry stekcap no ly nehw .yrassecen oT hsiugnitsid neewteb lacol noc n ivitce ty ,tnemeganam en i doohrobhg noitceted dna lareneg olopot gy etniam na .ecn oT messid i an te noitamrofni tuoba ahc n seg ni lacol ivitcennoc ty ot esoht bhgien o gnir om b eli sedon taht si li ek ly ot deen eht noitamrofni . VDOA sesu a tsacdaorb etuor yrevocsid ahcem n msi sa si osla desu htiw snoitacifidom ni t eh RSD mhtirogla . nI daets fo ecruos ,gnituor ,revewoh VDOA seiler no d lacimany ly gnihsilbatse etuor elbat seirtne ta etaidemretni edon s. sihT ecnereffid pa sy ffo ni skrowten htiw am ny on d se erehw a regral daehrevo si derrucni by rac r iy ng s ecruo setuor ni cae h ad ta cap k .te To iatniam n eht tsom tnecer gnituor noitamrofni neewteb n ,sedo ew bo worr eht c tpecno fo d noitanitse ecneuqes srebmun morf DS .VD ekilnU ni ,VDSD ,revewoh e hca da coh edon sniatniam a yllacinotonom gnisaercni ecneuqes rebmun oc u retn hcihw si desu ot srepus ede elats ehcac d tuor es. 2.1.5 htaP yrevocsiD ehT htap evocsid ry ssecorp si detaitini revenehw a ecruos edon deen s ot etacinummoc htiw rehtona edon rof hw ich ti sah on gnituor fni ormati no in sti bat l .e yrevE on de sniatniam t ow arapes te :sretnuoc a on de euqes n ec mun b re na d a aorb d tsac ID. ehT os u ecr on de aitini t se tap h evocsid ry by tsacdaorb i gn a etuoR QER u tse )QERR( tekcap ot sti en i .srobhg T eh RR QE sniatnoc eht gniwollof :sdleif rdda_ecruos< ecruos #ecneuqes tsacdaorb di rdda_tsed tsed #ecneuqes h po >tnc ehT riap ,rdda_ecruos< >di_tsacdaorb euqinu ly seifitnedi na .QERR di_tsacdaorb si etnemercni d revenehw eht ecruos ssi u se a new RR QE . caE h n obhgie r rehtie s seifsita the QERR by s idne ng a etuoR PER ly )PERR( b kca to eht uos r ec , or tsacdaorb s ht e RR QE ot its nwo nei bhg o sr a etf r gnisaercni eht tnc_poh . ecitoN taht a edon m ya eviecer elpitlum seipoc fo eht emas tuor e tsacdaorb p tekca f mor suoirav bhgien o sr . nehW na etaidemretni edon iecer v se na ,QERR fi ti sah aerla dy iecer v de an QERR htiw eht emas di_tsacdaorb dna ecruos ,sserdda ti pord s eht er d tnadnu QERR dna do se ton aorber d sac t it. If a edon tonnac sitas fy eht ,QERR ti speek kcart of eht gniwollof fni o amr t noi ot nemelpmi t t eh rever se- tap h putes as ew ll sa eht drawrof p hta es t pu taht lliw cca apmo ny t eh t snar sim nois fo ht e autneve l RR EP. noitanitseD aPI dd ser s ecruoS sserddaPI tsacdaorB ID noitaripxE emit rof er v esre - htap uor te en yrt ecruoS s’edon cneuqes e un mber esreveR - htaP uteS p erehT era owt ecneuqes srebmun ni( noitidda ot eht rb )di_tsacdao dedulcni ni na :QERR eht ecruos s ecneuqe ebmun r dna eht tsal oitanitsed n neuqes ce un mber onk wn to t eh uos r .ec The ecruos qes u ecne rebmun si desu ot niatniam serf h ssen noitamrofni tuoba t eh er v esre r etuo to t eh ,ecruos dna eht tanitsed i no qes ecneu rebmun seificeps woh hserf a etuor to eht noitanitsed tsum eb ofeb re ti nac be detpecca by eht .ecruos As eht QERR slevart rf om a ecruos ot vari uo s De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 62
- 27. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 ,snoitanitsed ti lacitamotua ly stes up eht er v esre p hta morf lla sedon kcab to eht ecruos . oT set up a esrever ,htap a edon sdrocer eht sserdda fo eht robhgien morf hcihw ti deviecer eht tsrif oc py of eht .QERR esehT esrever - htap etuor seirtne era deniatniam rof ta sael t one u hg time rof the QERR ot esrevart eht krowten dna ecudorp a per ly ot eht rednes . 3.1.5 drawroF - htaP puteS lautnevE l ,y na QERR lliw evirra ta a edon (p bisso ly eht d noitanitse )flesti taht sessessop a nerruc t etuor ot eht d se it an t noi . ehT gniviecer no ed tsrif skcehc ht ta the RR QE aw s re ec i ev d evo r a lanoitceridib .knil fI na etaidemretni on de ah s a etuor tne ry rof ht e d derise ,noitanitsed it senimreted wh rehte eht etuor si cu nerr t by moc p gnira eht d se it an it no s qe u cne e un m eb r ni ti s nwo etuor tne ry ot eht noitanitsed ecneuqes bmun er in t eh R .QER fI eht s’QERR ecneuqes ebmun r rof eht noitanitsed si retaerg naht taht cer o dedr by eht etaidemretni on d ,e eht demretni iate don e tsum ton esu sti dedrocer etuor ot dnopser ot eht .QERR ,daetsnI eht etaidemretni edon acdaorber sts eht QERR . ehT aidemretni te edon nac per ly no ly nehw it sah a etuor iw th a ecneuqes rebmun th ta si gr retae naht or qe u la ot aht t deniatnoc in the .QERR fI ti seod h eva a tnerruc etuor ot eht sed t noitani dna fi eht QERR sah ton neeb p secor s de suoiverp l ,y eht on de neht stsacinu a etuor per ly tekcap )PERR( kcab ot sti robhgien morf hcihw it deviecer the RR QE . nA PERR sniatnoc eht of l gniwol noitamrofni : ,rdda_ecruos< ,rdda_tsed ecneuqes_tsed ,# c_poh n ,t >emitefil By eht emit a tsacdaorb tekcap ar sevir ta a on de taht nac ppus ly a etuor ot eht tsed i an t ,noi a rever se htap sah neeb es dehsilbat ot eht ecruos of t eh RR .QE sA eht PERR slevart kcab ot t eh ,ecruos hcae edon gnola eht htap stes pu a drawrof etniop r ot the don e f mor hw ich t eh RR EP ,emac etadpu s sti tuoemit noitamrofni rof etuor seirtne ot eht ecruos dna d ,noitanitse dna drocer s eht tsetal noitanitsed es q ecneu mun b re for eht detseuqer ed its an t noi . ehT drawrof htap s pute as eht PERR slevart morf t eh noitanitsed D ot ht e s ecruo on de S. edoN s aht t era ton ola ng eht p ta h denimreted by eht PERR lliw emit tuo retfa CA T TUOEMIT_ETUOR_EVI 0003( )sdnocesillim dna lliw eteled eht esrever sretniop . A edon ecer i gniv na PERR setagaporp eht tsrif PERR rof a nevig ecruos on de ot w dra t ah t ruos c .e fI ti r iece sev rehtruf ,sPERR ti setadpu its gnituor noitamrofni dna gaporp a set eht PERR no ly fi the PERR sniatnoc rehtie a aerg t re noitanitsed ecneuqes bmun er naht eht suoiverp PERR ro eht emas noitanitsed ecneuqes rebmun iw th a rellams poh .tnuoc tI s sesserppu a ll rehto sPERR it .seviecer sihT aerced s se eht rebmun of sPERR itagaporp ng drawot eht ecruos elihw al os gnirusne eht uq i ekc st dna tsom pu -to- ad te gnituor fni orma it no . ehT ecruos edon nac b nige atad noissimsnart as os on sa eht fi sr t RR EP is iecer v de dna nac retal up etad sti gnituor rofni m noita fi ti snrael fo a be tt re r uo te. 4.1.5 etuoR elbaT nemeganaM t nI noitidda ot eht ecruos dna noitanitsed ecneuqes ,srebmun rehto esu f lu noitamrofni is al os derots ni eht etuor elbat seirtne dna si dellac eht “s fo t ”etats aicossa t de htiw eht tne ry. etaicossA d htiw esrever - htap ituor ng rtne i se si a remit lac l de eht etuor“ tseuqer ex noitarip it m ”.re ehT esoprup fo siht remit si ot egrup esrever -p hta gnituor seirtne morf esoht sedon taht od ton eil no eht htap morf eht ecruos ot eht noitanitsed . ehT ex noitarip emit sdneped nopu eht ezis fo t eh da coh krowten . rehtonA i tnatropm retemarap detaicossa htiw gnituor rtne i se si eht etuor - ihcac ng ,tuoemit ro eht emit retfa hcihw eht etuor is snoc i dered ot eb i avn il d. nI e hca gnituor bat le tne ry, eht serdda s fo evitca en i srobhg th or u hg hcihw p stekca for eht ig v ne sed t noitani era er cei dev is De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 72
- 28. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 osla deniatniam . A gien h rob si deredisnoc evitca rof taht noitanitsed fi ti giro i an t se or ler ays at tsael eno tekcap rof taht noitanitsed nihtiw eht tsom tnecer evitca tuoemit .doirep sihT noitamrofni si deniatniam os taht lla evitca ecruos sedon c na eb on t eifi d w neh a l kni ola ng a htap ot eht noitanitsed skaerb . A etuor tne ry is deredisnoc evitca fi ti si ni use by any evitca n bhgie o sr . ehT htap morf a uos r ec to a ,noitanitsed hcihw si dewollof by p stekca ola ng evitca etuor rtne i ,se si dellac na evitca“ htap .” etoN ,taht sa htiw ,VDSD lla setuor ni t eh uor te t ba le era ta degg htiw noitanitsed ecneuqes nu ,srebm hcihw aug r eetna taht on gnituor spool nac ,mrof ev ne ednu r emertxe snoitidnoc fo tuo - fo - redro cap k te iled very dna hi hg edon om b ili t .y A elibom on de sniatniam a etuor elbat yrtne rof hcae noitanitsed fo tseretni . hcaE etuor ta elb yrtne noc t snia eht gniwollof :noitamrofni noitanitseD txeN hop rebmuN fo spoh )cirtem( ecneuqeS rebmun rof eht d tse ni ta i no evitcA srobhgien rof iht s or ute noitaripxE emit rof eht batetuor le e tn ry hcaE emit a etuor tne ry is desu ot timsnart atad morf a s ruo ce wot a dr a de ts i an ti ,no t eh it m uoe t rof eht tne ry si teser ot eht tnerruc emit sulp eht ac evit uor te t tuoemi . fI a n we etuor si dereffo to a elibom ,edon eht elibom edon serapmoc eht noitanitsed ecneuqes rebmun fo t eh wen etuor ot eht noitanitsed ecneuqes rebmun rof eht cu nerr t .etuor ehT etuor htiw eht gr retae euqes nce rebmun is nesohc . fI eht ecneuqes mun b sre era eht ,emas neht eht wen or u et si detceles no ly fi it sah a rellams rtem ic a( rewef srebmun of )spoh ot eht nitsed noita . 5.1.5 htaP cnanetniaM e tnemevoM fo sedon ton l iy ng ola ng na evitca p hta seod ton tceffa eht gnituor ot taht s’htap tsed i an t noi . fI eht os u ecr edon sevom irud ng na evitca ,noisses ti can er i etaitin t eh tuor e evocsid ry rp o udec re ot hsilbatse a en w etuor ot t eh ed its an t .noi nehW ie t reh eht d se it an t noi ro emos etaidemretni on de ,sevom a laiceps PERR si s ne t ot t eh fa f ce ted s ecruo on d .se idoireP c olleH segassem nac be desu ot erusne s cirtemmy ,sknil sa llew as to ceted t li kn fail .seru evitanretlA l ,y dna htiw raf ssel netal c ,y hcus seruliaf dluoc eb etceted d by isu ng kniL -La rey elwonKCA d stnemg ALL( C )sK . A knil eruliaf si osla detacidni fi stpmetta to rof w dra a cap k te to eht en xt poh af i .l ecnO eht en xt poh semoceb caernu h ,elba eht edon u maertsp fo eht rb eak setagaporp na deticilosnu PERR htiw a hserf qes u ecne ,rebmun taht ,si a se ecneuq bmun er taht si eno retaerg naht eht suoiverp ly nwonk qes u ecne rebmun dna poh tnuoc fo lla evitca aertspu m ien g obh rs. esohT sedon s tneuqesbu ly ler ay taht egassem ot rieht evitca n srobhgie dna os no . ihT s ssecorp seunitnoc litnu lla evitca os u ecr on d se era ;deifiton ti ret m setani eb c esua DOA V sniatniam no ly pool - eerf ,setuor dna th ere era no ly a etinif rebmun of edon s ni eht da oh c owten rk. nopU gniviecer iton acif t noi fo a nekorb ,knil so ecru sedon nac tratser the evocsid ry p secor s fi ht ey llits eriuqer a tuor e to eht tanitsed i .no To ed t enimre wh rehte a etuor is lits l ,dedeen a on de may kcehc wh ehte r eht etuor ah s eeb n desu tnecer ly sa llew sa tcepsni reppu -l leve torp o oc l lortnoc skcolb ot ees rehtehw noc n snoitce er m nia nepo gnisu eht dni aci det tsed i an it .no fI eht ecruos on de ro any ehto r edon ola ng eht p uoiver s etuor sediced ti dluow ekil ot uber i dl t eh tuor e ot eht ,noitanitsed ti sdnes tuo na QERR htiw a noitanitsed ecneuqes mun b re fo eno aerg t re t ah n De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 82
- 29. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 eht suoiverp ly nwonk s ecneuqe rebmun ot erusne taht ti iub lds a wen elbaiv uor t ,e dna t ah t on sedon per ly fi ht ey llits drager eht p suoiver r etuo dilavsa . rP)RSD(gnituoRecruoScimanyD2.5 o cot ol ehT RSD locotorP si a elpmis dna ciffe i tne or u gnit locotorp d gise n de s lacificep ly for use ni pohitlum sseleriw da coh skrowten fo m elibo edon s. gnisU ,RSD eht krowten si etelpmoc ly fles - zinagro gni dna fles - ,gnirugifnoc r gniriuqe on ex gnitsi krowten curtsarfni t eru ro noitartsinimda . krowteN sedon )sretupmoc( etarepooc ot of r draw stekcap rof hcae rehto ot wolla noitacinummoc revo elpitlum ”spoh“ neewteb sedon ton cerid tly nihtiw sseleriw nart s im noiss egnar fo no e ehtona r. sA edon s ni the wten o kr evom tuoba ro j nio or l ae ve ht e en t ,krow na d as eriw l se s noissimsnart snoitidnoc hcus sa os u ecr s fo ecnerefretni chan ,eg lla or u gnit si lacitamotua ly denimreted dna iatniam n de by eht RSD gnituoR cotorP .lo esuaceB eht n rebmu ro neuqes ce fo etaidemretni spoh dedeen ot hcaer any d noitanitse yam chan eg ta any it m ,e eht gnitluser n krowte ygolopot may eb etiuq hcir dna dipar ly ahc n ig ng. ehT RSD locotorP swolla sedon ot lacimanyd ly revocsid a ecruos etuor ac ssor elpitlum krowten spoh ot any noitanitsed ni eht da oh c en t krow . hcaE atad p tekca s tne neht rrac i se ni sti daeh er ht e ,etelpmoc deredro tsil fo sedon hguorht hcihw eht tekcap tsum ,ssap gniwolla cap k te gnituor to eb laivirt ly ool p-fr ee dna idiova gn eht deen of r pu - ot - etad ituor ng i fn o amr t noi ni t eh i demretn i ta e sedon hguorht hcihw the cap k te si .dedrawrof By idulcni ng siht ecruos etuor ni t eh aeh d re of hcae atad ,tekcap rehto sedon idrawrof ng ro iraehrevo ng any fo eseht p stekca may osla isae ly cac he siht gnituor noitamrofni rof uf t eru .esu elihW gningised ,RSD ew een d de ot etaerc a gnituor locotorp th ta dah ev ry wol aehrevo d tey saw elba ot r tcae uq ickly ot chan seg in t eh ,krowten gnidivorp ylhgih evitcaer ecivres ot eh lp erusne lufsseccus led evi ry of atad stekcap ni etips fo edon tnemevom ro rehto chan seg ni krowten dnoc ti snoi . 1.2.5 weivrevO dna tnatropmI treporP i se fo eht torP o loc ehT RSD locotorP si desopmoc fo owt nahcem i sms taht krow rehtegot ot a ll wo t eh di evocs ry dna ecnanetniam of ecruos setuor ni eht da coh n :krowte etuoR evocsid ry si eht m nahce ism by hcihw a edon S gnihsiw ot dnes a tekcap ot a noitanitsed edon D sniatbo a ecruos etuor ot .D etuoR evocsid ry si desu no ly nehw S stpmetta ot dnes a cap k te ot D dna d seo ton aerla dy nk ow a etuor ot D. etuoR ecnanetniam si eht msinahcem by hcihw edon S si elba ot ,tceted elihw gnisu a ecruos etuor ot ,D fi eht krowten olopot gy h sa ch degna hcus taht ti nac on regnol esu sti etuor ot D uaceb se a knil ola ng t eh etuor on ol nger row k .s nehW etuor ecnanetniam setacidni a cruos e etuor si orb k ,ne S nac ta t tpme ot esu any rehto or u et it sneppah to wonk to ,D ro nac i kovn e tuor e evocsid ry niaga ot dnif a wen etuor . etuoR ecnanetniam si desu ylno nehw S si lautca ly idnes ng stekcap ot .D oR etu evocsid ry dna etuor ecnanetniam hcae etarepo eritne ly no .dnamed nI ,ralucitrap ekilnu ehto r ,slocotorp RSD iuqer res on cidoirep stekcap fo any dnik ta any lev le nihtiw eht en t krow . For ex ,elpma RSD seod not esu any cidoirep tuor i gn vda e esitr m ne t, il kn sutats ,gnisnes ro en igh rob noitceted ,stekcap dna seod ton er ly no th se e tcnuf i sno morf any rednu l gniy slocotorp ni eht .krowten sihT eritne ly no - dnamed b roivahe dna kcal fo cidoirep ivitca ty wolla eht rebmun fo daehrevo p stekca desuac by RSD ot acs el lla eht yaw nwod ot z ,ore nehw lla on d se era rppa xo etami ly anoitats ry htiw cepser t ot hcae rehto na d lla setuor n ee d de f ro De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 92
- 30. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 tnerruc noitacinummoc evah aerla dy neeb .derevocsid As sedon igeb n to evom m ero or as noitacinummoc nrettap s ahc n eg , eht gnituor p tekca aehrevo d fo RSD lacitamotua ly s elac s ot no ly taht dedeen ot kcart eht setuor tnerruc ly ni esu . nI esnopser ot a elgnis etuor evocsid ry sa( llew sa hguorht gnituor noitamrofni morf ehto r stekcap ,)draehrevo a edon yam nrael dna ehcac elpitlum setuor ot any d .noitanitse sihT swolla eht noitcaer ot gnituor segnahc ot eb hcum erom ,dipar esuaceb a edon w hti elpitlum setuor ot a noitanitsed nac try tona h re dehcac etuor fi eht one ti h sa neeb isu ng uohs ld af li . sihT ihcac ng of elpitlum setuor osla sdiova eht daehrevo fo n dee i gn ot mrofrep a wen etuor evocsid ry ea hc it me a etuor ni esu .skaerb The snoitarepo fo etuor d evocsi ry dna etuor m ecnanetnia ni RSD ra e dengised ot wolla eridinu lanoitc sknil dna asym cirtem setuor ot eb isae ly detroppus . nI sseleriw ,skrowten ti si elbissop taht a knil neewteb owt sedon yam ton row k lauqe ly w lle ni htob ,snoitcerid eud ot gnireffid annetna ro p agapor t noi snrettap or uos r sec fo ni t re f ere n ec . SD R swolla hcus lanoitceridinu sknil ot eb desu nehw assecen r ,y gnivorpmi ov llare amrofrep n ec na d krowten ytivitcennoc ni eht s metsy . RSD osla su stropp ikrowtenretni ng b neewte effid r tne t epy s fo eriw l sse skrowten , la l gniwo a ecruos etuor ot eb esopmoc d fo h spo ov re a bmoc i an it no of any t sepy fo skrowten .elbaliava roF ex ,elpma emos sedon ni eht da coh net krow may ah ve no ly trohs - egnar ,soidar elihw rehto sedon evah htob trohs - egnar dna gnol - ar n eg r ;soida eht noitanibmoc fo eseht sedon nac eb deredisnoc yb RSD sa a elgnis da hoc .krowten nI ,noitidda eht gnituor fo RSD sah neeb detargetni otni ats n drad tenretnI ituor n ,g erehw a wetag“ a ”y on ed detcennoc ot eht tenretnI osla setapicitrap ni eht da coh krowten gnituor ,slocotorp dna sah neeb detargetni otni eliboM PI ,gnituor wh ere su hc a wetag ay edon osla sevres the elor fo eliboMa IP erof i ng tnega . 2.2.5 cisaB RSD etuoR yrevocsiD nehW emos edon S setanigiro a n we cap k te denitsed ot emos rehto edon ,D ti secalp ni eht redaeh fo eht tekcap a “s ecruo r ”etuo ivig ng eht ecneuqes fo spoh taht eht tekcap dluohs of ll wo no sti way to D. No lamr ly, S lliw niatbo a elbatius ecruos etuor by hcraes i gn sti etuor“ c ca h ”e of setuor suoiverp ly enrael d, tub fi on etuor si dnuof ni sti ,ehcac ti lliw etaitini eht uor te evocsid ry locotorp ot d lacimany ly dnif a n we etuor ot .D nI siht esac , ew llac S t eh ni“ ti rotai ” dna D ht e ”tegrat“ fo eht etuor d evocsi r .y oF r ex ,elpma Fi erug 1.5 etartsulli s na ex elpma of tuor e evocsid r ,y ni hw i hc a no ed A si gnitpmetta ot di revocs a uor te to don e E. oT etaitini t eh uor te evocsid r ,y A stimsnart a etuor qer u tse egassem sa a elgnis lacol aorb d tsac cap k ,te hcihw is deviecer by )yletamixorppa( lla sedon tnerruc ly nihtiw sseleriw noissimsnart egnar fo .A E ca h etuor qer u tse egassem id ne seifit eht rotaitini dna t tegra fo the etuor ocsid ver ,y dna osla noc t snia a euqinu “r tseuqe DI ,” d te e denimr by eht rotaitini of t eh qer u tse . hcaE etuor tseuqer osla sniatnoc a drocer gnitsil eht sserdda fo hcae aidemretni te edon hguorht hcihw siht citrap ralu oc py fo ht e etuor tseuqer egassem sah neeb rof w dedra . sihT r etuo drocer si dezilaitini ot na pme ty l tsi by t eh rotaitini fo eht etuor evocsid ry. nehW rehtona edon r seviece a etuor ,tseuqer fi ti is eht tegrat fo eht etuor evocsid r ,y ti snruter a etuor per ly m egasse ot eht rotaitini fo eht etuor evocsid r ,y ivig ng a oc py of eht alumucca ted etuor drocer morf eht ro etu ;tseuqer ehw n eht in rotaiti iecer v se siht etuor per l ,y ti sehcac ht si etuor ni sti etuor ehcac rof esu ni gnidnes esbus q tneu stekcap ot siht sed it an it .no ,esiwrehtO if De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 03
- 31. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 siht edon iviecer ng eht etuor qer u tse ah s tnecer ly ees n rehtona etuor qer u tse m sse age orf m this rotaitini iraeb ng siht s ema qer u tse DI , ro fi ti sdnif t ah t ti s nwo dda r sse si rla eady li dets in ht e etuor cer o dr ni eht etuor tseuqer ,egassem ti sdracsid eht qer ue ts . rehtO w ,esi siht edon sdneppa sti nwo dda r sse ot eht ro etu drocer in eht etuor tseuqer gassem e na d porp a ag t se it by t msnar ti gnit ti sa a lacol b tsacdaor p tekca htiw( eht s ema re tseuq )DI . In inruter ng eht etuor per ly to ht e rotaitini fo eht etuor evocsid r ,y hcus sa edon E per l iy ng b kca ot A ni Fi erug ,1.5 edon E liw l t lacipy ly ex enima sti nwo etuor ehcac for a etuor kcab ot A ,dna fi ,dnuof liw l esu ti rof t eh ecruos etuor rof d evile ry fo eht tekcap gniniatnoc eht uor te r pe ly. wrehtO i ,es E may rofrep m sti nwo etuor evocsid ry for tegrat edon ,A tub ot diova elbissop etinifni noisrucer fo tuor e ,seirevocsid ti tsum pi ygg b kca siht etuor per ly on sti nwo uor te euqer ts m sse a eg of r A. tI si sla o elbissop ot gip g kcaby ot reh llams ad ta ,stekcap s hcu as a Tr simsna is no C ortno l P locotor T( PC ) S noitazinorhcny )NYS( ,tekcap no a etuor qer u tse gnisu siht emas cem h .msina edoN E dluoc osla pmis ly esrever the s ecneuqe fo spoh ni the etuor drocer th ta it is tryi gn to nes d ni t eh tuor e per l ,y dna esu siht sa eht ecruos etuor no eht tekcap rac r gniy eht uor te per ly flesti . erugiF 1.5 etuoR ocsid v yre xe a :elpm edon A si eht ,rotaitini na d node E si ht e tegrat . 3.2.5 cisaB RSD etuoR cnanetniaM e nehW itanigiro ng ro fo idrawr ng a p tekca isu ng a ecruos uor t ,e hcae edon gnittimsnart eht cap ket si elbisnopser rof gnimrifnoc taht eht tekcap sah neeb deviecer by eht en xt poh gnola eht cruos e ;etuor eht ap tekc si dettimsnarter pu( ot a am x mumi rebmun fo pmetta t )s itnu l t sih rifnoc ma it no fo tpiecer si .deviecer roF ex ,elpma ni eht noitautis detartsulli ni erugiF ,2.5 edon A ah s detanigiro a tekcap rof E gnisu a ecruos etuor hguorht aidemretni te sedon ,B ,C dna .D nI siht esac , edon A si snopser i elb of r tpiecer of eht tekcap ta ,B on de B is pser on is elb rof er cei tp at ,C edon C si elbisnopser rof tpiecer ta ,D ,dna lanif l ,y edon D si snopser i elb rof r ece ipt at ht e tsed i an t noi E. etuoR:2.5erugiF otelbanusiCedon:elpmaxeecnanetniam f Amorftekcapadrawro t Eo revo ti s enotknil xt-ho .Dp De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 13
- 32. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 sihT noitamrifnoc fo r tpiece ni am ny sesac may eb dedivorp ta on soc t to DS ,R rehtie sa na ex gnitsi dradnats trap fo eht CAM locotorp ni esu hcus( sa eht knil - level elwonkca dgm ne t frame denifed by EEEI )11.208 ro yb a evissap“ nkca o gdelw m ”tne ni( hcihw B smrifnoc er c tpie ta C by gniraehrevo C nart s tim eht tekcap ot awrof rd it no to .)D fI en rehti fo eseht oitamrifnoc n smsinahcem si ,elbaliava eht edon gnittimsnart eht tekcap may tes a tib ni eht s’tekcap he reda to tseuqer taht a RSD - cificeps erawtfos elwonkca d tnemg eb ruter n de by eht en xt poh ; iht s fos t raw e elwonkca d tnemeg lliw lamron ly eb tr dettimsna tcerid ly ot eht idnes ng ,edon tub fi t eh li kn neewteb eseht owt sedon si ,lanoitceridinu siht erawtfos elwonkca d tnemg yam levart vo er a tnereffid pohitlum htap . fI eht p tekca si narter s dettim by emos poh eht am ximum un m reb fo semit dna on r tpiece co noitamrifn si deviecer , siht edon r snrute a uor te rre or m sse a eg ot t eh lanigiro rednes fo eht p ,tekca itnedi f iy ng the knil revo hcihw eht p tekca dluoc ton eb rawrof d de . roF ex ,elpma ni giF u er 3. ,4 fi C si elbanu ot led iver eht pa ekc t ot eht next poh ,D neht C r snrute a etuor rre or ot ,A gnitats t tah eht knil morf C ot D si tnerruc ly “b ”.nekor edoN A neht sevomer ht is nekorb knil morf sti ;ehcac any ter r noissimsna fo eht ro i lanig p ca k te is a noitcnuf for eppu r-la rey slocotorp hcus sa TCP. roF idnes ng cus h a r noissimsnarte ro ehto r stekcap ot siht as me ed s noitanit ,E fi A h sa ni its etuor cac he tona h re route ot E ( rof exampl ,e morf lanoitidda uor te er p seil morf sti eilrae r etuor evocsid r ,y ro orf m ivah ng ov hre e ra d ffus ici ne t gnituor fni o tamr noi f mor rehto p ca k ,)ste ti nac s dne eht p ekca t gnisu eht n we uor te i etaidemm ly. ,esiwrehtO ti may mrofrep a wen etuor evocsid ry rof siht tegrat . llaropmeT3.5 y AROT(mhtiroglAgnituoRderedrO ) AROT si a detubirtsid gnituor locotorp rof ,elibom mul hit po wi er l se s en t krow s. stI netni d de su e si rof eht gnituor fo PI smargatad nihtiw na suomonotua s metsy . ehT ,cisab gniylrednu al mhtirog si rehtien a ecnatsid rotcev ron a knil ;etats ti si eno fo a imaf ly fo al tirog h sm derrefer ot sa knil“ - ”lasrever ogla smhtir . The s’locotorp noitcaer si derutcurts sa a yllaropmet ro d ere d euqes n ec of gnisuffid ,snoitatupmoc hcae noitatupmoc gnitsisnoc fo a s ecneuqe fo di detcer knil rever sal .s ehT locotorp si hgih ly ad ,evitpa ffe i ,tneic dna ,elbalacs dna si llew detius f ro esu ni ,egral d esne , elibom krowten s. nI eseht ,skrowten eht cotorp o s’l noitcaer ot knil seruliaf t lacipy ly evlovni s no ly a dezilacol elgnis“ ”ssap fo eht detubirtsid .mhtirogla sihT d elbarise oivaheb r si hca i eve d guorht h eht use fo a phys aci l ro gol i lac kcolc to hsilbatse the “t opme r la edro r” of opot logi ac l egnahc stneve . ehT atse b dehsil laropmet iredro ng si tneuqesbus ly desu ot st erutcur (or )redro eht s’mhtirogla noitcaer ot lacigolopot ahc n .seg T s’ARO ngised si aciderp t de no eht noiton taht a r gnituo al mhtirog taht si llew detius rof noitarepo ni siht tnemnorivne dluohs ssessop t eh gniwollof orp p seitre : setucexE yldetubirtsid . sedivorP pool - eerf setuor . edivorP s elpitlum or utes ,.e.i( to der u ec the erf q neu cy of snoitcaer to opot l go i ac l ahc ng ,se na d yllaitnetop ot etaivella co )noitsegn . sehsilbatsE setuor uq ci k yl ,.e.i( os yeht may eb desu erofeb ygolopoteht ahc n )seg . eziminiM s co noitacinumm revo h ae d by gnizilacol al cimhtirog noitcaer to lacigolopot ahc n eg s nehw elbissop ,.e.i( ot co vresn e av elbalia nab d htdiw dna aercni se acs l liba i yt ). gnituoR ytilamitpo e.i( ., noitanimreted fo eht tsetrohs )htap si fo l se s im rop t ecna . tI si al os on t ssecen ary ro( d )elbarise ot niatniam setuor neewteb eve ry os u ecr – d noitanitse riap ta lla it m .se De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 23
- 33. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 ehT revo h dae ex ednep d ot hsilbatse a etuor eb t neew a nevig os u ecr –d noitanitse riap liw l eb detsaw fi the ecruos do se ton uqer i er eht etuor roirp ot i st i avn li ad tion eud to t lopo ogi ac l gnahc es. OT AR si gised n de ot eziminim noitcaer ot golopot ical ahc n .seg A key tpecnoc ni sti ed si ng is taht ti selpuoced eht eg n noitare fo laitnetop ly raf - ihcaer ng lortnoc egassem noitagaporp morf eht etar fo lacigolopot ahc n seg . lortnoC igassem ng si t lacipy ly lacol iz de ot a ev ry llams tes fo edon s raen the chan eg tuohtiw ivah ng ot troser ot a dyn cima , lacihcrareih or ut gni os lut noi htiw its tnadnetta .ytixelpmoc AROT sedulcni a adnoces ry m ,msinahce cihw h swolla raf -r ihcae ng lortnoc egassem noitagaporp sa a snaem of tneuqerfni etuor tpo i im z noita dna tfos - ats te uor te noitacifirev . sihT orp p noitaga srucco p lacidoire ly ta a very wol etar dna si tnednepedni fo the krowten ygolopot d .scimany AROT si detubirtsid ni taht sedon deen no ly ot niatniam noitamrofni tuoba jda tneca sedon ,.e.i( eno - oh p .)egdelwonk tI seetnaraug lla setuor era ool p ,eerf dna t lacipy ly vorp i sed elpitlum setuor rof any uos r ec – noitanitsed riap taht seriuqer a etuor . AROT si ecruos“ ”detaitini dna uq i kc ly etaerc s a tes fo uor t se ot a nevig d tse i an t noi no ly ehw n rised ed. uaceB se elpitlum setuor era lacipyt ly dehsilbatse dna gnivah a elgnis etuor si tneiciffus , ynam lacigolopot ahc n seg eriuqer on noitcaer ta .lla gniwolloF lacigolopot segnahc taht od eriuqer ,noitcaer eht p locotor kciuq ly lbatseer sehsi dilav setuor . sihT ytiliba ot etaitini dna react tneuqerfni ly sevres ot eziminim noitacinummoc .daehrevo laniF l ,y ni eht tneve fo a rowten k ,noititrap eht locotorp stceted eht noititrap dna are s se lla lavni id setuor . A lacigol ly s etarape rev s noi fo AROT si nur rof hcae d noitanitse ot hcihw gnituor si uqer i der . ehT iwollof ng noissucsid sesucof no a is n elg noisrev gninnur rof a given ed ts ,noitani .j AROT nac be es p ara t de otni t eerh b cisa :snoitcnuf gnitaerc setuor , gniniatniam ,setuor dna isare ng tuor es. itaerC ng a etuor morf a nevig edon ot eht d noitanitse seriuqer est tnemhsilba fo a qes u cne e fo detcerid sknil idael ng morf eht on de to t eh d tse i an it no . sihT noitcnuf is no ly ni i etait d ehw n a edon htiw on detcerid li skn seriuqer a etuor ot t eh ed ts i an it .no ,suhT gnitaerc setuor laitnesse ly sdnopserroc ot gningissa snoitcerid ot sknil ni na detceridnu krowten ro noitrop fo eht krowten . ehT dohtem desu ot hsilpmocca siht si na noitatpada fo eht yreuq – per ly pr ,sseco hcihw sdliub a detceriD Ac cilcy hparG )GAD( detoor ta eht ed s noitanit ,.e.i( eht noitanitsed si eht no ly don e htiw on aertsnwod m li kn s .) AROT sehsilpmocca eseht eerht snoitcnuf hguorht the esu fo three tcnitsid lortnoc :stekcap euq ry ,)YRQ( etadpu ,)DPU( dna raelc (C .)RL YRQ stekcap a er desu rof gnitaerc ,setuor UPD stekcap era desu rof htob gnitaerc dna niam t gninia ,setuor dna C RL stekcap era desu rof sare i gn setuor . noitacoL4.5 - )RAL(gnituoRdediA ehT RAL slocotorP esu noitacol noitamrofni hcihw( yam be tuo fo etad by eht t emi ti is )desu to ecuder eht hcraes sp eca rof a d derise uor t .e Li gnitim eht hcraes ecaps stluser ni rewef uor te yrevocsid segassem . 1.4.5 etuoR yrevocsiD gnisU idoolF ng ehT ytilibissop fo gnisu noitacol noitamrofni ot evorpmi rofrep m ecna fo gnituor otorp sloc rof a TENAM is .dessucsid sA na ,noitartsulli ew s woh woh a uor te csid o ev ry ocotorp l esab d no gnidoolf nac be vorpmi ed. ehT etuor evocsid ry al mhtirog isu ng idoolf ng si rcsed i deb next. ehW n a edon S sdeen ot dnif a etuor ot edon ,D edon S stsacdaorb a uor te er q seu t egassem to a ll sti De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 33
- 34. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 srobhgien ; faereh t ,re on de S lliw eb derrefer to as eht “s redne ,” dna don e D sa ht e “d tse i tan i ”.no A edon s( a ,y ,)X no gniviecer a etuor er q tseu ,egassem serapmoc eht ised r de noitanitsed htiw sti nwo reifitnedi . fI ereht is a ,hctam ti snaem taht t eh qer u tse si rof a etuor ot ti self ,.e.i( edon )X . ,esiwrehtO on de X rb o stsacda eht tseuqer ot sti robhgien s ot diova der u tnadn t snar sim snois fo etuor qer u tse ,s dna edon X no ly b stsacdaor a ralucitrap etuor qer u tse ecno detaeper( r noitpece of a etuor tseuqer si ceted t de gnisu qes u ecne .)srebmun giF u er 2.5 setartsulli iht s al rog i ht m. nI giF u er ,2.5 edon S een ds ot enimreted a etuor to edon .D ferehT o ,er on de S stsacdaorb a uor te tseuqer ot sti en i bhg o sr . nehW sedon B dna C r eviece eht etuor r seuqe t, they of r raw d ti to la l rieht srobhgien . nehW edon F seviecer eht etuor tseuqer morf ,B ti sdrawrof eht tseuqer ot sti ien g obh rs. ,revewoH nehw edon F seviecer eht as me etuor tseuqer morf ,C edon F pmis ly sdracsid eht tuor e uqer e ts . sA eht etuor tseuqer si detagaporp ot av r suoi ,sedon eht htap dewollof by eht qer u tse si dedulcni ni eht etuor tseuqer .tekcap gnisU eht evoba gnidoolf algo ,mhtir dedivorp taht eht dednetni noitanitsed si elbahcaer morf eht ,rednes eht noitanitsed dluohs lautneve ly eviecer a etuor tseuqer .egassem nO gniviecer the etuor ,tseuqer eht noitanitsed sdnopser by s dne ing a etuor per ly egassem ot eht rednes —the etuor re lp y egassem wollof s a htap taht is deniatbo by isrever ng the htap dewollof by eht etuor qer u tse iecer v de by D eht( etuor qer u se t m sse age sedulcni eht htap desrevart by eht qer u .)tse tI si elbissop taht eht noitanitsed lliw ton eviecer a etuor tseuqer egassem rof( cnatsni ,e nehw ti si caernu h elba morf eht nes ed ,r ro etuor tseuqer s a er tsol eud ot noissimsnart rre o .)sr nI cus h ac s ,se eht rednes sdeen ot eb elba to reini etait tuor e yrevocsid . Th erofere , nehw a rednes setaitini ro etu evocsid ry, it es ts a tim uoe t. fI irud ng t eh tuoemit lavretni a etuor per ly si ton ,deviecer th ne a wen etuor ocsid very si detaitini eht( etuor tseuqer segassem rof siht etuor evocsid ry lliw esu a tnereffid ecneuqes un m reb naht eht suoiverp etuor evocsid ry— llacer taht ecneuqes srebmun era su ef lu ot tceted elpitlum snoitpecer fo ht e emas etuor )tseuqer . iT m tuoe yam o rucc fi the noitanitsed seod ton iecer ve a etuor r seuqe t, ro fi eht etuor per ly sem s ega morf eht tanitsed i no si tsol . tuoRdediAnoitacoLfonoitartsullI:3.5erugiF i RAL(gn ) etuoR yrevocsid si detaitini rehtie nehw eht rednes S stceted ht at a pr ve i uo ls y eted rmi den etuor to don e D si ,nekorb ro fi S seod ton wonk a r uo te to t eh tsed i an it .no nI ruo ,noitatnemelpmi ew emussa taht edon S rbsietuorehttahtwonknac stpmettatifiylnoneko t uo s ehte etuor . atadasdnesSedonnehW p ca k te De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 43
- 35. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 gnola a ralucitrap tuor e, a don e a gnol t ah t ap th er turns a r etuo error em ss ,ega if eht next poh no t eh r uo te rbsi neko . edrofyrevocsidetuorsetaitiniti,egassemrorreetuorehtseviecerSedonnehW sti an it Dno . nehW gnisu eht evoba ,mhtirogla evresbo taht eht etuor tseuqer dluow hcaer yreve edon t tah si re elbahca morf edon S laitnetop( l ,y a ll don es in the da oh c en t ow rk). gnisU noitacol ,noitamrofni ew tpmetta to agaporpsitseuqeretuormohwotsedonforebmunehtecuder t de . H5.5 y slocotorPgnituoRdirb dirbyH gnituor slocotorp era a wen noitareneg of prot oco l, hw ci h are ob th orp a tc i ev a dn rea tc i ev in utan r .e esehT slocotorp era dengised ot i esaercn ytilibalacs yb a ll wo i gn don es w ti h cl eso pr xo imity to krow rehtegot ot mrof emos tros fo a nobkcab e ot re ud ce t eh r uo te disc vo re y evo r eh ads. sihT si yltsom deveihca yb ylevitcaorp gniniatniam setuor to aen r yb n edo s a dn ed termini gn r uo tes to f ra away sedon gnisu a etuor di evocs ry st ar t .yge tsoM dirbyh locotorp s desoporp to ad te are enoz ab s ,de hw i hc me sna t ah t t eh en t krow si trap iti deno or nees as a ebmun r of enoz s yb hcae don e. srehtO puorg sedon era of r dem ni ot rt e se ro cl su t .sre T sih noitces sebircsed a rebmun of diff re ent byh r di r uo it gn prot oco ls oporp s de rof ENAM Ts. Z PR ZHLS ocotorPgnituoRsetadpUnoitacoLelbalacS l ( )PRULS ocotorPgnituoRdesaBseerTgninnapSdetubirtsiD l ( SD T) RcimanyDdetubirtsiD orP)RDD(gnituo t loco locotorPgnituoRenoZ1.5.5 (Z )PR ehT PRZ locotorP senibmoc eht segatnavda fo eht evitcaorp dna evitcaer sehcaorppa yb m ia ntai gnin na pu -to- etad lacigolopot pam fo a enoz deretnec no e hca don e. nihtiW eht ,enoz setuor era taidemmi yle iava l ba l .e roF snoitanitsed edistuo eht ,enoz PRZ syolpme a tuor e disc vo re y pr ,erudeco hw i hc can be tifen senozehtfonoitamrofnignituorlacolehtmorf oitavitoM2.5.5 n evitcaorP gnituor sesu ssecxe wdnab i htd ot niatniam gnituor amrofni it ,no hw li e reactive r uo t gni i ovn l sev gnol etuor tseuqer led a .sy evitcaeR gnituor osla yltneiciffeni sdoolf eht itne re en t ow rk for etuor mreted i tan i .no PRZ smia ot sserdda eht smelborp yb gninibmoc eht tseb seitreporp fo htob ppa roa hc es. PRZ nac eb dessalc sa a h by ir d r tcae i ev dna pr cao it ev r uo it gn orp tocol. nI na da coh ,krowten ti nac eb demussa t ah t t eh l ra g tse p tra of t eh t ar ff ci si di cer t de to aen r yb don e .s T ,erofereh PRZ secuder eht evitcaorp s epoc to a noz e ce tn re de no hcae don e. nI a imil t de ,enoz t eh am in et na cn e of r tuo i gn noitamrofni is eas ei .r ,rehtruF eht tnuoma fo tuor i gn inform ita no t ah t si ne rev su ed si minimi .dez litS ,l sedon rehtraf yawa nac eb dehcaer w ti h caer it ve r uo t .gni esuaceB lla sedon pr tcao i ev ly ts o er acol l r uo it gn ,noitamrofni etuor stseuqer nac eb erom ffe ici ne lt y p fre ormed w ti uoh t uq re yi gn a ll the en t ow rk edon s. etipseD eht esu of noz e ,s PRZ sah a lf at v ei w vo re t eh n te ow r .k In siht ,yaw eht azinagro t anoi l evo r daeh detaler to hcrareih i ac l pr ocoto ls can eb ova i .ded lacihcrareiH uor gnit slocotorp dneped no eht st ar t cige tnemngissa fo ag t syawe ro kramdnal s, os t ah t e yrev don e c na secca s all l ,sleve es cep i la ly the t po vel le . sedoN gnignoleb ot tnereffid stenbus tsum dnes t eh ri nummoc i ac t noi to a s tenbu t ah t si nommoc to htob edon s. krowtenehtfostraptsegnocyamsihT . senozehtesuaceblocotorptalfasadezirogetacebnacPRZ evo lr .pa ,ecneH amitpo l r uo t se nac be ceted t de dna en t ow rk c tsegno i no can eb .decuder ehT roivaheb fo tarugifnoctnerrucehtnosdnepeddnaevitpadasiPRZ vahebehtdnakrowtenehtfonoi ior of t ueh s re s. tcetihcrA3.5.5 u er T eh noZ e tuoR i gn Protocol, as its eman i pm eil ,s si ab s de no ht e cnoc ept of enoz s. A gnituor enoz si denifed f ro e hca edon s ape ratel ,y dna the noz se of en i obhg r gni edon s evo alr .p T eh r tuo i gn noz e ah s a r suida ρ pxe_ r se s de in h poh s. ehT enoz suht sedulcni eht ,sedon ohw se di ecnats rf mo t eh don e ni De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 53
- 36. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 tseuq i no si at om ts h .spoh nA elpmaxe fo a tuor i gn noz e is nwohs in Fi ug re ,4.5 ehw re eht r tuo i gn enoz fo S in lc sedu t eh don es A–I, ub t on t K. nI eht ,snoitartsulli eht dar ius is am rked as a c ri cle ar dnuo t eh edon tseuqni i no . acisyhpasaton,spohnidenifedsienozehttahtdetoneb,revewoh,dluohstI l id s cnat e. T eh don es of a enoz are divi ded into rep i ehp ral sedon dna int re ior edon s. larehpireP sedon a er sedon esohw minim um tsid ance to the tnec ral edon si caxe lt y e auq l to t eh noz e r suida ρ. ehT sedon esohw minim um d atsi ecn is less naht ρ era nt re ior don e .s In erugiF ,4.5 eht sedon A–F era roiretni don e ;s t eh sedon G–J era larehpirep ,sedon dna eht edon K is uo tsi ed t eh tuor i gn noz e. etoN taht edon H nac eb r dehcae yb t ow ap t ,sh eno w ti h a l gne th of t ow poh s dna no e w ti h a el gn th fo ht ree poh s. ehT edon ,si ehtesuaceb,enozehtnihtiw,revewoh s roh te ts ap t ih s el ss t onah r auqe l t hto e enoz r da ius. unehT m foreb sedon ni eht tuor i gn enoz c na eb re ug la et d yb da j gnitsu the t nar sm si nois p rewo fo the .sedon nirewoL g eht rewop secuder eht rebmun of edon s w ti hin di cer t aer ch dna v ci e ve .asr ehT rebmun of n ie robhg i gn sedon dluohs eb tneiciffus ot pr vo ide a auqed te r ae c ibah lity a dn er nadnud c .y nO eht rehto ha ,dn a t oo egral egarevoc stluser in am ny enoz me ,srebm dna eht etadpu traffic eb c mo es xe c sse i .ev ,rehtruF egral tnoclacolfoytilibaborpehtotsddaegarevocnoissimsnart ent noi . oelpmaxE4.5erugiF f tuora i enozgn w hti ρ = 2 PRZ srefer ot eht yllacol evitcaorp gnituor oc tnenopm sa ht e nI art enoz uoR it gn Prot oco l ( PRAI ). The yllabolg evitcaer gnituor tnenopmoc demansi ht e nI t nozre e uoR t gni Protocol (IE PR ). dnaPREI PRAI era ton cificeps gnituor pr ocoto sl . ,daetsnI PRAI si a ylimaf fo detimil - ,htped ,evitcaorp knil etats gnituor orp t .sloco RAI P sniatniam gnituor noitamrofni for don se t ah t are iw thin the r uo it gn enoz of the edon . ,ylgnidnopserroC PREI si a ylimaf fo evitcaer gnituor orp toc lo s t ah t fo fer e nahn c de r uo te di vocs re y dna etuor ecnanetniam secivres desab no col al nnoc e tc ivi yt nom ti or de yb .PRAI ehT fact t ah t t eh t opo l ygo fo eht lacol enoz fo hcae edon si nwonk nac eb desu ot ecuder traf if c nehw gl abo l r uo te di evocs ry is dedeen . daetsnI fo gnitsacdaorb ,stekcap PRZ sesu a tpecnoc dellac ”.gnitsacredrob“ credroB tsa i gn ut li i ez s t eh ygolopot noitamrofni dedivorp yb PRAI ot tcerid yreuq er seuq st to t eh ob r red fo eht noz e. tsacredrobehT orPnoituloseRtsacredroBehtybdedivorpsiecivresyreviledtekcap t oco l ( PRB ). PRB sesu a pam fo na dednetxe r tuo i gn enoz to c no s curt t ob r ed cr sa t tre se f ro t eh yreuq ap c tek s. ,ylevitanretlA it esu s s ecruo r tuo i gn ab s de no the on rm la r tuo i gn noz e. yB e gniyolpm yreuq c no t lor ,smsinahcem etuor stseuqer nac eb detcerid yawa morf saera fo eht en t krow t ah t al er a yd ha ev neeb evoc r de . oT tceted wen robhgien sedon dna il kn fa li ,seru PRZ rel ei s no a eN i obhg r Di vocs re y Prot loco )PDN( dedivorp yb eht CAM al ey r. PDN stimsnart olleH snocaeb ta raluger interva .sl nopU gniviecer a ,nocaeb eht obhgien r at elb si tadpu e .d srobhgieN rof hcihw no nocaeb sah neeb deviecer nihtiw a deificeps emit era evomer d rf mo t eh at b el . fI eht CAM reyal seod ton edulcni na ,PDN t eh f nu cti ano lity tsum eb vorp i ded yb RAI P. T eh hsnoitaler ip eb t ew en t eh nopmoc ents is ill su t detar in Fi ug re .8.3 Rou et setadpu era dereggirt yb ,PDN hw ci h ton ifi se RAI P nehw the en i obhg r at b el si tadpu e .d PREI sesu eht gnituor elbat fo PRAI ot res dnop to r uo te euq ir es PREI. sdrawrof reuq i se iw th .PRB PRB ehtsesu r uo it gn bat l morfyawaseireuqetuorediugotPRAIfoe t euqeh r uosy rce. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 63
- 37. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 cralocotorPgnituoRenoZ5.5erugiF h erutceti gnituoR4.5.5 A edon taht sah a tekcap ot dnes tsrif c eh c sk ehtehw r ht e tsed i an it no si w ti hin its local enoz su i gn oitamrofni ybdedivorpn PRAI . ylevitcaorpdetuorebnactekcapeht,esactahtnI . distuosinoitanitsedehtfidesusignituorevitcaeR5.5.5 e nozeht e. evitcaerehT r uo t gni proc se s is divi ded ni to t ow ahp s se : t eh r uo te re euq ts sahp e dna t eh uor et r pe ly hp ase. In eht etuor r seuqe t sahp e, the uos rce dnes s a r uo et seuqer t ap c ek t to ti s peri rehp la edon s su i gn .PRB If eht reviecer fo a etuor uqer tse kcap te wonk s t eh des it an t ,noi it er dnops s yb s gnidne a r uo te r pe ly ab ck to t eh uos cr .e ,esiwrehtO ti seunitnoc t eh rp eco ss yb ob r ed r ac sti gn the kcap te . nI siht yaw , eht r etuo r tseuqe sdaerps tuohguorht t eh owten r .k fI a edon seviecer lareves eipoc s of the s ma e r tuo e r seuqe t, seht e ra e deredisnoc sa r nadnude t dna a er d si ac r .ded ehT ylper si tnes yb yna edon taht nac orp ediv a etuor to eht anitsed t .noi oT eb elba ot dnes eht per ly ba kc to t eh uos cr e ,edon r tuo i gn inform ita no sum t eb detalumucca nehw eht tseuqer si s ne t t hguorh t eh en t ow r .k ehT noitamrofni si dedrocer ie t eh r in t eh r uo te tseuqer tekcap saro txen - poh da ehtnisesserd sedon al gno the ap th. nI eht,esactsrifeht sedon for aw rdi gn a etuor tseuqer tekcap dneppa rieht sserdda dna naveler t edon ro li kn em irt sc ot t eh kcap te . nehW eht cdnadesreversisesserddafoecneuqeseht,noitanitsedehtsehcaertekcap po i de to t eh r tuo e per l apy c ek t. ehT ecneuqes si desu ot wrof ra d t eh er ply ba kc to t eh uos cr .e nI eht dnoces ,esac eht drawrof i gn sedon drocer gnituor noitamrofni sa xen t- poh a dd r se ses, hw ci h a er desu nehw the er ylp si s ne t to the uos rce. hT is hcaorppa nac evas noissimsnart ,secruoser sa eht tseuqer dna r pe ly ekcap ts era s am ll er. ehT ecruos nac eviecer t eh etelpmoc uos cr e r uo te ot the sed it na .noit sihT epyt fo eno - ot -ma yn msnart i noiss c na eb detnemelpmi sa a tsacitlum ot ecuder ecruoser us .ega enO rppa hcao si ot let eht s ecruo upmoc te t eh tsacitlum ert e a dn atta hc uor t gni instr cu it no s to the ap c ek t. sihT si dellac tooR - detceriD edroB r ac sti gn .)BDR( rehtonA hcaorppa si ot tcurtsnocer eht rt ee ta ea hc ,edon ehw er sa t eh r uo it gn i sn t tcur i no s can eb timo t .de sihT seriuqer taht yreve roiretni edon swonk eht ygolopot nees yb t eh ob rde cr ast gni .edon Th su , darahtiwenozgnituordednetxenaniatniamtsumsedoneht i osu f 2 (r – spoh)1 . ecnanetniaMetuoR6.5.5 etuoR ecnanetniam si yllaicepse tnatropmi ni da coh ,skrowten erehw li skn are br neko dna es at blished sa sedon evom ylevitaler ot hcae rehto htiw detimil r da io c vo e gar e. nI ylerup evitcaer gnituor ,slocotorp aperetuorroyrevocsidetuorwenadna,liafsknilnekorbgniniatnocsetuor ri um ts eb ep fr or dem . tlitnU eh wen etuor si ,elbaliava ekcap ts era dr deppo ro ed l .deya nI ,PRZ eht egdelwonk fo eht l aco l t opo l ygo c na eb desu rof etuor am int nane c .e kniL iaf l seru dna lamitpobus etuor stnemges nihtiw eno enoz nac eb apyb s .des gnimocnI stekcap nac eb d detceri dnuora eht nekorb l kni thr hguo na ca it ve um lti poh ap th. ,ylralimiS eht ygolopot nac eb desu to ohs r net etuor s, for pmaxe l ,e nehw t ow don es vah e vom ed w ti hin De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 73
- 38. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 hcae s’rehto oidar evoc ar g .e roF ecruos - detuor ,stekcap a gniyaler edon nac enimreted eht cl seso t uor te ot oslasitahtnoitanitsedeht na ie obhg r. helgnisaybdecalperebnactnemgespohitluma,semitemoS op. txenfI - edlamitpoyllacolekamnacsedoneht,desusignidrawrofpoh gnitcelesybsnoisic a s roh t apre t .h yreuQ7.5.5 - sinahceMlortnoC ms gnitsacredroB nac eb erom tneiciffe naht ,gnidoolf esuaceb etuor tseuqer stekcap era no ly tnes to t eh arehpirep l edon s, dna t uh s no ly no the oc r er s dnop i gn il .skn rehtruF ycneiciffe nac eb ag i den yb uti il zi gn tsacitlum et nhc i euq s nI. taht ,esac ylno eno tekcap si tnes no a ,knil hguohtla eves r la ep ir hp re al sedon nac ser i ed dniheb t ih s il .kn woH e ev r, eb c esua t eh r tuo i gn noz es of en i robhg i gn sedon evo lr ,pa hcae edon yam drawrof etuor er stseuq areves l ti em s, hw i hc res lu ts in om re rt aff ci t nah in fl doo i .gn nehW a edon ylevitceffesienozgnituoretelpmoceht,yreuqastsacdaorb c vo re de . ehT ssecxe ciffart si a r use tl fr mo uq ire se r ute rni gn to revoc ed senoz i sn t dae of c vo ere d don es as in lanoitidart fl doo i .gn To evlos t sih ,melborp PRZ n sdee euq ry- noc rt ol em chan si ms, hw ci h nac id r tce seireuq yawa morf derevoc senoz dna etanimret yreuq stekcap ofeb er t yeh a er deliv re de to peri larehp sedon ni snoiger of t eh en t ow rk rla ydae c vo re de yb the euq r .y PRZ sesu eerht sepyt of uq re y- noc rt lo :smsinahcem yreuq ,noitceted ylrae ,noitanimret dna modnar yreuq - gnissecorp .yaled yreuQ noitceted sehcac eht seireuq deyaler yb t eh edon s. htiW ylrae ,noitanimret siht noitamrofni si desu ot enurp sacdaorb euqehtybderevocydaerlasedonotgnit ry. axenoitcetedyreuQ:6.5erugiF mple oitceteDyreuQ8.5.5 n nehW a tsacredrob si ,deussi no ly t eh redrob c sa t gni edon si erawa t ah t t eh uor it gn enoz is evoc r de yb t eh .yreuq nehW eht larehpirep edon s eunitnoc eht yreuq ssecorp yb gnitsacredrob to t eh ri rep i ehp ral edon s, eht yreuq yam eb yaler ed thr hguo the s ma e edon s aga i .n oT etartsulli htiw na ,elpmaxe eht edon S in Fsedonlarehpirepstiotyreuqastsacredrob6.5erugiF –J. JedonehtsA unitnoc drobybse e nitsacr g to t eh edon s ,C ,S dna ,E eht uq re y si ga ia n r ale dey yb edon s D dna .E T eh yreuq iss deu yb edon J to sedon ,C ,S dna E si ,tnadnuder esuaceb eseht sedon evah neeb c vo re de yb t eh verp i uo s uq re .y oT eb elba ot tneverp seireuq morf paer gniraep ni derevoc ger i no s, t eh sedon sum t ed t ce t ol cal euq ry-rel ya i gn tivitca y. PRB sedivorp t ow euq ry d te ce it no m te sdoh : 1DQ dna .2DQ ,yltsriF eht edon s t ah t rel ya t eh yreuq era elba ot tceted eht euq ry ( 1DQ ). ,yldnoceS ni elgnis - lennahc ,skrowten ti is elbissop ot tsil en to eht ciffart yb ot eh r edon s w ti hin t eh oidar c vo are eg ( 2DQ ). ,ecneH ti si elbissop to d te ce t euq r ei s er l deya yb ehto r edon s in the noz e. 2DQ nac eb detnemelpmi yb u is gn PI br cdao asts to s dne r uo te euq r ei s. ,ylevitanretlA a nu ci sa t can be us de fi t eh CAM a dn PI l ya sre repo ta e ni pr mo i suoucs dom e. In eht evoba ,elpmaxe lla edon s e cx ept don e B r le ay t eh euq ry fo .S yehT era t suh ba le to su e .1DQ edoN B seod ton elbasititub,eerttsacdaorbehtotgnoleb t yalerehtraehrevoo e euqd r uy is 2DQgn . itcetedyreuqA on elbat is su ed to ehcac ht e d te ce t de euq ir .se roF hcae ,yrtne eht ehcac c no tains ht e a serdd s of t eh uos r ec edon dna eht euq ry DI . T eh sserdda – DI iap r si suffi neic t to nu i euq ly ide tn fi y lla euq r ei s in ht e en t ow rk. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 83
- 39. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 ehcacehT yam osla noc tain ot eh ir ofn r am it no de gnidnep no t eh euq ry ted ec it no mehcs e. ,ralucitrapnI eht siyreuqadetsacredrobyltnecertsomtahtedonehtfosserdda i opm tr na t. enoZ9.5.5 - iHdesaB Z(etatSkniLlacihcrare H )SL A reep“ -to- ”reep lacihcrareih gnituor ,locotorp noZ e- desaB Hi cihcrare al RSL Prot oco l SLHZ( ), setaroprocni acol t noi noitamrofni otni a von le eep r-to- eep r hi are r hc i ac l r tuo i gn ppa r ao c .h ehT krowten si dedivid ni to on evo r ippal gn noz e .s gnitagerggA sedon otni noz es aecnoc ls ht e ed t ia l of the en t krow olopot gy SPGhguorhtDIenozeroferehtdnanoitisopnwostiswonkedonhcae,yllaitinI. . tfA e htr e krowten si ,dehsilbatse hcae edon swonk eht wol -l eve l ( edon -l eve )l t opo l ygo a uob t edon tcennoc iv ti y nihtiw sti enoz dna eht hgih - level noz( e- )level ygolopot tuoba enoz c cenno it v ti y of t eh lohw e en t ow r .k A tekcap si dedrawrof yb gniyficeps eht lacihcrareih sserdda — enoz DI dna edon ID—of a tsed i an t noi edon redaehtekcapehtni . lnU eki rehto lacihcrareih locotorp s, th re e a er on cl retsu he da s in t sih prot oco l. ehT hgih - level lacigolopot noitamrofni si detubirtsid ot a ll edon s (i.e ,. in a pe re -to- ep re ma renn ). sihT reep -to- reep citsiretcarahc sdiova ciffart ,kcenelttob stneverp a nis elg tniop fo af li u er , dna si pm il fies bom i il ty ganam e nem t. ralimiS .emehcsevitcaorpdnaevitcaerdirbyhasiSLHZ,PRZot nihtiwsinoitanitsedehtfievitcaorpsitI t eh emas enoz fo eht uos rce. ,esiwrehtO ti si tcaer i ev esuaceb a noitacol hcraes si een ded to if dn ht e enoz DI fo eht tsed i an it .no ,revewoH ekilnu ,PRZ SLHZ seriuqer SPG dna atniam i sn a gih h- el ev l hierar yhc rof retni - enoz .gnituor noitacoL hcraes si demrofrep yb gnitsacinu no e loc ta i no er uq tse to ae ch .enoz oR u nit g si enod yb gniyficeps t eh enoz DI dna eht edon DI of t eh tsed i an it ,no ins daet fo eps cifyi gn an or ed er d l tsi fo la l t eh ni termedi eta don es eb t neew t eh cruos e a dn the sed t ani it .no etaidemretnI knil egakaerb may on t uac se yna s bu s uqe ent l taco i no s ae r .hc esuaceB eht krowten noc is s st of non - evo lr ppa i gn enoz s in ,SLHZ nielbayolpedylidaersiesuerycneuqerf Z SLH . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 93
- 40. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 UN TI 6 Transpo tr L ya re dA coh skrowten era moc p xel detubirtsid ys ets sm t tah c sno ist of eriw less bom li e or ts at ci edon s t ah t nac yleerf dna yllacimanyd fles - .ezinagro nI siht yaw yeht mrof rtibra ra y dna opmet r yra “ da coh ” n te ow rk ,seigolopot gniwolla secived ot ylsselmaes tcennocretni in ar ae s wi ht on erp e ix sti gn i sarfn rt cu tu er . ,yltneceR eht noitcudortni of wen orp toco sl us ch as Bl eu t ,htoo EEEI ,11.208 dna epyH r NAL are kam i gn elbissop eht depl nemyo t of ad oh c en t ow r sk for emmoc rcial up r esop s. sA a ,tluser elbaredisnoc r hcraese stroffe evah neeb tup otni ht is new lahc l gne i gn wi er l se s vne ri nemno t. noissimsnarT ortnoC l locotorP )PCT( saw dengised ot edivorp elbailer dne - ot - dne yreviled fo atad revo nu r le i ba el en t ow rks. nI ,yroeht PCT dluohs eb nednepedni t of t eh tec onh l ygo of t eh rednu lyi gn infra ts r cu tu er . nI ,ralucitrap PCT hs dluo on t erac rehtehw eht tenretnI locotorP )PI( si r nnu i gn evo r wi der or w ri el se s tcennoc i .sno nI ,ecitcarp ti seod rettam esuaceb tsom PCT stnemyolped vah e neeb ca ufer ll y desi deng ba des no sa s pmu t noi s t ah t era cificeps ot riw ed en t .skrow gnirongI eht seitreporp fo riw e sel s rt na smiss noi c na lead to T PC eproophtiwsnoitatnemelpmi r of r cnam e. In da coh ,skrowten eht cnirp i ap l pr bo el m fo T PC lies in ep fr ormi gn egnoc its no c tno rol ni c esa of l sesso aht t onera t i cudn e krowtenybd gnoc itse no . tibesuaceB everasetarrorre ry l wo i wn ri ende t ow r ,sk ne ra ly lla T PC v re si no s dawon a sy sa s mu e th ta ap c ek t l sso es era eud to tsegnoc i .no ,yltneuqesnoC nehw a tekcap si ceted t de ot eb ,tsol rehtie yb t tuoemi ro yb um itl ple pud lica et d ac lwonk e mgd ent ( KCA ) ap c tek s, T PC swols nwod eht gnidnes etar yb da j tsu i gn ti s segnoc it no wi .wodn ,yletanutrofnU sseleriw skrowten reffus morf lareves sepyt fo l sso es ht ta ra e on t er tal ed ot egnoc sti ,no kam i gn T PC on t pada t de to t sih nemnorivne t. utaeflarevestirehniskrowtencohdA mysahtapdnasetarrorretibhgihekilser m ,yrte dna dda wen smelborp taht emoc morf ibom lity a dn um itl poh nummoc icati ,sno us ch as en t ow rk desopxero(neddihdna,seruliafetuor,snoititrap ) ter anim sl . 1.6 noissimsnarT rtnoC ol s’locotorP )s’PCT( hC all egne s a dn D se ign sI su se ni skrowteNcoHdA ehT ecnamrofrep fo T PC darged es in da coh en t ow rks. T sih si esuaceb T PC sah ot ecaf wen hc al el segn eud ot eves ral nosaer s s ep ci if c to t eh se en t ow r sk : sol sy nnahc e ,sl hi dd en dna sopxe ed st ta i no s, htap rtemmysa artsnocrewopdna,seruliafetuor,snoititrapkrowten,y i tn s. 1.1.6 slennahCyssoL :gniwollofehteraslennahcsseleriwnisrorrefosesuacniamehT langiS :noitaunetta T sih si eud ot a esaerced ni eht i ytisnetn fo t eh e cel rt engamo tic ene r yg at t eh recei rev otlangiSwolaotsdaelhcihw,)ecnatsidgnoloteud,.g.e( - ioN s taRe io ( RNS ). :tfihsrelppoD T colevevitalerehtoteudsisih it ei os f eht t nar sm ti et r dna t eh rec evie r. sesuactfihsrelppoD ilpmocybereht,langisgnivirraehtnistfihsycneuqerf onoitpecerlufsseccusehtgnitac f t seh i ng la . htapitluM :gnidaf citengamortcelE sevaw gnitcelfer ffo bo ej tc s or diffrac it gn ar dnuo bo jec st nac res lu t ni eht langis gnilevart revo lpitlum e ap t sh rf mo t eh tr msna tti er to t eh r ce ie v re . htapitluM noitagaporp nac nisnoitautculfotdael t tadeviecerlangisehtfoelgnalacihpargoegdna,esahp,edutilpmaeh a recei ev r. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 04
- 41. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 knil,snoissimsnartfosseccusehtesaercnioT - fehttnemelpmislocotorpreyal gniwollo tec nh i :seuq citamotuA taepeR seuqeR t ( QRA ), oF r aw rd rE ror cerroC it no ( CEF ), or ob t .h roF ,elpmaxe EEEI 11.208 stnemelpmi ,QRA os nehw a rettimsnart stceted na ,rorre it will er t msnar ti t eh f ,emar dna re or r ed tecti no si emit r base .d htooteulB mi stnemelp htob QRA dna CEF no emos hcnys r suono dna a hcnys r suono c cenno t .snoi etoN taht stekcap dettimsnart revo a gnidaf lennahc yam suac e a tuor i gn prot oco l ot yltcerrocni dulcnoc e t ah t t eh er si a new no e- poh en i obhg r. sihT eno - poh robhgien uoc ld pr vo i ed a rohs t re etuor ot neve om re di ts a tn edon s. ,yletanutrofnU siht wen retrohs etuor si lausu ly nu re il ba l .e tuB emos gnituor ,slocotorp ekil tanitseD i no - uqeS e decn Di ts ance V ce tor ( VDSD ) dna dA coH On-De nam d ecnatsiD rotceV )VDOA( ni a laer ,krowten dnif t tah en i ht re of eseht prot oco ls nac pr vo ide a st elba yllaicepsednasroivaheblennahclacisyhpehtfoesuacebetuorpohitlum f da i gn . rugiF e 1.6 : snoitatSdesopxEdnaneddiH2.1.6 In da coh ,skrowten snoitats may yler no a syhp i lac ac rrier-s sne i gn me nahc i ms to ed termine na idle ,lennahc hcus as in t eh EEEI 11.208 Distri detub drooC i an it no cnuF t noi ( FCD ). sihT snes i gn me nahc i ms seod ton evlos yletelpmoc eht neddih noitats dna ht e opxe s de sta it no pr bo l me s. erofeB gninialpxe eseht melborp ,s ew deen ot yfiralc eht et rm t“ r msna i ss i no r .egna ” T eh t ar nsmi ss i no egnar si the r ,egna iw th msnartahcihwnihtiw,noitatsgnittimsnartehtottcepser i yllufsseccusebnactekcapdett r ce ie ved. A lacipyt neddih lanimret utis ati no is ped i detc in Fi rug e .1.5 snoitatS A dna C evah a emarf ot timsnart ot ats t noi .B noitatS A tonnac tceted s’C noissimsnart esuaceb ti si edistuo eht tra msn is is no egnar fo C. noitatS C tcepser( ot )A si erofereht ”neddih“ ot noitats A er( s ep ct ot .)C esuaceB s’A dna s’C nart noissims saera era ton ,tniojsid ereht lliw eb ekcap t oc llisi sno at .B T eseh snoisilloc ekam the melborpBdrawotCdnaAmorfnoissimsnart ta ic. lautriv,melborpnoitatsneddihehtetaivellaoT c ra r rei gnisnes sah neeb in rt .decudo It si desab no a owt -way kahsdnah i gn t ah t edecerp s da at tr msna i ss i no . ,yllacificepS eht ecruos noitats stimsnart a trohs ortnoc l fr ma e, cal el d seuqeR t-to- dneS (RT ,)S to eht snoitanitsed t ta i no . RehtgniviecernopU T raelCaybseilpernoitatsnoitanitsedeht,emarfS - ot - neS d (CT )S ,emarf gnitacidni taht ti si r ydae to r ece ive eht da at fr ma e. htoB STR dna STC semarf niatnoc t eh atot l ud r ta i no of t eh atad t msnar is is .no llA snoitats gniviecer rehtie STR ro STC lliw peek is l ne t ud ir gn eht atad nart sm si si no rep i .do CTS semarf tnoc nia eht t to la ud ra it no of t eh ad at msnart is is .no llA snoitats gniviecer rehtie STR ro CTS lliw peek si nel t rud i gn t eh ad ta rt na sm si si no pe .doir ehT desopxe noitats melborp stluser morf a tautis i no rehw e a rt na sm si nois has to eb ed l deya suaceb e fo t eh t ar nsm si si no neewteb owt rehto snoitats iw t nih t eh se edn s’r rt na sm si si no r gna e. nI erugiF ,2.5 redisnoc a t py i lac oiranecs hw ere t eh desopxe termi an l pr bo el m co c ru s. teL su emussa aht t A dna C a er w ti hin s’B noissimsnart ,egnar dna A si distuo e ’C s tra msn iss noi ar .egn teL su osla emussa taht B si gnittimsnart ot ahCdna,A s a f emar t bo e art msn tti de t Do . acehtotgnidroccA rrier-s ne s gni me nahc i C,ms s sne e ysubas De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 14
- 42. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 lennahc esuaceb fo s’B tr na sm issi .no ,eroferehT noitats C lliw niarfer morf gnittimsnart ot ,D hguohtla cnerefretniesuactondluownoissimsnartsiht e at .A mmelborpnoitatsdesopxeehT a nitlusersuhty ulennahcfonoitcudera til azi it no . imretdesopxE2.6erugiF melborplan animretneddihtahtgnitonhtrowsitI l ehthtiwdetalerrocerasmelborplanimretdesopxedna transm ssi noi .egnar yB gnisaercni eht noissimsnart ,egnar eht neddih lanimret borp l me rucco s el ss tneuqerf l .y nO eht rehto ,dnah eht desopxe nimret la melborp semoceb erom ropmi t tna sa t eh tr na sm si si no r egna i ned t seifi eht aera detceffa yb a elgnis tr na sm ssi .noi htaP yrtemmysa ni da coh skrowten yam raeppa ni se larev yrtemmysaetarssol,yrtemmysahtdiwdnabekilsmrof , yrtemmysaetuordna . B3.1.6 ahtdiwdna s mmy e yrt aS t etille skrowten reffus morf hi hg htdiwdnab ,yrtemmysa gnitluser rf mo v ira uo s gne i en eri gn rt da e-of sf hcus( sa ,rewop am s ,s a dn ov l emu ) as ew ll as t eh fact t ah t for sc tnei ific caps e m si si ,sno som t of the atad setanigiro ta eht as t le lite dna fl swo to the eart .h roF ,elpmaxe ni tsacdaorb etilletas skrowten eht oitar fo eht diwdnab th fo eht etilletas – htrae li kn revo eht ba wdn idth of t eh ae r ht – as telli et il kn is a uob t .000,1 nO eht rehto ,dnah ni da coh krowten s, the rged ee of ba wdn idth emmysa rt y is on t v re y hi .hg ehT emmysa t yr stluser morf eht esu fo dif ef ner t rt na sm si si no rates. esuaceB fo eseht tnereffid ssimsnart i no ra et ,s neve tsedecruoscirtemmys i yrtemmysahtdiwdnabmorfreffusyamshtapnoitan . yrtemmysaetarssoL4.1.6 hT is epyt fo temmysa ry t eka s place nehw t eh ba drawkc ap th si si ng ifi tnac ly l so s ei r t nah the for aw rd htap . In da coh ,skrowten siht yrtemmysa is eud to the fact t ah t pa kc te los es s dneped no local snoc t ar ints taht nac yrav morf ecalp to calp e. etoN taht ssol ar et yrtemmysa yam ecudorp htdiwdnab .yrtemmysa oF r ,elpmaxe ni etaritlum EEEI 11.208 locotorp ,snoisrev ednes sr yam use t eh uA to- aR te-F lla ab ck ( )FRA etarnoissimsnartrofmhtirogla se el ct noi . verpehtekilnU:yrtemmysaetuoR i afosmrofowtsuo s emmy rt ,y w ereh eht drawrof htap dna eht drawkcab htap nac eb t eh sa ,em r uo et a emmys rt y i pm il es t ah t tsid i cn t ap t sh era su ed for T PC tad a a dn T PC .sKCA T sih yrtemmysa may eb na tcafitra of the r uo it gn prot loco su e .d etuoR yrtemmysa sesaercni gnituor sdaehrevo dna p ekca t l so s se in ac s se of hi hg deg er es fo ,ytilibom esuaceb nehw sedon ,evom gnisu tcnitsid drawrof esreverdna esaercnisetuor s t eh baborp il ti y fo neirepxeseruliafetuor c de yb T tcennocPC i sno . krowteN5.1.6 P noititra nA da coh krowten can be per er nes det yb a is pm el g ar hp .G eliboM snoitats era eht ev“ rti ec s ”. A lufsseccus noissimsnart neewteb t ow ts ati sno si na dnu ri ce t de “ .egde ” N te ow rk trap iti no neppah s nehw G si disc enno c .det ehT niam nosaer fo this id s tcennoc i no in ENAM Ts si edon bom il ti .y onA th re rotcaf t tah De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 24
- 43. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 nac dael ot krowten p ra titi no is t eh ene r yg - snoc art deni epo r ta i no of don e .s nA elpmaxe fo en t ow rk noititrap si detartsulli in ugiF re .3.5 nI siht ,erugif dehsad senil ehtera li kn s eb t ew en sedon . DedonnehW mo sev yawa morf edon ,C nistlusersiht a partit noi of eht en t ow rk into t ow s pe a tar e c nenopmo t .s aelC rl ,y eht T PC tnega fo edon A tonnac receive t eh T PC CA K tr na smitt de yb don e .F fI eht ivitcennocsid ty arudrofstsisrep o)OTR(tuOemiTnoissimsnarteRehtnahtretaergnoit f edon eht,A T PC a neg t iw ll reggirt eht laitnenopxe ffokcab ,mhtirogla hcihw snoc is st of buod il gn t eh OTR nehw e ev r t eh time tuo ipxe res. ,yllanigirO PCT od se on t ha ev na i dn i tac i no uoba t t eh e ax tc ti em of owten rk r tcennoce i .no sihT kcal fo noitacidni yam lead to l gno idle peri sdo ud r gni hw ci h the en t ow rk si c enno tc de aga i ,n ub t T PC is ffokcabehtnillits s tat e. ranecsnoititrapkrowteN:3.6erugiF io gnituoR6.1.6 F serulia nI owtenderiw .yleraryrevruccoseruliafetuor,skr ENAMnI T stnevetneuqerferayeht,s . esuacniamehT fo etuor seruliaf is don e bom il ti .y rehtonA rotcaf taht nac dael ot etuor seruliaf si eht li kn fa li ures eud to eht noc t noitne no eht sseleriw ,lennahc hcihw si eht niam esuac fo PCT pe ofr r cnam e deg ar tad i no in ENAM Ts. T eh etuor tnemhsilbatseer noitarud after r etuo fa li u er ni ad oh c en t ow rks sdneped no t eh gniylrednu gnituor ,locotorp ytilibom nrettap fo bom i el don e ,s dna traffic hc ra etca ir st ci s. fI a PCT rednes od se ton evah snoitacidni no eht etuor tnemhsilbatseer ,tneve eht uphguorht t dna es ssi no d ale y lliw edarged esuaceb fo eht l gra e id el time. ,oslA fi eht wen etuor se at bl dehsi is l egno r or ohs tr er ni term of dloehtneht,spoh - etuor T flaturbaecaflliwPC dnuoRninoitautcul -T emiTpir ( TR T .) stniartsnoCrewoP7.1.6 esuaceB seirettab deirrac yb hcae elibom edon evah a il m eti d wop er s ppu l ,y pr eco s gnis ewop r si il m eti d. hT is si a am j ro eussi in da coh en t ow r ,sk as ea hc edon is tca i gn as na dne ys s met a dn a r tuo re at t eh s ma e ,emit htiw eht noitacilpmi taht anoitidda l ne re yg si r uqe ri de to for draw a dn rel ya pa kc te .s PCT tsum esu neiciffe“naniecruoserrewopecracssiht ”t nnam re . snaem”ycneiciffe“,ereH m ini m nizi g uneht m reb fo yrassecennu issimsnarter sno ta eht tropsnart reyal sa ew ll sa at t eh li kn l .reya nI ,lareneg ni da coh skrowten ereht era owt detalerroc rewop melborp :s the if r ts no e is wop“ re savi gn ” th ta ai sm at r gnicude eht rewop ,noitpmusnoc dna eht dnoces eno si rewop“ tnoc rol” t ah t ai sm at da j su it gn the rt na sm ssi noi ibomforewop el edon s. rewoP - afoslevellarevestadetagitsevnineebevahseigetartsgnivas m libo e acilppadna,smetsysnoitarepo,snoissimsnartreyallacisyhpgnidulcni,ecived t snoi . aoGngiseD2.6 ls laoggniwollofehT tropsnartehtgningisednehwtemeboteras - ncohdaroflocotorpreyal te ow r :sk • dezimixamebdluohsnoitcennocaroftuphguorhtehT . • ehT t dedivorpebdluohsssenriaftuphguorh . • ziminimebdluohsemitputesnoitcennoC ed. • ecnanetniamnoitcennoC ov deziminimebdluohsdaehre . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 34
- 44. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 • dnanoitsegnocrofsmsinahcemetaroprocnidluohS fl tnocwo rol. • nudnaelbailerhtobedivorpdluohS rel telbai r ropsna t. • htdiwdnabelbaliavaehtesudluohS yltneiciffe . • ffubdnarewop,.g.e,stniartsnocecruoserfoerawaebdluohS re si ez . • iffeebdluohsnoitamrofnireyalrewol,ecnamrofrepevorpmioT ic tne l suy ed. • ssorcehT - dnilocotorpdna,elbalacs,tneiciffeebdluohssnoitcaretnireyal e dnep e tn . 3.6 PCT mrofreP a ecn revo taht of eliboM dA coH wteN ro ks ( TENAM s) noN1.3.6 - leDnoitsegnoc ay enO fo eht niam smelborp taht T PC sah revo M ENA sT si t ah t it ssa i ng s all pa ekc t los es s to egnoc ts ,noi dellortnocsitahtdna yb eht tsegnoc i no c tno r lo mehcs e. ehT noitsegnoc siwodniw ,decuder steserdna ht e noissimsnarter remit ot a ffokcab etni rv la . noitsegnoC lortnoc smhtirogla deen ot eb desu ylno ni eht tneve fo eniuneg krowten egnoc ts .noi etoN taht J nosboca semussa taht tekcap ssol eud ot egamad in nart ondnanoitsegnockrowtenoteudtsoltegstekcapylbaborptsom,ecneh;erarsitis t eud to da gam e. stuoemiTlaireS2.3.6 tneuqerF snoitcennocsid suac e a c dno iti no lac l de “ ires la ti uoem t ”s at t eh T PC se dn re . sihT sneppah nehw eht noissimsnarter remit a ehtt rednes si buod l de w ti h each nu suc ec ssful ret msnar i ss i no at pmet t, to er ecud eht msnart si si no ra et . ,suhT nehw eht elibom si er ennoc c ,det T PC will kat e a l gno it em to rec vo re fr mo fodoireparofdettimsnartebtonlliwataddnanoitcuderahcus it em . 3.3.6 P noitairaVeziStekca tekcaP ezis revo sseleriw li skn si t py i ac ll y hcum sma ll er t nah ekcap t is ze revo w eri d li kn s. sA a ,tluser hcae tekcap no eht deriw skrowten steg mgarf ent de nehw t ar msn etti d vo re the w ri e el ss li .kn eroferehT , oehtgnidnif ofreprofeussiyekasiknilsseleriwehtnoezistekcaplamitp rmance. )KCA(tnemgdelwonkcAdnaataDehT4.3.6 P borPnoisilloCtekca l me ehT noisilloc ova i nad ce me hc a in sm of EEI E b11.208 seod on t p er nev t all loc lis .snoi esuaceB PCT ffart ic si itceridib lano htiw( atad stekcap ni eno noitcerid dna KCA ap c tek s in t eh soppo i et di tcer i no ), t eh re nac eb T PC atad tekcap dna KCA ekcap t oc llisi no s. esehT snoisilloc esuac muideM eccA ss tnoC r lo (M CA )- reyal snoissimsnarter ro PCT - reyal ssimsnarter i sno nehw il kn -la ey r re or r r voce re y si on t us .de He er , nosbocaJ detset eht noissimsnarter etar rof resU margataD orP toc lo ( PDU ) dna T PC w ti hin na tnemnorivne ylekilnu ot evah ni te fr er .ecne nI ,PDU eht snoissimsnarter erew evitaler ly sl wo ( lc ose to 1 ,)tnecrep tub nehw t yeh desu T ,PC t eh ter r na sm si si sno rose to 5 pe necr t. yehT demalb eht i cn rea es in t eh otetarnoissimsnarter T atadPC – silloctekcapKCA i sno . setuoRelatSfodaerpS5.3.6 nehW eht sedon vom e, r uo t se hc a gn e, a dn t yeh evah to eb adpu et d as s noo as sop s bi l .e nevE ni wols ly gnignahc ,seigolopot eht PCT rednes si yrev sl wo in up rgi gn sta el r uo tes rf mo i st ,ehcac r luse it gn ni gnitoordetaeper af il seru . aidemretnieht,seruliafesehtretfA t edone s r pe ly to t eh r etuo r euqe ts iw t uorh t se lpmoc,sehcacriehtni elatshtiwsemitemosylperyehtsamelborpsihtgnitaci r uo tes. )CAM(lortnoCsseccAmuideMehT6.3.6 - melborPnoitatpadAetaRreyaL hT is snrecnoc eht CAM - reyal etar tpada ati no al og ir mht . ehT CAM - reyal etar da aptat noi si s oppu s de to esaercni eht hguorht tup nehw eht lennahc e rr or ar te si hi .hg A roop etar noitatpada irogla t mh c dluo esaerced thr uphguo t. ehT evitacilpitluM esaercnI – evitacilpitluM esaerceD )DMIM( rate pada tat noi mhtirogla sesuac eht cidoirep T PC pa ekc t ret msnar i ss i .sno sihT htdiwdnab“ - borp ”gni msinahcem sesuac De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 44
- 45. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 krowten“ ”gnihsarht no eriweht l aeralacolsse en t ow rk W( NAL ). lennahcsseleriwehT ecruoser si detsaw CAMynamno -la iciffenirotneiciffeynamdna,snoissimsnarterrey PCTtne - ssimsnarterreyal i no s ucco r. amruofoteudsisTENAMninoitadargedecnamrofrepPCTfoesuacehT j :smelborpro • endnaseruliafetuoroteudsessolneewtebhsiugnitsidotelbanusiPCT t krow egnoc its no . • uliafetuortneuqerfmorfsreffusPCT er s. • seleriwnonoitnetnocehT s ennahc l. • nriafnuPCT ess. elbaT 1.6 A osirapmoc n fo PCT snoitulos f ro da h co w eri l se s n te w ro ks lleWmrofrePtoNPCTseoDyhW4.6 i seleriWcoHdAn s teN row k ?s ehT rojam snosaer b dnihe guorht tuph itadarged on taht PCT secaf nehw desu ni da coh seleriw s skrowten era eht gniwollof : • noitaterpretnisiM fo tekcap :ssol lanoitidarT PCT saw dengised rof deriw skrowten ehw re t eh tekcap sol s si niam ly ta t detubir ot wten o kr oc n seg ti .no rowteN k oc n seg noit si ceted t de by the ’rednes s cap k te TR O doirep . ecnO a cap k te ssol is ceted t ,de eht dnes er no ed sa sumes oc n eg ts oi n ni eht krowten dna ovni k se a oc n noitseg lortnoc al htirog m. dA coh sseleriw skrowten ecneirepxe a hcum hi rehg p ca k te ssol eud ot rotcaf s cus h sa gih h tib rre or ar te EB( R) in eht wi seler s ,lennahc aercni s de snoisilloc eud ot eht eserp n ec fo neddih ,slanimret ecneserp of i retn f ere n ec , noitacol - tnedneped ,noitnetnoc inu - lanoitcerid ,sknil tneuqerf htap skaerb eud ot ilibom ty of ,sedon dna eht tnerehni f gnida rp o seitrep fo the w sseleri nahc nel. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 54
- 46. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 • tneuqerF htap :skaerb dA coh sseleriw skrowten ecneirepxe dyn cima ahc n seg ni rowten k ygolopot esuaceb fo eht detcirtsernu ilibom ty of eht sedon ni eht krowten . ehT ygolopot segnahc dael ot tneuqerf segnahc ni eht ivitcennoc ty of sseleriw sknil dna ecneh eht etuor ot a alucitrap r noitanitsed yam deen ot eb detupmocer ev ry o .netf ehT ilibisnopser ty of gnidnif a etuor na d ihsilbatseer gn ti ecno ti teg s ekorb n si dehcatta to eht wten o kr layer. ecnO a htap is b nekor , ht e gnituor locotorp setaitini a etuor emhsilbatseer nt .ssecorp sihT etuor tnemhsilbatseer secorp s sekat a fingis i tnac am tnuo fo emit ot niatbo a wen etuor ot eht tsed i an ti .no ehT uor te tnemhsilbatseer emit si a noitcnuf fo eht rebmun fo sedon in eht ,krowten simsnart is no egnar s of ,sedon tnerruc ygolopot fo eht ,krowten htdiwdnab fo eht ,lennahc ciffart daol ni eht ,krowten dna eht erutan of eht uor it gn locotorp . effE ct fo p hta el n :htg It si dnuof taht eht PCT th uphguor t sedarged dipar ly tiw h an i rcn e sa e in htap htgnel ni gnirts raenil( ch )nia olopot gy da h co sseleriw skrowten ,]7[ .]8[ sihT si nwohs ni erugiF 3.9 . ehT ytilibissop fo a p hta kaerb in aerc s se htiw htap l htgne . neviG taht eht ilibaborp ty fo a knil kaerb si ,lp eht p ilibabor ty fo a htap rb eak )bp( rof a htap fo el n htg ebnack iatbo n de as bp = 1- 1( - pl k) . noitaterpretnisiM fo noitsegnoc :wodniw PCT sredisnoc eht noitsegnoc wodniw sa a erusaem of eht etar of noissimsnart taht si pecca t elba ot eht krowten dna the re iec v .re nI da coh seleriw s ,skrowten eht noitsegnoc lortnoc msinahcem era dekovni nehw eht krowten steg denoititrap ro nehw a htap kaerb ucco r .s sihT secuder eht noitsegnoc wodniw dna rcni sesae eht OTR .doirep nehW eht etuor si ocer n ,derugif eht oc n noitseg wodniw may ton fer l ce t t eh t msnar i noiss tar e ca c elbatpe to eht n we ro ,etu sa the wen uor te m ya lautca ly pecca t a hcum hi ehg r t snar im s nois rate. cirtemmysA knil vaheb i :ro ehT oidar hc lenna u des ni da coh sseleriw skrowten sah effid r tne seitreporp hcus sa acol t noi - tnedneped itnetnoc o ,n latnemnorivne stceffe no ,noitagaporp na d lanoitcerid seitreporp gnidael ot as emmy t cir sknil . ehT lanoitcerid sknil nac tluser ni eviled ry fo a tekcap ot a ,edon tub f erulia ni eht eviled ry fo eht elwonkca d tnemg kcab ot t eh s .redne tI si elbissop rof a lanoitceridib knil ot emoceb inu - lanoitcerid rof a elihw . sihT nac osla dael ot PCT gnikovni eht oc n noitseg lortnoc gla o mhtir dna areves l r narte s sim is o sn . • inU - lanoitcerid :htap lanoitidarT PCT seiler no dne - ot - dne KCA rof gnirusne ilibailer ty. Si cn e eht KCA cap k te si ev ry s troh derapmoc ot a atad s ge m ,tne sKCA emusnoc hcum ssel htdiwdnab ni deriw .skrowten nI da coh sseleriw krowten s, eve ry PCT KCA tekcap seriuqer STR - STC - ataD - KCA egnahcxe ni esac EEEI 11.208 si desu sa eht rednu l iy ng CAM p locotor . sihT nac ael d ot na lanoitidda daehrevo fo erom naht 70 byt se fi reht e are on narter s im s snois . sihT nac el da ot tnacifingis htdiwdnab co noitpmusn no t eh esrever ,htap hcihw yam or yam ton dnetnoc htiw t eh drawrof htap . fI eht esrever tap h dnetnoc s htiw t eh rawrof d ,htap ti ac n l dae ot the r cude it no in eht tuphguorht fo the drawrof htap . htapitluM :gnituor rehT e ex stsi a tes fo SoQ gnituor dna tseb -e ff o tr uor t gni slocotorp t ah t su e elpitlum shtap neewteb a ecruos -d noitanitse riap . erehT era es v lare navda t sega ni isu ng um tl tapi h nituor g. emoS fo eseht segatnavda edulcni eht noitcuder ni etuor gnitupmoc ,emit eht hgih ecneiliser ot htap b ,skaer hgih llac ecnatpecca ,oitar dna b rette es c iru t .y roF TCP, seht e segatnavda may dda ot tuphguorht arged d noita . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 64
- 47. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 krowteN p gninoititra na d gnigremer : ehT modnar ly ivom ng on d se ni na da coh w ri ssele netwo kr nac dael ot en two kr pa itr ti no s. sA gnol as eht PCT ,rednes the CT P er cei ,rev dna all ht e etaidemretni sedon ni eht htap neewteb eht PCT rednes dna eht PCT reviecer niamer ni eht as me ,noititrap eht PCT noc n noitce liw l iamer n int .tca It si ekil ly taht eht nes d re dna r iece v re of ht e PCT noisses lliw niamer ni tnereffid snoititrap ,dna ni rec tain c ,sesa t ah t no ly eht retni m de iate sedon era detceffa by t eh krowten gninoititrap . erugiF 4.6 setartsulli eht tceffe fo rowten k snoititrap ni da coh leriw sse en t krow s. A owten rk htiw owt PCT s se is sno A dna B si nwohs ni giF u er 5.9 )a( ta emit 1ttnatsni . erugiF 4.6 fE f tce fo gninoititrap dna gnigrem of n te w kro itacifitoNeruliaFkniLticilpxEhtiwPCT5.6 on dnalloH dna V ia d ay orp p deso ht e esu fo PCT iw th ex ticilp knil af i erul on it acif it no T( PC -ELFN) ]8[ rof gnivorpmi PCT amrofrep n ec ni da hoc sseleriw .skrowten ihT s si imis l ra to CT P- ,F tpecxe rof eht gnildnah fo ticilpxe knil eruliaf noitacifiton (E )NFL dna t eh esu fo PCT eborp tekcap s rof gnitceted eht etuor tnemhsilbatseer . ehT NFLE si ro i detanig by eht edon d itcete ng a htap kaerb nopu ed t itce on fo a knil eruliaf ot the T PC .rednes sihT nac be elpmi m ne t de ni t ow wa :sy )i( yb gnidnes na 2PMCI noitanitsed elbahcaernu )RUD( egassem ot eht ,rednes ro )ii( by gip gy- ikcab ng siht ofni r noitam no eht rrEetuoR o 3r egassem aht t is nes t to eht s redne . On ec t eh PCT rednes seviecer eht E NFL p ca k ,te ti elbasid s sti ter r noissimsna sremit dna ne t sre a dnats by etats . nI siht ,etats ti lacidoirep ly ro i setanig eborp stekcap ot ees fi a en w etuor si dehsilbatseer . nopU noitpecer fo na KCA by eht PCT iecer v re for eht eborp ,stekcap ti sevael eht dnats by etats , serotser eht noissimsnarter ,sremit dna seunitnoc ot noitcnuf sa lamron . 1.5.6 segatnavdA a dn asiD d av n segat PCT -E NFL evorpmi s the PCT amrofrep n ec by d gnilpuoce eht p hta br ae k i rofn mati no f mor t eh noitsegnoc noitamrofni by eht esu of ELF .N tI si ssel tnedneped on eht tuor i gn p locotor na d seriuqer no ly knil eruliaf noitacifiton tuoba eht htap .kaerb The segatnavdasid fo T PC -ELFN edulcni eht :gniwollof )i( nehw eht n krowte si iraropmet ly p ,denoititra eht htap eruliaf may sal t regnol na d siht ac n ael d ot eht ro i noitanig fo rep i cido eborp cap k ste noc s gnimu nab dwi htd na d rewop dna )ii( eht oc ng noitse wodniw desu retfa a wen etuor si deniatbo yam ton fer lect t eh baveihca le noissimsnart etar elbatpecca ot eht net krow dna eht PCT ecer iv re . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 74
- 48. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 PCT6.6 - SuB PCT htiw gnireffub ilibapac ty a dn euqes n ec noitamrofni PCT( - )SuB ]01[ si ralimis to t eh T PC -F dna PCT -E NFL ni sti esu fo deef b kca itamrofni on morf na etaidemretni edon no noitceted fo a htap .kaerb tuB PCT -BuS si erom tnedneped on eht gnituor locotorp co derapm ot T PC -F dna PCT - FLE N. PCT - SuB saw ,desoporp htiw ssa o ivitaic ty- ab s de ituor ng )RBA( 11[ ] locotorp sa eht gnituor ehcs me. ,ecneH ti sekam esu fo emos fo eht laiceps segassem s hcu sa ilacol z de euq ry )QL( dna ER P ,YL fed i den sa trap fo RBA for gnidnif a laitrap htap . esehT egassem s are deifidom ot rac ry PCT noitcennoc dna ges m tne noitamrofni . nopU noitceted fo a htap ,kaerb na maertspu demretni i eta n edo [ dellac tovip on de ])NP( etanigiro s an expl ci it uor te di nocs n noitce noitacifiton E( R )ND mess .ega sihT NDRE p ca k te si detagaporp ot eht TCP- uB S ednes r dna , nopu noitpecer of ,ti eht PCT - SuB rednes spots snart missi no dna fr ee z se all it m sre dna wodniw s sa CTni P-F. ehT tekcap s ni tisnart ta eht emretni d etai sedon morf eht CT P- uB S rednes ot t eh NP era fub f ere d litnu a n we laitrap p ta h morf the NP ot eht PCT - SuB reviecer si deniatbo by the PN. In redro ot diova cennu e ass ry ,snoissimsnarter eht sremit for eht fub f ere d cap ke st at the CT P- SuB ednes r dna ta eht etaidemretni on d se pu ot NP esu uoemit t av l seu rp o lanoitrop ot eht dnuor - t pir it me (R .)TT ehT etaidemretni sedon neewteb eht PCT - SuB rednes dna eht NP nac seuqer t eht PCT - SuB rednes ot evitceles ly timsnarter yna fo eht tsol .stekcap Up no noitceted fo a tap h ,kaerb eht maertsnwod n edo ro i setanig a etuor on t noitacifi )NR( tekcap ot t eh T PC - uB S re viec e ,r hcihw si dedrawrof by lla eht maertsnwod sedon ni eht htap . nA etaidemretni edon taht eviecer s na NR tekcap sdracsid all stekcap ignoleb ng ot aht t fl wo . ehT NDRE cap k te si detagaporp ot eht PCT - SuB rednes ni a elbailer way by u is ng an ticilpmi gdelwonkca m tne dna noissimsnarter sinahcem m. ehT NP cni l sedu eht euqes n ec mun b re fo eht PCT tnemges ignoleb ng ot t eh fl wo taht si tnerruc ly ta eht daeh fo sti eueuq ni eht ER ND cap ket. ehT NP osla stpmetta ot dnif a en w laitrap etuor ot eht PCT - SuB ,reviecer dna eht av ilibalia ty fo hcus a itrap al htap ot tsed i an it no si detamitni ot eht PCT - SuB rednes hguorht na ex ticilp etuor lufsseccus noitacifiton )NSRE( ekcap t. PCT - SuB sezilitu eht etuor fnocer i noitarug fomsinahcem RBA ot niatbo eht rap it al tuor e ot eht noitanitsed . 1.6.6 segatnavdA a dn asiD d av n segat ehT segatnavda fo T PC - SuB edulcni ecnamrofrep tnemevorpmi dna ecnadiova fo tsaf noissimsnarter eud ot eht esu fo ireffub n ,g s euqe n ec irebmun n ,g dna celes t evi wonkca led tnemg . PCT -B Su osla sekat egatnavda fo eht nu d re l iy ng gnituor p ,slocotor pse e laic ly the no - ed m na d gnituor slocotorp cus h sa BA R. ehT id s da v segatna fo PCT - SuB edulcni t eh cni r esae d nedneped cy no eht gnituor locotorp dna eht gnireffub ta eht etaidemretni .sedon ehT af eruli of etaidemretni on d se aht t reffub eht cap k ste yam l dae ot ssol of p ca k ste dna p fre o cnamr e noitadarged . ehT d nepe d ne cy of PCT - SuB on eht gnituor locotorp may ged r da e sti frep orm na ce htiw rehto gnituor torp o sloc taht od ton evah mis i ral noc t lor m sse a seg sa in BA R. S7.6 p PCTtil enO fo the rojam seussi t tah stceffa eht p fre o amr n ec fo PCT revo ad coh w eleri ss en t krow s si t eh noitadarged fo orht u hg p tu htiw gnisaercni p hta ,htgnel sa dessucsid rae ly ni siht .retpahc hT e trohs ,.e.i( ni smret fo tap h )htgnel snoitcennoc eg n lare ly niatbo hcum h rehgi orht u tuphg aht n gnol snoitcennoc . sihT nac osla dael ot ssenriafnu gnoma PCT ,snoisses erehw eno es ssi no may niatbo hcum rehgih thro tuphgu naht rehto ses snois . sihT ssenriafnu borp l me si rehtruf row s dene De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 84
- 49. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 by eht esu fo CAM torp o sloc hcus sa EEEI .208 1 ,1 hcihw era dnuof ot evig a gih h re orht u uphg t rof niatrec knil - level es s ,snois gnidael ot na fe f tce nwonk sa ch lenna ac p erut .tceffe sihT ffe ect sdael ot niatrec swolf gnirutpac eht lennahc rof regnol emit itarud o ,sn ereht by r icude ng tuphguorht rof rehto lf o .sw ehT lennahc erutpac tceffe nac osla dael to wol llarevo s sy tem tuphguorht . tilpS - PCT ]31[ sedivorp a euqinu os l noitu ot siht melborp by lps it gnit eht t nar s rop t reyal sevitcejbo otni noitsegnoc lortnoc dna end- ot - dne ilibailer t .y The noitsegnoc ortnoc l si tsom ly a lo lac ph nonemone eud ot the r tluse fo hgih noitnetnoc na d gih h ffart ic aol d in a l aco l er g noi . In eht da coh wi sseler wten o kr ,tnemnorivne siht sdnamed lo ac l solut .snoi tA eht s ma e ,emit ytilibailer si na ne d- ot - dne uqer i tnemer dna sdeen dne - ot - dne onkca w stnemgdel . erugiF 5.6 nA noitartsulli fo pS il t- PCT In Fi ug re 5.6 , edon 1 ni ti setai a T PC isses no ot no ed 51 . edoN 4 na d edon 31 are ohc s ne as orp xy sedon . ehT rebmun fo p or xy sedon in a PCT noisses si mreted i den by t eh len htg of the htap neewteb ecruos dna noitanitsed sedon . desaB no a detubirtsid ,mhtirogla eht etaidemretni edon s taht eviecer T PC tekcap s enimreted rehtehw ot ca t sa a orp xy edon ro tsuj sa a elpmis idrawrof ng don e. ehT tsom elpmis mhtirogla sekam eht ced i nois rof itca ng sa orp xy edon fi eht p ekca t has aerla dy t desrevar erom t nah a p eder t denimre nu rebm fo spoh morf eht l tsa orp xy edon ro ht e rednes fo eht PCT s se si .no nI giF u er ,9.9 eht htap neewteb edon 1 dna n edo 4 si eht tsrif z eno s( e nemg t ,) t eh ap th teb w nee sedon 4 dna 31 si t eh sec dno enoz (s mge en )t , dna t eh last noz e is eb t neew edon 31 51dna . 1.7.6 segatnavdA a dn siD ad av n segat tilpS - PCT sah eht gniwollof :segatnavda )i( im devorp orht u ,tuphg )ii( im devorp t orh u uphg t ,ssenriaf dna )iii( essel n de tcapmi fo m ibo il ty. Th tuphguor orpmi v tneme si eud ot eht der u noitc De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 94
- 50. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s SI01 841 ni eht evitceffe noissimsnart htap htgnel rebmun( fo spoh ni a z eno or a ap th segm ne t .) T PC tuphguorht sedarged wi ht isaercni ng htap el n .htg tilpS - PCT sah retrohs anetacnoc t de htap ,stnemges hcae gnitarepo ta sti nwo noissimsnart ,etar dna ecneh eht tuphguorht si aercni s de . sihT osla sdael ot devorpmi orht u tuphg f enria ss in t eh s .metsy ecniS in spl ti -T PC , t eh htap nemges t el n htg nac eb retrohs aht n eht ne d-to- dne htap len ,htg t eh ffe ect fo m ilibo ty no tuphguorht si denessel . ehT segatnavdasid of sp til - PCT nac eb detsil sa :swollof (i) It uqer i er s snoitacifidom ot PCT ,locotorp )ii( eht dne - ot - dne nnoc e tc i no dnah l gni fo t dar i lanoit TCP is ,detaloiv dna )iii( eht iaf l eru of orp xy sedon ac n dael ot th or u tuphg arged dat noi . ehT anoitidart l PCT sah dne - ot - dne ,scitnames erehw eht etaidemretni sedon od ton ssecorp CT P stekcap , saerehw ni tilps - ,PCT eht etaidemretni sedon n dee ot ssecorp eht PCT ekcap ts dna h ,ecne in noitidda ot eht ssol fo dne - ot - dne ,scitnames niatrec iruces ty ehcs m se taht eriuqer PI pa ly oad cne r noitpy tonnac eb us .de iruD ng tneuqerf p hta skaerb or irud ng erf q tneu edon ,seruliaf ht e ecnamrofrep fo tilps - PCT yam eb detceffa . HdArofslocotorPreyaLtropsnarTrehtO8.6 o krowteNsseleriWc s ehT amrofrep n ec of a tropsnart reyal p locotor ac n eb ne h ecna d fi ti ekat s into tnuocca the utan re fo eht krowten orivne n tnem ni hcihw ti si ppa l .dei yllaicepsE ni eriw l sse ,stnemnorivne ti si tnatropmi ot redisnoc eht seitreporp of eht ph sy i lac reyal dna eht oitcaretni n fo eht tropsnart layer htiw eht rewol la .srey sihT noitces sessucsid emos fo eht tropsnart la rey slocotorp t tah ew re engised d ficeps i lac ly rof da coh sseleriw rowten ks. nevE hguoht gnikrowretni htiw T PC is ev ry ,tnatropmi ereht ex tsi lareves noitacilppa ranecs i so hcus sa im yratil co noitacinumm erehw a lacidar ly wen tropsnart reyal locotorp nac eb desu . 1.8.6 noitacilppA dellortnoC tropsnarT torP oc lo ekilnU eht PCT snoitulos dessucsid reilrae ni ht is pahc t ,re acilppa t oi n ortnoc l del tr ropsna t locotorp )5PTCA( ]41[ si a il thg -w thgie opsnart rt reyal orp t oco l. tI si on t na ex snet i no ot TCP. PTCA sngissa eht pser o ilibisn ty fo irusne ng ilibailer ty ot eht noitacilppa .reyal tI is more kil e PDU htiw kcabdeef fo d evile ry dna etats m ecnanetnia . PTCA sdnats ni bet neew T PC dna DU P erehw PCT ex secneirep wol frep o ecnamr iw th hgih ilibailer ty dna PDU vorp i sed tteb er ecnamrofrep htiw hgih p tekca ssol ni da coh sseleriw .skrowten ehT key ngised yhposolihp of PTCA si ot evael eht gninoisivorp fo ilibailer ty ot eht noitacilppa reyal dna edivorp a si lpm e kcabdeef noitamrofni tuoba eht eviled ry sutats fo stekcap ot eht pa p noitacil laye .r TCA P stroppus eht iroirp ty fo stekcap ot eb ,dereviled b tu ti si eht ilibisnopser ty fo eht rewol sreyal ot lautca ly edivorp a di detaitnereff ecivres ab des no siht iroirp ty. A orez ni eht yaled fi dle srefer ot eht tsehgih iroirp ty ,tekcap hcihw seriuqer etaidemmi noissimsnart htiw muminim elbissop led ay. Any rehto eulav ni eht d le ay dleif srefer ot eht led ay taht eht egassem nac ex .ecneirep nO itteg ng t eh noitamrofni tuoba the eviled ry st ,suta ht e noitacilppa reyal nac ediced no noissimsnarter fo a cap k te htiw eht emas o dl roirp ity ro htiw na detadpu iroirp t .y lleW retfa eht cap k s’te tefil i em ex ,serip PTCA elc a sr eht cap k s’te st ta e noitamrofni dna eviled ry .sutats The ’tekcap s emitefil si uclac l deta as imsnarter×4 t it m uoe t )OTR( dna si tes sa eht l emitefi nehw eht tekcap si tnes to t eh krowten al yer. A edon setamitse eht OTR retni v la by su i gn the nuor d- pirt emit b eewte n eht snart im noiss t emi fo a em ssage na d eht emit fo noitpecer fo eht gnidnopserroc KCA . ,ecneH the OTR eulav m ya ton be baliava le if De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 05
- 51. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 ereht era on ex gnitsi elbailer snoitcennoc ot a tsed i an t noi . A p ekca t tuohtiw any sem as eg bmun er ,.e.i( on eviled ry sutats )deriuqer si deldnah ex yltca eht emas way sa ni UDP tuohtiw gniniatniam yna etats noitamrofni . 2.8.6 segatnavdA a dn asiD d av n segat enO fo eht tsom tnatropmi segatnavda fo PTCA si taht ti sedivorp eht odeerf m fo hc gnisoo ht e deriuqer ilibailer ty level ot eht noitacilppa la rey . ecniS PTCA si a thgil - thgiew tropsnart layer ,locotorp ti si elbalacs for egral wten o skr . tuphguorhT si ton detceffa by p hta skaerb sa hcum sa ni PCT sa ereht si on noitsegnoc wodniw for am noitalupin sa trap fo eht htap kaerb ocer very. enO egatnavdasid fo AC PT si taht ti si ton tapmoc ible htiw CT P. esU fo PTCA ni a yrev al r eg da coh sseleriw wten o kr nac dael ot aeh vy oc n noitseg ni eht krowten sa ti seod ton evah any noitsegnoc lortnoc cem h msina . torPtropsnarTcoHdA9.6 o loc dA coh tropsnart cotorp ol )PTA( [ ]51 si acificeps lly sed ign de of r da hoc wi sseler wten o skr dna is ton a nairav t fo T PC . ehT rojam stcepsa by hcihw PTA srefed morf TCP era )i( oitanidrooc n gnoma elpitlum la ,srey ( )ii etar b desa simsnart s ,snoi )iii( gnilpuoced co segn ti no ortnoc l dna ilibailer t ,y dna )vi( issa s det noitsegnoc .lortnoc ralimiS ot rehto PCT stnairav desoporp rof da coh sseleriw ,skrowten PTA sesu secivres morf krowten dna CAM sreyal rof gnivorpmi ti s cnamrofrep e. PTA sesu noitamrofni morf lo rew la rey s of r (i) se ti noitam fo the i tin ial noissimsnart ,etar )ii( ed t ,noitce ,ecnadiova dna lortnoc fo oc n ,noitseg na d )iii( noitceted fo htap b aer sk . gniruD a noc n noitce putrats ssecorp ro wh ne ATP revocer s morf a p hta ,kaerb t eh tr sna m si nois etar ot eb us de si denimreted by a rp o ssec dellac kciuq .trats iruD ng eht q kciu ts ra t orp c se s, ht e PTA rednes setagaporp a eborp tekcap ot cihw h eht etaidemretni sedon hcatta eht noissimsnart etar ni( eht mrof fo uc tnerr led a ,)y hw i hc si deviecer by the PTA ,reviecer dna na KCA si nes t kcab ot eht PTA rednes . ehT PTA rednes strats gnisu eht wen ly deniatbo noissimsnart etar by gnittes eht atad noissimsnart it srem . gniruD a noitcennoc ,putrats eht noitcennoc tseuqer dna eht KCA stekcap era desu sa eborp cap k ste ni redro ot ecuder lortnoc revo h .dae nehW ereht si no ciffart dnuora na mretni e etaid ,edon eht noissimsnart yaled si orppa x detami as β × ( QD + DC), erehw β si eht rotcaf taht sredisnoc eht decudni ciffart ol da . sihT si ot redisnoc eht i decudn l dao daol( no a ucitrap l ra knil eud ot laitnetop noitnetnoc decudortni by the tspu r mae na d rtsnwod eam sedon ni eht )htap nehw t eh lautca tr simsna is no geb i sn . A foeulavtluafed 3 is desu rof β. PTA sesu KCAS stekcap lacidoirep ly ot erusne eht evitceles msnarter i noiss fo tsol ,stekcap hcihw serusne eht bailer i ytil fo tekcap eviled ry. T eh KCAS doirep si ohc s ne hcus taht it is m ero naht eht dnuor - pirt emit dna nac kcart eht krowten d many i sc . ehT reviecer smrofrep a ew i ethg d egareva fo eht led a noissimsnart/y etar noitamrofni rof eve ry imocni ng tekcap ot niatbo t eh noissimsnart etar for an PTA wolf na d siht ulav e is dedulcni ni ht e bus se neuq t SACK cap k te it se sdn . fI an PTA rednes sah ton deviecer any KCA stekcap rof t ow evitucesnoc fe bde ack ,sdoirep ti seogrednu a m evitacilpitlu aerced se fo eht noissimsnart etar . retfA a driht hcus doirep tuohtiw yna ,KCA eht noitcennoc si demussa ot eb tsol dna eht PTA rednes seog ot eht De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 15
- 52. dA coH sseleriWN te wo kr s 8SI01 41 noitcennoc noitaitini esahp irud ng hw i hc ti lacidoirep ly setareneg p bor e tekcap s. nehW a p hta kaerb ,srucco eht n owte rk reyal stceted ti dna ro i setanig na NFLE tekcap drawot eht PTA nes d re . ehT PTA rednes sezeerf eht rednes ats te dna seog to eht noitcennoc noitaitini esahp . 1.9.6 segatnavdA a dn asiD d av n segat ehT rojam segatnavda fo PTA edulcni devorpmi amrofrep n ,ec gnilpuoced fo eht oc n oitseg n lortnoc dna ilibailer ty ,smsinahcem dna ecnadiova fo noitsegnoc wodniw culf t au t snoi . PTA eod s ton niatniam yna rep lf ow etats ta eht etaidemretni sedon . ehT noitsegnoc noitamrofni si derehtag tcerid ly morf eht sedon taht ex ecneirep .ti ehT rojam egatnavdasid of PTA si eht kcal fo ilibareporetni ty htiw TCP. sA PCT si a ediw ly us de tropsnart al rey ,locotorp ilibareporetni ty htiw PCT srevres dna stneilc ni eht nI t tenre si pmi o tnatr ni am ny tacilppa io .sn roF egral da hoc sseleriw ,skrowten eht enif - iarg n de rep - wolf remit desu ta eht PTA rednes may emoceb a ytilibalacs kcenelttob ni ecruoser - deniartsnoc elibom sedon . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 25
- 53. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 TINU -7 tiruceS y uqeRytiruceSkrowteN1.7 i stnemer A ytiruces locotorp rof da coh w ri e el ss en t ow rks uohs ld sat fsi y t eh lof l wo i gn r uqe i mer en st . The pytrehtorofslocotorpytirucesybtemebtcafnidluohswolebdetsilstnemeriuqer e os f en t krow s a osl . • :ytilaitnedifnoC ehT atad tnes yb eht rednes s( uo r ec )edon um ts be herpmoc e bisn el no ly to the in et dedn reviecer tanitsed( i no don )e . T hguoh na redurtni thgim teg oh ld fo eht atad gnieb nes t, eh / hs e sum t on t eb elba ot evired yna lufesu mrofni ita no uo t of t eh da .at enO fo eht ralupop et seuqinhc desu for e rusn i gn cneatadsiytilaitnedifnoc r py it no . • rgetnI i :yt T ybtnesatadeh t eh ecruos edon s uoh ld rea hc t tsedeh i an t donnoi e as ti w sa s tne : lanu te er d. In rehto ,sdrow ti dluohs ton be op ssible of r a yn am il ci suo edon in the en t krow to t epma r w ti h t eh atad rtgnirud a msn i ss i no . • :ytilibaliavA ehT krowten uohs ld mer ia n po e tar i no al a ll the it .em tI tsum eb subor t hguone ot ot l etare knil af il seru dna al os be bapac el fo us rvivi gn av ir suo at kcat s nuom t de no ti . tI sh dluo eb elba to vorp i ed riuqerresudezirohtuanarevenehwsecivresdeetnaraugeht es t meh . • oN n- :noitaiduper noN - er noitaidup asi inahcem sm to ug ra na tee t ah t t eh s edne r fo a mess ga e c onna t lat re yned gnivah tnes ht e sem s ga e dna th ta the r ce i ip ent ca onn t de yn havi gn er ec i dev t eh m se sa .eg iD g lati ,serutangis hcihw noitcnuf sa euqinu sreifitnedi rof hcae ,resu hcum ekil a tirw t ne is ang t ,eru are desu upsihtrofylnommoc r sop e. nellahCdnaseussI2.7 ges tiruceSni y gninoisivorP gningiseD a foorploof ytiruces locotorp rof da coh sseleriw si a yrev c ah l gnel i gn at .ks sihT si am inly esuaceb fo niatrec nu i euq tsiretcarahc sci of da oh c w ri e el ss en t krow s, eman l ,y sh ra de br dao c sa t oidar ,lennahc erucesni gnitarepo ,tnemnorivne kcal fo lartnec rohtua ti ,y al ck fo sa soc tai i no a gnom edon s, syhpdna,secruoserfoytilibaliavadetimil i ytilibarenluvlac . rtsacdaorbderahS1.2.7 oida c nnah el ekilnU ni deriw skrowten erehw a etarapes ded ci at de t msnar is is no li en nac be vorp i ded eb twe ne a ap ir fo dne ,sresu eht oidar lennahc desu of r nummoc ci a it no in da oh c w ri el se s n te krow s si broadc sa t ni an t eru dna si derahs yb a ll sedon in t eh en t ow r .k ataD dettimsnart yb a edon si deviecer yb lla sedon nihtiw its tcerid nart sm si nois ar gn e. oS a suoicilam edon dluoc easily bo tain ad ta eb i gn rt msna tti de in the en t ow rk. hT i noitceridgnisuybtnetxeniatrecaotdeziminimebnacmelborps la etna ann s. tnemnorivnelanoitarepoerucesnI2.2.7 ehT gnitarepo stnemnorivne erehw da oh c iw r le ess en t ow r sk a er su ed may on t la syaw eb s uce r .e One tnatropmi noitacilppa fo hcus en t ow r sk si in tab t fel i dle s. nI hcus ,snoitacilppa sedon yam mo ev in dna tuo fo irucesotelbarenluvylhgihebdluowyehterehw,yrotirretymeneerucesnidnaelitsoh ty ta t kca s. • kcaL fo lartnec :ytirohtua nI deriw skrowten dna erutcurtsarfni - desab wir le se s en t ow r ,sk ti uow ld eb elbissop ot rotinom eht ciffart no eht krowten guorht h niatrec i opm tr na t ce lartn op i tn s ( us ch as r uo te sr , esab ,snoitats dna ca c se s op ints) dna i pm el nem t s uce rity me nahc i ms s at s hcu op int .s ecniS da coh sseleriw skrowten od ton evah yna hcus lartnec ,stniop eseht smsinahcem tonnac eb a lpp i de ni da oh c riw krowtenssele s. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 35
- 54. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 • kcaL fo :noitaicossa ecniS eseht skrowten era manyd ic in n ta ur ,e a edon nac j nio or el eva t eh n te ow rk at mitehtfotniopyna e usimsinahcemnoitacitnehtuareporponfI. wsedongnitaicossarofdes ti h na te ow r ,k otelbaebdluowredurtnina j areh/sihtuoyrracdnaylisaeetiuqkrowtenehtotninio t kcat s. uoseR:ytilibaliavaecruoserdetimiL• r ec s ahcus s wdnab idt ,h ab t et r wopy re , upmocdna ta it ano l ewop r ot( a niatrec e )tnetx ra e sc cra e in da coh wi eler ss en t ow r .sk ,ecneH ti si tluciffid ot i pm el nem t pmoc l xe yhpargotpyrc - ytirucesdesab skrowtenhcusnismsinahcem . tcapmocyllausueraskrowtenesehtnisedoN:ytilibarenluvlacisyhP• a dnahdn -h le d. ruceSkrowteN3.7 i kcattAyt s skcattA no da coh sseleriw skrowten nac eb deifissalc otni owt daorb ,seirogetac ,yleman pas is ve dna tca i ev ta t kca s. A ssap i ev kcatta seod ton id rs pu t t eh epo rat noi of the en t ow rk; eht revda s yra poons s t eh atad degnahcxe ni eht owten rk w ti uoh t alte ir gn ti . ,ereH tnemeriuqereht fo ytilaitnedifnoc nac eb violat de fi na yrasrevda si la os ab el to i pretn ret t eh ad ta ag t eh r de thr hguo s poon i .gn noitceteD fo ssap i ev ta t kca s si yrev tluciffid ecnis eht noitarepo fo eht en t krow ti les f eod s on t teg af ef c et .d enO yaw fo gnimocrevo hcus smsinahcemnoitpyrcnelufrewopesuotsismelborp t cneo r py t the d ata eb i gn t msnar etti ,d t eh r mybe aki gn sreppordsevaerofelbissopmiti t atboo in a esuyn ful i ofn rm ita no rf mo t eh evoatad r aeh rd. ttaevitcanA ack tpmetta s ot retla ro yortsed eht atad gnieb degnahcxe ni eht ,krowten ybereht id rs pu t gni t eh on r lam rowtenehtfogninoitcnuf k. cA t evi skcatta deifissalcebnac otnirehtruf owt ,seirogetac ,yleman anretxe l nidna et nr al at at c .sk Ex et r lan odeirraceraskcatta enehtotgnolebtonodtahtsedonybtu t ow rk. sehT e skcatta nac eb detneverp yb gnisu dradnats ytiruces smsinahcem hcus sa tpyrcne i no nhcet i euq s dna rif e law l .s lanretnI skcatta era morf rpmoc o desim sedon taht era ca t au ll y ap rt of eht en t ow r .k ecniS eht seirasrevda era ydaerla trap fo t eh en t ow rk as aut oh ir dez edon s, in et anr l ta t kca s are om er eves re dna tluciffid ot tceted nehw c pmo era d to etxe r an l a tt .skca erugiF 1.7 swohs a lc a iss if cati no of t eh tnereffid seleriwcohdanielbissopskcattafosepyt s en t ow rks. cattafosnoitacifissalC1.7erugiF sk De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 45
- 55. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 LkrowteN4.7 a skcattArey elohmroW :kcatta nI siht ,kcatta an tta ekca r er ec i ev s ekcap ts at eno l co ati no in ht e n te ow rk dna t slennu meht ylbissop( )ylevitceles ot rehtona l taco i no in the en t ,krow ehw re the pa ekc ts era res ne t into t eh krowten [ .]61 lohmrowasaotderrefersisrekcattagnidullocowtneewteblennutsihT e. I luoct d be dehsilbatse hguorht a elgnis gnol - gnar e sseleriw knil ro neve thr hguo a deriw l kni eb twe ne eht t ow gnidulloc atta ekc r .s euD ot eht tsacdaorb erutan fo eht oidar ,lennahc eht ta t rekca can cr tae e a ow r ohm el iotdesserddatonstekcaprofneve st e fl . esusielohmrowehtfienodsimrahonhguohT pd r repo l rofy ffe i tneic gniyaler fo ,stekcap ti stup eht at at kc re in a wop re uf l isop t noi pmoc ra de to ot eh r sedon in t eh ,krowten hcihw eht rekcatta dluoc esu ni a rennam taht dluoc pmoc r mo ise ht e se iruc ty of t eh en t ow r .k If metonerasmsinahcemreporp om,skcattaelohmrowtsniagakrowtenehtdnefedotdeyolp ts of t eh tuorgnitsixe i mskrowtensseleriwcohdarofslocotorpgn a etuordilavdnifotliafy s. • elohkcalB :kcatta nI siht ,kcatta a suoicilam don e af l es ly a evd tr ises doog ap t sh ( ,.g.e s oh rtest ap th ro sedehtot)htapelbatstsom t htapehtgnirudedonnoitani - dnif i pgn r seco s ( noni -de dnam r uo it pgn rotoc )slo ro ni eht etuor etadpu sem s ga es ( ni at b el -d ir nev uor t gni prot oco ls). ehT noitnetni fo eht lam ci suoi edon dluoc eb ot rednih eht htap - idnif gn ecorp ss ro to i tn re pec t la l ad ta ap c tek s gnieb s ne t to t eh des it tan i no nocedon cer den . • enitnazyB :kcatta ,ereH a rpmoc o desim aidemretni te edon or a s te of pmoc r mo si de i etn r dem ia et sedon skrow ni noisulloc dna seirrac tuo skcatta hcus sa c er a it gn ro tu i gn l ,spoo tuor i gn ekcap ts no non - po it am l ,shtap dna ylevitceles gnippord ap c ek ts [ 71 ]. enitnazyB seruliaf era drah to de et tc . ehT krowten dluow mees ot eb gnitarepo yllamron ni eht tniopweiv fo t eh don e ,s hguoht it yam ca tually eb hxe i ib it gn nitnazyB oivahebe r. • noitamrofnI :erusolcsid A rpmoc o desim edon may el ak noc if ned it al ro i opm rtant ni form ita no ot zirohtuanu ed edon s in t eh n te ow r .k hcuS noitamrofni yam edulcni i amrofn it no r age rdi gn t eh en t ow rk ,ygolopot mitporo,sedonfonoitacolcihpargoeg edondezirohtuaotsetuorla s i enehtn t krow . • ecruoseR noitpmusnoc :kcatta nI siht ta ta ,kc a am cil uoi s don e tr ei s to emusnoc / aw ets yawa r ruose c se fo rehto sedon tneserp ni eht owten r .k T eh secruoser taht era detegrat era yrettab ,rewop wdnab idt ,h dna lanoitatupmoc ,rewop hcihw are no ly il m ti de ly a av ali ble in ad coh iw reless owten r .sk ehT skcatta dluoc eb ni eht mrof fo yrassecennu stseuqer f ro r uo t ,se ev ry rf neuqe t ge taren i no of eb a noc pa ekc t ,s ro stekcapelatsfognidrawrof to .sedon gnituoR atta :skc erehT sepytlarevesera a tt kca s nuom et d no t eh r uo t gni protocol hw i hc are ai dem ta gnitpursid eht noitarepo of the en t ow r .k nI tahw ,swollof eht suoirav skcatta no eht gnituor pr ocoto l era ylfeirbdebircsed . gnituoR elbat :wolfrevo nI siht epyt fo ,kcatta an revda sary don e vda re t si se r uo t se to non - xe ist ne t krowtenehtnitneserpsedondezirohtuaehtot,sedon . cotsikcattanahcusfoevitcejboniamehT a su e na wolfrevo fo eht r uo it gn t ba les, hcihw uow ld in turn verp ent t eh erc ati no of ne tri se oc r er s dnop i gn to wen setuor ot ua t oh ir zed edon s. evitcaorP gnituor slocotorp era erom elbarenluv to ht si at at kc c derapmo to tuorevitcaer i ocotorpgn ls. gnituoR elbat :gninosiop ,ereH eht morpmoc si de don es in eht en t ow r sk dnes f ci titi uo s uor it gn setadpu ro yfidom eniuneg r uo te adpu te tekcap s s ne t to ot reh morpmocnu si de edon s. gnituoR elbat gninosiop yam tluser in bus - lamitpo tuor i ,gn noitsegnoc ni snoitrop fo eht owten r ,k or ve en kam e s mo e eccanikrowtenehtfostrap ssib el . tekcaP :noitacilper nI siht ta ,kcat na yrasrevda don e r lpe i ac t se ts a el ap c ek t .s T sih semusnoc lanoitidda htdiwdnab dna yrettab rewop secruoser va lia ba le to t eh sedon dna a sl o c sesua nnu e ec ss yra tuorehtninoisufnoc i corpgn e ss . etuoR ehcac :gninosiop nI eht esac fo no - dnamed gnituor otorp co sl ( hcus sa t eh DOA V orp t loco ,)]81[ hcae edon sniatniam a etuor ehcac hcihw sdloh noitamrofni gnidrager uor t se th ta ha ev eb c mo e De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 55
- 56. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 nwonk ot eht edon ni t eh rec ne t past. ralimiS ot uor gnit elbat ,gninosiop na vda e sr ra y nac al os op i nos eht cejboralimiseveihcaotehcacetuor it ev s. gnihsuR :kcatta nO -de dnam gnituor otorp c slo t ah t su e lpud i ac te sserppus i no ud ir gn t eh tuor e yrevocsid ssecorp era barenluv el to this at kcat [ 91 ]. nA revda yras edon hcihw seviecer a uoR et tseuqeR tekcap morf eht ecruos edon sdoolf eht ap c ek t uq i kc ly thr uohguo t t eh n te ow rk eb fore ot eh r edon s hw i hc osla eviecer t eh sa em etuoR Re seuq t pa kc te can r ae c .t sedoN taht eviecer eht etamitigel etuoR tseuqeR stekcap vdaehthguorhtdeviecerydaerlatekcapehtfosetacilpudebotstekcapesohtemussa re s ra y edon dna ecneh sid card oht se ap c ek st . ynA etuor id s revoc ed yb t eh s ecruo edon dluow noc tain eht demretniehtfoenosaedonyrasrevda iate sedon . ecruoseht,ecneH erucesdnifotelbaebtondluowedon edulcnitonodtahtsetuor,sitaht,setuor t evdaeh r as r dony e. kcattAreyaLtropsnarT5.7 s noisseS :gnikcajih ,ereH na vda sre ary t ka es c no rt ol evo r a s se s noi eb twe ne t ow edon s. ecniS tsom noitacitnehtua essecorp s era deirrac tuo ylno ta eht trats fo a sses i ,no cno e eht s se is no eb twe ne t ow sedon steg ,dehsilbatse eht yrasrevda edon sedareuqsam sa eno fo eht dne sedon fo eht sses i no a dn ih j kca s t eh s sse i no . skcattAreyaLnoitacilppA6.7 :noitaidupeR nI si elpm ,smret noitaiduper srefer ot eht ained l or ta t pme et d ned ial yb a edon i ovn lved in a vahfonoitacinummoc i citrapgn i ehtfotraprollanidetap c nummo icati .no kcattArehtO7.7 s itluM1.7.7 - reyal skcattA itluM - reyal skcatta era esoht taht dluoc nirucco yna eyal r of ht e en t ow rk orp t loco ts ac .k folaineD ecivres itlumnommocehtfoemoseranoitanosrepmidna - skcattareyal . • laineD fo :ecivreS nI siht epyt fo ,kcatta na yrasrevda stpmetta ot tneverp gel iti am te dna dezirohtua sresu fo secivres dereffo yb t eh en t ow rk fr mo ecca ssi gn t soh e s re vi ec s. A lained fo ecivres )SoD( kcatta nac eb deirrac tuo in ynam wa .sy ehT cissalc yaw si to lf doo ekcap ts to yna dezilartnec ecruoser ,.g.e( na ssecca op in )t desu ni t eh en t krow so t ah t t eh er uos rce si on regnol a elbaliav ot sedon ni eht ,krowten tluser i gn in t eh owten rk on l egno r epo r ta i gn ni t eh ma renn ti saw dengised to epo rat .e sihT yam dael ot a eruliaf ni eht yreviled fo deetnaraug secivres ot eht dne .sresu euD ot eht euqinu scitsiretcarahc fo da coh leriw sse ,skrowten eht re xe ist ynam erom syaw ot hcnual a SoD kcatta in hcus a en t ow r ,k hw i hc uow ld on t eb sop is ble in w eri d n te ow rks. locotorpkrowtenehtnireyalynatsniagadehcnualebnacskcattaSoD stack. • :gnimmaJ nI siht mrof fo ,kcatta eht revda yras yllaitini speek nom ti or gni t eh wir ele ss dem i mu in redro ot enimreted eht ycneuqerf ta hcihw t eh ecer i ev r edon is re ec ivi gn is ang sl rf mo t eh se dn er. tI neht stimsnart langis s no t ah t fr ycneuqe so t ah t er or r-free r tpece i no at t eh re viec re si hi edn r de . a)SSSD(murtcepsdaerpsecneuqestceriddna)SSHF(murtcepsdaerpsgnippohycneuqerF re t ow emocrevotahtseuqinhcetdesuylnommoc j skcattagnimma . • NYS :gnidoolf ,ereH na yrasrevda sdnes a large ebmun r fo NYS ap c ek ts to a v itci m don e, gnifoops eht nruter sesserdda fo t eh NYS kcap e .st gniviecernO eht NYS ,stekcap eht mitciv edon sdnes kcab tnemgdelwonkca NYS( - )KCA ap c tek s to edon s sohw e erdda s es s evah neeb iceps f dei ni eht viecer ed NYS kcap ste . ,revewoH eht mitciv edon uow ld on t r ece ive a yn CA K ap c ek t ni De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 65
- 57. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 uter r .n nI ,tceffe a flah - nepo noitcennoc steg aerc t .de ehT mitciv edon ub i sdl pu a atad/elbat erutcurts rof gnidloh noitamrofni drager i gn la l gnidnep c tcenno i .sno ecniS eht mumixam elbissop ezis fo eht bat le si ,detimil eht rcni e sa i gn ebmun r of h la f- nepo c cenno t noi s tluser s in an evo rfl wo ni the at b el . ,ecneH neve fi a noitcennoc tseuqer semoc rf mo a l ge iti am te edon ta a l eta r op int fo tciveht,wolfrevoelbatehtfoesuaceb,emit i lacehttcejerotdecrofebdluowedonm l euqer ts . • detubirtsiD SoD :kcatta A erom ereves mrof fo eht SoD ta kcat si the distri tub ed SoD ( )SoDD catta k. nI siht ,kcatta lareves seirasrevda taht a er distri detub ht r uohguo t t eh n te ow rk oc ll edu dna tneverp ybdereffosecivresehtgnisseccamorfsresuetamitigel t eneh t ow rk. • :noitanosrepmI nI noitanosrepmi ,skcatta na yrasrevda semussa eht di entity a dn p ir iv el eg s of na dezirohtua ,edon rehtie ot ma ek esu fo krowten secruoser t ah t may on t eb va ai al ble ot it rednu lamron ,secnatsmucric ro ot tpursid eht lamron gninoitcnuf fo eht krowten yb ni j ce it gn f esla gnituor noitamrofni otni eht en t ow r .k nA yrasrevda edon dluoc edareuqsam sa na aut oh ir edondez gnisu lareves .sdohtem tI dluoc yb ecnahc sseug eht edi ytitn dna noitacitnehtua sliated fo t eh dezirohtua edon tegrat( ,)edon ro ti dluoc s poon of r infor am t noi r ge a dr i gn the nedi tity dna noitacitnehtua fo eht egrat t edon morf a pr ve i suo nummoc ic ita ,no or ti uoc ld ci nevmucr t ro elbasid eht tnehtua i tac i no em c nah si m ta the targ te don e. A nam -in- eht - elddim kcatta si rehtona epyt fo anosrepmi t noi ta at .kc ,ereH eht yrasrevda sdaer dna ssop ibly dom ifi ,se em ssa eg s eb t neew owt dne sedon tuohtiw gnittel e ti eh r of them wonk th ta ht ey evah neeb ta tac .dek esoppuS owt sedon X dna Y era gnitacinummoc w ti h e hca ot eh r; t eh a vd re s ra y i pm sre etano s don e Y wi ht tcepser ot edon X dna setanosrepmi edon X htiw tcepser ot edon ,Y olpxe iti gn ht e la kc fo thi dr - acinummocehtfonoitacitnehtuaytrap t ebnoi t sedonneew X a Ydn . .7.7 2 eciveD gnirepmaT ekilnU sedon ni a deriw ,krowten sedon ni da coh wi er l sse en t ow rks era us au ll y pmoc act, so tf , dna dnah - utannidleh er . lisaenelotsrodegamadtegdluocyehT y. anaMyeK8.7 g tneme gnivaH nees eht suoirav sdnik fo skcatta elbissop no da coh sseleriw en t ow rks, ew won kool at vari suo seuqinhcet deyolpme ot emocrevo the at kcat s. yhpargotpyrC si eno fo eht tsom nommoc dna elbailer snaem ot usne re se uc rit .y yhpargotpyrC si ton cificeps ot da coh w ri eless en t ow r .sk tI nac eb deilppa ot a yn noitacinummoc owten r .k tI si eht yduts fo t eh p ir cn ip el ,s t nhce i uq e ,s dna la og rit smh yb hw i hc demrofsnartsinoitamrofni i uanuonhcihwnoisrevdesiugsidaotn t oh ir ze epd sr no c na rea ub,d t hw ci nach eb derevocer ni sti lanigiro of rm yb na i dednetn r ce ip ei nt. nI eht ecnalrap fo ,yhpargotpyrc eht ro i lanig noitamrofni ot eb tnes morf eno nosrep ot ona t eh r si cal del p al ni t xe t. sihT txetnialp si detrevnoc ni to txetrehpic yb eht ssecorp fo pyrcne t ,noi taht ,si the a lpp i ac t noi fo ec r at in al og rit mh s or f nu cti .sno nA citnehtua reviecer nac tpyrced / ed c do e t eh ci hp ert xe t ba kc into alp int xe t yb the corp ess of pyrced it .no The sessecorp fo noitpyrcne dna noitpyrced era denrevog yb keys, hw i hc are s am ll a nuom st of inform ita no desu yb eht pyrc t cihpargo la og rit mh s. nehW eht yek si ot eb pek t erces t ot e usn re the se uc rity of t eh ,metsys ti is lac l de a s ce ret .yek T eh eruces noitartsinimda fo gotpyrc r hpa ic yek s is lac l de key eganam m tne . ehT ruof niam slaog fo yhpargotpyrc era ,ytilaitnedifnoc ,ytirgetni ua t tneh icat noi eht( r ece iv re s uoh ld eb elba ot yfitnedi eht rednes dna yfirev taht t eh em ssa eg ca t lau ly c ma e rf mo t ah t s ,)redne a dn non - taiduper i no . nidetneserpsiyhpargotpyrcfoydutsdeliatedA [ ]12 . erehT era owt am j ro sdnik fo cr py t go r cihpa al og rit mh :s s my m cirte yek al og tir mh s, hw i hc use t eh s ema yek rof noitpyrcne dna ,noitpyrced dna cirtemmysa yek ,smhtirogla hcihw esu owt tnereffid syek for De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 75
- 58. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 noitpyrcne dna decr py it .no cirtemmyS yek htirogla sm era lausu ly retsaf ot etucexe cinortcele all ,y tub dnarednesehtneewtebderahsebotyektercesaeriuqer r ce ie v re . mocnehW m ebotsdeennoitacinu dehsilbatse gnoma a puorg fo ,sedon hcae rednes - reviecer riap dluohs rahs e a ,yek hw ci h ma ek s t eh tsys me on n- acs l ba l .e fI emaseht key si desu gnoma owtnahterom ,seitrap a hcaerb o sf ecurity at yna no e op i tn sekam eht lohw e s sy t me uv l en r .elba T eh cirtemmysa yek smhtirogla era desab no s emo lacitamehtam selpicnirp hcihw ekam ti elbisaefni ro elbissopmi ot niatbo eno yek morf ;rehtona ,erofereht eno fo eht yek s c na be ma ed lbup ic ihw le ht e other si kept s erce t rp( i av te). sihT si lac el d lbup ci yek yhpargotpyrc . myS1.8.7 m smhtiroglAyeKcirte emmyS t cir yek al smhtirog yler no eht ecneserp fo t eh derahs yek at htob t eh se dn re dna r ece i ev r, hcihw sah neeb degnahcxe yb emos suoiverp a rr gna e nem t. erehT era owt sdnik fo cirtemmys yek al rog i mht s, eno gnivlovni block ci ehp rs a dn t eh ot eh r ts ream ehpic r .s A kcolb ci ehp r is na cne r py t noi s mehc e in hw i pehthc dexifotninekorbsitxetnial - olbehtdna,skcolbdellacstnemgeshtgnel c ask er pyrcne t enode ta a it me. ehT tselpmis selpmaxe i cn l du e sbus titu it no dna t ar sopsn iti .no nI ,noitutitsbus hcae al ebahp t fo eht txetnialp si detutitsbus yb rehtona ni eht rehpic ,txet dna siht elbat ppam i gn the o ir gi an l a dn t eh detutitsbus al ebahp t si a av li ba el at ob th the s edne r dna er ec i ev r. A noitisopsnart ci ehp r umrep t se t eh cehtecudorpottxetnialpehtnitebahpla i ehp rtext. erugiF 2.7 tsbuS oituti n a dn snart p so i noit De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 85
- 59. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 A maerts rehpic ,si ni ,tceffe a kcolb pic h re fo kcolb l gne th .eno One fo eht selpmis t st aer m srehpic si eht manreV ,rehpic hcihw sesu a yek of eht emas htgnel sa eht etnialp xt rof noitpyrcne . roF ,elpmaxe fi eht etnialp xt si eht yranib irts ng ,00101001 dna eht yek si ,10011010 neht eht cne r etpy d irts ng si evig n by eht ROX fo eht pl etnia xt dna ke ,y ot be 011 0 1011 . ehT pl etnia xt si niaga derevocer by XO gniR eht ic etrehp xt htiw eht emas ke .y fI eht yek si modnar ly nesohc , detropsnart eruces ly ot eht ,reviecer dna desu rof no ly one ,noitacinummoc siht smrof eht emiteno dap hw i hc ah s nevorp ot be eht tsom eruces fo lla cr py t pargo h ci s sy te sm . ehT no ly kcenelttob reh e si ot eb elba ot eruces ly dnes the k ye ot eht reviecer . smhtiroglAyeKcirtemmysA2.8.7 As cirtemmy key (or bup l ci ke )y gla o smhtir esu tnereffid ke sy ta the rednes dna reviecer sdne for cne r noitpy dna ced r ,noitpy ylevitcepser . teL eht cne r noitpy corp sse eb er p detneser by a oitcnuf n ,E dna ced r noitpy yb .D nehT eht etnialp xt m si demrofsnart otni eht etrehpic xt c sa c = )m(E . ehT iecer v re th ne oced d se c by ppa l iy ng .D eH n ,ec D si cus h taht m = c(D ) = (E(D m .)) ehW n siht as cirtemmy key oc n tpec si desu ni cilbup k ye algo ,smhtir eht key E is m eda bup l ,ci elihw D si ,etavirp nwonk no ly to eht dednetni iecer v .re An oy ne ohw sehsiw ot s dne a egassem ot th si reviecer cne r stpy ti gnisu .E hguohT c nac eb draehrevo by revda s ,seira eht noitcnuf E si desab no a lanoitatupmoc ly di tluciff lacitamehtam rp o ,melb hcus sa eht otcaf r noitazi fo egral emirp srebmun . eH n ec , ti si n to elbissop rof vda e rasr ies ot de evir D gi ev n .E nO ly eht r reviece ac n ced r tpy c gnisu eht etavirp key .D A ev ry ralupop ex elpma fo cilbup k ye cr tpy o parg hy si eht ASR metsys ]12[ depoleved by ,tseviR ,rimahS dna ,nameldA hcihw si desab no eht egetni r noitazirotcaf melborp . latigiD serutangis semehcs era osla desab no cilbup yek cne r .noitpy nI eseht cs h ,seme ht e snoitcnuf E dna D era sohc ne hcus taht )m(E(D ) = ))m(D(E = m rof any sem s ega .m esehT era dellac elbisrever cilbup yek s .smetsy nI siht ac s ,e eht p nosre hw o sehsiw ot ngis a ucod m ne t cne r stpy ti gnisu reh/sih etavirp key ,D hw i hc si nwonk no ly ot hi .reh/m An oby dy ohw ah s reh/sih cilbup key E nac ced r tpy ti na d niatbo eht lanigiro do ,tnemuc fi ti h sa eeb n gis n de by the gnidnopserroc rednes . nI ,ecitcarp a detsurt driht rap ty )PTT( si deerga up no ni ,ecnavda ohw si elbisnopser rof iussi ng t eseh di latig gis n seruta D( dna E p )sria na d rof gnivloser any etupsid s gnidrager eht serutangis . sehcaorppAtnemeganaMyeK9.7 ehT amirp ry aog l fo key eganam m tne si ot sh era a terces emos( fni o tamr i )no oma ng a sp fice i de tes fo napicitrap ts. erehT era lareves sdohtem taht nac eb lpme o dey ot rep f mro siht ,noitarepo lla fo meht iriuqer ng av ryi gn stnuoma fo laitini co ,noitarugifn acinummoc t ,noi dna upmoc ta it .no ehT niam sehcaorppa ot yek am n tnemega era key ,noitubirtsiderp yek art n ,trops yek noitartibra , dna key tnemeerga ]22[ . 1.9.7 yeK erP - noitubirtsid Key erp - ,noitubirtsid sa eht eman su ,stsegg vni o sevl gnitubirtsid keys ot lla int etsere d rap it es erofeb eht st tra of co numm i tac i .no sihT dohtem sevlovni hcum less moc m acinu ti no and De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 95
- 60. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s I01 8S 41 ,noitatupmoc tub lla stnapicitrap tsum eb nwonk a ,iroirp gnirud eht laitini .noitarugifnoc Once lped o ,dey ereht is on msinahcem ot edulcni en w srebmem ni ht e uorg p or to chan eg the key. As na tnemevorpmi revo the cisab erp - noitubirtsid ,emehcs bus - spuorg may eb demrof nihtiw t eh ,puorg dna emos noitacinummoc nac eb etcirtser d ot a puorgbus . oH w reve , eht noitamrof fo bus - spuorg si osla na a iroirp noisiced htiw on elf x ilibi ty irud ng eht noitarepo . 2.9.7 yeK snarT p ro t nI key tropsnart s metsy ,s eno fo eht tacinummoc i gn seititne setareneg ke sy dna stropsnart meht ot eht rehto srebmem . T eh tselpmis emehcs ssa u sem taht a derahs key aerla dy ex stsi am gno ht e gnitapicitrap srebmem . T sih roirp erahs d key is u des ot encr tpy a n we ek y a dn is t msnar ti det ot lla gnidnopserroc sedon . nO ly oht se edon s hcihw evah eht roirp derahs key ac n ced r tpy ti . sihT is dellac eht key cne r itpy ng key )KEK( .dohtem ,revewoH eht ex ecnetsi fo a p roir key tonnac syawla eb .demussa fI eht cilbup yek erutcurtsarfni )IKP( is ,tneserp eht yek nac be cne r etpy d htiw hcae p s’tnapicitra p cilbu yek dna nart s trop ed ot it. sihT semussa eht ex ecnetsi fo a ,PTT hcihw may ton eb elbaliava rof da coh sseleriw n skrowte . 3.9.7 yeK oitartibrA n Key noitartibra semehcs esu a lartnec bra rotarti ot etaerc dna etubirtsid syek oma ng la l tnapicitrap s. ,ecneH yeht era a cl ssa fo key t tropsnar .semehcs owteN r sk hcihw vah e a fixed erutcurtsarfni esu eht PA sa na ,rotartibra ecnis ti seod ton evah tnegnirts rewop ro noitatupmoc tniartsnoc s. nI da hoc sseleriw ,skrowten eht p bor l me htiw atnemelpmi t noi fo bra i art t de orp t oco sl si taht eht rotartibra h sa to eb erewop d no ta lla emit s ot eb ca c sse i elb to all sedon . sihT l dae s ot a rewop d niar no taht p ucitra l ra edon . nA retla n evita dluow eb ot am ke eht ke iy ng s vre ice ,detubirtsid tub elpmis noitacilper fo eht artibra t noi ta tnereffid sedon dluow eb ex snep i ev of r ecruoser - deniartsnoc dev seci na d dluow reffo am ny stniop of ilibarenluv ty to skcatta . fI any one fo eht detacilper tibra r srota si catta ,dek eht s iruce ty fo eht elohw s metsy skaerb nwod . 4.9.7 yeK nemeergA t tsoM yek tnemeerga cs h seme era b desa no asym cirtem key al smhtirog . yehT era desu nehw wt o ro erom elpoep tnaw ot ga r ee nopu a erces t ,yek hcihw lliw neht eb desu rof ehtruf r nummoc oitaci n. Key tnemeerga slocotorp era desu ot hsilbatse a eruces etnoc xt revo hcihw a noisses nac be ,nur st gnitra htiw am ny eitrap s ohw hsiw ot nummoc i etac dna an ucesni re nnahc el. nI puorg key tnemeerga s ,semehc hcae tnapicitrap setubirtnoc a trap ot ht e s terce key. esehT deen eht l tsae am tnuo fo erp - fnoc i ug r ,noita tub hcus ehcs m se evah high oc m atup t anoi l ytixelpmoc . ehT tsom ralupop key tnemeerga semehcs esu eht eiffiD - leH l nam ex egnahc ,]12[ na cirtemmysa key al tirog hm desab no etercsid lo smhtirag . teNsseleriWcoHdAnIgnituoReruceS01.7 w kro s ekilnU eht lanoitidart deriw ,tenretnI erehw ded i detac sretuor noc t dellor by eht retnI n te civres e sredivorp ( )sPSI ex ,tsi ni da coh sseleriw n krowte s, sedon tca htob sa raluger ret im an ls uos( rce or itsed )noitan dna osla sa sretuor rof rehto on d .se nI eht ba s ecne fo detacided ,sretuor idivorp ng iruces ty semoceb a lahc l igne ng t ksa ni eseht net .skrow suoiraV rehto caf t ro s hw i hc am ke t eh ksat fo gnirusne ces u er noitacinummoc ni da coh sseleriw skrowten ffid ci u tl edulcni eht ilibom ty De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 06
- 61. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 fo ,sedon a suoucsimorp edom fo ,noitarepo detimil issecorp ng ,rewop dna detimil ilibaliava ty of secruoser hcus sa yrettab ,rewop ,htdiwdnab dna yromem . 1.01.7 stnemeriuqeR fo a eruceS gnituoR torP o loc rof dA coH sseleriW teN w ro ks ehT latnemadnuf setisiuqer fo a eruces ituor ng rp o locot rof da coh sseleriw skrowten era detsil sa lof l wo :s • noitceteD fo suoicilam :sedon A eruces ituor ng locotorp dluohs eb elba ot tceted eht erp sence fo suoicilam sedon ni eht krowten dna dluohs diova eht noitapicitrap fo such sedon in eht ituor ng corp e ss . Ev ne fi hcus m suoicila sedon p apicitra te ni eht etuor sid c evo ry ssecorp , t eh gnituor locotorp dluohs esoohc p shta taht od not cni l edu hcus edon s. • eetnarauG fo tcerroc ro etu evocsid r :y fI a uor te eewteb n eht ecruos dna t eh noitanitsed edon s ex ,stsi eht gnituor orp t loco dluohs eb ba le to fi dn eht uor te, dna sh dluo la so rusne e t eh ssentcerroc fo eht s detcele etuor . • difnoC ilaitne ty fo n te w kro olopot g :y an noitamrofni erusolcsid kcatta yam dael ot eht ocsid very fo eht krowten ygolopot by eht suoicilam .sedon ecnO eht krowten t olopo gy si ,nwonk eht rekcatta may try ot uts dy eht ciffart nrettap ni eht krowten . fI emos fo eht sedon era dnuof ot eb erom evitca derapmoc ot ,srehto eht rekcatta yam try ot tnuom ,.g.e( )SoD skcatta no hcus kcenelttob .sedon sihT yam etamitlu ly ceffa t eht no - gniog gnituor .ssecorp ,ecneH eht ytilaitnedifnoc fo eht krowten ygolopot si na natropmi t tnemeriuqer ot eb tem by eht eruces gnituor slocotorp . • ilibatS ty a tsniag catta k :s ehT ituor ng torp o loc tsum eb s fle - ts ba el in the snes e taht ti tsum eb elba ot r treve ot sti lamron itarepo ng etats nihtiw a etinif tnuoma fo it em fa t re a ap ssi ev or an evitca kcatta . The ituor ng p locotor dluohs ekat erac taht eht se skcatta od not rep m tnena ly d si pur t eht gnituor p .ssecor ehT locotorp tsum osla ne s eru B enitnazy entsubor s ,s taht ,si t eh orp t oco l dluohs krow reporp ly neve fi emos fo eht ,sedon hcihw erew reilrae gnitapicitrap ni eht gnituor ,ssecorp nrut tuo ot ceb o em suoicilam ta a retal p tnio fo emit ro era tnetni i lano ly ad ma deg . ruceS11.7 i yt - rPgnituoRcoHdAerawA o locot ehT iruces ty- erawa da hoc gnituor )RAS( ocotorp l [ ]52 sesu iruces ty sa eno of eht yek rtem i sc ni htap gnidnif . A wemarf o kr rof icrofne ng dna m gnirusae eht setubirtta fo eht ces u ir ty m cirte has neeb p vor i ded ni [ 52 ]. sihT krowemarf osla en selba eht esu of fid f ere nt level s of ces urity for tnereffid snoitacilppa taht esu SAR rof r uo t gni . nI da coh sseleriw en t ,skrow noitacinummoc neewteb dne sedon orht u hg bissop ly elpitlum etaidemretni sedon si ab s de no eht tcaf t ah t eht t ow dne sedon tsurt eht etni mr de iate sedon . RAS fed i sen level fo tsurt sa a cirtem rof uor it ng dna as eno fo eht setubirtta rof iruces ty ot eb nekat i otn noitaredisnoc elihw .gnituor ehT gnituor locotorp esab d no the el v le fo t tsur si explai den usi gn Fi rug e 41.9 . sA ohs wn ni Fi ug re 41.9 , wt o shtap tsixe neewteb eht owt sreciffo 1O dna 2O ohw tnaw ot etacinummoc htiw hcae rehto . nO e fo eseht shtap si a retrohs htap hcihw snur orht u hg etavirp sedon ohw se tsurt slevel era very wol . ,ecneH eht locotorp sesoohc a regnol tub ces u er p hta hcihw sessap guorht h rehto eruces (o reciff ) sedon . nI eht VDOA ,locotorp eht os ecru no ed stsacdaorb a tseuqeRetuoR tekcap ot sti ien g obh rs. nA etaidemretni ,edon no iviecer ng a tseuqeRetuoR ,tekcap sdrawrof ti rehtruf fi ti seod ton evah a etuor to t eh ed ts .noitani ,esiwrehtO ti setaitini a ylpeRetuoR tekcap kcab ot eht ecruos don e gnisu eht esrever htap desrevart by eht tseuqeRetuoR tekcap . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 16
- 62. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 erugiF 3.7 noitartsullI fo eht level of tsurt rtem ic nI ,RAS a niatrec level fo iruces ty si etaroprocni d otni ht e tekcap - gnidrawrof cem h msina . ,ereH hcae tekcap si detaicossa htiw a iruces ty level hcihw si denimreted by a rebmun noitaluclac dohtem e( x denialp retal in siht ces t )noi . hcaE etaidemretni edon si osla sa s detaico htiw a ce iatr n level fo iruces ty. nO cer gnivie a ,tekcap eht retni m etaide edon serapmoc sti level fo ces u ir ty htiw taht enifed d rof eht pac .tek fI eht on d s’e s iruce ty el v le si sel s t nah th ta fo the pa ekc t, the tseuqeRetuoR si ylpmis dedracsid . fI ti si retaerg , eht edon si deredisnoc ot eb a s uce re edon na d si dettimrep ot drawrof t eh cap k te ni noitidda ot gnieb elba to view eht p .tekca fI eht iruces ty slevel fo eht demretni i eta edon dna eht ecer i dev tekcap era dnuof to eb ,lauqe neht t eh etaidemretni on de lliw ton eb ba le ot weiv eht cap k te hw( ich c na be e derusn isu ng a orp per noitacitnehtua ;)msinahcem ti tsuj sdrawrof eht p tekca fu rehtr . sedoN fo qe u la slevel fo tsurt etubirtsid a nommoc yek oma ng evlesmeht s dna w ti h esoht edon s gnivah rehgih slevel fo t .tsur ,ecneH a lacihcrareih vel le fo iruces ty uoc ld eb .deniatniam sihT serusne taht na cne r detpy tekcap nac eb ced r detpy gnisu( eht nommoc yek ) no ly by sedon fo eht emas ro rehgih slevel fo iruces ty derapmoc ot eht level fo iruces ty of eht tekcap . tnereffiD level s fo tsurt ac n eb de enif d u gnis a rebmun uclac l eta d desab on eht el v le fo se iruc ty iuqer r .de tI nac eb etaluclac d gnisu am ny met .sdoh ecniS lemit i ,ssen ni - redro d evile ry of ,stekcap tua h icitne ty, tazirohtua i no , ,ytirgetni ytilaitnedifnoc , na d non - oitaiduper n ra e so em fo ht e derised scitsiretcarahc fo a tuor i gn torp o ,loc a elbatius rebmun ac n eb denifed rof t eh surt t level of r sedon dna stekcap ab s de no eht rebmun fo hcus scitsiretcarahc nekat into nuocca t. ehT RAS msinahcem nac eb isae ly detaroprocni otni eht tr lanoitida gnituor cotorp o sl rof da coh seleriw s skrowten . tI dluoc be detaroprocni otni htob no -d dname dna t ba le- nevird r uo t gni orp t oco ls. hT e RAS locotorp swolla eht noitacilppa ot esoohc the level of es ruc ity it requi ser . uB t eht torp o oc l seriuqer tnereffid keys rof tnereffid slevel fo iruces ty. sihT sdnet ot aercni se eht rebmun fo syek deriuqer nehw eht rebmun fo ytiruces slevel desu sesaercni . 1.11.7 ytiruceS - erawA VDOA locotorP VDOA si na no - ed mand gnituor locotorp wh ere eht etuor evocsid ry p ssecor si ini detait by gnidnes tseuqeRetuoR p stekca no ly ehw n atad stekcap evirra at a on de rof nart sm ssi i .no A suoicilam etaidemretni edon dluoc da v esitre th ta ti sah eht etrohs st p hta to eht ed st ,noitani De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 26
- 63. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 ereht by der i gnitcer lla t eh stekcap orht u hg esti l .f sihT si nwonk sa a elohkcalb .kcatta The elohkcalb kcatta si sulli t detar in Fi erug .7 3 teL edon M be eht oicilam us edon t ah t retne s t eh owten rk. tI esitrevda s taht ti sah eht hs o tsetr tap h ot eht ed noitanits don e D nehw it er cei sev ht e tseuqeRetuoR cap k te es nt by don e S. ehT catta k re may on t eb elba to suc eec d fi on de A, cihw h osla seviecer eht tseuqeRetuoR cap k te morf no ed ,S lper i se rae lier t ah n edon M. tuB a major egatnavda for eht suoicilam on ed si taht ti seod ton evah ot hcraes sti gnituor elbat rof a etuor to eht noitanitsed . ,oslA eht peRetuoR ly p stekca ori etanig tcerid ly morf eht ma il ci suo edon dna on t morf eht anitsed t noi edon . ,ecneH eht suoicilam edon dluow eb elba ot per ly retsaf aht n edon ,A hcihw dluow evah ot hcraes sti gnituor elbat rof a etuor ot eht noitanitsed .edon ,suhT edon S may t dne ot hsilbatse a etuor ot noitanitsed D th hguor the ma il ci suo don e M, al gniwol edon M to netsil ot lla stekcap em a tn rof eht de ts noitani edon . snoituloS rof eht elohkcalB borP lem One of eht snoitulos rof eht elohkcalb melborp si ot tcirtser eht etaidemretni n sedo morf ro i gnitanig ylpeRetuoR .stekcap Only eht noitanitsed edon dluow eb dettimrep ot etaitini peRetuoR ly kcap e st . ceS u ir ty si lits l ton etelpmoc ly derussa , ecnis eht suoicilam on de may eil ni eht htap nesohc by eht oitanitsed n edon . ,oslA eht led ay in devlov ni eht etuor csid o ev ry orp c sse i cn r esae s sa eht ezis fo eht krowten aercni s se . nosirapmoC fo barenluv i seitil fo RA NA htiw RSD dna VDOA ocotorp ls In rehtona noitulos ot t sih ,melborp su etsegg d ni [ 92 ], sa noos sa the R etuo R pe ly p ekca t si deviecer morf eno fo eht etaidemretni ,sedon rehtona tseuqeRetuoR tekcap si tnes morf eht ecruos edon ot eht en igh rob edon fo t eh etaidemretni edon ni eht htap . sihT si ot erusne t ah t hcus a htap ex stsi morf eht ni t taidemre e edon to t eh d tse noitani edon . For exam ,elp tel the s ruo ce edon dnes tseuqeRetuoR stekcap dna eviecer ylpeRetuoR th or u hg eht etaidemretni suoicilam edon M. ehT peRetuoR ly tekcap fo edon M sniatnoc noitamrofni idrager ng sti next- poh en i robhg on d se . teL ti niatnoc rofni m noita tuoba eht bhgien or no ed .E ,nehT sa nwohs in giF u er 4.7 eht uos r ec edon S dnes s truF h oRre u tseuqeRet stekcap to th si obhgien r don e E. oN ed E sdnopser by idnes ng a peRetuoRrehtruF ly tekcap ot ecruos edon .S ecniS edon M si a suoicilam edon hcihw si ton tneserp ni eht gnituor tsil fo edon ,E eht peRetuoRrehtruF ly tekcap tnes by edon E lliw ton niatnoc a etuor ot eht lam suoici edon M. tuB fi ti sniatnoc a etuor ot eht d tse ani t noi edon ,D t neh eht wen etuor ot eht d noitanitse hguorht edon E si ,detceles dna the reilrae s detcele uor te orht ugh Medon si detcejer . sihT locotorp etelpmoc ly setanimile eht elohkcalb kcatta desuac by a lgnis e tta acker. ehT rojam egatnavdasid fo siht emehcs si taht eht lortnoc daehrevo fo eht ituor ng locotorp sesaercni baredisnoc ly. ,oslA if eht suoicilam sedon krow ni a rg o ,pu ht is locotorp liaf s lbaresim y. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 36
- 64. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 1 8SI0 41 erugiF 4.7 noitagaporP fo rehtruF tseuqeRetuoR dna uoRrehtruF t Re pe yl De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 46
- 65. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 TINU – 8 QoS ( uQ ality fo S re v eci ) SoQotnoitcudortnI1.8 Q ytilau fo ecivres )SoQ( si a erusaem fo eht level fo ecivres taht a ralucitrap atad steg ni eht .krowten The krowten si detcepxe ot eetnaraug a tes fo elbarusaem deificepserp ecivres setubirtta ot eht sresu ni smret fo dne -to- dne ecnamrofrep hcus sa led a ,y ,htdiwdnab ilibaborp ty fo tekcap ,ssol led ay ecnairav ,)rettij( dna so of tr .h rewoP noitpmusnoc si rehtona SoQ etubirtta hcihw si erom cificeps ot elibom da coh skrowten .)sTENAM( lanoitidarT tenretnI SoQ slocotorp ekil ecruoseR R noitavrese P locotor ( VSR P) tonnac eb ylisae detargim ot eht sseleriw en tnemnoriv eud ot eht rorre -pr eno erutan fo sseleriw sknil dna eht hgih ilibom ty fo elibom .secived sihT si eurt rof bom i el da coh skrowten erehw eve ry edon vom es irartibra l ,y gnisuac ht e krowtenpohitlum lmodnaregnahcotygolopot y itelbatciderpnutadna m se . eyaLtnereffiDniSoQ1.1.8 rs A noitacilpp reyal : stseuqeR a ralucitrap ssalC fo ecivreS )SoC( dna evitpada ly segnahc sti C So gnidneped no eht krowten tats e gnisu( ef e kcabd morf eht en t )krow os t tah ti s stekcap era ton cejer t de fi eht en t krow liaf s ot SoCderisedehthtiwpupeek . noisseS ro noitatneserp sreyal : esehT nac tca sa sreifissalc ot hsiugnitsid neewteb eht tnereffid C So dna pam fseueuqetarapesotsessalctnereffidotgnignolebatad altropsnartehtro y re . tropsnarT reyal : secivreS eht rehgih SoC eueuq erom netfo gnisu emos rtibra a ,noit dna spam eht eerht essalc s krowtentnereffidotecivresfo -la hcaeroflocotorpgnituortnereffida(slennahcrey )SoC . krowteN reyal : gnieeS hcae C So atad ,yltnereffid ti sesu tnereffid gnituor smsinahcem rof hcae fo meht dna atadehtrofseueuqtnereffideerhtotniatadehtsdnes - il n lk a rey . D ata - knil reyal : sesU tnereffid slocotorp niaga rof tnereffid C So os taht ,retsaf ,retteb dna derussa ivres ec nac eb dereviled ,ot rof ,elpmaxe eht G dlo C .So tI lliw la so evah ot ekat erac fo eht muideM A ssecc C lortno ehttahterusekamotseussi)CAM( C So ebnac dereviled . lacisyhP reyal mniagasihT: a orrerettebesuy r- dnasemehcsnoitcerroc ma evigy rom e ti em of r nart s noissim ot rehgih C So . ,oslA ti yam ylevitpada yrt ot egnahc eht noitaludom emehcs dna os ,htrof htiw tcepser ot eht etats tiBlennahcehtnehwneveecivresedivorpotyrtecnehdna,lennahcehtfo E rorr R (eta BER) si hgih . anASoQ2.1.8 sisyl nI eht suoiverp ,noitces ew dekool ta hcae fo eht sreyal a dn rieht noitubirtnoc drawot gnirusne SoQ seetnaraug krowtenehtni . oslanaceW l .weivfotniops’redivorpSoQehtmorfeussiehttakoo edoMSoQ3.1.8 l ehT SoQ ledom seificeps eht ihcra erutcet ni hcihw niatrec secivres dluoc eb dedivorp ni eht .krowten A SoQ ledom of r MANE sT dluohs srif t redisnoc eht segnellahc fo MANE ,sT rof elpmaxe d cimany olopot gy dna emit - ticapacknilgniyrav y. noitavreseRecruoseRSoQ4.1.8 hcaE wolf htiw emos SoQ eetnaraug lliw evah ot eb detacolla emos secruoser hcihw lliw eb ylevisulcxe rof its .esu sihT lliw erusne taht sa noos sa eht tekcap fo taht ralucitrap wolf co ,sem ti iw ll ton evah ot tiaw rof some htap ro ecruoser ot eb deerf dna ti lliw eb imsnart dett ot t eh txen edon tnatsni“ l ”.y A rehton eussi taht semoc pu ereh si tahw secruoser dluohs eb devreser rof a nevig tes fo SoQ sretemarap dna woh ht ey iw ll eb deerf nehw retsiwolfeht m detani . collaneebsahsecruoserfotesralucitrapatahtgnilangiS oslasideta a rojam eussi . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 56
- 66. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 2.8 DdnaseussI e ngis aredisnoC t noi s aideMsuounitnoCrofsecivreSevitpadA1.2.8 wolF ehT tsom elbatius ecivres mgidarap rof elibom da coh skrowten si vitpada e ni erutan . eW evresbo taht evitpada eciov dna oediv snoitacilppa gnitarepo ni elibom ec l ul l ra skrowten era elbapac fo gnidnopser ot tekcap ,ssol yaled ,rettij segnahc ni elbaliavanu ,htdiwdnab dna ffodnah elihw gniniatniam emos level fo ecivres ytilauq . hguohtlA evitpada aidemitlum snoitacilppa nac dnopser ot krowten ,scimanyd yeht yt p yllaci eriuqer some minim um htdiwdnab ecnarussa woleb hcihw yeht era deredner .sselesu nI siht ,txetnoc evitpada ecivres s edivorp muminim htdiwdnab secnarussa ot laer -t emi vo eci dna oediv swolf dna ,atad gniwolla rof decnahne ,.e.i(slevel mixam u .elbaliavaemocebsecruosernehwdereviledebotecivresfo)htdiwdnabm onoitarapeS2.2.8 f drawroFdna,gnilangiS,gnituoR i gn ereH eht gnituor slocotorp krowretni htiw oser ecru am n tnemega ot hsilbatse shtap t hguorh eht krowten taht teem dne - ot - dne SoQ .stnemeriuqer nI siht ,esac ereht si a niatrec level fo noitargetni fo ecruoser tnemeganam dna .gnituor enO dluoc ylppa hcus na hcaorppa ot TENAM gnituor slocotorp nevig taht eht emit selacs evo r hcihw wen setuor era detupmoc era hcum retsaf naht esoht yllanoitidart dnuof ni eht esac fo gnituor ni dexif utcurtsarfni r .se noisseS putes dna gnituor ,.e.i( gnitupmoc wen )setuor era tcnitsid dna lanoitcnuf ly tnednepedni .sksat T ,erofereh ew eveileb taht ,gnilangis ecruoser ,tnemeganam dna gnituor dluohs eb deledom niyltnednepedni erutcetihcrakrowteneht . nI3.2.8 - giSdnaB n gnila In- dnab gnilangis tsys e sm era elbapac fo gnitarepo esolc ot tekcap noissimsnart sdeeps dna era ht erofere llew detius drawot gnidnopser ot saf t- it em elacs d scimany fo dnu ni libom e da coh ivne r ,stnemno sa rtsulli a det in 1.6erugiF . i“mretehT n- ehtsaerehw,atadhtiwgnolanoitamrofnilortnocehtgniyrracsnaem”gnilangisdnab mret tuo“ -of- dnab angis ”gnil snaem rac r gniy eht lortnoc noitamrofni ni etarapes lortnoc stekcap dna slennahc htapatadehtmorftnereffiderataht . tfoS4.2.8 - tnemeganaMetatS ehT tfos“ - ”etats hcaorppa sevlovni etats tnemeganam ta etaidemretni gnituor sedon hcihw si elbatius rof eht tnemeganam fo snoitavreser ni elibom da coh .skrowten tfoS etats sledom eht tneisnart erutan fo krowten ,noitavreser hcihw sah ot eb evisnopser ot tsaf mit e-sc ela sseleriw d ny a ,scim etaredom mit e- elacs ytilibom ,segnahc dna regnol mit e-sc ela es noiss gnidloh“ ti ”.sem H ,ecne eht tnempoleved of wen Q So skrowemarf dna slocotorp desab no eht noiton fo ni - dnab gnilangis dna tfos -s etat ,tnemeganam dna detcurtsnoc htiw eht noitarapes fo ,gnituor Q ,So ,gnilangis dna gnidrawrof ,snoitcnuf lliw edivorp a ,evisnopser ,elbalacs dna ireviledotnoituloselbixelf n nisecivresevitpadag elibom skrowtencohda . SSoQfonoitacifissalC3.8 o itul o sn SoQ snoitulos era yllacisab c deifissal otni SoQ dnahcaorppa eht sreyal at hcihw ht ey .etarepo sehcaorppaSoQ tgniwollofehtotnideifissalcebnac y sep . C elpuo d: ,ereH ereht lliw be esolc noitcaretni neewteb eht gnituor tirogla hm dna eht QoS msinahcem rof gnidivorp Q So .seetnaraug :selpmaxE tekciT - desaB P gnibor BT( P ,) P evitcider noitacoL - desaB SoQ R gnituo torP loco (P ,)RQBL emiT niamoD yrtemotcelfeR ,)RDT( Q ytilau fo ecivreS dA coH nO - dnameD ecnatsiD rotceV SoQ( - ,)VDOA ,RB ,RQO ,ROMLO evitcA euQ ry retuoR ,)RQA( C ero -E noitcartx D detubirtsi Ad coH fleSnoitazimitpOtnegilletnIdna,)RADEC(gnituoR - detalugeR A ujd NI(tnemts ORA) D delpuoce : H ,ere ereht lliw ebton yna gnituor locotorp on ehthcihw Q So tnednepedsimsinahcem . axE m selp : eleriwsseletats,AINGISNI s AMTRPdna,)NAWS(krowtencohdas C nednepednI t: H ,ere eht krowten - reyal slocotorp era ton tnedneped no AM C. :selpmaxE BT P, P BL Q ,R Q So - NAWSdna,ARONI,AINGISNI,VDOA D tnednepe : ehT krowten - reyal slocotorp era tnedneped no eht MAC .reyal :selpmaxE RDT , B ,R OQ ,R a,RADEC,RQA,RQMLO n TRPd M CA elbaT nevird : erehT lliw eb eht gnituor elbat ni hcae edon hcihw spleh ni timsnart it gn eht .stekcap axE m elp : PL QB R De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 66
- 67. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 On ed m dna : ehT ecruos edon lliw dnif eht .etuor oN gnituor selbat era .dedivorp :selpmaxE ,PBT ,RDT SoQ - dna,ARONI,RQA,RQMLO,RQO,VDOA CAMTRP H dirby : sihT sedulcni eht serutaef fo htob eht elbat - rd i nev dna no - dnamed .sehcaorppa :selpmaxE RB dna ADEC R erugiF 1.8 eliboM da coh ten wo ikr ng. iF g eru .8 2 noitacifissalC of QoS so itul o sn sseccAmuideM4.8 rtnoC o )CAM(l - aL y ituloSSoQre no s SoQ - tastnenopmocgnitroppus reppu la ,srey hcus sa Q So gnilangis dna QoS emussa,gnituor eht foecnetsixe a CAM ,locotorp hcihw sevlos eht smelborp fo idem um ,noitnetnoc stroppus elbailer tsacinu ,noitacinummoc dna orp sediv ecruoser noitavreser rof laer - it em fart f ci ni a detubirtsid sseleriw .tnemnorivne A tol fo MAC slocotorp evah neeb desoporp rof sseleriw .skrowten U ,yletanutrofn rieht ngised g slao era lausu ly ot vlos e idem um noitnetnoc dna ih d ned dna desopxe imret lan pr smelbo dna to i vorpm e rht o .tuphgu tsoM fo meht od ton edivorp ecruoser noitavreser dna Q So seetnaraug ot laer -time ciffart . ehT rif st melborp aht t a MAC locotorp ni sseleriw skrowten dluohs evlos si eht neddih ro desopxe lanimret .melborp ,dnoceS a Q So CAM locotorp tsum rp o ediv ecruoser noitavreser dna Q So seetnaraug ot laer -ti em ciffart . gniwolloF era eht CAM oQeetnaraugtahtslocotorp S. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 76
- 68. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 wecnadiovAnoisilloCsseccAelpitluM1.4.8 tavreseRkcabyggiPhti i ACAM(no P/ )R RP/ACAM si desu sa a CAM locotorp rof pohitlum sseleriw .skrowten /ACAM PR sedivorp dipar dna elbailer noissimsnart fo laernon - mit e smargatad sa llew sa deetnaraug htdiwdnab troppus ot laer -ti em fart f .ci roF eht msnart noissi fo non - laer -ti em smargatad ni M ACA /P ,R a tsoh htiw a tekcap ot nes d sum t rif st aw it rof a f eer ”wodniw“ ni eht oitavreser n elbat ( TR ,) hcihw sdrocer a ll eser r dev dnes dna viecer e swodniw fo any s noitat nihtiw eht nart s im s nois .egnar tI neht stiaw rof na lanoitidda modnar ti em no eht ro d re fo a elgnis - poh dnuor - pirt yaled . fI it sesnes taht eht lennahc si ,eerf it sdeecorp htiw a tseuqeR -To- dneS (R )ST –C rael oT dneS )STC( – ataD P tekca (P )TK – tnemgdelwonkcA )KCA( tekcap eugolaid rof a lufsseccus ekcap t .noissimsnart If eht lennahc si ,ysub ti stiaw litnu eht lennahc semoceb eldi dna staeper eht evoba .erudecorp roF eht noissimsnart fo laer - emit ,stekcap eht roivaheb fo /ACAM PR si .tnereffid oT timsnart eht tsrif atad tekcap fo a laer - emit noitcennoc , eht rednes S setaitini na STR – STC eugolaid dna neht sdeecorp htiw P TK – KCA iecersiSTCehtfiseugolaid v de . For tneuqesbus atad stekcap ton( eht tsrif )eno fo a laer - emit ,noitcennoc ylno P TK –ACK seugolaid era .dedeen etoN taht fi eht rednes sliaf to eviecer eves r la CA ,sK ti er s strat eht noitcennoc htiw eht RTS– STC eugolaid .niaga RP/ACAM seod ton timsnarter eht laer -ti em stekcap retfa .noisilloc oT evreser htdiwdnab rof laer - emit ,ciffart eht laer - it em gniludehcs noitamrofni si deirrac ni eht daeh sre fo P sTK dna CA .sK ehT rednes S skcabyggip eht noitavreser noitamrofni rof sti txen atad tekcap noissimsnart no eht tnerruc PKT. The dednetni reviecer D stresni eht noitavreser ni sti noitavreser elbat R( T) dna mrifnoc s ti wi ht eht CA K ot ht e .rednes ehT srobhgien fo eht reviecer D lliw refed rieht noissimsnart ecno gniviecer eht CA .K nI ,noitidda morf eht ,KCA yeht osla wonk eht txen deludehcs gniviecer emit fo D dna diova noissimsnart ta eht emit nehw D si deludehcs ot eviecer eht txen atad tekcap morf .S ehT laer - emit stekcap era detcetorp morf neddih stsoh by eht noitagaporp dna ecnanetniam fo noitavreseR selbaT (R )T gnoma ,srobhgien ton by eht R ST – STC eugolaid s. ,suhT hguorht eht dekcabyggip noitavreser noitamrofni dna eht ecnanetniam fo eht r noitavrese laerehtrofdeetnaraugdnadevresersihtdiwdnabeht,selbat - fartemit f ci . CAMTR2.4.8 TR CAM si na noisnetxe fo eht D noitanitse - decneuqeS D ecnatsi V rotce DSD( V .) tI si elbisnopser rof gnidnif dnena - ot - stahthtapdne a seifsit eht QoS wdnab htdi stnemeriuqer . noitavreserhtdiwdnaB rof tnatsnoC tiB R eta )RBC( ciffart si rp o dediv by gnidivid eht noissimsnart ti em otni evisseccus rfrepus a .sem T sih hcs e em nac osla eb dednetxe ot troppus elbairaV tiB etaR (VBR) .ciffart ehT niam tpecnoc ni siht hcaorppa si eht ytilibixelf of tols tnemecalp ni eht .emarfrepus hcaE emarfrepus stsisnoc fo a ecneuqes fo noitavreser stols vser( - .)stols ehT emit noitarud dnafo noitanitsed sedon seriuqer eht noitavreser fo a kcolb fo evitucesnoc vser - .stols A edon um ts tsrif vreser e a tes fo vser - stols dna a draug dnab ot noihsuc eht noitagaporp led ay ,htrofecneh( ti is derrefer ot sa a noitcennoc“ )”tols no a ,emarfrepus dna u ses eht emas noitcennoc tols ot timsnart ni evisseccus arfrepus mes. A noitavreser elbat um ts eb deniatniam yb hcae .edon ehT elbat sniatnoc noitamrofni hcus sa ,rednes ,reviecer dna nitrats g dna gnidne semit of eht ser e snoitavr taht era tca i ev w hti in sti t noissimsnar egnar . sihT emehcs si tnereffid morf taht fo eht ti em di iv s noi um l elpit ecca ss ( DT MA) orivne n tnem esuaceb it seriuqer on emit s noitazinorhcny on( deen ot niatniam a labolg kcolc htiw eht detaicossa acinummoc t noi )daehrevo dna sesu a evitaler ti em rof all eser r noitav .sesoprup hcaE edon stimsnart sti vreser a noit elbat nola g htiw eht etuor etadpu tekcap fo DSD V. ehT locotorp sedulcni eht ytilibapac fo a edon ot etangised a cificeps noitcennoc tols ot eb devreser rof a ralucitrap ,noitcennoc hcihw sevig eht gnituor locotorp eht ilibixelf ty ot tolsnoitcennocehtnoitisop . 5.8 dnaBdetubirtsiD w llAhtdi o locotorP)ESABD(noisnetxE/gnirahS/noitac ehT BD A ES P locotor si .desoporp tI stroppus aidemitlum ciffart htiw RBC dna RBV ciffart revo da coh sseleriw lacol aera skrowten ALW( N .)s sihT locotorp snoitcnuf ta eht M CA la .rey tI si as suonorhcny dna sesu R ST – STC – suonorhcnysa DATA–ACK segnahcxe rof lennahc .ssecca nI ,ESABD laer - emit (r )t s snoitat ac n evreser dna eerf lennahc secruoser .yllacimanyd ehT htdiwdnab noitacolla erudecorp si desab no a noitnetnoc dna( )ffokcab ssecorp aht t no ly srucco erofeb eht rif st s lufsseccu ssecca dna a noitavreser ssecorp retfa ht e lufsseccus .noitnetnoc yletaidemmisihtdiwdnabeht,sevaelnoitatstrehtnehW aeler s ybde BD SA E. De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 86
- 69. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 1.5.8 krowteN - reyaL oQ snoituloSS SoQ gnituor slocotorp hcraes rof setuor htiw tneiciffus secruoser rof Q So .stnemeriuqer ehT SoQ gnituor slocotorp dluohs krow rehtegot htiw ecruoser tnemeganam ot hsilbatse shtap hguorht eht krowten taht eem t dne -to- dne SoQ r meriuqe e ,stn hcus sa yaled ro led ay ji rett ,sdnuob htdiwdnab ,dnamed ro tlum i tem r ci tniartsnoc s. ehT SoQ scirtem dluoc eb evacnoc ro .evitcidda SoQ gnituor si tluciffid ni sTENAM rof eht gniwollof :snosaer ehT daehrevo fo SoQ gnituor si oot hgih rof eht htdiwdnab - il im t de AM NETs esuaceb eht elibom tsoh dluohs evah emos smsinahcem ot erots dna etadpu knil etats .noitamrofni eW evah ot ecnalab eht tifeneb fo Q So gnituor tsniaga eht htdiwdnab pmusnoc t noi ni MANE .sT esuaceB fo eht d ny a cim erutan of ,sTENAM gniniatniam eht esicerp knil etats noitamrofni si ev ry .tluciffid ehT lanoitidart gninaem taht eht deriuqer Q So dluohs eb derusne ecno a elbisaef htap is dehsilbatse is on regnol rt u .e ehT devreser ecruoser may ton eb deetnaraug esuaceb fo eht ytilibom -c desua htap egakaerb ro rewop noitelped fo eht elibom stsoh . yldipardluohsgnituorSoQ f .ecivresehtrevocerotetuorwenelbisaefadni tekciT6.8 - niborPdesaB g )PBT( ehT cisab aedi ereh si gnisu stekcit ot il tim eht rebmun of etadidnac .shtap nehW a ecruos stnaw ot dnif Q So shtap ot a ,noitanitsed ti seussi eborp segassem htiw emos .stekcit ehT rebmun fo eht stekcit si desab no eht rofnietatselbaliava m noita . eborpenodna,gnihcraeshtapenootsdnopserroctekcitenO egassem racdluohs ry ta sael t eno .tekcit oS eht mumixam rebmun fo eht dehcraes shtap si dednuob yb the stekcit deussi morf eht .ecruos nehW na emretni d etai tsoh eviecer s a eborp egassem w hti n ,stekcit desab no sti lacol etats ,noitamrofni ti sediced rehtehw dna woh ot tilps eht n stekcit dna erehw ot drawrof eht .)s(eborp nehW eht htapelbissopa,egassemeborpaseviecertsohnoitanitsed morf eht ecruos ehtot noitanitsed si dnuof . SoQ7.8 - nOcoHdA - tceVecnatsiDdnameD o )VDOA(r sihT locotorp si na noisnetxe fo eht llew - nwonk VDOA .locotorp tI si no dnamed dna dengised ot krow ni a MDT A .krowten sihT locotorp senibmoc noitamrofni fr mo htob eht krowten dna atad - knil laye .r U ekiln rehto slocotorp hcihw ekam htap htdiwdnab snoitaluclac ylno retfa shtap ot eht noitanitsed evah b nee ,derevocsid SoQ - OA DV setaroprocni htap gnidnif htiw eht htdiwdnab noitavreser inahcem s .m SoQ - DOA V si luf ly rawa e fo eht htdiwdnab ecruoser ytilibaliava by gnilpuoc rehtegot gnituor dna AM C TDMA .sreyal ehT sedon etepmoc rof eht stols atnoc i den ni ht e atad esahp fo eht T MD A .emarf roF eht ecruos edon ot noitcennoc htiw taht .noitanitsed ehT CV tnemhsilbatse ssecorp sedulcni etuor ,yrevocsid htap htdiwdnab ,noitaluclac dna htdiwdnab noitavreser atad( - sahp e- tols )noitavreser co .stnenopm hcaE edon peek s a eludehcs taht sniatnoc noitamrofni tuoba htob sti nwo dna sti s’robhgien emit stols taht era desu rof gnidnes dna .gniviecer A ”eludehcs“ si denifed sa a ecneuqes fo s’1 dna s’0 erehw a rebmun si eht redro fo eht gnidnopserroc tols ni eht atad esahp fo eht AMDT .emarf ehT mhtirogla si desu yb hcae edon ot enimreted w hcih stols era elbaliava ot dnes ot dna eviecer morf sti ,robhgien dna ot etaluclac knil htdiwdnab gniludehcs morf sti e fl ot hcae fo sti robhgien s. ehT htdiwdnabknil noitamrofni si esu d ni eht noitaluclac fo eht htap htdiwdnab seludehcs ot ecruos dna noitanitsed .sedon deifidoM VDOA H olle segassem era desu hcihw edulcni ols t- gniludehcs ofni r noitam . ehT olleH segassem era tnes rehtie yllacidoirep ro nehw knil htdiwdnab noitamrofni si c .degnah nI SoQ - ,VDOA htap yrevocsid si enod ni eht gniwollof .rennam A ecruos edon taht stnaw ot dnes atad ot a ralucitrap noitanitsed senimreted fi ti sah hguone knil htdiwdnab elbaliava ot any fo sti .srobhgien If ti seod ,ton ti neht seined eht euqer ts detaitini by sti noitacilppa laye .r ,esiwrehtO ti setaerc a gnituor bat le tne ry rof eht detseuqer noitacilppa llac DI dna eht noitanitsed .sserdda etoN ,taht ni SoQ - ,VDOA ereht si na tne ry ni eht gnituor elbat rof hcae noitacilppa llac DI – ecruos – itsed noitan elpirt daetsni fo eno rep ecruos – noitanitsed xelpud sa ni eht lanigiro A DO V. ehT ecruos edon neht sdnes eht avreser t noi tseuqer egassem (R ,)QER hcihw sniatnoc eht llac ehtotnoitiddani,noitavreserrofderiuqerstolsforebmunehtdnaDI radnats d A VDO noitamrofni . erugiF 3.8 stneserper a SoQ -AODV noitagaporp fo eht QERR egassem morf ecruos edon A ot noitanitsed edon .E ehT ERR Q egassem si dedrawrof ylno fi eht r deriuqe htdiwdnab si liava a elb ta hcae .knil tA hcae etaidemretni ,edon ti si gua detnem htiw SoQ htdiwdnab noitamrofni sedon gnola eht htap ot eht ,ecruos dna De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 96
- 70. dA coH sseleriWteN wo kr s 8SI01 41 knil dna htap htdiwdnab seludehcs neewteb esoht .sedon sihT noitamrofni si dedeen ot etacolla stols taht do ton esuac ecnerefretni . SoQ3.8erugiF -AODV nA elpmaxe fo SoQ - VDOA etuor evocsid ry si nwohs ni erugiF .3.8 ecruoS edon A sdeen ot etaerc a wen CV ot dnes atad ot noitanitsed edon .E edoN A stsacdaorb na ERR Q egassem taht sniatnoc eht llac ID dna ht e rebmun fo stols deriuqer of r eht QoS .htap nopU gniviecer eht ERR Q ,egassem edon B, gniwonk taht edon A si eno fo sti ,srobhgien senimreted taht eht ava i elbal ap th htdiwdnab morf A ot B si lauqe ot eht eviecer l kni htdiwdnab morf A ot .B htaP htdiwdnab BA si detaluclac sa a noitrop fo eht eviecer knil htdiwdnab AB. Node B neht stnemgua eht QERR egassem htiw eht detaluclac knil htdiwdnab AB dna eht sserdda fo A, dna llaotegassemQERRehtstsacdaorber fo sti .srobhgien nehW edon C eviecer s eht detagaporp QERR egassem morf ,B ti swonk taht A si B s’ robhgien . ,eroferehT ti setaluclac eht elbaliava htap htdiwdnab gnisu eht BA CBdna eviecer il nk htdiwdnab ot diova yna ecnerefretni ,stcilfnoc gnidulcni eht neddih lanimret .melborp fI eht tap h shtdiwdnab BA dna CB niatnoc eht deriuqer rebmun fo ,stols neht C stnemgua eht QERR egassem htiw eht sserdda fo A dna ,B eht eviecer knil htdiwdnab ,CB dna eht htdiwdnabhtap AB erofeb ti stsacdaorber .ti DedoN neht seviecer eht QERR ;egassem ti clac setalu eht htap htdiwdnab ot A gnisu eht knil shtdiwdnab AB, BC, dna .DC fI eht detaluclac htap neht,tneiciffussihtdiwdnab D stsacdaorber eht R ER Q gniddaretfaegassem eht sserdda fo C dna B htiwgnola eht eviecer knil htdiwdnab CD dna htap htdiwdnab .CB nehW eht noitanitsed edon E seviecer eht ,egassem ti roglaemasehtsesu ith sm ot ehtenimreted htap diwdnab th Cgniludehcs D dna DE. edonnoitanitsedehtecnO E senimreted taht ereht si hguone htdiwdnab ot eht ecruos ,edon ti strats eht eser r av t noi rp sseco yb aerc t gni a noitavreser .ecnatsni ehT noitavreser sretemarap derots ta hcae edon gnola eht CV rof taht CV DI edulcni eht :gniwollof 1. noitanitseddnaecruoS I sD 2. lacnoitacilppA l ID 3. txeN - suoiverp,poh - txendna,poh - cshtdiwdnabhtiwpoh niludeh g 4. atsnoitavreseR t su eser)elpmaxesihtniE(edonnoitanitsedehT r AMsev C eviecer stols gnidnopserroc uoiverpot s- htdiwdnabpoh gniludehcs dna sesopmoc a R noitavrese egasseM (RSV ,) hcihw si a wen egassem dedda ot eht VDOA .locotorp ehT VSR egassem si detagaporp kcab ot eht ,ecruos A ni siht ,elpmaxe yb eht etaidemretni sedon ,B( ,C dna D ni siht ,)elpmaxe hcihw evreser gnidnopserroc CAM eviecer dna dnes .stols nehW eht ecruos edon seviecer eht VSR ,egassem ti smrofni sti noitacilppa la rey fo eht lbatse i tnemhs fo a CV noitcennoc ot eht tanitsed i no . De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 07