A brief about Iron and steel industries

1. Iron and Steel
Industries

3. Iron and Steel Industry
 Iron and Steel Industry in India is on an upswing
because of the strong global and domestic demand.
India's rapid economic growth and soaring demand
by sectors like infrastructure, real estate and
automobiles, at home and abroad, has put Indian
steel industry on the global map. According to the
latest report by International Iron and Steel Institute
(IISI), India is the seventh largest steel producer in
the world.

4. History of Iron and Steel Industry in India

Iron and Steel industry in the country has
experienced a sustainable growth since the
independence of the country. A humble
beginning of the modern steel industry was
reached in India at Kulti in West Bengal in
the year 1870. But the outset of bigger
production became noticeable with the
establishment of a steel plant in
Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1907. It started
production in 1912. The new township was
named after Jamshed ji Tata.

5.  It was, however, only after
Independence that the steel
industry was able to find a
strong foothold in the country.
Excluding the Jamshedpur
plant of the Tatas, all are in the
public sector and looked after
by Steel Authority of India Ltd.
(SAIL).

6. Some other Industries
 Bhilai and Bokaro Steel plant were set
up with Soviet alliance. Durgapur and
Rourkela came up with British and
West German technical expertise,
respectively.

7. Industry Structure
The Iron and steel Industry in India has 2 separate
divisions:
 Integrated producers
 Secondary producers

8. Integrated producers
 Amongst the Integrated producers, the major producers include
Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO), Rashtriya Ispat
Nigam Limited (RINL) and Steel Authority of India Limited
(SAIL), who generate steel by converting iron ore.

9. Secondary producers
The Secondary producers like Ispat Industries, Lloyds steel and
Essar Steel, create steel through the process of melting scrap
iron. These are mainly small steel plants and produce steel in
electric furnaces, using scrap and sponge iron. They produce
both mild steel and alloy steel of given specifications.

10. Iron and Steel Industries of
India

11. THE BEGINNING
The Indian iron and steel industry is nearly a century
old, with Tata Iron & Steel Co as the first integrated steel
plant to be set up in 1907. The steel industry is
expanding worldwide. The economic modernization
processes in these countries are driving the sharp rise in
demand for steel.

12. Indian Iron and steel Industry can
be divided into two main sectors
Public sector and Private sector.
There are three major integrated
steel players in India, namely
Steel Authority of India Limited
(SAIL), Tata Iron and Steel
Company Limited (TISCO) and
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
(RINL).

13. India’s export of Iron and Steel
(In million tons)

14. • Tata Steel is the world's 6th largest steel company with
an existing annual crude steel capacity of 28 million tons.
Asia's first integrated steel plant and
• India's largest integrated private sector steel company is
now the world's second most geographically diversified
steel producer. Tata Steel plans to grow and globalise
through organic and inorganic routes.
• Its 5 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) Jamshedpur
Works plans to double its capacity by 2010. The
Company also has three greenfield steel projects in the
states of Jharkhand, Orissa and Chhattisgarh and
proposed steel making facilities in Vietnam and
Bangladesh.

16. Iron and Steel industries of
USA
 The first iron works in America, called
Hammersmith, began operation in 1647 in
Saugus, Massachusetts, but lasted only
five years. When Americans switched fuels
from charcoal or wood to coal in the early
nineteenth century, larger operations
became possible. The discovery of huge
iron ore deposits in the northern Great
Lakes region during the 1840s gave a
further boost to production.

17.  American iron-masters developed their own
variations of these English techniques,
depending on local resources like the quality
of their iron and the efficiency of their fuel. A
means of automating iron production was not
developed until the 1930s.
 In the nineteenth century, the American iron
market produced a wide variety of products.
Stoves, gun parts, cannons, and machinery
were among key early uses for iron. Iron also
played a crucial role in the development of
railroads.

18.  U.S. Steel was the first business in history to be
valued by the stock market at over one billion
dollars U.S. Steel's ten divisions reflected the
diversity of steel products made at that time,
including steel wire, steel pipe, structural steel
(for bridges, buildings, and ships), sheet steel
(which would go largely for automobile bodies
in subsequent decades), and tin plate (once
used for roofing shingles, it would increasingly
go to make tin cans).

19. • During World War II, industry production increased
sharply because of steel's importance to war mobilization.
Some of this increase was a result of production returning
to full capacity after the depression.
• India pushed forward for making Iron and Steel for
Japanese Army.
• Meanwhile, the United States controlled 60 percent of the
world's steelmaking potential.
World War II impact on
Steel Industries

20. A LOOK AT GLOBAL PRODUCTION
(In million metric tons)
Based on study: 2009-2011

22. MINING
Mining is the first step in the production
of iron and steel.
Earth is excavated deep in search of iron
ore.
Breaking and cutting of iron ore takes
place to receive raw iron.

23. Raw Materials from the iron ore are
put in a particularly hot fire lead in
the embers of the fire. This is done to
get the mixture of Iron Ore and
Charcoal that is burnt with the help of
a blast of air from hand worked
bellows.
*

24. THE FINERY & CHAFERY
 Iron tapped from the blast furnace is pig iron, and contains
significant amounts of carbon and silicon. To produce
malleable wrought iron, it needs to undergo a further process.
In the finery, remelting of pig iron takes place so as to oxidise
the carbon (and silicon). This produces a lump of iron known
as a bloom. This is consolidated using a water-powered
hammer. The next stages were undertaken by the hammering,
because the bloom is highly porous, and its open spaces are
full of slag, it is to be beaten with a hammer, to drive the
molten slag out of it, and then to draw the bloom out into a bar
to produce bar iron. In the course of doing so, reheating of the
iron, takes place in chafery to remove any impurities as such
impurities in any mineral fuel would affect the quality of the
iron.

25.  The puddling furnace is a metalmaking
technology used to create steel from the
pig iron produced in a blast furnace. The
furnace is constructed to pull the hot air
over the iron without it coming into
direct contact with the fuel, a system
generally known as a reverberatory
furnace or open hearth furnace. The
major advantage of this system is
keeping the impurities of the fuel
separated from the charge.
The Puddling

26. Separation of quality
OAfter the bar iron is refined. It is
ready to be classified. Iron is
separated according to its
qualities. Such as Cementation,
Crucible, Bessemer steel.

27. WHAT IS A BLAST FURNACE?
• A blast furnace is a type of
metallurgical furnace used for smelting
to produce industrial metals, generally
iron.
• In a blast furnace, fuel and ore and flux
(limestone) are continuously supplied
through the top of the furnace, while
air is blown into the bottom of the
chamber, so that the chemical reactions
take place throughout the furnace as
the material moves downward. The
end products are usually molten metal
and slag phases tapped from the
bottom, and flue gases exiting from the
top of the furnace. The downward flow
of the ore and flux in contact with an
upflow of hot, carbon monoxide rich
combustion gases is a countercurrent
exchange process.