The document outlines the five generations of computers from 1946 to the present, detailing key technologies and characteristics of each generation. It includes notable advancements such as the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors and integrated circuits, ultimately leading to ultra-large scale integration and artificial intelligence in the fifth generation. Each generation is discussed along with its advantages and disadvantages, highlighting the evolution of computer technology over time.

1. Generation of Computers
Presented By
Kabeer, Navya, Sidhant, Priyaansh, Aayush

2. There are five generations of
computers:-
1. First Generation
(1946 – 1955)
2. Second Generation
(1956 – 1963)
3. Third Generation
(1966 – 1975)
4. Fourth Generation
(1976 – 1985)
5. Fifth Generation
(1986 – onward)

3. First Generation Computers
1946 - 1955
ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator
And Calculator) was the first electronic
digital computer.
It uses about 18,000 vacuum tubes and
magnetic tape.
It was very large in size and produced a
lot of heat.
This was very hard read and write
programs by every person.

5. Advantages Disadvantages
 They could perform
thousands of
calculations each
second making it
possible to decode
messages in a few
hours.
 They were
expensive.
 Contained
thousands of
valves (vacuum
tubes) making them
unreliable.
 Memory was
practically non-
existent.

6. Computer Generations
The Computer Generations
 The Second Generation (1956 to 1963)

7. Computer Generations
Second Generation
1956-1963
 The period of second generation was from
1959-1965. In this generation, transistors
were used that were cheaper, consumed less
power, more compact in size, more reliable
and faster than the first generation machines
made of vacuum tubes.
 In this generation, magnetic cores were used
as the primary memory and magnetic tape
and magnetic disks as secondary storage
devices.

8. Advantages
 Uses less power and
generates less heat.
 The speed of the
second generation is
faster as compared to
the first generation.
 Second generation
computers have
improved accuracy and
offer better portability.
Disadvantages
 Programming is
expressed in terms of
individual processor
instructions, rather
than higher level logic.
 Low-level memory and
hardware details must
be manually managed
which is often bug-
prone .
Computer Generations

9. Computer Generations
The Computer Generations
 The Third Generation (1966 to 1975)

10. Computer Generations
Third Generation
1966-1975
 The computers of third generation used Integrated
Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. The
integrated circuit (IC) is a semiconductor material,
that contains thousands of transistors miniaturized
in it.
 With the help of IC, the computer becomes more
reliable, fast, required less maintenance, small in
size, generates less heat, and is less expensive.
 It was developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild
Semiconductor and Jack Kilby (American
electrical engineer) of Texas Instruments in 1958.

11.  Computer required less space
due to the use of integrated
circuits (IC). A single integrated
circuit (IC) contains transistors,
resistors, condensers,
condensers, etc. on a piece of
the silicon semiconductor
substrate.
 In third generation computers,
the punch cards were removed
and the input was taken with the
help of a mouse and keyboards.
 They have high storage capacity
and give more accurate results,
which helps to store and
compute and calculate more
precise operations.
Disadvantages
 These computers
still required air
conditioning.
 To manufacture IC,
highly sophisticated
technology was
required.
 Maintaining IC
chips were difficult.
Computer Generations
Advantages

12. Computer Generations
The Computer Generations
 The Fourth Generation (1976 to 1985)

13. Computer Generations 13
Fourth Generation
1976 – 1985
 The period of fourth generation was from 1976-
1985. Computers of fourth generation used Very
Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
 VLSI and LSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit elements with their
associated circuits on a single chip made it
possible to have microcomputers of fourth
generation.
 VLSI short for Very Large-Scale Integration, and
LSI stands for Large Scale Integration.

14. Advantages
 The size of fourth-generation
computers decreased because of
the high density of components.
 They are more reliable, and the
heat generation of these
computers was negligible.
 The Fourth-generation
computers were inexpensive and
portable as compared to
previous versions .
 These computers need minimum
maintenance.
 In this generation of computers,
all kinds of High-level
languages can be used.
Disadvantages
 The manufacturing of VLSI
(Very Large-Scale Integration)
Chip was needed very advanced
technology.
 One of the other limitations of
these computers; they were
highly sophisticated.
 They required a fan for cooling
the system.
 Also, the manufacturing of
Microprocessors needed high
technical knowledge.
 The fabrication of ICs can be
made by high quality and
reliable system or technology.
Computer Generations 14

15. Computer Generations
Fifth Generation Computers
(1986 - onward)

16. Computer Generations
5th Generation
(1986 – onward)
 VLSI technology was replaced by Ultra
Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology.
 Helped to develop very small but extremely
powerful and fast computers known as
Robots.
 The 5th generation computers are under AI.
 Idea was introduced by Japan’s Ministry of
International Trade and Industry in 1982.

17. Fifth Generation Languages
(abbreviated as 5GL)
Computer Generations
 Fifth generation
languages are
currently being used
for neural networks.
 A neural network is a
form of artificial
intelligence that
attempts to imitate
how the human mind
works.

18. Advantages Disadvantages
 More reliable and
work faster.
 Available in diff.
sizes and features
and diff. affordable
prices.
 Wireless hence
easily portable and
have extra high
processing speed.
 These computers
have their own
brain so they can
harm the humanity.

19. Thank You
Computer Generations