IOT.pdf

1
Introduction to IoT – Part II
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Introduction to Internet of Things

IoT Resulting in Address Crunch
2
 Estimated 20-50 billion devices by 2018
 Reason is the integration of existing devices, smart devices as well as constrained
nodes in a singular framework.
 Integration of various connectivity features such as cellular, Wi-Fi, ethernet with
upcoming ones such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), DASH7, Insteon, IEEE 802.15.4,
etc.
 The ITU vision is approaching reality as the present day networked devices have
outnumbered humans on earth.
Reference:
 Cisco Systems, (2011). The Internet of Things How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything [Online]. Available:
http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf
 ITU Broadband Commission, (2012). The State of Broadband 2012: Achieving Digital Inclusion for All ITU Broadband Commission Report, [Online]. Available:
http://www.broadbandcommission.org/ Documents/bbannualreport2012.pdf
 Ericsson, (2011). More than 50 Billion Connected Devices, [Online]. Available: http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/wp-50billions.pdf

Connectivity Terminologies
3
•Local, Short range Comm, May or may not connect to Internet, Building or Organization
wide
IoT LAN
•Connection of various network segments, Organizationally and geographically wide, Connects to
the internet
IoT WAN
•Connected to other nodes inside a LAN via the IoT LAN, May be sometimes connected to the
internet through a WAN directly
IoT Node
•A router connecting the IoT LAN to a WAN to the Internet, Can implement several LAN
and WAN, Forwards packets between LAN and WAN on the IP layer
IoT Gateway
•Performs active application layer functions between IoT nodes and other entities
IoT Proxy

IoT Network Configurations
4
Node
Source: Teemu Savolainen, Jonne Soininen, and Bilhanan Silverajan,”IPv6 Addressing Strategies for IoT”, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 13, No. 10,
Oct 2013

 Some of the IoT network configurations restricted to local areas,
analogous to normal LANs, WANs and proxy are shown in the
previous figures.
 The nodes represented by green circles have L: local link addresses
or LU: local link addresses which are unique locally.
 Nodes within a gateway’s jurisdiction have addresses that are valid
within the gateway’s domain only.
 The same addresses may be repeated in the domain of another
gateway. The gateway has a unique network prefix, which can be
used to identify them globally.
 This strategy saves a lot of unnecessary address wastage. Although,
the nodes have to communicate to the internet via the gateway.
5

Gateway Prefix Allotment
6
 One of the strategies of address conservation in IoT
is to use local addresses which exist uniquely within
the domain of the gateway. These are represented
by the circles in this slide.
 The network connected to the internet has routers
with their set of addresses and ranges.
 These routers have multiple gateways connected to
them which can forward packets from the nodes, to
the Internet, only via these routers. These routers
assign prefixes to gateways under them, so that the
gateways can be identified with them.
Oct 2013

Impact of Mobility on Addressing
 The network prefix changes from
1 to 2 due to movement, making
the IoT LAN safe from changes
due to movements.
 IoT gateway WAN address
changes without change in LAN
address. This is achieved using
ULA.
7
Oct 2013
Has the
global view
of the
network
underneath

 The gateways assigned with prefixes, which are attached to a
remote anchor point by using various protocols such as Mobile
IPv6, and are immune to changes of network prefixes.
 This is achieved using LU. The address of the nodes within the
gateways remain unchanged as the gateways provide them with
locally unique address and the change in gateway’s network prefix
doesn’t affect them.
 Sometimes, there is a need for the nodes to communicate directly
to the internet. This is achieved by tunneling, where the nodes
communicate to a remote anchor point instead of channeling their
packets through the router which is achieved by using tunneling
protocols such as IKEv2:internet key exchange version 2
8

Gateways
 IoT gateways with or without proxies responsible mainly for:
 Internet connectivity
 IoT LAN intra-connectivity
 Upstream address prefixes are obtained using mechanisms like
DHCPv6 and delegated to the nodes using SLAAC (stateless
addressing).
 LU addresses are maintained independently of globally routable
addresses, in cases were internal address stability is of prime
concern.
9
Oct 2013

 Despite providing address stability, LUcannot communicate
directly with the internet or the upper layers, which is solved
by implementing an application layer proxy.
 Application layer proxies may be additionally configured to
process data, rather than just passing it.
 In nodes with no support for computationally intensive tasks,
IoT proxy gathers data sent to the link-local multicast address
and routes them globally.
10

 Presently, the Internet is mainly IPv4, based with little or no
IPv6 uplink facilities or support.
 Due to the lack of a universal transition solution to IPv6, lots
of un-optimized solutions are being used for IoT deployment.
 These makeshift solutions mainly address:
 IPv6 to IPv4 translation
 IPv6 tunneling over IPv4
 Application layer proxies (e.g: data relaying)
11

Multi-homing
 A node/network connected to multiple networks for
improved reliability.
 In cases of small IoT LANs, where allotment of address
prefixes is not feasible and possible, a proxy based approach is
used to manage multiple IP addresses and map them to link
local addresses.
 In another, gateway-based approach is used for assigning link
local addresses to the nodes under it.
12
Oct 2013

 Providing source addresses, destination addresses and routing
information to the multi-homed nodes is the real challenge in
multi-homing networks.
 In case the destination and source addresses originate from
the same prefix, routing between gateways can be employed
for IoT gateway selection.
 Presently, IEFT is still trying to standardize this issue.
13

IPv4 versus IPv6
14
IPv4 IPv6
Developed IETF 1974 IEF 1998
Length (bits) 32 128
No. of Addresses 2^32 2^128
Notation Dotted Decimal Hexadecimal
Dynamic Allocation of
addresses
DHCP SLAAC/ DHCPv6
IPSec Optional Compulsory

IPv4 versus IPv6
15
IPv4 IPv6
Header Size Variable Fixed
Header Checksum Yes No
Header Options Yes No
Broadcast Addresses Yes No
Multicast Address No Yes

IPv4 Header Format
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ver IHL Type of Service Total Length
Identification Flags Fragment Offset
Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source Address (32 bit)
Destination Address (32 bit)
Options Padding

IPv4
 The IPv4 emphasizes more on reliable transmission, as is
evident by fields such as type of service, total length, id,
offset, TTL, checksum fields.
17

IPv6 Header Format
18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ver Traffic Class Flow Label
Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit
Destination Length (128 bit)

IPv6
 The IPv6 header structure is more simpler as it mainly focuses
on the addressing part of the source and destination.
 It is concerned more with addressing than with reliability of
data delivery.
19

20

1
Sensing
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR

Definition
 A sensor detects (senses) changes in the ambient conditions
or in the state of another device or a system, and forwards or
processes this information in a certain manner [1].
“A device which detects or measures a physical property and
records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it” [2].
‐ Oxford Dictionary
2
References:
1. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/sensor.html
2. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sensor

Sensors
 They perform some input functions by sensing or feeling the
physical changes in characteristics of a system in response to a
stimuli.
 For example heat is converted to electrical signals in a
temperature sensor, or atmospheric pressure is converted to
electrical signals in a barometer.
3

Transducers
 Transducers convert or transduce energy of one kind into
another.
 For example, in a sound system, a microphone (input device)
converts sound waves into electrical signals for an amplifier to
amplify (a process), and a loudspeaker (output device)
converts these electrical signals back into sound waves.
4

Sensor vs. Transducer
 The word “Transducer” is the collective term used for both
Sensors which can be used to sense a wide range of different
energy forms such as movement, electrical signals, radiant
energy, thermal or magnetic energy etc., and Actuators which
can be used to switch voltages or currents [1].
5
References:
1. http://www.electronics‐tutorials.ws/io/io_1.html

Sensor Features
 It is only sensitive to the measured property (e.g., A
temperature sensor senses the ambient temperature of a
room.)
 It is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered
in its application (e.g., A temperature sensor does not bother
about light or pressure while sensing the temperature.)
 It does not influence the measured property (e.g., measuring
the temperature does not reduce or increase the
temperature).
6

Sensor Resolution
 The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect
in the quantity that it is measuring.
 The resolution of a sensor with a digital output is usually the
smallest resolution the digital output it is capable of
processing.
 The more is the resolution of a sensor, the more accurate is its
precision.
 A sensor’s accuracy does not depend upon its resolution.
7

Sensor Classes
8
Based on
Output
Analog
Digital
Based on
Data type
Scalar
Vector/
Multimedia

Analog Sensors
 Analog Sensors produce a continuous output signal or voltage
which is generally proportional to the quantity being measured.
 Physical quantities such as Temperature, Speed, Pressure,
Displacement, Strain etc. are all analog quantities as they tend to be
continuous in nature.
 For example, the temperature of a liquid can be measured using a
thermometer or thermocouple (e.g. in geysers) which continuously
responds to temperature changes as the liquid is heated up or
cooled down.
9

Digital Sensors
 Digital Sensors produce discrete digital output signals or voltages
that are a digital representation of the quantity being measured.
 Digital sensors produce a binary output signal in the form of a logic
“1” or a logic “0”, (“ON” or “OFF”).
 Digital signal only produces discrete (non‐continuous) values, which
may be output as a single “bit” (serial transmission), or by
combining the bits to produce a single “byte” output (parallel
transmission).
10

Scalar Sensors
 Scalar Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is generally
proportional to the magnitude of the quantity being measured.
 Physical quantities such as temperature, color, pressure, strain, etc.
are all scalar quantities as only their magnitude is sufficient to
convey an information.
 For example, the temperature of a room can be measured using a
thermometer or thermocouple, which responds to temperature
changes irrespective of the orientation of the sensor or its
direction.
11

Vector Sensors
 Vector Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is generally
proportional to the magnitude, direction, as well as the orientation
of the quantity being measured.
 Physical quantities such as sound, image, velocity, acceleration,
orientation, etc. are all vector quantities, as only their magnitude is
not sufficient to convey the complete information.
 For example, the acceleration of a body can be measured using an
accelerometer, which gives the components of acceleration of the
body with respect to the x,y,z coordinate axes.
12

Sensor Types
•Light Dependent resistor
•Photo‐diode
Light
•Thermocouple
•Thermistor
Temperature
•Strain gauge
•Pressure switch
Force
•Potentiometer, Encoders
•Opto‐coupler
Position
•Reflective/ Opto‐coupler
•Doppler effect sensor
Speed
•Carbon Microphone
•Piezoelectric Crystal
Sound
•Liquid Chemical sensor
•Gaseous chemical sensor
Chemical
13

14
Pressure Sensor
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
Tilt Sensor
Infrared Motion Sensor
Analog Temperature Sensor
Camera Sensor

Sensorial Deviations
 Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the
output signal will eventually reach a minimum or maximum,
when the measured property exceeds the limits. The full scale
range of a sensor defines the maximum and minimum values
of the measured property.
 The sensitivity of a sensor under real conditions may differ
from the value specified. This is called a sensitivity error.
 If the output signal differs from the correct value by a
constant, the sensor has an offset error or bias.
15
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor

Non-linearity
 Nonlinearity is deviation of a sensor's transfer function (TF)
from a straight line transfer function.
 This is defined by the amount the output differs from ideal TF
behavior over the full range of the sensor, which is denoted as
the percentage of the full range.
 Most sensors have linear behavior.
16

 If the output signal slowly changes independent of the
measured property, this is defined as drift. Long term drift
over months or years is caused by physical changes in the
sensor.
 Noise is a random deviation of the signal that varies in time.
17

Hysteresis Error
 A hysteresis error causes the sensor output value to vary
depending on the sensor’s previous input values.
 If a sensor's output is different depending on whether a
specific input value was reached by increasing or decreasing
the input, then the sensor has a hysteresis error.
 The present reading depends on the past input values.
 Typically in analog sensors, magnetic sensors, heating of
metal strips.
18

 If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an
approximation of the measured property. This error is also called
quantization error.
 If the signal is monitored digitally, the sampling frequency can cause
a dynamic error, or if the input variable or added noise changes
periodically at a frequency proportional to the multiple of the
sampling rate, aliasing errors may occur.
 The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other
than the property being measured. For example, most sensors are
influenced by the temperature of their environment.
19
Other Errors

1
Actuation
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR

Actuator
 An actuator is a component of a machine or system that
moves or controls the mechanism or the system.
 An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts
upon an environment
 An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy.
2

 Upon receiving a control signal is received, the actuator
responds by converting the energy into mechanical motion.
 The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or
electronic system), software‐based (e.g. a printer driver, robot
control system), a human, or any other input.
3
Electric
Current
Voltage
Pressure
Pneumatic
(air)
Hydraulic
(fluid)
Mechanical
Manual
Drive (e.g.
crankshaft) Control Signal Actuator

Actuator Types
4
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Electrical
Thermal/ Magnetic
Mechanical

Hydraulic Actuators
 A hydraulic actuator consists of a cylinder or fluid motor that
uses hydraulic power to facilitate mechanical operation.
 The mechanical motion is converted to linear, rotary or
oscillatory motion.
 Since liquids are nearly impossible to compress, a hydraulic
actuator exerts considerable force.
 The actuator’s limited acceleration restricts its usage.
5
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator

6
Fig: A radial engine acts as a hydraulic actuator
File: Radial_engine.gif
Fig: An oil based hydraulic actuator

Pneumatic Actuators
 A pneumatic actuator converts energy formed by vacuum or
compressed air at high pressure into either linear or rotary motion.
 Pneumatic rack and pinion actuators are used for valve controls of
water pipes.
 Pneumatic energy quickly responds to starting and stopping signals.
 The power source does not need to be stored in reserve for
operation.
7

 Pneumatic actuators enable large forces to be produced from
relatively small pressure changes (e.g., Pneumatic brakes can
are very responsive to small changes in pressure applied by
the driver).
 It is responsible for converting pressure into force.
8

9
Fig: An air pump acts as a pneumatic actuator
Fig: A manual linear pneumatic actuator

Electric Actuators
 An electric actuator is generally powered by a motor that
converts electrical energy into mechanical torque.
 The electrical energy is used to actuate equipment such as
solenoid valves which control the flow of water in pipes in
response to electrical signals.
 Considered as one of the cheapest, cleanest and speedy
actuator types available.
10

11
Fig: A solenoid based electric bell ringing
mechanism
File: Electric_Bell_animation.gif
Fig: A motor drive‐based rotary
actuator

Thermal or Magnetic Actuators
 These can be actuated by applying thermal or magnetic energy.
 They tend to be compact, lightweight, economical and with high
power density.
 These actuators use shape memory materials (SMMs), such as
shape memory alloys (SMAs) or magnetic shape‐memory alloys
(MSMAs).
 Some popular manufacturers of these devices are Finnish Modti Inc.
and American Dynalloy.
12

13
File: Piezomotor type bimorph.gif
Fig: A piezo motor using SMA

14
File: Coilgun animation.gif
Fig: A coil gun works on the principle of magnetic actuation

Mechanical Actuators
 A mechanical actuator converts rotary motion into linear
motion to execute some movement.
 It involves gears, rails, pulleys, chains and other devices to
operate.
 Example: rack and pinion.
15
Fig: A rack and pinion mechanism
File: Rack and pinion.png

16
File: Cshaft.gif
Fig: A crank shaft acting as a mechanical actuator

Soft Actuators
 Soft actuators (e.g. polymer based) are designed to handle
fragile objects like fruit harvesting in agriculture or
manipulating the internal organs in biomedicine.
 They typically address challenging tasks in robotics.
 Soft actuators produce flexible motion due to the integration
of microscopic changes at the molecular level into a
macroscopic deformation of the actuator materials.
17

Shape Memory Polymers
 Shape memory polymer (SMP) actuators function similar to
our muscles, even providing a response to a range of stimuli
such as light, electrical, magnetic, heat, pH, and moisture
changes.
 SMP exhibits surprising features such a low density, high
strain recovery, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.
18

Light Activated Polymers
 Photopolymer/light activated polymers (LAP) are a special
type of SMP that are activated by light stimuli.
 The LAP actuators have instant response.
 They can be controlled remotely without any physical contact,
only using the variation of light frequency or intensity.
19

1
Basics of IoT Networking – Part I
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR

Convergence of Domains
2
Source: O. Vermesan, P. Friess, “Internet of Things – Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems”, River
Publishers, Series in Communications, 2013

IoT Components
3
Device (The Thing)
Local Network
Internet
Backend Services
Applications

4

Functional Components of IoT
5
 Component for interaction and communication with other IoT
devices
 Component for processing and analysis of operations
 Component for Internet interaction
 Components for handling Web services of applications
 Component to integrate application services
 User interface to access IoT
Source: O Vermesan, P. Friess, “Internet of Things – Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated
Ecosystems”, River Publishers, Series in Communications, 2013

An Example IoT Implementation
6
Sensor Mote
Sensor
Processor
Radio Gateway
Proxy Server
Internet
Websocket Cloud‐server
Analytics
Actuation

IoT Interdependencies
7

IoT Service Oriented Architecture
8
Source: Li Da Xu, Wu He, and Shancang Li, “Internet of Things in Industries: A Survey “, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Vol. 10, No. 4, Nov. 2014.

IoT Categories
 Industrial IoT
 IoT device connects to an IP network and the global Internet.
 Communication between the nodes done using regular as well as
industry specific technologies.
 Consumer IoT
 IoT device communicates within the locally networked devices.
 Local communication is done mainly via Bluetooth, Zigbee or WiFi.
 Generally limited to local communication by a Gateway
9

IoT Gateways
10

IoT and Associated Technologies
11
IoT
Big Data
Cloud
Smart Grid
IoV
M2M
Tele‐
medicine
CPS
3G/4G/5G
SDN

Technical Deviations from Regular Web
12

Key Technologies for IoT
13
Source: O Vermesan, P. Friess, “Internet of Things – Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems”, River
Publishers, Series in Communications, 2013

IoT Challenges
 Interfacing
 Interoperability
 Data storage
 Data Analytics
 Complexity management
(e.g., SDN)
14
 Security
 Scalability
 Energy efficiency
 Bandwidth management
 Modeling and Analysis

Considerations
 Communication between the IoT device(s) and the outside
world dictates the network architecture.
 Choice of communication technology dictates the IoT device
hardware requirements and costs.
 Due to the presence of numerous applications of IoT enabled
devices, a single networking paradigm not sufficient to
address all the needs of the consumer or the IoT device.
15

Complexity of Networks
16
 Growth of networks
 Interference among devices
 Network management
 Heterogeneity in networks
 Protocol standardization within networks
Source: O Vermesan, P. Friess, “Internet of Things – Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated

Wireless Networks
17
• Traffic and load management
• Variations in wireless networks – Wireless Body Area
Networks and other Personal Area Networks
• Interoperability
• Network management
• Overlay networks
Source: O. Vermesan, P. Friess, “Internet of Things – Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated

Scalability
18
• Flexibility within Internet
• IoT integration
• Large scale deployment
• Real‐time connectivity of billions of devices

19

1
Introduction to IoT – Part I
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR

IoT
 Internet technology connecting devices, machines and tools
to the internet by means of wireless technologies.
 Over 9 billion ‘Things’ connected to the Internet, as of now.
 ‘Things’ connected to the Internet are projected to cross 20
billion in the near future.
 Unification of technologies such as low-power embedded
systems, cloud computing, big-data, machine learning, and
networking.
2

Origin of Terminology
3
In the 2000s, we are heading into a new era of ubiquity, where
the “users” of the Internet will be counted in billions and where
humans may become the minority as generators and receivers
of traffic. Instead, most of the traffic will flow between devices
and all kinds of “things”, thereby creating a much wider and
more complex Internet of Things.
(“The Internet of Things”, ITU Internet Report 2005)

4
 The title of the report was “Internet of Things”
 Discussed the possibility of internet connected M2M connectivity
networks, extending to common household devices.
 Some areas identified as IoT enablers:
 RFID,
 Nanotechnology,
 Sensors,
 Smart Networks.
Reference: International Telecommunications Union (ITU). (2005). The Internet of Things. Executive Summary [Online]

Alternate Definition
5
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects
that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense
or interact with their internal states or the external
environment.
Gartner Research
Reference: http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/internet-of-things/

Characteristics
6
 Efficient, scalable and associated architecture
 Unambiguous naming and addressing
 Abundance of sleeping nodes, mobile and non-IP devices
 Intermittent connectivity
Reference: Teemu Savolainen, Jonne Soininen, and Bilhanan Silverajan,”IPv6 Addressing Strategies for IoT”, IEEE SENSORS
JOURNAL, VOL. 13, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2013

IoT Market Share
7
Source: Intel

 Business/Manufacturing
 Real-time analytics of supply chains and equipment, robotic
machinery.
 Healthcare
 Portable health monitoring, electronic recordkeeping, pharmaceutical
safeguards.
 Retail
 Inventory tracking, smartphone purchasing, anonymous analytics of
consumer choices.
 Security
 Biometric and facial recognition locks, remote sensors.
8

Evolution of Connected Devices
9

 ATM
 These ubiquitous money dispensers went online for the first time way
back in 1974.
 WEB
 World Wide Web made its debut in 1991 to revolutionize computing and
communications.
 SMART METERS
 The first power meters to communicate remotely with the grid were
installed in the early 2000s.
 DIGITAL LOCKS
 Smartphones can be used to lock and unlock doors remotely, and business
owners can change key codes rapidly to grant or restrict access to
employees and guests.
10

 SMART HEALTHCARE
 Devices connect to hospitals, doctors and relatives to alert them of
medical emergencies and take preventive measures.
 SMART VEHICLES
 Vehicles self-diagnose themselves and alert owners about system failures.
 SMART CITIES
 City-wide infrastructure communicating amongst themselves for unified
and synchronized operations and information dissemination.
 SMART DUST
 Computers smaller than a grain of sand can be sprayed or injected almost
anywhere to measure chemicals in the soil or to diagnose problems in the
human body.
11

Modern Day IoT Applications
12
 Smart Parking
 Structural health
 Noise Urban Maps
 Smartphone Detection
 Traffic Congestion
 Smart Lighting
 Waste Management
 Smart Roads
 River Floods
 Smart Grid
 Tank level
 Photovoltaic Installations
 Water Flow
 Silos Stock Calculation
 Perimeter Access Control
 Liquid Presence

Modern Day IoT Applications
13
 Forest Fire Detection
 Air Pollution
 Snow Level Monitoring
 Landslide and Avalanche Prevention
 Earthquake Early Detection
 Water Leakages
 Radiation Levels
 Explosive and Hazardous Gases
 Supply Chain Control
 NFC Payment
 Intelligent Shopping Applications
 Smart Product Management

Expected!!
14
Sensors
Trillions Smart Systems
Billions
Applications
Millions
IoT

IoT Enablers
15

Connectivity Layers
16

Baseline Technologies
 A number of technologies that are very closely related to IoT
include
 Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications,
 Cyber-Physical-Systems (CPS)
 Web-of-Things (WoT).
17

IoT vs. M2M
 M2M refers to communications and interactions between machines and
devices.
 Such interactions can occur via a cloud computing infrastructure
(e.g., devices exchanging information through a cloud infrastructure).
 M2M offers the means for managing devices and devices interaction,
while also collecting machine and/or sensor data.
 M2M is a term introduced by telecommunication services providers and,
pays emphasis on machines interactions via one or more
telcom/communication networks (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, satellite, public
networks).
18

IoT vs. M2M
 M2M is part of the IoT, while M2M standards have a prominent place in
the IoT standards landscape.
 However, IoT has a broader scope than M2M, since it comprises a broader
range of interactions, including interactions between devices/things,
things and people, things with applications and people with applications.
 It also enables the composition of workflows comprising all of the above
interactions.
 IoT includes the notion of internet connectivity (which is provided in most
of the networks outlined above), but is not necessarily focused on the use
of telcom networks.
19

IoT vs. WoT
 From a developer's perspective, the WoT enables access and
control over IoT resources and applications using mainstream
web technologies (such as HTML 5.0, JavaScript, Ajax, PHP,
Ruby n' Rails etc.).
 The approach to building WoT is therefore based on RESTful principles
and REST APIs, which enable both developers and deployers to benefit
from the popularity and maturity of web technologies.
 Still, building the WoT has various scalability, security etc. challenges,
especially as part of a roadmap towards a global WoT.
20

IoT vs. WoT
 While IoT is about creating a network of objects, things, people,
systems and applications, WoT tries to integrate them to the Web.
 Technically speaking, WoT can be thought as a flavour/option of an
application layer added over the IoT's network layer. However, the
scope of IoT applications is broader and includes systems that are
not accessible through the web (e.g., conventional WSN and RFID
systems).
21

Terminological Interdependence
22

23

1
Connectivity Technologies – Part II
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR
N
P
T
E
L

6LoWPAN
2
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 Low‐power Wireless Personal Area Networks over IPv6.
 Allows for the smallest devices with limited processing ability
to transmit information wirelessly using an Internet protocol.
 Allows low‐power devices to connect to the Internet.
 Created by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) ‐ RFC
5933 and RFC 4919.
3
Source: T. Winter, P. Thubert, A. Brandt, J. Hui, R. Kelsey, P. Levis, K. Pister, R. Struik , JP. Vasseur, R. Alexander,
“RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low‐Power and Lossy Networks”, IETF, Standards Track, Mar. 2012
N
P
T
E
L

Features of 6LoWPANs
 Allows IEEE 802.15.4 radios to carry 128‐bit addresses of
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6).
 Header compression and address translation techniques allow
the IEEE 802.15.4 radios to access the Internet.
 IPv6 packets compressed and reformatted to fit the IEEE
802.15.4 packet format.
 Uses include IoT, Smart grid, and M2M applications.
4
N
P
T
E
L

Addressing in 6LoWPAN
Addressing
64‐bit
Extended
16‐bit
Short
• 64‐bit addresses: globally
unique
• 16 bit addresses: PAN specific;
assigned by PAN coordinator
• IPv6 multicast not supported by
802.15.4
• IPv6 packets carried as link
layer broadcast frames
N
P
T
E
L

6LowPAN Packet Format
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
IEEE
802.15.4
Length Flags DSN
PAN ID
Destination (64 bit)
Source (64 bit)
Ver Traffic Class Flow Label
IPv6
Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit
Destination Length (128 bit)
N
P
T
E
L

Header Type: Dispatch Header
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1 Dispatch Type Specific Header
• Dispatch: Initiates communication
• 0,1: Identifier for Dispatch Type
• Dispatch:
• 6 bits
• Identifies the next header type
• Type Specific Header:
• Determined by Dispatch header
N
P
T
E
L

Header Type: Mesh Addressing Header
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 V F Hops Left Originator Address Final Address
• 1,0: ID for Mesh Addressing Header
• V: ‘0’ if originator is 64‐bit extended address, ‘1’ if 16‐bit
address
• F: ‘0’ if destination is 64‐bit addr., ‘1’ if 16‐bit addr.
• Hops Left: decremented by each node before sending to next
hop
N
P
T
E
L

Header Type: Fragmentation Header
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 0 0 Datagram Size Datagram Tag
(a) First Fragment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 0 0 Datagram Size Datagram Tag
Datagram Offset
(b) Subsequent Fragment
N
P
T
E
L

6LoWPAN Routing Considerations
 Mesh routing within
the PAN space.
 Routing between IPv6
and the PAN domain
 Routing protocols in
use:
 LOADng
 RPL
10
N
P
T
E
L

LOADng Routing
 Derived from AODV and extended for use in IoT.
 Basic operations of LOADng include:
 Generation of Route Requests (RREQs) by a LOADng Router
(originator) for discovering a route to a destination,
 Forwarding of such RREQs until they reach the destination LOADng
Router,
 Generation of Route Replies (RREPs) upon receipt of an RREQ by the
indicated destination, and unicast hop‐by‐hop forwarding of these
RREPs towards the originator.
11
Source: Clausen, T.; Colin de Verdiere, A.; Yi, J.; Niktash, A.; Igarashi, Y.; Satoh, H.; Herberg, U.; Lavenu, C. et al. (January 2016). The
Lightweight On‐demand Ad hoc Distance‐vector Routing Protocol ‐ Next Generation (LOADng). IETF. I‐D draft‐clausen‐lln‐loadng‐14
N
P
T
E
L

 If a route is detected to be broken, a Route Error (RERR) message is
returned to the originator of that data packet to inform the originator
about the route breakage.
 Optimized flooding is supported, reducing the overhead incurred by
RREQ generation and flooding.
 Only the destination is permitted to respond to an RREQ.
 Intermediate LOADng Routers are explicitly prohibited from
responding to RREQs, even if they may have active routes to the
sought destination.
 RREQ/RREP messages generated by a given LOADng Router share a
single unique, monotonically increasing sequence number.
12
Source: Clausen, T.; Colin de Verdiere, A.; Yi, J.; Niktash, A.; Igarashi, Y.; Satoh, H.; Herberg, U.; Lavenu, C. et al. (January 2016). The
Lightweight On‐demand Ad hoc Distance‐vector Routing Protocol ‐ Next Generation (LOADng). IETF. I‐D draft‐clausen‐lln‐loadng‐14
N
P
T
E
L

RPL Routing
13
 Distance Vector IPv6 routing protocol for lossy and low power
networks.
 Maintains routing topology using low rate beaconing.
 Beaconing rate increases on detecting inconsistencies (e.g.
node/link in a route is down).
 Routing information included in the datagram itself.
 Proactive: Maintaining routing topology.
 Reactive: Resolving routing inconsistencies.
N
P
T
E
L

 RPL separates packet processing and forwarding from the
routing optimization objective, which helps in Low power
Lossy Networks (LLN).
 RPL supports message confidentiality and integrity.
 Supports Data‐Path Validation and Loop Detection
 Routing optimization objectives include
 minimizing energy
 minimizing latency
 satisfying constraints (w.r.t node power, bandwidth, etc.)
14
N
P
T
E
L

 RPL operations require bidirectional links.
 In some LLN scenarios, those links may exhibit asymmetric
properties.
 It is required that the reachability of a router be verified
before the router can be used as a parent.
15
N
P
T
E
L

RFID
16
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 RFID is an acronym for “radio‐frequency identification”
 Data digitally encoded in RFID tags, which can be read by a
reader.
 Somewhat similar to barcodes.
 Data read from tags are stored in a database by the reader.
 As compared to traditional barcodes and QR codes, RFID tag
data can be read outside the line‐of‐sight.
17
Source: “How does RFID work?” AB&R (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

RFID Features
 RFID tag consists of an integrated circuit and an antenna.
 The tag is covered by a protective material which also acts as
a shield against various environmental effects.
 Tags may be passive or active.
 Passive RFID tags are the most widely used.
 Passive tags have to be powered by a reader inductively
before they can transmit information, whereas active tags
have their own power supply.
18
N
P
T
E
L

Working Principle
 Derived from Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC)
technology.
 AIDC performs object identification, object data collection and
mapping of the collected data to computer systems with little or no
human intervention.
 AIDC uses wired communication
 RFID uses radio waves to perform AIDC functions.
 The main components of an RFID system include an RFID tag or
smart label, an RFID reader, and an antenna.
19
N
P
T
E
L

20
N
P
T
E
L

Applications
 Inventory management
 Asset tracking
 Personnel tracking
 Controlling access to restricted areas
 ID badging
 Supply chain management
 Counterfeit prevention (e.g. in the pharmaceutical industry)
21
N
P
T
E
L

22
N
P
T
E
L

1
Basics of IoT Networking – Part II
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR
N
P
T
E
L

Functionality-based IoT Protocol Organization
 Connectivity (6LowPAN, RPL)
 Identification (EPC, uCode, IPv6, URIs)
 Communication / Transport (WiFi, Bluetooth, LPWAN)
 Discovery (Physical Web, mDNS, DNS‐SD)
 Data Protocols (MQTT, CoAP, AMQP, Websocket, Node)
 Device Management (TR‐069, OMA‐DM)
 Semantic (JSON‐LD, Web Thing Model)
 Multi‐layer Frameworks (Alljoyn, IoTivity, Weave, Homekit)
2
Source: Internet of Things Protocols (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

MQTT
3
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 Message Queue Telemetry Transport.
 ISO standard (ISO/IEC PRF 20922).
 It is a publish‐subscribe‐based lightweight messaging protocol for
use in conjunction with the TCP/IP protocol.
 MQTT was introduced by IBM in 1999 and standardized by OASIS in
2013.
 Designed to provide connectivity (mostly embedded) between
applications and middle‐wares on one side and networks and
communications on the other side.
4
Source: “MQTT”, Wikipedia (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

 A message broker controls the publish‐subscribe messaging
pattern.
 A topic to which a client is subscribed is updated in the form
of messages and distributed by the message broker.
 Designed for:
 Remote connections
 Limited bandwidth
 Small‐code footprint
5
N
P
T
E
L

MQTT Components
• Lightweight sensors
• Lightweight sensors
Publishers
• Applications interested in sensor data
• Applications interested in sensor data
Subscribers
• Connect publishers and subscribers
• Classify sensor data into topics
• Connect publishers and subscribers
• Classify sensor data into topics
Brokers
6
N
P
T
E
L

MQTT Methods
Connect
Disconnect
Subscribe
Unsubscribe
Publish
7
N
P
T
E
L

8
Source: “MQTT 101 – How to Get Started with the lightweight IoT Protocol”, HiveMQ (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

Communication
 The protocol uses a publish/subscribe architecture (HTTP uses a
request/response paradigm).
 Publish/subscribe is event‐driven and enables messages to be
pushed to clients.
 The central communication point is the MQTT broker, which is in
charge of dispatching all messages between the senders and the
rightful receivers.
 Each client that publishes a message to the broker, includes a topic
into the message. The topic is the routing information for the
broker.
9
N
P
T
E
L

 Each client that wants to receive messages subscribes to a
certain topic and the broker delivers all messages with the
matching topic to the client.
 Therefore the clients don’t have to know each other. They
only communicate over the topic.
 This architecture enables highly scalable solutions without
dependencies between the data producers and the data
consumers.
10
N
P
T
E
L

MQTT Topics
 A topic is a simple string that can have more hierarchy levels,
which are separated by a slash.
 A sample topic for sending temperature data of the living
room could be house/living‐room/temperature.
 On one hand the client (e.g. mobile device) can subscribe to
the exact topic or on the other hand, it can use a wildcard.
11
N
P
T
E
L

 The subscription to house/+/temperature would result in all
messages sent to the previously mentioned topic house/living‐
room/temperature, as well as any topic with an arbitrary value in
the place of living room, such as house/kitchen/temperature.
 The plus sign is a single level wild card and only allows arbitrary
values for one hierarchy.
 If more than one level needs to be subscribed, such as, the entire
sub‐tree, there is also a multilevel wildcard (#).
 It allows to subscribe to all underlying hierarchy levels.
 For example house/# is subscribing to all topics beginning with
house.
12
N
P
T
E
L

Applications
 Facebook Messenger uses MQTT for online chat.
 Amazon Web Services use Amazon IoT with MQTT.
 Microsoft Azure IoT Hub uses MQTT as its main protocol for
telemetry messages.
 The EVRYTHNG IoT platform uses MQTT as an M2M protocol
for millions of connected products.
 Adafruit launched a free MQTT cloud service for IoT
experimenters called Adafruit IO.
13
N
P
T
E
L

SMQTT
 Secure MQTT is an extension of MQTT which uses encryption
based on lightweight attribute based encryption.
 The main advantage of using such encryption is the broadcast
encryption feature, in which one message is encrypted and
delivered to multiple other nodes, which is quite common in
IoT applications.
 In general, the algorithm consists of four main stages: setup,
encryption, publish and decryption.
14
Source: M. Singh, M. Rajan, V. Shivraj, and P. Balamuralidhar, "Secure MQTT for Internet of Things (IoT)," in Fifth International Conference on
Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT 2015), April 2015, pp. 746‐751
N
P
T
E
L

 In the setup phase, the subscribers and publishers register
themselves to the broker and get a master secret key according to
their developer’s choice of key generation algorithm.
 When the data is published, it is encrypted and published by the
broker which sends it to the subscribers, which is finally decrypted
at the subscriber end having the same master secret key.
 The key generation and encryption algorithms are not standardized.
 SMQTT is proposed only to enhance MQTT security features.
15
Source: M. Singh, M. Rajan, V. Shivraj, and P. Balamuralidhar, "Secure MQTT for Internet of Things (IoT)," in Fifth International Conference on
Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT 2015), April 2015, pp. 746‐751
N
P
T
E
L

16
N
P
T
E
L

1
Basics of IoT Networking – Part III
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR
N
P
T
E
L

CoAP
2
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol.
 Web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and
networks.
 Designed for Machine to Machine (M2M) applications such
as smart energy and building automation.
 Based on Request‐Response model between end‐points
 Client‐Server interaction is asynchronous over a datagram
oriented transport protocol such as UDP
Source: Z. Shelby , K. Hartke, C. Bormann, “The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)”, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Standards Track,
2014
N
P
T
E
L

 The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a session layer
protocol designed by IETF Constrained RESTful Environment
(CoRE) working group to provide lightweight RESTful (HTTP)
interface.
 Representational State Transfer (REST) is the standard
interface between HTTP client and servers.
 Lightweight applications such as those in IoT, could result in
significant overhead and power consumption by REST.
 CoAP is designed to enable low‐power sensors to use RESTful
services while meeting their power constraints.
4
2014
N
P
T
E
L

 Built over UDP, instead of TCP (which is commonly used with HTTP) and
has a light mechanism to provide reliability.
 CoAP architecture is divided into two main sub‐layers:
 Messaging
 Request/response.
 The messaging sub‐layer is responsible for reliability and duplication of
messages, while the request/response sub‐layer is responsible for
communication.
 CoAP has four messaging modes:
 Confirmable
 Non‐confirmable
 Piggyback
 Separate
5
Source: V. Karagiannis, P. Chatzimisios, F. Vazquez‐Gallego, and J. Alonso‐Zarate, "A survey on application layer protocols for the internet of
things," Transaction on IoT and Cloud Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 11‐17, 2015
N
P
T
E
L

Application
Request
CoAP
Messages
UDP
CoAP Position
2014
N
P
T
E
L

Message
Types‐CoAP
Confirmable
Non‐Confirmable
Piggyback
Separate
CoAP Message Types
2014
N
P
T
E
L

CoAP Request-Response Model
N
P
T
E
L

 Confirmable and non‐confirmable modes represent the reliable and
unreliable transmissions, respectively, while the other modes are used for
request/response.
 Piggyback is used for client/server direct communication where the server
sends its response directly after receiving the message, i.e., within the
acknowledgment message.
 On the other hand, the separate mode is used when the server response
comes in a message separate from the acknowledgment, and may take
some time to be sent by the server.
 Similar to HTTP, CoAP utilizes GET, PUT, PUSH, DELETE messages requests
to retrieve, create, update, and delete, respectively
9
N
P
T
E
L

Features
 Reduced overheads and parsing complexity.
 URL and content‐type support.
 Support for the discovery of resources provided by known
CoAP services.
 Simple subscription for a resource, and resulting push
notifications.
 Simple caching based on maximum message age.
11
Source: ”Constrained Application Protocol”, Wikipedia (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

XMPP
12
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 XMPP – Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol.
 A communication protocol for message‐oriented middleware
based on XML (Extensible Markup Language).
 Real‐time exchange of structured data.
 It is an open standard protocol.
13
Source: “XMPP”, Wikipedia (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

 XMPP uses a client‐server architecture.
 As the model is decentralized, no central server is required.
 XMPP provides for the discovery of services residing locally or
across a network, and the availability information of these
services.
 Well‐suited for cloud computing where virtual machines,
networks, and firewalls would otherwise present obstacles to
alternative service discovery and presence‐based solutions.
 Open means to support machine‐to‐machine or peer‐to‐peer
communications across a diverse set of networks.
14
N
P
T
E
L

Highlights
 Decentralization – No central server; anyone can run their
own XMPP server.
 Open standards – No royalties or granted permissions are
required to implement these specifications
 Security – Authentication, encryption, etc.
 Flexibility – Supports interoperability
15
N
P
T
E
L

16
Source: “JabberNetwork.svg”, Wikimedia Commons (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

Core XMPP Technologies
17
• information about the core XMPP technologies for XML streaming
Core
• multimedia signalling for voice, video, file transfer
Jingle
• flexible, multi‐party communication
Multi‐user Chat
• alerts and notifications for data syndication
PubSub
• HTTP binding for XMPP
BOSH
Source: “XMPP: Technology Overview”, XMPP.org (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

Weaknesses
 Does not support QoS.
 Text based communications induces higher network
overheads.
 Binary data must be first encoded to base64 before
transmission.
18
N
P
T
E
L

Applications
 Publish‐subscribe systems
 Signaling for VoIP
 Video
 File transfer
 Gaming
 Internet of Things applications
 Smart grid
 Social networking services
19
N
P
T
E
L

1
Basics of IoT Networking – Part IV
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR
N
P
T
E
L

AMQP
2
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol.
 Open standard for passing business messages between
applications or organizations.
 Connects between systems and business processes.
 It is a binary application layer protocol.
 Basic unit of data is a frame.
 ISO standard: ISO/IEC 19464
3
Source: “Advanced Message Queuing Protocol”, Wikipedia (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

4
Source: “The‐amqp‐model‐for‐wikipedia.svg”, Wikimedia Commons (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

AMQP Features
5
Organizations Technologies Time Space
Connects across
N
P
T
E
L

Features
6
Security
Reliability
Interoperability
Routing
Queuing
Open standard
N
P
T
E
L

Message Delivery Guarantees
 At‐most‐once
 each message is delivered once or never
 At‐least‐once
 each message is certain to be delivered, but may do so multiple times
 Exactly‐once
 message will always certainly arrive and do so only once
7
Reference: "OASIS AMQP version 1.0, sections 2.6.12‐2.6.13". OASIS AMQP Technical Committee
N
P
T
E
L

AMQP Frame Types
 Nine AMQP frame types are defined that are used to initiate, control and
tear down the transfer of messages between two peers:
 Open (connection open)
 Begin (session open)
 Attach (initiate new link)
 Transfer (for sending actual messages)
 Flow (controls message flow rate)
 Disposition (Informs the changes in state of transfer)
 Detach (terminate the link)
 End (session close)
 Close (connection close)
8
Source: O.S. Tezer, “An advanced messaging queuing protocol walkthrough ”, DigitalOcean (Online), 2013
N
P
T
E
L

Components
9
•Part of Broker
•Receives messages and routes them to Queues
Exchange
•Separate queues for separate business processes
•Consumers receive messages from queues
Queue
•Rules for distributing messages (who can access
what message, destination of the message)
Bindings
N
P
T
E
L

AMQP Exchanges
10
Direct
Fan‐out
Topic
Header
N
P
T
E
L

AMQP Features
 Targeted QoS (Selectively offering QoS to links)
 Persistence (Message delivery guarantees)
 Delivery of messages to multiple consumers
 Possibility of ensuring multiple consumption
 Possibility of preventing multiple consumption
 High speed protocol
11
N
P
T
E
L

Applications
 Monitoring and global update sharing.
 Connecting different systems and processes to talk to each other.
 Allowing servers to respond to immediate requests quickly and
delegate time consuming tasks for later processing.
 Distributing a message to multiple recipients for consumption.
 Enabling offline clients to fetch data at a later time.
 Introducing fully asynchronous functionality for systems.
 Increasing reliability and uptime of application deployments.
12
N
P
T
E
L

13
N
P
T
E
L

1
Connectivity Technologies – Part I
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR
N
P
T
E
L

Communication Protocols
The following communication protocols have immediate importance to consumer and
industrial IoTs:
 IEEE 802.15.4
 Zigbee
 6LoWPAN
 Wireless HART
 Z‐Wave
 ISA 100
 Bluetooth
 NFC
 RFID
2
N
P
T
E
L

IEEE 802.15.4
3
N
P
T
E
L

Features of IEEE 802.15.4
 Well‐known standard for low data‐rate WPAN.
 Developed for low‐data‐rate monitoring and control
applications and extended‐life low‐power‐consumption uses.
 This standard uses only the first two layers (PHY, MAC) plus
the logical link control (LLC) and service specific convergence
sub‐layer (SSCS) additions to communicate with all upper
layers
 Operates in the ISM band.
4
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013
N
P
T
E
L

5
N
P
T
E
L

 Uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation.
 Highly tolerant of noise and interference and offers link
reliability improvement mechanisms.
 Low‐speed versions use Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK).
 High data‐rate versions use offset‐quadrature phase‐shift
keying (O‐QPSK).
 Uses carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance
(CSMA‐CA) for channel access.
 Multiplexing allows multiple users or nodes interference‐free
access to the same channel at different times.
6
N
P
T
E
L

 Power consumption is minimized due to infrequently occurring
very short packet transmissions with low duty cycle (<1%).
 The minimum power level defined is –3 dBm or 0.5 mW.
 Transmission, for most cases, is Line of Sight (LOS).
 Standard transmission range varies between 10m to 75m.
 Best case transmission range achieved outdoors can be upto
1000m.
 Networking topologies defined are ‐‐ Star, and Mesh.
7
N
P
T
E
L

IEEE 802.15.4 Variants
8
•Base version
A/B
•For China
C
•For Japan
D
•Industrial applications
E
•Active RFID uses
F
•Smart utility networks (Smart Grids)
G
N
P
T
E
L

IEEE 802.15.4 Types
Networks
Non‐Beacon
Enabled
Non‐Beacon
Enabled
Beacon
Enabled
Beacon
Enabled
802.15.4
FFD
PAN
coordinator
Router
Device
RFD Device
(a) (b)
N
P
T
E
L

• Full Function Device (FFD)
• Can talk to all types of devices
• Supports full protocol
• Reduced Function Device (RFD)
• Can only talk to an FFD
• Lower power consumption
• Minimal CPU/RAM required
N
P
T
E
L

IEEE 802.15.4 Frames
Frames
Beacon
MAC
Command
Acknowledgement
Data
N
P
T
E
L

Beacon Enabled Networks
• Periodic transmission of beacon messages
• Data‐frames sent via Slotted CSMA/CA with a super
frame structure managed by PAN coordinator
• Beacons used for synchronization & association of
other nodes with the coordinator
• Scope of operation spans the whole network.
N
P
T
E
L

Non-Beacon Enabled Networks
• Data‐frames sent via un‐slotted CSMA/CA (Contention
Based)
• Beacons used only for link layer discovery
• Requires both source and destination IDs.
• As 802.15.4 is primarily, a mesh protocol, all protocol
addressing must adhere to mesh configurations
• De‐centralized communication amongst nodes
N
P
T
E
L

Zigbee
14
N
P
T
E
L

Features of ZigBee
 Most widely deployed enhancement of IEEE 802.15.4.
 The ZigBee protocol is defined by layer 3 and above. It works with
the 802.15.4 layers 1 and 2.
 The standard uses layers 3 and 4 to define additional
communication enhancements.
 These enhancements include authentication with valid nodes,
encryption for security, and a data routing and forwarding capability
that enables mesh networking.
 The most popular use of ZigBee is wireless sensor networks using
the mesh topology.
15
N
P
T
E
L

Important Components
17
• ZigBee Device Object
(Device management, Security, Policies)
ZDO
ZDO
• Application Support Sub‐layer
(Interfacing and control services, bridge
between network and other layers)
APS
APS
N
P
T
E
L

ZigBee Topologies
18
Source: T. Agarwal, “ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications”, Electronics Projects Focus (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

ZigBee Mesh
 In a mesh, any node can
communicate with any other
node within its range.
 If nodes are not in range,
messages are relayed through
intermediate nodes.
 This allows the network
deployment over large areas.
19
N
P
T
E
L

ZigBee Mesh (Contd.)
 Meshes have increased network
reliability.
 For example, if nodes C and F
are down, the message packets
from A can still be relayed to G
via B and E.
 ZigBee mesh networks are self‐
configuring and self‐healing.
20
N
P
T
E
L

ZigBee Types
 ZigBee Coordinator (ZC):
 The Coordinator forms the root of the ZigBee network tree and might
act as a bridge between networks.
 There is a single ZigBee Coordinator in each network, which originally
initiates the network.
 It stores information about the network under it and outside it.
 It acts as a Trust Center & repository for security keys.
21
Sources:
•"Wireless Sensor Networks Research Group". Sensor-networks.org. 2010-04-15.
N
P
T
E
L

ZigBee Types
 ZigBee Router (ZR):
 Capable of running applications, as well as relaying information between
nodes connected to it.
 ZigBee End Device (ZED):
 It contains just enough functionality to talk to the parent node, and it
cannot relay data from other devices.
 This allows the node to be asleep a significant amount of the time thereby
enhancing battery life.
 Memory requirements and cost of ZEDs are quite low, as compared to ZR
or ZC.
22
Sources:
N
P
T
E
L

ZigBee Network Layer
 The network layer uses Ad Hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
routing.
 To find the final destination, the AODV broadcasts a route request
to all its immediate neighbors.
 The neighbors relay the same information to their neighbors,
eventually spreading the request throughout the network.
 Upon discovery of the destination, a low‐cost path is calculated and
informed to the requesting device via unicast messaging.
23
Source: “Zigbee”, Wikipedia (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

Applications
 Building automation
 Remote control (RF4CE or RF for consumer electronics)
 Smart energy for home energy monitoring
 Health care for medical and fitness monitoring
 Home automation for control of smart homes
 Light Link for control of LED lighting
 Telecom services
24
N
P
T
E
L

25
N
P
T
E
L

1
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR
Connectivity Technologies – Part III
N
P
T
E
L

HART & Wireless HART
2
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 WirelessHART is the latest release of Highway Addressable
Remote Transducer (HART) Protocol.
 HART standard was developed for networked smart field
devices.
 The wireless protocol makes the implementation of HART
cheaper and easier.
 HART encompasses the most number of field devices
incorporated in any field network.
3
Source: A. Feng, “WirelessHART‐ Made Easy”, AwiaTech Blog (Online), Nov. 2011
N
P
T
E
L

 Wireless HART enables device
placements more accessible and
cheaper– such as the top of a reaction
tank, inside a pipe, or at widely
separated warehouses.
 Main difference between wired and
unwired versions is in the physical,
data link and network layers.
 Wired HART lacks a network layer.
4
HART
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Application
N
P
T
E
L

HART Physical Layer
 Derived from IEEE 802.15.4 protocol.
 It operates only in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
 Employs and exploits 15 channels of the band to increase
reliability.
5
N
P
T
E
L

HART Data Link Layer
 Collision free and deterministic communication achieved by means
of super‐frames and TDMA.
 Super‐frames consist of grouped 10ms wide timeslots.
 Super‐frames control the timing of transmission to ensure collision
free and reliable communication.
 This layer incorporates channel hopping and channel blacklisting to
increase reliability and security.
 Channel blacklisting identifies channels consistently affected by
interference and removes them from use.
6
N
P
T
E
L

HART Network & Transport Layers
 Cooperatively handle various types of traffic, routing, session
creation, and security.
 WirelessHART relies on Mesh networking for its communication,
and each device is primed to forward packets from every other
devices.
 Each device is armed with an updated network graph (i.e., updated
topology) to handle routing.
 Network layer (HART)=Network + Transport + Session layers (OSI)
7
N
P
T
E
L

HART Application Layer
 Handles communication between gateways and devices via a
series of command and response messages.
 Responsible for extracting commands from a message,
executing it and generating responses.
 This layer is seamless and does not differentiate between
wireless and wired versions of HART.
8
N
P
T
E
L

HART Congestion Control
 Restricted to 2.4Ghz ISM band with channel 26 removed, due to its
restricted usage in certain areas.
 Interference‐prone channels avoided by using channel switching
post every transmission.
 Transmissions synchronized using 10ms slots.
 During each slot, all available channels can be utilized by the various
nodes in the network allowing for the propagation of 15 packets
through the network at a time, which also minimizes the risk of
collisions.
9
N
P
T
E
L

WirelessHART Network Manager
 The network manager supervises each node in the network and
guides them on when and where to send packets.
 Allows for collision‐free and timely delivery of packets between a
source and destination.
 The network manager updates information about neighbors, signal
strength, and information needing delivery or receipt.
 Decides who will send, who will listen, and at what frequency is
each time‐slot.
 Handles code‐based network security and prevents unauthorized
nodes from joining the network.
10
N
P
T
E
L

WirelessHART vs. ZigBee
 A WirelessHART node hops after every message, changing
channels every time it sends a packet. ZigBee does not feature
hopping at all, and only hops when the entire network hops.
 At the MAC layer, WirelessHART utilizes time division multiple
access (TDMA), allotting individual time slots for each
transmission. ZigBee applies carrier sense multiple access
with collision detection (CSMA/CD).
11
N
P
T
E
L

 WirelessHART represents a true mesh network, where each
node is capable of serving as a router so that, if one node
goes down, another can replace it, ensuring packet delivery.
ZigBee utilizes a tree topology, which makes nodes along the
trunk critical.
 WirelessHART devices are all back compatible, allowing for
the integration of legacy devices as well as new ones. ZigBee
devices share the same basis for their physical layers, but
ZigBee, ZigBee Pro, ZigBee RF4CE, and ZigBee IP are otherwise
incompatible with each other
12
N
P
T
E
L

NFC
13
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 Near field communication, or NFC for
short, is an offshoot of radio‐frequency
identification (RFID).
 NFC is designed for use by devices within
close proximity to each other.
 All NFC types are similar but
communicate in slightly different ways.
 FeliCa is commonly found in Japan.
14
NFC
Type A
Type B
FeliCa
Source: “How NFC Works”, NFC (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

NFC Types
Active Passive
Smartphone
NFC
Tags
15
 Passive devices contain information
which is readable by other devices,
however it cannot read information itself.
 NFC tags found in supermarket products
are examples of passive NFC.
 Active devices are able to collect as well
as transmit information.
 Smartphones are a good example of
active devices.
Source: “How NFC Works”, NFC (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

Working Principle
 Works on the principle of magnetic induction.
 A reader emits a small electric current which creates a magnetic
field that in turn bridges the physical space between the devices.
 The generated field is received by a similar coil in the client device
where it is turned back into electrical impulses to communicate
data such as identification number status information or any other
information.
 ‘Passive’ NFC tags use the energy from the reader to encode their
response while ‘active’ or ‘peer‐to‐peer’ tags have their own power
source.
16
Source: “Inside NFC: how near field communication works”, APC (Online), Aug. 2011
N
P
T
E
L

17
N
P
T
E
L

NFC Specifications
 NFC's data‐transmission frequency is 13.56MHz.
 NFC can transmit data at a rate of either 106, 212 or 424 Kbps
(kilobits per second).
 Tags typically store between 96 and 512 bytes of data.
 Communication range is less than 20cms.
18
Source: “Inside NFC: how near field communication works”, APC (Online), Aug. 2011
N
P
T
E
L

Modes of Operation
19
Source: M. Egan, “What is NFC? Uses of NFC | How to use NFC on your smartphone”, TechAdvisor (Online), May 2015
Peer‐to‐peer
Read/Write
Card emulation
Lets two smartphones swap data
One active device picks up info from a
passive one
NFC device can be used like a
contactless credit card
N
P
T
E
L

NFC Applications
 Smartphone based payments.
 Parcel tracking.
 Information tags in posters and advertisements.
 Computer game synchronized toys.
 Low‐power home automation systems.
20
N
P
T
E
L

21
N
P
T
E
L

1
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR
Connectivity Technologies – Part IV
N
P
T
E
L

Bluetooth
2
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 Bluetooth wireless technology is a short range
communications technology.
 Intended for replacing cables connecting portable units
 Maintains high levels of security.
 Bluetooth technology is based on Ad‐hoc technology also
known as Ad‐hoc Piconets.
3
Source: “Wireless Communication ‐ Bluetooth”, Tutorials Point (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

Features
 Bluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial,
scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHZ.
 Uses spread spectrum hopping, full‐duplex signal at a nominal
rate of 1600 hops/sec.
 Bluetooth supports 1Mbps data rate for version 1.2 and
3Mbps data rate for Version 2.0 combined with Error Data
Rate.
4
N
P
T
E
L

Features
 Bluetooth operating range depends on the device:
 Class 3 radios have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet
 Class 2 radios are most commonly found in mobile devices have a
range of 10 meters or 30 feet
 Class 1 radios are used primarily in industrial use cases have a range of
100 meters or 300 feet.
5
N
P
T
E
L

Connection Establishment
6
Source: “Bluetooth Basics”, Tutorials, Sparkfun.com (Online)
Inquiry
Inquiry
Paging
Paging
Connection
Connection
Inquiry run by one Bluetooth device to try to
discover other devices near it.
Process of forming a connection between two
Bluetooth devices.
A device either actively participates in the
network or enters a low‐power sleep mode.
N
P
T
E
L

Modes
7
Active Sniff Hold Park
Source: “Bluetooth Basics”, Tutorials, Sparkfun.com (Online)
Actively
transmitting or
receiving data.
Sleeps and only
listens for
transmissions at a
set interval .
Power‐saving
mode where a
device sleeps for a
defined period and
then returns back
to active mode .
Slave will become
inactive until the
master tells it to
wake back up.
N
P
T
E
L

Protocol Stack
8
N
P
T
E
L

Baseband
 Physical layer of the Bluetooth.
 Manages physical channels and links.
 Other services include:
 Error correction
 Data whitening
 Hop selection
 Bluetooth security
 Manages asynchronous and synchronous links.
 Handles packets, paging and inquiry.
9
Source: “Bluetooth”, Wikipedia (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

L2CAP
 The Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP).
 Layered over the Baseband Protocol and resides in the data link layer.
 Used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices.
 Provides connection‐oriented and connectionless data services to upper
layer protocols.
 Provides:
 Protocol multiplexing capability
 Segmentation and reassembly operation
 Group abstractions
10
N
P
T
E
L

RFComm
 Radio Frequency Communications (RFCOMM).
 It is a cable replacement protocol used for generating a virtual serial
data stream.
 RFCOMM provides for binary data transport .
 Emulates EIA‐232 (formerly RS‐232) control signals over the
Bluetooth baseband layer, i.e. it is a serial port emulation.
 RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar
to TCP.
 Supports up to 60 simultaneous connections between two BT
devices.
11
N
P
T
E
L

Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
 Enables applications to discover available services and their
features.
 Addresses the unique characteristics of the Bluetooth
environment such as, dynamic changes in the quality of
services in RF proximity of devices in motion.
 Can function over a reliable packet transfer protocol.
 Uses a request/response model.
12
N
P
T
E
L

Piconets
 Bluetooth enabled electronic devices connect and
communicate wirelessly through short range networks known
as Piconets.
 Bluetooth devices exist in small ad‐hoc configurations with
the ability to act either as master or slave.
 Provisions are in place, which allow for a master and a slave
to switch their roles.
 The simplest configuration is a point to point configuration
with one master and one slave.
13
N
P
T
E
L

 When more than two Bluetooth devices communicate with
one another, it is called a PICONET.
 A Piconet can contain up to seven slaves clustered around a
single master.
 The device that initializes establishment of the Piconet
becomes the master.
 The master is responsible for transmission control by dividing
the network into a series of time slots amongst the network
members, as a part of time division multiplexing scheme.
14
N
P
T
E
L

15
N
P
T
E
L

Features of Piconet
 Within a Piconet, the clock and unique 48‐bit address of master
determines the timing of various devices and the frequency
hopping sequence of individual devices.
 Each Piconet device supports 7 simultaneous connections to other
devices.
 Each device can communicate with several piconets simultaneously.
 Piconets are established dynamically and automatically as
Bluetooth enabled devices enter and leave piconets.
16
N
P
T
E
L

 There is no direct connection between the slaves.
 All connections are either master‐to‐slave or slave‐to‐master.
 Slaves are allowed to transmit once these have been polled by
the master.
 Transmission starts in the slave‐to‐master time slot
immediately following a polling packet from the master.
 A device can be a member of two or more Piconets.
17
N
P
T
E
L

 A device can be a slave in one Piconet and master in another.
It however cannot be a master in more than once Piconets.
 Devices in adjacent Piconets provide a bridge to support
inner‐Piconet connections, allowing assemblies of linked
Piconets to form a physically extensible communication
infrastructure known as Scatternet.
18
N
P
T
E
L

Applications
 Audio players
 Home automation
 Smartphones
 Toys
 Hands free headphones
 Sensor networks
19
N
P
T
E
L

1
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
IIT KHARAGPUR
Connectivity Technologies – Part V
N
P
T
E
L

Z Wave
2
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 Zwave (or Z wave or Z‐wave) is a protocol for communication
among devices used for home automation.
 It uses RF for signaling and control.
 Operating frequency is 908.42 MHz in the US & 868.42 MHz
in Europe.
 Mesh network topology is the main mode of operation, and
can support 232 nodes in a network.
3
Source: “What is Z‐Wave?”, Smart Home (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

Zwave Global Operating Frequency
4
Frequency in MHz Used in
865.2 India
868.1 Malaysia
868.42 ; 869.85 Europe
868.4 China, Korea
869.0 Russia
908.4 ; 916.0 USA
915.0 ‐ 926.0 Israel
919.8 Hong Kong
921.4 ; 919.8 Australia, New Zealand
922.0 ‐ 926.0 Japan
Source: “Z‐Wave”, Wikipedia (Online)
N
P
T
E
L

 Zwave utilizes GFSK modulation and Manchester channel
encoding.
 A central network controller device sets‐up and manages a
Zwave network.
 Each logical Zwave network has 1 Home (Network) ID and
multiple node IDs for the devices in it.
 Nodes with different Home IDs cannot communicate with
each other.
 Network ID length=4 Bytes, Node ID length=1 Byte.
5
N
P
T
E
L

GFSK
 Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying.
 Baseband pulses are passed through a Gaussian filter prior to
modulation.
 Filtering operation smoothens the pulses consisting of
streams of ‐1 and 1, and is known as Pulse shaping.
 Pulse shaping limits the modulated spectrum width.
6
N
P
T
E
L

7
N
P
T
E
L

 Uses source routed network mesh topology using 1 primary
controller.
 Devices communicate with one another when in range.
 When devices are not in range, messages are routed though
different nodes to bypass obstructions created by household
appliances or layout.
 This process of bypassing radio dead‐spots is done using a message
called Healing.
 As Zwave uses a source routed static network, mobile devices are
excluded from the network and only static devices are considered.
8
N
P
T
E
L

9
N
P
T
E
L

Zwave vs. Zigbee
Zwave
 User friendly and provides a
simple system that users can set
up themselves.
 Ideal for someone with a basic
understanding of technology who
wants to keep their home
automation secure, efficient,
simple to use, and easy to
maintain.
Zigbee
 Requires so little power that
devices can last up to seven years
on one set of batteries.
 Ideal for technology experts who
want a system they can customize
with their preferences and install
themselves.
10
Source: Sarah Brown, “ZigBee vs. Z‐Wave Review: What’s the Best Option for You?”, The SafeWise Report (Online), Mar 2016
N
P
T
E
L

Zwave vs. Zigbee
Zwave
 Expensive.
 Nine out of ten leading
security and communication
companies in the U.S. use Z‐
Wave in their smart home
solutions
Zigbee
 Cheaper than Zwave.
 ZigBee Alliance consists of
nearly 400 member
organizations that use,
develop, and improve
ZigBee’s open‐standard
wireless connection
11
Source: Sarah Brown, “ZigBee vs. Z‐Wave Review: What’s the Best Option for You?”, The SafeWise Report (Online), Mar 2016
N
P
T
E
L

ISA 100.11A
12
N
P
T
E
L

Introduction
 International Society of Automation.
 Designed mainly for large scale industrial complexes and
plants.
 More than 1 billion devices use ISA 100.11A
 ISA 100.11A is designed to support native and tunneled
application layers.
 Various transport services, including ‘reliable,’ ‘best effort,’
‘real‐time’ are offered.
13
Source: “The ISA 100 Standards : Overview and Status” ISA, 2008
N
P
T
E
L

 Network and transport layers are based on TCP or UDP / IPv6.
 Data link layer supports mesh routing and Frequency hopping.
 Physical and MAC layers are based on IEEE 802.15.4
 Topologies allowed are:
 Star/tree
 Mesh
 Permitted networks include:
 Radio link
 ISA over Ethernet
 Field buses
14
Source: Cambridge Whitepaper, http://portal.etsi.org/docbox/Workshop/2008/200812_WIRELESSFACTORY/CAMBRIDGE_WHITTAKER.pdf
N
P
T
E
L

 Application Support Layer delivers communications services
to user and management processes.
 It can pass objects (methods, attributes) natively within the
ISA 100.11A protocol.
 A tunneling mode is available to allow legacy data through the
ISA100.11A network.
15
Source: Tim Whittaker , “What do we expect from Wireless in the Factory?”Cambridge Whitepaper, Cambridge Consultants, 2008
N
P
T
E
L

16
 RD=routing
device
 NRD=Non‐
routing device
 H=Handheld
device
 B=backbone
device
N
P
T
E
L

Features
 Flexibility
 Support for multiple protocols
 Use of open standards
 Support for multiple applications
 Reliability (error detection, channel hopping)
 Determinism (TDMA, QoS support)
 Security
17
N
P
T
E
L

Security
 Security is fully built‐in to the standard.
 Authentication and confidentiality services are independently
available.
 A network security manager manages and distributes keys.
 Twin data security steps in each node:
 Data link layer encrypts each hop.
 Transport layer secures peer‐to‐peer communications.
18
N
P
T
E
L

ISA100.11A Usage Classes
Category Class Application Description
Safety 0 Emergency action Always critical
Control
1 Closed loop regulatory
control
Often critical
2 Closed loop
supervisory control
Usually non‐critical
3 Open loop control Human‐in‐the‐loop
Monitoring 4 Alerting Short term operational consequence
5 Logging/ Downloading No immediate operational consequence
19
N
P
T
E
L

IOT.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to IOT.pdf

Similar to IOT.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

IOT.pdf