investment
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The document discusses investment and its key aspects. It defines investment as sacrificing present value for uncertain future returns. The main objectives of investment are to earn regular returns and income over the long term. While most people are interested in investing, the majority incur losses by following others blindly instead of managing their investments scientifically. True investment involves committing funds to low risk opportunities for long periods, while speculation takes higher risks for short-term gains. The key features of successful investment are potential returns, consideration of risk and safety, liquidity, and tax advantages.
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Capital Markets
This document provides an overview of capital markets and various investment instruments, including:
1) Equity investments such as stocks, mutual funds, and venture capital. Bonds are also discussed as a type of fixed-income investment where the issuer owes the holder interest payments and repayment of principal.
2) Other financial instruments include deposits in bank accounts, cash equivalents like money market holdings, and commodities like gold.
3) Non-financial instruments for investment include real estate (to generate rental income and capital appreciation) and other assets like precious metals.
Meaning of Investment
The document discusses the key concepts of investment. It defines investment as committing funds with the expectation of a positive return, where the return is proportional to the assumed risk. Investment involves using capital to generate a safe return over time through instruments that promise certain or uncertain future returns. The document contrasts investment with speculation and gambling, noting their different risk levels, return expectations, and decision-making bases. It also outlines different types of investors, features of investment programs, factors to consider in investment analysis and decision making, and various investment avenues and their characteristics.
Effective demand
Effective demand is defined as the level of aggregate demand that is equal to aggregate supply. Aggregate demand represents how much money entrepreneurs expect to receive from sales, while aggregate supply represents how much money entrepreneurs must receive from sales. The level of employment is determined by the equilibrium between aggregate demand and aggregate supply, which is known as effective demand. Effective demand shows that other factors like the level of employment are also determined by the interaction of demand and supply in the economy.
pricing
1. Pricing is the process of determining the monetary value of a product or service and involves establishing objectives, identifying factors that influence price, and formulating pricing strategies.
2. Pricing decisions are influenced by internal factors like product costs and marketing objectives that are within the company's control, as well as external factors in the market like demand, competition, and economic conditions that are outside the company's control.
3. The pricing process involves setting prices according to the product's stage in its lifecycle from introduction to growth, maturity, and decline, in order to maximize profits over time while meeting pricing objectives.
PRICING STRATEGIES AND POLICIES
This document discusses various pricing strategies that companies can employ. It describes policies where companies charge different prices to different buyers or customer classes. It also discusses geographic pricing based on location, discounts for quantity purchases or timely payments, and premiums for added services. Other strategies covered include price skimming, bundle pricing, odd/even pricing, price lining, prestige pricing, promotional pricing, and multiple-unit pricing. The goal of these various approaches is to maximize sales and profits through flexible and psychologically appealing price-setting.
PRICING
This document discusses three main methods of pricing determination: cost-based pricing, competition-based pricing, and demand-based pricing. Cost-based pricing includes cost-plus pricing and target return pricing methods. Competition-based pricing involves determining prices based on competitor prices using methods like going rate pricing and sealed bid pricing. Demand-based pricing takes customer demand into account and can use methods like perceived value pricing and modified break-even analysis to set prices according to demand levels.
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2) Other financial instruments include deposits in bank accounts, cash equivalents like money market holdings, and commodities like gold.
3) Non-financial instruments for investment include real estate (to generate rental income and capital appreciation) and other assets like precious metals.
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The document discusses the key concepts of investment. It defines investment as committing funds with the expectation of a positive return, where the return is proportional to the assumed risk. Investment involves using capital to generate a safe return over time through instruments that promise certain or uncertain future returns. The document contrasts investment with speculation and gambling, noting their different risk levels, return expectations, and decision-making bases. It also outlines different types of investors, features of investment programs, factors to consider in investment analysis and decision making, and various investment avenues and their characteristics.
Effective demand
Effective demand is defined as the level of aggregate demand that is equal to aggregate supply. Aggregate demand represents how much money entrepreneurs expect to receive from sales, while aggregate supply represents how much money entrepreneurs must receive from sales. The level of employment is determined by the equilibrium between aggregate demand and aggregate supply, which is known as effective demand. Effective demand shows that other factors like the level of employment are also determined by the interaction of demand and supply in the economy.
pricing
1. Pricing is the process of determining the monetary value of a product or service and involves establishing objectives, identifying factors that influence price, and formulating pricing strategies.
2. Pricing decisions are influenced by internal factors like product costs and marketing objectives that are within the company's control, as well as external factors in the market like demand, competition, and economic conditions that are outside the company's control.
3. The pricing process involves setting prices according to the product's stage in its lifecycle from introduction to growth, maturity, and decline, in order to maximize profits over time while meeting pricing objectives.
PRICING STRATEGIES AND POLICIES
This document discusses various pricing strategies that companies can employ. It describes policies where companies charge different prices to different buyers or customer classes. It also discusses geographic pricing based on location, discounts for quantity purchases or timely payments, and premiums for added services. Other strategies covered include price skimming, bundle pricing, odd/even pricing, price lining, prestige pricing, promotional pricing, and multiple-unit pricing. The goal of these various approaches is to maximize sales and profits through flexible and psychologically appealing price-setting.
PRICING
This document discusses three main methods of pricing determination: cost-based pricing, competition-based pricing, and demand-based pricing. Cost-based pricing includes cost-plus pricing and target return pricing methods. Competition-based pricing involves determining prices based on competitor prices using methods like going rate pricing and sealed bid pricing. Demand-based pricing takes customer demand into account and can use methods like perceived value pricing and modified break-even analysis to set prices according to demand levels.
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産学官共同プロジェクト 次世代型学びプロジェクト「ひの＠平山小」 説明会資料
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The document discusses concepts related to investment including definitions of investment, speculation, and gambling. It defines investment as the employment of funds on assets with the aim of earning income or capital appreciation over time while accepting risk. Speculation is described as short-term trading of securities in hopes of profiting from price changes, while gambling relies solely on chance. The document also outlines the investment process, constraints that impact investment decisions, and different investment strategies such as active versus passive portfolio strategies.
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Investment is generally defined as the application of money for earning more money in the future. There are several types of investments including stocks, bonds, mutual funds, real estate, and financial securities. Stocks represent shares of ownership in a company and earn dividends. Bonds are a loan to a company or government that pays fixed interest regularly and returns the principal at maturity. Mutual funds pool money from investors and invest in a mix of stocks and bonds managed by a fund manager. Real estate involves purchasing property like houses or land to generate rental income. Financial securities provide financial security through a mix of income, savings, and being debt-free.
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Income is money received for work or through investments over a period of time. It can come from wages, profits, rents, interest or other earnings. Most individuals earn income through work or investments. In most countries, the government taxes income before individuals receive it. Savings is income not spent on consumption. It involves putting money aside in accounts or reducing expenses. Investment is the use of savings to purchase assets with the goal of earning returns such as capital appreciation, dividends or interest. The main differences between savings and investment are their purposes (preserving wealth vs. growing wealth) and risk-reward profiles (low risk-low reward for savings vs. higher risk-higher potential reward for investments). Proper financial planning involves creating budgets
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This document provides an overview of international financial markets and the institutions that operate within them. It defines international financial markets as connecting those with surplus funds to those seeking funds globally. It then describes various types of markets and the roles of major financial institutions like investment banks, commercial banks, and mutual funds in facilitating the transfer of capital between savers and borrowers. It also outlines key settlement systems used for international cash transfers.
Concept of Investment
This document discusses portfolio management and concepts related to investment. It defines investment as the employment of funds with the aim of achieving additional income or growth over time. A portfolio is described as a combination of different securities that is constructed to meet an investor's goals of maximizing return while minimizing risk through diversification. Portfolio management involves evaluating and revising the portfolio in light of these objectives. The key differences between investment and speculation are also outlined, noting that investment involves lower risk and a longer time horizon compared to speculation.
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The document reports on various investment avenues, including financial assets like debt instruments (bonds, bank deposits, mutual funds), equity (shares, equity mutual funds), and non-financial assets like real estate and gold. It discusses different types of bonds like government bonds, corporate bonds, convertible bonds, and junk bonds. It also covers equity investments, stock markets, and mutual funds. Real estate, gold, and other tangible assets are also mentioned as investment options.
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The document reports on various investment avenues, including financial assets like debt instruments (bonds, fixed deposits), equity (shares), and non-financial assets like real estate and gold. It discusses different types of bonds like government bonds, corporate bonds, convertible bonds, and junk bonds. It also covers equity investments, stock markets, and mutual funds. Real estate, gold, and other tangible assets are also mentioned as popular investment avenues.
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Investors life cycle
1. The investor life cycle describes the different phases investors go through over their lifetime from early career to retirement.
2. In the early career phase, investors have a small net worth and are willing to take on higher risks in anticipation of higher returns.
3. As investors move through their mid-career, they accumulate assets and take on less risk by prioritizing capital preservation.
4. In retirement, investments become the primary source of income and capital preservation is the overriding concern with lower risk investments.
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The document discusses different types of investments and defines a unit trust investment. It states that a unit trust is a medium to long term investment where funds from multiple investors are pooled together and invested in a diversified portfolio by professional fund managers. This allows small investors to own a wide range of assets at affordable prices while spreading out risks. The document also outlines different categories of unit trust funds and their objectives.
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This document discusses different types of investments and the investment environment. It defines investment in both economic and finance terms and outlines key concepts like direct vs indirect investment, equity vs debt investment, and short vs long term investment. The document also covers different types of securities like stocks, bonds, derivatives, and more high or low risk options. Overall, the document provides an overview of various investment vehicles and considerations within the investment environment.
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1. The document discusses various topics related to security analysis and portfolio management including different types of financial markets and investment instruments, risk and return associated with investments, and the difference between investment and speculation.
2. It provides learning objectives about understanding financial markets and instruments, analyzing risk and return, and preparing financial plans for individual investors.
3. The document also covers various other topics such as inflation and interest rates, the power of compounding returns, what constitutes an investment, and how to select investments that match an investor's goals and risk tolerance.
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This document discusses the investment process. It defines an investment as any asset that generates positive income or increases in value. A portfolio is a collection of different investments. There are four main types of investments: property, debt, equity, and derivative securities. Property includes real estate and tangible assets. Debt represents loans that require interest payments. Equity represents ownership in a business or property, like common stock. Derivative securities derive their value from an underlying asset. The document also notes that higher risk investments provide higher average returns but also greater potential for losses.
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The document discusses cashflow diagrams, which are sketches that show how money "flows" between income, expenses, assets, and liabilities. It explains that the main difference between good and bad financial health is the relationship between income and expenses. Bad financial health means expenses account for all income each month using credit, while good financial health uses income to buy assets and pay off debts. The best financial scenario is when assets create income that pays expenses, achieving financial independence.
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Behavioural portfolio theory seeks to explain how and why investors make suboptimal decisions in constructing their portfolios due to certain behavioural biases. Investors divide their money into mental account layers arranged as a portfolio pyramid, with each layer corresponding to a specific goal. The theory posits that risk is managed by matching different assets to different investment objectives in these separate mental accounts, leading portfolios to have a variety of mini-portfolios and overlook interactions among accounts and assets.
Types of Multi-Asset Funds
A multi-asset fund, also known as a multiple-asset or multi-asset class, is an assortment of investments with comparable characteristics governed by the same rules and regulations. A multi-asset investor's portfolio could include a combination of bonds, cash, and real estate, whereas a single-class investor might only have stocks.
There are different kinds of multi-asset funds, one of them is hedge funds. Hedge funds invest in both traditional and alternative asset classes, taking a multi-asset class strategy to invest. Investors in hedge funds are given the option to choose from various multi-asset class investments; the main benefit of these investments is that they diversify an investor's portfolio.
Another type of multi-asset fund investment is target-date funds. Target-date funds are mutual funds that are designed to increase assets over a predetermined period. These funds are structured to meet an investor's financial needs at a future period, thus the phrase "target date." Most investors utilize a target-date fund to plan for their retirement. Also, investors preparing for an item of future expenditure are more likely to use target-date funds.
Target-risk funds are another kind of multi-asset fund. A target-risk fund is a type of investment fund that holds a diversified mix of stocks, bonds, and other investments to achieve a particular risk profile. A target-risk fund manager is in charge of supervising all of the securities held by the fund to ensure that the degree of risk does not exceed or fall below the fund's target-risk exposure.
Target-risk funds allow investors to modify their risk tolerance at any time during their lives. When investors are younger, they often desire greater risk or volatility, but they aim to limit their risk exposure as they become older and closer to retirement.
Risk tolerance funds are another type of multi-asset fund. Many mutual fund providers offer multi-asset class funds tailored to the client's risk tolerance. For example, a larger equity allocation would be found in aggressive funds, while a higher allocation to safer assets would be found in conservative funds.
A personal portfolio is another kind of multi-asset fund. One of the most fundamental ideas in investing and finance is the portfolio. Depending on the context, it can have a range of meanings. A portfolio is a collection of assets owned by one person or institution, such as stocks and bonds, real estate, or even cryptocurrencies. If a person has enough money, they could become their own asset manager and establish a multi-class portfolio.
Another type of multi-asset fund is income funds. To provide regular income to investors, income funds involve investment in high dividend-paying equities, government securities, certificates of deposits, corporate bonds, money market instruments, and debentures.
Income funds are a good option for investors who desire a steady and predictable income. This type of fund has a lower risk of defaulting. A
Investment mgnt. lilian b. salan
Investment management is the professional management of securities like stocks, bonds, and other assets to meet investors' specified goals. Investors may be individuals or institutions. There are various types of risks involved in investment like market risk, interest rate risk, inflation risk, and political risk. Managing these risks properly is important for investors and investment professionals.
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【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
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留信网认证的作用:
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→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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investment
- 1. Investment
- 2. AN INVESTMENT IS AN ACTIVITY IN WHICH EVERY PERSON IS INTERESTED TO INVEST MONEY IN ORDER TO EARN REGULAR RETURN. AMONG SEVERAL AVENUES OF INVESTMENT,THE INVESTMENT IN A SECURITY (EQUITY ,BOND) HAS ATTRACTED MOST OF THE ANALYSTS.
- 3. OTHER THAN THOSE AREAS..
- 5. MEANING: INVESTMENT REFERS TO COMMITMENT OF FUNDS, TOWARD PURCHASEOF SOME FINANCIAL ASSETS,THAT YIELD RETURN OVER SOME FUTURE PERIOD OF TIME.
- 6. DEFINITION “INVESTMENT IS SACRIFICE OF CERTAIN PRESENT VALUE FOR SOME UNCERTAIN FUTURE VALUE” ----SHARPE
- 7. INVEST EARLY INVEST REGULARLY INVEST FOR LONG TIME NOT FOR SHORT TIME
- 8. INVESTMENT IS REGARDLESS OF PEOPLE’S EDUCATION, STATUS,OCCUPATION, FAMILY BACKGROUND, HENCE ATTRACTS ALL. MAJORITY OF INVESTORS INCUR LOSSES THOSE WHOINCUR LOSSESDO NOT MANAGE THEIRINVESTMENTSCIENTIFICLLY , INSTEADTHEY FOLLOWOTHERSBLINDLY .
- 9. INVESTMENT V/S SPECULATION INVESTMENT • RISK A TRUE INVESTOR GENERALLY COMMITS HIS FUNDS TO LOW RISK INVESTMENT • TIME PERIOD LONG TERM IN NATURE. (E.g 2 YEARS, 3YEARS) SPECULATION SPECULATOR IS OFTEN PREPARED TO TAKE HIGH RISK IN ORDER TO GET HIS RETURNS SHORT TERM IN NATURE (E.g 3 MONTHS )
- 10. INVESTMENT • MOTIVE STEADY FLOW OF INCOME & CAPITAL GAINS ALSO • STABILITY OF INCOME VERY STABLE SPECULATION • ONLY TO HAVE CAPITAL GAINS RATHER THAN STEADY FLOW OF INCOME. UNCERTAIN
- 11. INVESTMENT • SOURCE OF INCOME EARNINGS OF ENTERPRISE SPECULATION • CHANGE IN MARKET PRICE
- 12. FEATURES
- 13. RETURN 1.MAIN OBJECTIVE 2.DEPENDS UPON MATURITY PERIOD AND OTHER FACTORS 3.IN FORM OF DIVIDEND, INTEREST,CAPITAL APPRICIATION
- 14. RISK 1. VARIES FROM INVESTMENT TO INVESTMENT 2.INVESTOR SHOULD INVEST ITS MONEY IN SUCH A WAY THAT RISK IS MINIMISED AND RETURN MAXIMISED. SAFETY EVERY INVESTOR MUST ENSURE SAFTY OF HIS INVESTMENT .CAPITAL SHOULD BE PAID BACK WITHOUT LOSS OF VALUE
- 15. LIQUIDITY 1. AN INVESTMENT WHICH IS EASILY MARKETABLE IS SAID TO BE POSSESSING LIQUIDITY. 2.AN INVESTMENT IS SAID TO BE HIGHLY MARKETABLE IF IT CAN BE TRANSACTED QUICKLY COST OF TRANSACTION IS LESS
- 16. o TAXADVANTAGES
- 17. SUBMITTEDTO:- MS.SANDEEP NANDRA SUBMITTED BY:- JASPREET KAUR 3119 M.COM
Editor's Notes
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