ABSTRACT: This study was aimed to examine the relationships between phubbing, attachment styles and social
anxiety variables in adults; also, to examine the predictors of individuals' socio-demographic characteristics on the
variables of the study. The sample of the study consisted of 260 adult people. According to the first findings of the
study, there was a significant negative relationship between the the Adult Attachment Style (AASS) and the the
Liebowitz Social Anxiety (LSAS), a significant negative relationship between (AASS) and the Generic Scale of
Phubbing (GSP), and a positive relationship between (LSAS) and the (GSP) was found. Secondly, it was determined
that there was no significant difference between the socio-demographic characteristics of the phubbing variable, and
there was a significant difference in the purpose of using the smart phone and the duration of using the smart phone.
While the variable of attachment styles differs significantly according to gender. Finally, although the social anxiety
variable does not differ according to income level, age groups and duration of social media use, it has been found to
differ according to gender. According to the results of the regression analysis, it is concluded that simple linear
regression can be established by seeing that these equations support the assumption of normality.
KEYWORDS: Attachment Styles, Social Anxiety, Phubbing
Running head RISK OF SOCIAL MEDIA TO DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS .docxtodd521
Running head: RISK OF SOCIAL MEDIA TO DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS 1
RISK OF SOCIAL MEDIA TO DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS 5
Risk of Social Media to Development of Adolescents
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Social media has a great impact on the lives of adolescents. Some of the effects of social media are good but others negatively influence social, moral, physical and spiritual development of the adolescents. Technological advancements and penetration of the communication networks have made social media, social networking sites and development of the smartphones have made accessibility of the social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, WeChat, Qzone, Google and many others readily available to the adolescents. However, there are significant risks that are associated with the use of social media that influence the development of adolescents.
Various studies have been done touching on the effect of social media on the development of adolescents and teenagers. Some studies consider both negative and positive effects of social media. However, in this particular study, we learn more on the risk factors hence we deal more on the negative effects of the social media on the development of the adolescent.
In the study conducted in the year 2019 by Keles, McCrae and Realish, they revealed that in 92% of the teenagers are the active users of social media. This clearly shows that teenagers are the greatest per cent that is the active users of the social media and therefore are mostly affected by social media.
In reviewing further studies to establish how social media can impact the development of the adolescent, Urie Bronfenbrenner makes it clear that type of the environment that people interact in will influence their behavior. This means that social media has the ability to influence adolescents negatively. It is therefore important to evaluate bad behaviors that are related to the use of social media and determine if they are applicable to adolescents.
In one particular study, it was revealed that mental disorders are very common among adolescents. In the United Kingdom, the study revealed that cases of the girls harming themselves had increased by 68%. Many of the cases of mental disorders were correlated to social media. On further analysis, it was identified that majority of the teenagers have multiples social accounts which demand much their attention, some do not have enough time to sleep while on the social media and others have been addicted to the social media which leads cases of the depression among the adolescents (Keles, McCrae & Grealish, 2019).
In another study, cyberbullying has been reported has the common problem of social media. This is the problems that teenagers are suffering in the hands of social media. In the year 2017, Underwood and Ehrenreich established that particular research done in 2014 had identified that 10-40% of the teenagers had reported having suffered from .
IntroductionMedia is always pointed at having negative effects ohildredzr1di
Introduction
Media is always pointed at having negative effects on mental health. Media, including social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, among others, have rapidly developed. Facebook is considered to be the largest social networking site used globally. In the past decade, media has caused various changes, especially in the way individuals interact as well as communicate. However, it is not clear whether these changes may have an impact on the usual human characters. Previous research carried out shows that prolonged use of media may be associated with signs of depression. In addition, studies have also shown that the effects are associated with low self-esteem, and this mainly affects adolescents and children.
However, other studies differ and have shown that media does not affect negatively and no mental problems associated with the use of media. Thus, the relationship between media and mental health is controversial, and many questions have remained unanswered. Moreover, the research on this topic has experienced a lot of challenges. This paper focuses on findings regarding the association between the media and mental health issues such as internet addiction, depression signs and symptoms and low self-esteem.
Media and Signs and symptoms of depression
Various reasons suggest that media users are at risk of getting depressed. This is because there are many factors that may cause a depressed individual to increase their use or begin to use a social networking site. Among the reasons why media is associated with depressive symptoms is that it may lead to negative changes in the personality characteristics of other users. Generally, internet use affects the social relationship to the extent of affecting participation in community life.
According to a study done by Kraut et al ., 1998 shows that increased time online is associated with reduced communication with other members of the family. This may result in an increased feeling of loneliness as well as depression. Further research suggests that computer use may have various negative effects, especially on the social development of children.
This research focused on investigating possible impacts of internet browsing and other online uses such as email checking on mental health.
As a result of the development of social networks, for example, Facebook in 2004, time spent online has greatly increased. On the other hand, time on interpersonal interaction has reduced, including among the family members. However, research on the relationship between the use of various social networking sites and depression has not been properly investigated. This is because most social networks and upgrade in the media are recent discoveries. According to a study carried out on high school population, it was found that there is a relationship between time spent on social networking sites and depressive symptoms(Pantic et al ., 2012).
However, different authors have found that media is no ...
Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameter...ijtsrd
The study examined attachment security and perceived parental psychological control as parameters of social value orientation among early adolescents. Participants for the study were 210 early adolescents who volunteered from NnamdiAzikiwe University High Awka. Participants’ age ranged from 11 to 15 years, with mean age of 13.26 years and standard deviation of 1.34. Three instruments were deployed for data collection secure domain of the attachment style questionnaire SDASQ by Van Oudenhoven, Hofstra, and Bakker 2003 , adopted version of psychological control domain of the parental control scale developed by Barber 1996 and social value orientation SVO developed by Schwartz 1994 . The study adopted correlation design and statistics appropriate for data analysis were correlation and multiple regression analysis enter method. Hypothesis one was confirmed and result showed that attachment security significantly and positively predicted social value orientation at B = .73 , P . 001. Hypothesis two result was not confirmed at B = .06, p .05. Hence, attachment security is a significant predictor of social value orientation. It was recommended that parents, teachers and care givers should ensure that they establish low anxiety type of relationship with their new born children in order to enhance low anxiety and low avoidance as this will help them at early adolescents to withstand peer pressure of during early adolescent. Nweke, Kingsley Onyibor | Dike Ibiwari Caroline | Dike, Adannia Amarachukwu | Umeaku Ndubuisi Nkemakonam "Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameters of Social Value Orientation among Early Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42368.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/psychology/42368/attachment-security-and-perceived-parental-psychological-control-as-parameters-of-social-value-orientation-among-early-adolescents/nweke-kingsley-onyibor
Running head RISK OF SOCIAL MEDIA TO DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS .docxtodd521
Running head: RISK OF SOCIAL MEDIA TO DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS 1
RISK OF SOCIAL MEDIA TO DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS 5
Risk of Social Media to Development of Adolescents
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Social media has a great impact on the lives of adolescents. Some of the effects of social media are good but others negatively influence social, moral, physical and spiritual development of the adolescents. Technological advancements and penetration of the communication networks have made social media, social networking sites and development of the smartphones have made accessibility of the social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, WeChat, Qzone, Google and many others readily available to the adolescents. However, there are significant risks that are associated with the use of social media that influence the development of adolescents.
Various studies have been done touching on the effect of social media on the development of adolescents and teenagers. Some studies consider both negative and positive effects of social media. However, in this particular study, we learn more on the risk factors hence we deal more on the negative effects of the social media on the development of the adolescent.
In the study conducted in the year 2019 by Keles, McCrae and Realish, they revealed that in 92% of the teenagers are the active users of social media. This clearly shows that teenagers are the greatest per cent that is the active users of the social media and therefore are mostly affected by social media.
In reviewing further studies to establish how social media can impact the development of the adolescent, Urie Bronfenbrenner makes it clear that type of the environment that people interact in will influence their behavior. This means that social media has the ability to influence adolescents negatively. It is therefore important to evaluate bad behaviors that are related to the use of social media and determine if they are applicable to adolescents.
In one particular study, it was revealed that mental disorders are very common among adolescents. In the United Kingdom, the study revealed that cases of the girls harming themselves had increased by 68%. Many of the cases of mental disorders were correlated to social media. On further analysis, it was identified that majority of the teenagers have multiples social accounts which demand much their attention, some do not have enough time to sleep while on the social media and others have been addicted to the social media which leads cases of the depression among the adolescents (Keles, McCrae & Grealish, 2019).
In another study, cyberbullying has been reported has the common problem of social media. This is the problems that teenagers are suffering in the hands of social media. In the year 2017, Underwood and Ehrenreich established that particular research done in 2014 had identified that 10-40% of the teenagers had reported having suffered from .
IntroductionMedia is always pointed at having negative effects ohildredzr1di
Introduction
Media is always pointed at having negative effects on mental health. Media, including social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, among others, have rapidly developed. Facebook is considered to be the largest social networking site used globally. In the past decade, media has caused various changes, especially in the way individuals interact as well as communicate. However, it is not clear whether these changes may have an impact on the usual human characters. Previous research carried out shows that prolonged use of media may be associated with signs of depression. In addition, studies have also shown that the effects are associated with low self-esteem, and this mainly affects adolescents and children.
However, other studies differ and have shown that media does not affect negatively and no mental problems associated with the use of media. Thus, the relationship between media and mental health is controversial, and many questions have remained unanswered. Moreover, the research on this topic has experienced a lot of challenges. This paper focuses on findings regarding the association between the media and mental health issues such as internet addiction, depression signs and symptoms and low self-esteem.
Media and Signs and symptoms of depression
Various reasons suggest that media users are at risk of getting depressed. This is because there are many factors that may cause a depressed individual to increase their use or begin to use a social networking site. Among the reasons why media is associated with depressive symptoms is that it may lead to negative changes in the personality characteristics of other users. Generally, internet use affects the social relationship to the extent of affecting participation in community life.
According to a study done by Kraut et al ., 1998 shows that increased time online is associated with reduced communication with other members of the family. This may result in an increased feeling of loneliness as well as depression. Further research suggests that computer use may have various negative effects, especially on the social development of children.
This research focused on investigating possible impacts of internet browsing and other online uses such as email checking on mental health.
As a result of the development of social networks, for example, Facebook in 2004, time spent online has greatly increased. On the other hand, time on interpersonal interaction has reduced, including among the family members. However, research on the relationship between the use of various social networking sites and depression has not been properly investigated. This is because most social networks and upgrade in the media are recent discoveries. According to a study carried out on high school population, it was found that there is a relationship between time spent on social networking sites and depressive symptoms(Pantic et al ., 2012).
However, different authors have found that media is no ...
Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameter...ijtsrd
The study examined attachment security and perceived parental psychological control as parameters of social value orientation among early adolescents. Participants for the study were 210 early adolescents who volunteered from NnamdiAzikiwe University High Awka. Participants’ age ranged from 11 to 15 years, with mean age of 13.26 years and standard deviation of 1.34. Three instruments were deployed for data collection secure domain of the attachment style questionnaire SDASQ by Van Oudenhoven, Hofstra, and Bakker 2003 , adopted version of psychological control domain of the parental control scale developed by Barber 1996 and social value orientation SVO developed by Schwartz 1994 . The study adopted correlation design and statistics appropriate for data analysis were correlation and multiple regression analysis enter method. Hypothesis one was confirmed and result showed that attachment security significantly and positively predicted social value orientation at B = .73 , P . 001. Hypothesis two result was not confirmed at B = .06, p .05. Hence, attachment security is a significant predictor of social value orientation. It was recommended that parents, teachers and care givers should ensure that they establish low anxiety type of relationship with their new born children in order to enhance low anxiety and low avoidance as this will help them at early adolescents to withstand peer pressure of during early adolescent. Nweke, Kingsley Onyibor | Dike Ibiwari Caroline | Dike, Adannia Amarachukwu | Umeaku Ndubuisi Nkemakonam "Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameters of Social Value Orientation among Early Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42368.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/psychology/42368/attachment-security-and-perceived-parental-psychological-control-as-parameters-of-social-value-orientation-among-early-adolescents/nweke-kingsley-onyibor
Models or categories of addictionThe moral modelThis is based .docxannandleola
Models or categories of addiction
The moral model
This is based on religious and legal perspective. It acts as guidance to the right and wrong ideology of individual conduct within the society. However, the people who use the ideology exercise their own choices on what to follow. Religion gives a guideline of how people would live together harmoniously, but the law is infinite, therefore, cannot be measured. If we subconsciously know the wrong and right without having a set of guideline does it mean that we are also wrong in God's law. We incur emotional feelings that are unmeasurable and seen through our actions and reactions, Newman et al. 2013. This is in consideration to the consequences that involved due to their action. In the case of alcohol abuse, the individual involved will have addiction to the substance due to personal choice.
Psychological model
This refers to the social and emotional attributes that leads to the substance use. According to Lewis et al. (2014), individualren experience psychological trauma as an aftermath of witnessing violent activities. The effect varies with the age and gender of the individualren involved. Factors consistent in the posttraumatic stress effect include anxiety attacks; heightened stress level; emotional instability; developmental issues; less cognitive and disrupted habitual patterns such as sleep, eating disorder and emotional or physical pain. Life complexities have resulted in acts that have emotional, mentality and ability to act within different individuals. The outcome encompasses merging the understanding of the inner person and the society. The attribution to the concept includes the behavioral, learning, psychodynamic and personality model.
Cognitive has the characteristics of a behavior motivated due to the experiences that occurred in the intake of the drug. For instance, the participant enjoyed the use of the substance would want to indulge in the activity once more. This encourages the repeat action of the individual. However NIAA argues that it results in depression, withdrawal and nervousness of the afflicted. The brain recognizes the substance thus develops withdrawal characteristics in the person.
Learning model use the alcohol to establish positive reinforcement to their attitude, personality or trait. The dependent use the substance so as to reduce attacks that causes nervousness, panic or anxiety, Capuzzi et al. 2012. The hindrance of effectiveness of learning program may be caused by the awareness disconnect of the brain. This caused by the level of trauma that affected the ability of the individual to separate the memory and emotions incapacitating them from learning experience. Rigidity in the behavioral pattern inhibits the learning experience due to the post trauma involvement that form emotional attachment thus incapacitated the adaptability to human assistance. This creates a communication barrier as the individual becomes slow in the learning process in addition inhi ...
Running head FINAL PROSPECTUSFINAL PROSPECTUS6Final.docxwlynn1
Running head: FINAL PROSPECTUS
FINAL PROSPECTUS
6
Final Prospectus
Argosy University
September 26, 2018
ABSTRACT
Social media is a dissenting topic, especially today. Some people have had the view that social media ruins human interaction not to mention real life human relationships. On the other hand, in the era of everything instant, the idea of living has drastically changed. Initially, people held the idea that life is too hard but with the advancement in technology it has now become a saying that life is easy. All this is attributable to modern technology and equally important globalization, in the sense that people are becoming more independent and interconnected. Social media has changed the world as people used to know it in the sense that people can do everything in an interconnected world that enables instant communication. Some of the most popular social networking includes Facebook, and Twitter among others. Similarly, in this era of social networking people’s idea of reality has greatly changed and people handle such things as relationship differently. This being the case, the objective of this paper is to develop a final prospectus regarding the impacts of social media. Mainly, the paper will focus its attention on the impact of social media and some of the ways that can be used to define the controversy between social media and youths below the 23 years of age.
Impact of Social Media
As mentioned in the discussion, there are many social networks to choose from such as Twitter, Snapchat and Instagram among others. In understanding how social media impacts the youth, it is imperative to look at both the pros and cons of social media on the youth. Essentially social media has reduced the world in a global village which means youths can share and interact easily and instant. Conferring with Ahn (2011), addiction to social media has resulted to poor performance in leaning institutions. Many bright students have resorted to bad behaviours because of social media. Ideally, social media has captured the attention of youths to an extent of not focusing on studies. The issue of mobile phones in learning institutions has invited an endless debate currently. Teachers have complained that students are using phones to connect with their friends and families through such networking sites like Facebook. This idea of using phones in classrooms has deteriorated student performance.
Additionally, youth are so addicted to social media that they do not study at home. Normally, students are supposed to maintain impartiality between social media and studies. This obsession with social media is detrimental to the youth lives. It is estimated that 70% of the district school block have access to social network sites. The rationale behind this is that online communities allow youths to build social capital. In other words, youths are able to access information, seek advice and share ideas through a network of relationships. Most of these SNS o.
Emotional Intelligence, Psychological Well-Being and Self-Esteem among Hearin...inventionjournals
The aim of this paper was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem among hearing-impaired students. Data from 36 hearing-impaired students were collected using simple random sampling at the Federation Special Education National Secondary School Penang, Malaysia. The Bar-On Emotional Quotient: Short (EQ-i: S) instrument, Ryff‘s psychological well-being and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were utilised to examine emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem. Dimensions of emotional intelligence consist of intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, and general mood while psychological well-being dimensions consist of selfacceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life and personal growth. Results indicated a moderate level of emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem. Significant positive correlations were found between self-esteem and overall emotional intelligence, overall psychological well-being, emotional intelligence dimensions (intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, and general mood) and psychological well-being dimensions (autonomy and environmental mastery). No significant correlation was found between the four dimensions of psychological well-being namely self-acceptance, positive relations with others, environmental mastery and personal growth. The findings of this study will enable the education authority to direct their special students in a way that best suits the institution and students goals.
Running Head EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS .docxtodd271
Running Head: EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS 1
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS 8
Effects of Social Media on the Youths
Institution
Name
Section One
The fact that social media has become part our daily live cannot be overlooked especially in the current innovations in technology. Access to devices such as smart phones and broadband internet has created an easy way through which any one can access any form of information that they want. Although the social media has played a special role in ensuring that the information that we is at our disposal, it has resulted in serious erosion of human morals and ethics. It is not surprising that people value their phones more than they do to their fellow human. However, this research will look at how the young people have been impacted by the social media.
The current widespread of the social are becoming an area of interest among the researchers especially about how it has affected the community around the world. Almost every individual is connected to at least one social media plat form and this has attracted the researchers to learn more about these platforms and how they have affected the community around. However, the most affected are the teenagers who have become fanatics of these platforms and have made them part of their daily life to an extent they cannot spend a minute without accessing them. This has never implication on their ethics, behavior and even their education.
Social media has both positive and negative implications to the youths and this paper seeks to address these impacts with a special focus on the youths.
The positive impacts is that the youths can interact with one another without meeting physically across the globe and this has enhanced creation of friendship and therefore, strong social ties. Moreover, the youths stay updated on the events that happen around the world at the comfort of their rooms or working places. Also, many youths have made the social media a source of their income and have utilized it to improve their lives through improved connections.
Despite the good aspects connected to the social media, it has the negative side too and this has bad implications on the youths. To begin with, social media reduces face to interactions as they spend most of their time in these online platforms. This isolation result in psychological, emotional mental and physical effects to the youths. The minor are also introduced to immoral behaviors such as homosexuality, lesbianism and other sexual misconducts. Further, the youths are exposed to pornographic content which result in early pregnancies among the young girls and also increase the chance of contracting sexually transmitted infections.
A comprehension of these issues will help the society find ways through which to reduce the youth prevalence to the problems associated with sta.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
Personality Development: Assessing the Effects of Single Parent Families on S...inventionjournals
Family structures are an important contributor to the physiological and behavioral development of students. It is hypothesized that personality development of students living with single parent is influenced by the type of family structure, parent with whom the child lives with and the amount of time spent by parents with their children. To investigate such influence, this study employed a cross-sectional co-relational research design. A snow ball sampling technique was used to identify respondents for sample. The study used a sample 60 students whereby 50% were from single parent homes and 50% from intact homes. Data was collected by use of questionnaire designed to identify factors that contribute to personality development of students. Personality development was measured using the Big Five dimensions of personality trait parameters namely openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. The analysis was presented using frequencies, percentages, t-test, independent test and one way ANOVA tests. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to aid in generating a summary of results which were represented in tabular form. The findings of the study showed that there was very little influence of family structure on the personality development of the students. The absence of a parent or the interaction and involvement of parents with their children doesn’t have an immense effect on the personality development of the children, thus the amount of time spent by parents with their children doesn’t influence the personality development of students. The results also revealed that the major causes of the existence of single parent families are death and divorce.
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDARY ...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Adolescence Offence and Social Responsibilities: Perspective Upper Class Boys...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Adolescence offence among upper-class boys remains shrouded in mystery. So scanty is our
knowledge of this group that a public image of the upper-class adolescent is non-existent, and neither the barest
trace nor suspicion is available of him as delinquent. Although the hard knot of delinquency (behavior that is apt
to try any public tolerance) is located in the bottom levels of the working class, limited studies (using selfreported techniques) have revealed delinquency throughout the class structure. But nothing is known about the
delinquency of boys who attend expensive private schools. The purpose of this paper is to study Bangladeshi
upper class adolescents’ involvement in different violent and criminal activities and their growing tendency to
commit acts of violence in high schools and the reasons behind them. This study therefore aims to provide such
data by attempting to understand the different influential factors that are closely related with the involvement of
adolescence offence in Bangladesh. This study is based on primary data of 200 upper class adolescents who are
involved in different criminal activities of Dhaka city, 40 parents, 30 secondary school teachers, 20 social
workers and on review of secondary literatures. After collecting the data they are transcribed, tabulated and
analyzed in terms of the research objectives. This study shows that parents’ detachment, low internet cost, social
media, reluctantness of law and enforcement agencies and friends’ influence play the most important role on
upper class adolescence offence. This study also recommends some ways to mitigate this problem.
KEY WORDS: adolescence, violence, social responsibility, mental health etc.
AdultsSokol, J. T. (2009) Identity Development Throughout the.docxgalerussel59292
Adults
Sokol, J. T. (2009) "Identity Development Throughout the Lifetime: An Examination of
Eriksonian Theory," Graduate Journal of Counseling Psychology1(2), Article 14.
Retrieved from http://epublications.marquette.edu/gjcp/vol1/iss2/14
In this article, Sokol reviews the Eriksonian theory through a person’s lifespan. Erikson proposed a life span model of human development that was composed of eight psychosocial stages. A person has to deal with inherent crisis throughout each stage so as to continue with development. He also added the influence that culture and society in general has on people’s development. In this article, the author closely examines the various stages of life span in regard to identity formation as proposed under the Eriksonian theory.
The author discusses identity development in adulthood in regard to the Eriksonian theory. He criticizes the Erikson on his failure to provide details on identity formation beyond adolescence and mainly provision of contradicting ideas. Erikson states that final identity is fixed at the close of adolescence while still maintaining that identity development goes beyond adolescence into adulthood. As per the author, identity development especially in terms of religion, politics, vocations and sexual choices occur during young adulthood. It continues through middle adulthood through change of circumstances where people reorganize goals and ambitions as well as careers. Women take up masculine characters and vice versa to experience perspective shifts. There is continuous examination and evaluation to revise choices and draw up new beginnings hence identity development.
This article is important since it evaluates one of the development theories in regard to human development. Identity formulation even if it mainly occurs in childhood and adolescence, it continues further into adulthood especially since they are more likely to reorganize their lives and take up new
Brent, W. R., & Daniel, M. (2009). Personality Trait Change in Adulthood. National Institute of
Health. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2743415/
The authors define personality traits as enduring patterns of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors among people that distinguish them from others. Recent cross sectional and also longitudinal research has shown that the development of personality traits does occur in all age groups across the life span. It specifically occurs mainly in middle aged people who also tend to score highly on conscientiousness and agreeableness and much lower in traits like neuroticism, openness and extraversion.
The authors conclude that the development of personality traits in ongoing from childhood through to late adulthood. In adulthood, it is mainly positively although that does not mean the final trait in the person. It is influenced by certain factors such as growing responsibility and changing circumstances. Most personality changes occur in adults between 20-40 years. As .
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
More Related Content
Similar to Investigation of the Relationships Between Phubbing, Attachment Styles and Social Anxiety Variables in Adults
Models or categories of addictionThe moral modelThis is based .docxannandleola
Models or categories of addiction
The moral model
This is based on religious and legal perspective. It acts as guidance to the right and wrong ideology of individual conduct within the society. However, the people who use the ideology exercise their own choices on what to follow. Religion gives a guideline of how people would live together harmoniously, but the law is infinite, therefore, cannot be measured. If we subconsciously know the wrong and right without having a set of guideline does it mean that we are also wrong in God's law. We incur emotional feelings that are unmeasurable and seen through our actions and reactions, Newman et al. 2013. This is in consideration to the consequences that involved due to their action. In the case of alcohol abuse, the individual involved will have addiction to the substance due to personal choice.
Psychological model
This refers to the social and emotional attributes that leads to the substance use. According to Lewis et al. (2014), individualren experience psychological trauma as an aftermath of witnessing violent activities. The effect varies with the age and gender of the individualren involved. Factors consistent in the posttraumatic stress effect include anxiety attacks; heightened stress level; emotional instability; developmental issues; less cognitive and disrupted habitual patterns such as sleep, eating disorder and emotional or physical pain. Life complexities have resulted in acts that have emotional, mentality and ability to act within different individuals. The outcome encompasses merging the understanding of the inner person and the society. The attribution to the concept includes the behavioral, learning, psychodynamic and personality model.
Cognitive has the characteristics of a behavior motivated due to the experiences that occurred in the intake of the drug. For instance, the participant enjoyed the use of the substance would want to indulge in the activity once more. This encourages the repeat action of the individual. However NIAA argues that it results in depression, withdrawal and nervousness of the afflicted. The brain recognizes the substance thus develops withdrawal characteristics in the person.
Learning model use the alcohol to establish positive reinforcement to their attitude, personality or trait. The dependent use the substance so as to reduce attacks that causes nervousness, panic or anxiety, Capuzzi et al. 2012. The hindrance of effectiveness of learning program may be caused by the awareness disconnect of the brain. This caused by the level of trauma that affected the ability of the individual to separate the memory and emotions incapacitating them from learning experience. Rigidity in the behavioral pattern inhibits the learning experience due to the post trauma involvement that form emotional attachment thus incapacitated the adaptability to human assistance. This creates a communication barrier as the individual becomes slow in the learning process in addition inhi ...
Running head FINAL PROSPECTUSFINAL PROSPECTUS6Final.docxwlynn1
Running head: FINAL PROSPECTUS
FINAL PROSPECTUS
6
Final Prospectus
Argosy University
September 26, 2018
ABSTRACT
Social media is a dissenting topic, especially today. Some people have had the view that social media ruins human interaction not to mention real life human relationships. On the other hand, in the era of everything instant, the idea of living has drastically changed. Initially, people held the idea that life is too hard but with the advancement in technology it has now become a saying that life is easy. All this is attributable to modern technology and equally important globalization, in the sense that people are becoming more independent and interconnected. Social media has changed the world as people used to know it in the sense that people can do everything in an interconnected world that enables instant communication. Some of the most popular social networking includes Facebook, and Twitter among others. Similarly, in this era of social networking people’s idea of reality has greatly changed and people handle such things as relationship differently. This being the case, the objective of this paper is to develop a final prospectus regarding the impacts of social media. Mainly, the paper will focus its attention on the impact of social media and some of the ways that can be used to define the controversy between social media and youths below the 23 years of age.
Impact of Social Media
As mentioned in the discussion, there are many social networks to choose from such as Twitter, Snapchat and Instagram among others. In understanding how social media impacts the youth, it is imperative to look at both the pros and cons of social media on the youth. Essentially social media has reduced the world in a global village which means youths can share and interact easily and instant. Conferring with Ahn (2011), addiction to social media has resulted to poor performance in leaning institutions. Many bright students have resorted to bad behaviours because of social media. Ideally, social media has captured the attention of youths to an extent of not focusing on studies. The issue of mobile phones in learning institutions has invited an endless debate currently. Teachers have complained that students are using phones to connect with their friends and families through such networking sites like Facebook. This idea of using phones in classrooms has deteriorated student performance.
Additionally, youth are so addicted to social media that they do not study at home. Normally, students are supposed to maintain impartiality between social media and studies. This obsession with social media is detrimental to the youth lives. It is estimated that 70% of the district school block have access to social network sites. The rationale behind this is that online communities allow youths to build social capital. In other words, youths are able to access information, seek advice and share ideas through a network of relationships. Most of these SNS o.
Emotional Intelligence, Psychological Well-Being and Self-Esteem among Hearin...inventionjournals
The aim of this paper was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem among hearing-impaired students. Data from 36 hearing-impaired students were collected using simple random sampling at the Federation Special Education National Secondary School Penang, Malaysia. The Bar-On Emotional Quotient: Short (EQ-i: S) instrument, Ryff‘s psychological well-being and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were utilised to examine emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem. Dimensions of emotional intelligence consist of intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, and general mood while psychological well-being dimensions consist of selfacceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life and personal growth. Results indicated a moderate level of emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem. Significant positive correlations were found between self-esteem and overall emotional intelligence, overall psychological well-being, emotional intelligence dimensions (intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, and general mood) and psychological well-being dimensions (autonomy and environmental mastery). No significant correlation was found between the four dimensions of psychological well-being namely self-acceptance, positive relations with others, environmental mastery and personal growth. The findings of this study will enable the education authority to direct their special students in a way that best suits the institution and students goals.
Running Head EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS .docxtodd271
Running Head: EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS 1
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS 8
Effects of Social Media on the Youths
Institution
Name
Section One
The fact that social media has become part our daily live cannot be overlooked especially in the current innovations in technology. Access to devices such as smart phones and broadband internet has created an easy way through which any one can access any form of information that they want. Although the social media has played a special role in ensuring that the information that we is at our disposal, it has resulted in serious erosion of human morals and ethics. It is not surprising that people value their phones more than they do to their fellow human. However, this research will look at how the young people have been impacted by the social media.
The current widespread of the social are becoming an area of interest among the researchers especially about how it has affected the community around the world. Almost every individual is connected to at least one social media plat form and this has attracted the researchers to learn more about these platforms and how they have affected the community around. However, the most affected are the teenagers who have become fanatics of these platforms and have made them part of their daily life to an extent they cannot spend a minute without accessing them. This has never implication on their ethics, behavior and even their education.
Social media has both positive and negative implications to the youths and this paper seeks to address these impacts with a special focus on the youths.
The positive impacts is that the youths can interact with one another without meeting physically across the globe and this has enhanced creation of friendship and therefore, strong social ties. Moreover, the youths stay updated on the events that happen around the world at the comfort of their rooms or working places. Also, many youths have made the social media a source of their income and have utilized it to improve their lives through improved connections.
Despite the good aspects connected to the social media, it has the negative side too and this has bad implications on the youths. To begin with, social media reduces face to interactions as they spend most of their time in these online platforms. This isolation result in psychological, emotional mental and physical effects to the youths. The minor are also introduced to immoral behaviors such as homosexuality, lesbianism and other sexual misconducts. Further, the youths are exposed to pornographic content which result in early pregnancies among the young girls and also increase the chance of contracting sexually transmitted infections.
A comprehension of these issues will help the society find ways through which to reduce the youth prevalence to the problems associated with sta.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
Personality Development: Assessing the Effects of Single Parent Families on S...inventionjournals
Family structures are an important contributor to the physiological and behavioral development of students. It is hypothesized that personality development of students living with single parent is influenced by the type of family structure, parent with whom the child lives with and the amount of time spent by parents with their children. To investigate such influence, this study employed a cross-sectional co-relational research design. A snow ball sampling technique was used to identify respondents for sample. The study used a sample 60 students whereby 50% were from single parent homes and 50% from intact homes. Data was collected by use of questionnaire designed to identify factors that contribute to personality development of students. Personality development was measured using the Big Five dimensions of personality trait parameters namely openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. The analysis was presented using frequencies, percentages, t-test, independent test and one way ANOVA tests. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to aid in generating a summary of results which were represented in tabular form. The findings of the study showed that there was very little influence of family structure on the personality development of the students. The absence of a parent or the interaction and involvement of parents with their children doesn’t have an immense effect on the personality development of the children, thus the amount of time spent by parents with their children doesn’t influence the personality development of students. The results also revealed that the major causes of the existence of single parent families are death and divorce.
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDARY ...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Adolescence Offence and Social Responsibilities: Perspective Upper Class Boys...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Adolescence offence among upper-class boys remains shrouded in mystery. So scanty is our
knowledge of this group that a public image of the upper-class adolescent is non-existent, and neither the barest
trace nor suspicion is available of him as delinquent. Although the hard knot of delinquency (behavior that is apt
to try any public tolerance) is located in the bottom levels of the working class, limited studies (using selfreported techniques) have revealed delinquency throughout the class structure. But nothing is known about the
delinquency of boys who attend expensive private schools. The purpose of this paper is to study Bangladeshi
upper class adolescents’ involvement in different violent and criminal activities and their growing tendency to
commit acts of violence in high schools and the reasons behind them. This study therefore aims to provide such
data by attempting to understand the different influential factors that are closely related with the involvement of
adolescence offence in Bangladesh. This study is based on primary data of 200 upper class adolescents who are
involved in different criminal activities of Dhaka city, 40 parents, 30 secondary school teachers, 20 social
workers and on review of secondary literatures. After collecting the data they are transcribed, tabulated and
analyzed in terms of the research objectives. This study shows that parents’ detachment, low internet cost, social
media, reluctantness of law and enforcement agencies and friends’ influence play the most important role on
upper class adolescence offence. This study also recommends some ways to mitigate this problem.
KEY WORDS: adolescence, violence, social responsibility, mental health etc.
AdultsSokol, J. T. (2009) Identity Development Throughout the.docxgalerussel59292
Adults
Sokol, J. T. (2009) "Identity Development Throughout the Lifetime: An Examination of
Eriksonian Theory," Graduate Journal of Counseling Psychology1(2), Article 14.
Retrieved from http://epublications.marquette.edu/gjcp/vol1/iss2/14
In this article, Sokol reviews the Eriksonian theory through a person’s lifespan. Erikson proposed a life span model of human development that was composed of eight psychosocial stages. A person has to deal with inherent crisis throughout each stage so as to continue with development. He also added the influence that culture and society in general has on people’s development. In this article, the author closely examines the various stages of life span in regard to identity formation as proposed under the Eriksonian theory.
The author discusses identity development in adulthood in regard to the Eriksonian theory. He criticizes the Erikson on his failure to provide details on identity formation beyond adolescence and mainly provision of contradicting ideas. Erikson states that final identity is fixed at the close of adolescence while still maintaining that identity development goes beyond adolescence into adulthood. As per the author, identity development especially in terms of religion, politics, vocations and sexual choices occur during young adulthood. It continues through middle adulthood through change of circumstances where people reorganize goals and ambitions as well as careers. Women take up masculine characters and vice versa to experience perspective shifts. There is continuous examination and evaluation to revise choices and draw up new beginnings hence identity development.
This article is important since it evaluates one of the development theories in regard to human development. Identity formulation even if it mainly occurs in childhood and adolescence, it continues further into adulthood especially since they are more likely to reorganize their lives and take up new
Brent, W. R., & Daniel, M. (2009). Personality Trait Change in Adulthood. National Institute of
Health. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2743415/
The authors define personality traits as enduring patterns of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors among people that distinguish them from others. Recent cross sectional and also longitudinal research has shown that the development of personality traits does occur in all age groups across the life span. It specifically occurs mainly in middle aged people who also tend to score highly on conscientiousness and agreeableness and much lower in traits like neuroticism, openness and extraversion.
The authors conclude that the development of personality traits in ongoing from childhood through to late adulthood. In adulthood, it is mainly positively although that does not mean the final trait in the person. It is influenced by certain factors such as growing responsibility and changing circumstances. Most personality changes occur in adults between 20-40 years. As .
Similar to Investigation of the Relationships Between Phubbing, Attachment Styles and Social Anxiety Variables in Adults (20)
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
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Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
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Investigation of the Relationships Between Phubbing, Attachment Styles and Social Anxiety Variables in Adults
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 131
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN : 2378-703X
Volume-06, Issue-05, pp-131-143
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Investigation of the Relationships Between Phubbing, Attachment
Styles and Social Anxiety Variables in Adults
Gülşah İmamoğlu1
, Prof. Dr. Ali Keyvan2
1
(Clinical Psychology/ Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul)
2
(Clinical Psychology/ Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul)
ABSTRACT: This study was aimed to examine the relationships between phubbing, attachment styles and social
anxiety variables in adults; also, to examine the predictors of individuals' socio-demographic characteristics on the
variables of the study. The sample of the study consisted of 260 adult people. According to the first findings of the
study, there was a significant negative relationship between the the Adult Attachment Style (AASS) and the the
Liebowitz Social Anxiety (LSAS), a significant negative relationship between (AASS) and the Generic Scale of
Phubbing (GSP), and a positive relationship between (LSAS) and the (GSP) was found. Secondly, it was determined
that there was no significant difference between the socio-demographic characteristics of the phubbing variable, and
there was a significant difference in the purpose of using the smart phone and the duration of using the smart phone.
While the variable of attachment styles differs significantly according to gender. Finally, although the social anxiety
variable does not differ according to income level, age groups and duration of social media use, it has been found to
differ according to gender. According to the results of the regression analysis, it is concluded that simple linear
regression can be established by seeing that these equations support the assumption of normality.
KEYWORDS: Attachment Styles, Social Anxiety, Phubbing
I. INTRODUCTION
Communication tools, which are the most important tools in interpersonal communication, have developed and
changed since the birth of human beings. The development of technology not only changes the means of
communication, but also indirectly changes the behavior and psychology of individuals. In today’s world, developing
technology can make people's life easier while making it difficult. The effects of today's technology which strengthens
and weakens interpersonal communication, on people are being investigated by many researchers. With the developing
technology day by day, the smart phone has an important place and effect in our lives. According to the 2021 Turkey
Statistics report data obtained from the digital world research prepared by We Are Social and Hootsuit on a global
scale, it has been determined that 97.2% of people between the ages of 16-64 in Turkey use smartphones. Along with
the increase in smart phone usage, there is an increase in internet and social media usage rates. According to the results
of the research, social media users are found to be equal to 70.8% of the population, with 6 million people. The number
of Internet users is 65 million, which is equal to 77.7% of the population [1]. Due to the great increase in smartphone
use, individuals may become addicted to smartphones. Individuals may be exposed to some negative psychological
effects with the use of smartphones and addiction. Phubbing is one of these effects [2]. Phubbing is when individuals
stay away from interpersonal communication by mentally giving their attention and perception to mobile devices
(smartphone, tablet, etc.) despite being physically present in the environment while communicating and interacting with
other individuals [3]. According to studies, phubbing which is one of the types of telephone addiction, is considered the
most dangerous among addictions for individuals. In addition, it is seen as a combination of social media, internet,
game and phone addictions that affect individuals psychologically [3,4]. Phubbing which is a problem for individuals,
can cause psychological and sociological disorders that cause significant effects on individuals' lives [2]. In two studies
in the literature, it has been determined that the phubbers status of individuals does not differ according to gender, and
phubbing is more common in younger individuals. In addition, it is seen that the incidence of phubbing has increased
due to the increase in internet use, social media use and playing games depending on the duration of smartphone use
[5,6].
When we look at interpersonal communication and interaction, the researches emphasize the importance of the bond
that individuals establish with other people and the quality of this bond in terms of relationships. The quality of the
interpersonal bond affects the quality of interpersonal communication [7]. The attachment of individuals to other people
and the quality and variety of this attachment constitute the theory of attachment. When we look at the attachment
theory developed by Bowbly and Ainsworth, the relationship established between the infant and the primary caregiver
2. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 132
in the first years of life is called "attachment". John Bowlby is the pioneer of the attachment theory, which includes
emotions and actions such as the baby calms down when the baby needs a primary caregiver and the baby's crying
when the baby is left with the caregiver [8]. According to attachment theory, people have a natural tendency to bond
with other people who are stronger and mature from birth. For this reason, people engage in attachment behavior to
bond with other people [9]. Bowlby argued that people form attachments with other individuals from the moment they
open their eyes to life and that this attachment continues its effects in the following years. Attachment is a concept that
has been shaped since infancy and that affects and shapes the individual's relationship with other people and the way of
establishing relationships in the future. While Ainsworth was developing his attachment theory, he defined the concept
of attachment in its operational sense with his experiment named “Strange Situation”. In the strange situation test,
stages such as the separation of the baby and the primary caregiver when they are together and the entry of a stranger
into the environment were tested. As a result of the experiment, it was concluded that the infant was attached to the
primary caregiver as a secure or insecure attachment (ambivalent and avoidant) [10]. The concept of attachment, which
is structured in childhood and affects the quality of individuals' relationships in adulthood, has been examined by Hazan
and Shaver. They investigated and modeled the effects of attachment styles on individuals' romantic relationships with
the opposite sex People who are supported by their primary caregivers, whose needs are met on time, and who have a
secure attachment style growing up in a safe environment can be a kind of people who can trust people, easily, establish
strong relationships with other people, be sensitive to the needs of others, and have low levels of anxiety in the future.
People whose needs are not satisfied on time by their primary caregivers, who are not supported, who grew up in an
insecure environment and who are insecurely attached may become people who have weak relationship skills, can
hardly trust people, have difficulty in establishing relationships with other people, remain insensitive to other people's
needs, and have high levels of anxiety. According to the studies in the literature, it has been determined that there is a
relationship between attachment styles and psychopathologies. People with an insecure attachment style may
experience high levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. It is stated that especially insecure attachment causes social
phobia [7, 8, 11].
The concept of social phobia can also be defined as social anxiety [7]. For some people, being in social situations,
socializing and interpersonal interaction become anxious, stressful and frightening. The fact that the individual is in the
society and being in contact with people becomes anxious is called "social anxiety". The individual with social anxiety
feels that he is constantly watched by other people, that he will be criticized negatively by other people and that he will
be funny. These feelings make life difficult for the individual and isolate the individual by keeping them away from
interpersonal interaction and communication. According to studies, the use of smartphones and social media increases
by individuals who avoid communication and have social anxiety. When individuals avoid meeting face-to-face with
other people, the areas they take refuge in are digital environments. From another point of view, the increase in social
media use causes social anxiety in individuals [12, 13]. In a study conducted by Görür, the level of fear of being
negatively evaluated was found to be high in adolescents with a high level of smartphone use. In addition, it has been
determined that the smartphone addiction levels of adolescent individuals who trust their primary caregivers are low
[14]. In a study conducted by Bıyıklı on randomly selected adult individuals in Istanbul, it was found that social anxiety
levels increased with the increase in individuals' internet addiction levels [13]. When the etiology of social anxiety is
examined in the literature, it has been determined that the fear of losing the mother's attention and love in childhood
causes an increase in the expectation of being accepted in the interpersonal interaction in the future. As a result, the
individual may experience social anxiety as a result of insecure attachment to his primary caregiver [13].In addition, in
a study conducted with 444 medical students in Turkey, it was found that positive (secure) attachment to primary
caregivers reduces the level of social anxiety [15].
When the literature is examined, it is seen that there are few studies on the relationship between social anxiety and
attachment in adults. It has been determined that the concept of sociotelism has taken its place in the literature in recent
years and there are very few studies. In this context, in this study, the relationships between sociotelism, attachment
styles and social anxiety levels in adult individuals were investigated.
II. RESEARCH METHODS
2.1.Research Model
In this research, the relational (correlational) survey model will be used, since the relationships between sociotelism,
attachment styles and social anxiety levels in adult individuals are examined.
2.2.Population and Sample
The population of the research consists of adult individuals aged 18 and over. To participate in this research, it is
necessary to be an individual over the age of 18 and to voluntarily participate in the research.
2.3.Data Collection Tools
2.3.1.Socio-Demographic Information Form:
It is a form created to collect demographic and personal information of adults over the age of 18
participating in the research.
3. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 133
2.3.2. Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP):
This scale, which was developed by Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas in 2018, was adapted into Turkish by
Orhan Göksün in 2019, and reliability and validity studies were performed. The questions of the scale which
consists of 15 items, are answered with a 7-point Likert system [16].
2.3.3.Adult Attachment Style Scale (AASS):
This scale which was created with the study of Hazan and Shaver in 1987, was adapted to Turkish in 2012
and the reliability and validity studies were carried out by Kesebir, Kökçü and Dereboy. In this 18-item scale,
the Likert system was abandoned and it was decided to give the answers as true/false [17].
2.3.4.Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS):
It is a scale created by Liebowitz et al. in 1987 to learn about social anxiety and fear levels. In 2003, the
scale was adapted to Turkish within the scope of the studies of Soykan, Özgüven and Gençöz, and validity and
reliability studies were carried out. For this scale which consists of 24 items, the sub-dimensions of anxiety and
fear are evaluated with a 4-point Likert scale [18].
2.4. Analysis of Data
Ethical approval permissions were obtained before the research was conducted, and then the scales used in the
research were distributed electronically via Google Forms as an online questionnaire. The data collected from the
individuals were measured and evaluated under the SPSS program. Parametric or non-parametric tests were applied,
considering whether the variables of Sociootelism, Attachment Styles and Social Anxiety levels were normally
distributed. When the normality assumptions were examined, Spearman or Pearson Correlation analyzes were applied
in the correlation analyzes, and in the difference tests, in case the sample was normally distributed, T-test in bivariate
analyzes; ANOVA was applied in more than two-variable analyses. In cases where the sample was not normally
distributed, more than two variables were subjected to the Kruskal Wallis test. Finally, simple linear regression analysis
was applied to examine the predictive level of the independent variable for the dependent variable.
III. RESULTS
In order to determine the method to be applied for the correlation analysis, it was discussed whether the scales were
normally distributed or not. When the skewness and kurtosis values of the first scale, adult attachment styles (AAS)
were examined, the skewness and kurtosis values were obtained as -,149 and ,026 respectively. In this context, it was
determined that the normality assumption for the AAS scale was met.
When the skewness and kurtosis values of the second scale, Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP), were examined, the
skewness and kurtosis values were obtained as .867 and .562 respectively, and it was determined that the GSP scale
met the assumption of normality.
Finally, when the skewness and kurtosis values of the third scale, Liebowitz Social Anxiety (LSA), are examined,
the skewness and kurtosis values were found to be 1.074 and 1.112 respectively, and it is seen that the LSA scale also
meets the normality assumption.
Table 1. Pearson's Rank Differences Correlation Coefficient
AAS_Score LSA_Score GSP_Score
AAS_Score Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
1
260
-,228**
,000
260
-,287**
,000
260
LSA_Score Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
-,228**
,000
260
1
260
,402**
,000
260
GSP_Score Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
-,287**
,000
260
,402**
,000
260
1
260
When Table 1 given above is examined, there are correlation values resulting from the combinations of each of the
variables. When the Liebowitz Social Anxiety (LSA) and Adult Attachment Style (AAS) scale variables were
examined, a significant negative correlation was found between them (r=-.228). When the variables of Generic Scale of
Phubbing (GSP) and Adult Attachment Style (AAS) scales were examined, it was also found that there was a
significant negative correlation (r=-.287). Finally, when the correlation values between the variables of the Liebowitz
Social Anxiety (LSA) and Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) scales are taken into account, it is seen that there is a
positive significant correlation, unlike other correlations (r=,402).
4. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 134
3.1.Phubbing And Income Level In Adult Individuals For The Differences Shown According To The
Qualitative Variables
When Table 2 is examined, it was found that the proposition "H1: Being a phubber differs according to
income level" was rejected statistically (p= ,080; p< 0.05).
Accordingly, no significant difference was found between phubbing and income level variables in adult
individuals.
Table 2. Phubbing and Income Level of Participants Kruskal-Wallis Test Results
Total N 260
Test Statistic 8,322
Degrees of Freedom 4
Asymptotic Sig. (2 sided-test) ,080
3.2. Phubbing And Gender In Adult Individuals For Differences Shown According To Qualitative
Variables
The analysis results shown in Table 3 showed that the proposition "H0: Being a phubber does not differ according to
gender" was statistically accepted (p= ,627; p< 0.05). According to this result, no significant difference was found
between the phubbing and gender variables in adult individuals.
Table 3. Phubbing and Gender Levene's Test Results of The Participants
Levene’s
Test for
Equality of
Variances T-Test For Equality Of Means
F Sig. t df Sig.
(2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
GSP_Score
Equal
variances
assummed
Equal
variances
not
assummed
,065 ,799 -,486
-,492
258
168,508
,627
,623
-1,13745
-1,13745
2,34003
2,31242
-5,74544
-5,70248
3,47055
3,42759
3.3. Phubbing And Age Group In Adult Individuals For The Differences Shown According To The
Qualitative Variables
As seen in Table 4, the proposition "H1: Being a phubber differs according to age group" was found to be rejected
statistically (p= ,315; p< 0.05). Thus, no significant difference was found between phubbing and age group variables in
adult individuals.
Table 4. Phubbing and Age Group Kruskal-Wallis Test Results Of The Participants
Total N 260
Test Statistic 4,737
Degrees of Freedom 4
Asymptotic Sig. (2 sided-test) ,315
5. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 135
3.4. Phubbing And Marital Status In Adult Individuals For Differences Shown According To
Qualitative Variables
Looking at Table 5, it is seen that the proposition "H0: Being a phubber does not differ according to marital status"
was accepted statistically (p= ,209; p< 0.05). For this reason, no significant difference was found between phubbing and
marital status variables in adult individuals.
Table 5. Phubbing and Marital Status ANOVA Test Results Of The Participants
GSP Score Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square
F Sig.
Between Groups 973,213 2 486,607 1,574 ,209
Within Groups 79431,033 257 309,070
Total 80404,246 259
3.5. Phubbing And Educational Status In Adult Individuals For The Differences Shown According To
The Qualitative Variables
According to the values given in Table 6, the proposition "H1: Being a phubber differs according to marital status" is
statistically rejected (p= ,811; p< 0.05). As a result, there is no significant difference between phubbing and
educational status variables in adult individuals.
Table 6. Phubbing and Educational Status of Participants Kruskal-Wallis Test Results
Total N 260
Test Statistic ,420
Degrees of Freedom 2
Asymptotic Sig. (2 sided-test) ,811
3.6. For The Differences Shown According To The Qualitative Variables, Phubbing In Adults And
The Purpose Of Using Smartphones
Since the P-value is lower than the threshold value according to the values given in Table 7, the proposition "H1:
Being a phubber differs according to the purpose of using a smartphone" is accepted (p= ,000; p< 0.05). As a result of
this information, there is a significant difference between the variables of phubbing and the purpose of using
smartphones in adult individuals.
Table 7. Phubbing and Purpose of Smart Phone Use of Participants Kruskal-Wallis Test Results
Total N 260
Test Statistic 22,382
Degrees of Freedom 2
Asymptotic Sig. (2 sided-test) ,000
Considering the groups with differences, as indicated in Table 8 below, a significant difference was observed
between the groups using the smartphone as communication & Messaging - Social Media (p=.000; p<0.05).
Table 8. Post-Hoc test Results Of The Participants' Phubbing and Purpose of Using Smartphones
Sample1-Sample2 Test
Statistic
Std.
Error
Std. Test
Statistic
Sig. Adj.Sig.
Communication & Message-
Entertainment&Photo/Vide
o & Internet
-7,590 17,641 -,430 ,667 1,000
Communication and
Message-Social Media
-45,274 9,824 -4,609 ,000 ,000*
Entertainment &
Photo/Video & Internet-
Social Media
-37,685 17,292 -2,179 ,029 ,088
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3.7. Phubbing And Time Spent On The Phone In Adults For Differences Shown By Qualitative
Variables
Since the P-value is lower than the threshold value according to the values given in Table 9, the proposition "H0:
Being a phubber does not differ according to the time spent on the phone" is rejected. (p= .000; p< 0.05). Thus, a
significant difference was observed between the variables of phubbing and time spent on the phone in adult individuals.
Table 9. Kruskal-Wallis Test Results Of The Participants' Phubbing and Time Spent on the Phone
Total N 259
Test Statistic 24,044
Degrees of Freedom 4
Asymptotic Sig. (2 sided-test) ,000
When the groups with differences were examined as indicated in Table 10 below, a significant difference was
observed between the groups that used the smartphone for 1 hour or less and the groups that used it between 2 and 4
hours (p=.007; p<0.05). Similarly, there was a respectively significant difference between the groups using
smartphones for 1 hour or less and that groups using smartphones for 5-7 hours (p=001), that groups using
smartphones for 8-10 hours (p=001) and lastly that groups using smartphones for 11 hours or more (p=000).
Table 10. Post-Hoc Test Results Of The Participants' Phubbing and Time Spent on the Phone
Sample1-Sample2 Test
Statistic
Std.
Error
Std. Test
Statistic
Sig. Adj.Sig.
1 hour and less than 2-4 hours -79,131 23,473 -3,371 ,001 ,007*
1 hour and less than 5-7 hours -89,763 23,044 -3,895 ,000 ,001*
1 hour and less than 8-10 hours -93,383 23,680 -3,944 ,000 ,001*
1 hour or less 11 or more -120,917 25,348 -4,770 ,000 ,000*
3.8. Attachment Styles And Income Level In Adult Individuals For The Differences Shown According
To The Qualitative Variables
When we look at the Table 11, it was found that the proposition "H0: Attachment styles do not differ according to
income level" was accepted statistically, since the P-value was greater than the threshold value (p= ,357; p< 0.05).
Accordingly, no significant difference was found between attachment styles and income level variables in adult
individuals.
Table 11. Attachment Styles and Income Level of Participants Kruskal-Wallis Test Results
Total N 260
Test Statistic 4,379
Degrees of Freedom 4
Asymptotic Sig. (2 sided-test) ,357
3.9. Attachment Styles And Gender In Adults For Differences Shown According To Qualitative
Variables
Table 12 is consdered, it was found that the proposition “H0: Attachment styles do not differ according to gender”
was statistically rejected because the P-value was greater than the threshold value (p= .000; p< 0.05). Accordingly, it is
seen that there is a significant difference between attachment styles and gender variable in adult individuals.
Table 12. Attachment Styles and Gender of Participants Levene's Test Results
Levene’s Test
for Equality of
Variances
T-Test For Equality Of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Differenc
e
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
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AAS_Score
Equal
variances
assummed
Equal
variances
not
assummed
1,418 ,235 3,535
3,458
258
154,690
,000
,001
1,30519
1,30519
,36927
,37749
,57803
,55949
2,03236
2,05090
3.10. Attachment Styles And Age Group In Adults For Differences Shown According To Qualitative
Variables
Considering the findings of Table 13, the proposition "H0: Attachment styles do not differ according to age group" is
accepted statistically, since the P-value is greater than the threshold value (p= .214; p< 0.05). Accordingly, there is no
significant difference between attachment styles and age group variables in adult individuals.
Table 13. Attachment Styles of Participants and Age Group ANOVA Test Results
AAS Score Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square
F Sig.
Between Groups 47,070 4 11,767 1,464 ,214
Within Groups 2050,234 255 8,040
Total 2097,304 259
3.11. Social Anxiety And Income Level In Adult Individuals For The Differences Shown According To
The Qualitative Variables
According to the values given in Table 14, it was found that the proposition "H1: Social anxiety differs according to
income level" was statistically rejected because the P-value was higher than the threshold value (p= .071; p< 0.05).
Accordingly, no significant difference was observed between social anxiety and income level variables in adult
individuals.
Table 14. Social Anxiety and Income Level of Participants Kruskal-Wallis Test Results
Total N 260
Test Statistic 8,634
Degrees of Freedom 4
Asymptotic Sig. (2 sided-test) ,071
3.12. Social Anxiety And Gender In Adults For Differences Shown According To Qualitative Variables
Considering the values in Table 15 below, the proposition "H1: Social anxiety differs according to gender" is
statistically accepted (p=.015; p< 0.05). Thus, it was determined that there was a significant difference between social
anxiety and gender variables in adult individuals.
Table 15. Social Anxiety and Gender Levene's Test Results Of The Participants
Levene’s Test
for Equality of
Variances
T-Test For Equality Of Means
F Sig. t df Sig.(2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std.
Error
Differen
ce
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
LSA_Score
Equal
variances
assummed
4,065 ,045 2,445 258 ,015 8,06331 3,29817 1,56855 14,55807
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Equal
variances
not
assummed 2,687 208,625 ,008 8,06331 3,00101 2,14712 13,97950
3.13. Social Anxiety And Age Group In Adults For Differences Shown According To Qualitative
Variables
Considering the findings of Table 16, the proposition "H0: Social anxiety does not differ according to age group" is
accepted statistically, since the P-value is greater than the threshold value (p=.171; p< 0.05). Accordingly, there is no
significant difference between social anxiety and age group variables in adults.
Table 16. Social Anxiety and Age Group Kruskal-Wallis Test Results Of The Participants
Total N 260
Test Statistic 6,408
Degrees of Freedom 4
Asymptotic Sig. (2 sided-test) ,171
3.14. Social Anxiety And Time Spent On Social Media In Adults For Differences In Qualitative
Variables
Considering the findings of Table 17, the proposition "H0: Social anxiety does not differ according to the time spent
on social media" is statistically accepted (p= ,315; p< 0.05), since the P-value is greater than the threshold value.
Accordingly, it was determined that there was no significant difference between social anxiety and time spent on social
media in adults.
Table 17. Participants' Social Anxiety and Time Spent on Social Media ANOVA Test Results
LSA Point Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1467,835 2 733,918 1,161 ,315
Within Groups 161777,354 256 631,943
Total 163245,189 258
3.15. Regression Analysis
3.15.1. Regression Analysis Results Between Phubbing and Attachment Styles
Table 18. The Effect of the Variable Phubbing on Attachment Styles Regression Validity Score
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 172,867 1 172,867 23,175 ,000i
Residual 1924,437 258 7,459
Total 2097,304 259
i: independent variable * p = ,000; p < 0,05
In the first regression equation, the predictor of attachment styles of phubbing was found to be p=.000.
The analysis was found to be significant because the P-value was lower than the threshold value according to
the values given in Table 18 (p = .000; p < 0.05). According to the regression analysis findings, R2= 0.082;
p= 0.079 was determined. In other words, GSP explains 7.9% of AAS.
Table 19. The Effect of the Variable Phubbing on Attachment Styles Regression Coefficients and Significance Scores
of Coefficients
Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients
Model B Std. Hata Beta t p
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1 (Constant)
GSP_Score
29,448
-,046
,454
,010 ,287
64,837
-4,814
,000
,000
Note:Constant= ß0; GSP_scale_score= ß1
According Table 19, ß0= 29,448 and ß1= -,046. It is seen that both values are statistically significant and the
hypothesis ß0, which is the hypothesis that the coefficient of these two variables is not significant, is rejected (p=.000;
p=.000; p<0.05).
When the GSP_scale_score variable is not in the regression, the attachment styles variable will measure 29,448.
When the GSP_scale_score variable is included in the equation, the attachment styles variable will decrease by .046 for
every 1 unit increase; likewise, for every 1 unit decrease, the variable of attachment styles will increase by .046.
3.15.2. Regression Analysis Results Between Phubbing and Social Anxiety
Table 20. The Effect of the Variable Phubbing on Social Anxiety Regression Validity Score
Model Sum of Squares df MeanSquare F Sig.
1 Regression 26341,263 1 26341,263 49,629 ,000i
Residual 136937,875 258 530,767
Total 163279,138 259
i: independent variable * p = ,000; p < 0,05
When the second regression equation, phubbing predicted social anxiety, p=.000 was found. The analysis was found
to be significant because the P-value was lower than the threshold value according to the values given in Table 20 (p =
.000; p < 0.05). According to the measured regression analysis findings, R2= 0.161; p= 0.158 was determined. In other
words, GSP represents 15.8% of LSA.
Table 21. The Effect of Phubbing Variable on Social Anxiety Regression Coefficients and Significance Scores of
Coefficients
Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients
Model B Std. Hata Beta t p
1 (Constant)
GSP_Score
13,772
,572
3,831
,081 ,402
3,595
7,045
,000
,000
Note:Constant= ß0; GSP_scale_score= ß1
Considering the findings in Table 21, it was calculated as ß0= 13,772 and ß1= ,572. Both of these values were found
to be statistically significant. For this reason, the ß0 hypothesis of 'the coefficient of these two variables is not
significant' is rejected (p=.000; p=.000; p<0.05).
When the GSP_scale_score variable is not included in the regression, the social anxiety variable will be measured as
13,772. When the GSP_scale_score variable is included in the equation, the social anxiety variable will increase by ,572
for every 1 unit increase; likewise, for every 1 unit decrease, the social anxiety variable will decrease by ,572.
3.15.3. Regression Analysis Results Between Attachment Styles and Social Anxiety
Table 22. The Effect of Attachment Styles Variable on Social Anxiety Regression Validity Score
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 8510,729 1 8510,729 14,187 ,000i
Residual 154768,409 258 599,878
Total 163279,138 259
i: independent variable * p = ,000; p < 0,05
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When the last regression equation, attachment styles predicted social anxiety, p=.000 was found. When Table 22 is
examined, it is seen that the analysis is significant according to the specified values (p = .000; p < 0.05). According to
the obtained regression analysis data, R2= 0.052; p= 0.048 was determined. From a different perspective, AAS explains
4.8% of LSA.
Table 23. The Effect of Attachment Styles on Social Anxiety Regression Coefficients and Significance Scores of
Coefficients
Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients
Model B Std. Hata Beta t p
1 (Constant)
AAS_Puan
94,050
-2,014
14,743
,535 -,228
6,379
-3,767
,000
,000
Note:Constant= ß0; ASS_scale_score = ß1
Looking at the data in Table 23, it was measured as ß0= 94,050 and ß1= -2,014. Both of these values were found to
be statistically significant. For this reason, the ß0 hypothesis of 'the coefficient of these two variables is not significant'
is rejected (p=.000; p=.000; p<0.05).
When the AAS_scale_score variable is not included in the regression, the social anxiety variable will be measured as
94,050. When the AAS_scale_score variable is included in the equation, the social anxiety variable will decrease by
2.014 for each 1 unit increase; likewise, for every 1 unit decrease, the social anxiety variable will increase by 2.014.
As a result of the analysis, three regressions were found that were significant. The first of these is the effect of the
phubbing variable on attachment styles; second, the effect of phubbing variable on social anxiety; The third is the
equations of the effect of attachment styles on social anxiety.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this study, the relationship between sociotelism, attachment styles and social anxiety levels in adult individuals
was examined. Considering the findings obtained from the Generic Scale of Phubbing Inventory, Adult Attachment
Styles inventory, and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Inventory, it was determined that there was a negative linear
relationship between the Adult Attachment Styles and Social Anxiety Levels inventories. In a study on this subject in
the literature, as the scores obtained from the parent attachment inventory increase, social anxiety, fear and avoidance
levels decrease. In other words, as social anxiety levels decrease, positive attachment increases [15]. Thus, the finding
of a negative linear relationship between the Adult Attachment Styles and Social Anxiety Levels inventories determined
in this study shows parallelism with other studies in the literature. As commented above, it is thought that the level of
social anxiety may decrease as people experience positive attachment.
Another finding in the study is a negative linear relationship between Adult Attachment Styles and Generic Scale of
Phubbing Inventories. When we look at the studies in the literature examining the relationship between attachment
styles and phubbing, it was found in one study that people with secure attachment use less mobile phones, and thus
phubbing decreases. In addition, it was found that the phubbing behaviors of insecurely attached people increased [19].
In another study in the literature, it was found that people with anxious attachment have stronger phubbing behaviors
[20].
The last finding of the relationship between the scales used in the study is a positive linear relationship between the
Liebowitz Social Anxiety and Generic Scale of Phubbing inventories. Considering the findings similar to this finding in
the literature, a significant positive relationship was found between social anxiety and phubbing according to the
findings calculated from a sample of 1067 people from different provinces of Turkey in the study conducted [21].
According to another study, it has been observed that people with high social anxiety do more phubbing [22]. Thus, the
result of a positive linear relationship between the Liebowitz Social Anxiety and Generic Scale of Phubbing inventories
found in this study is in line with several other studies in the literature. As mentioned above, it is thought that the higher
the level of social anxiety in people, the more phubbing may be seen.
When the qualitative variables of this study were examined, it was determined that while the sociotelism variable did
not differ according to the income level, gender, age group, marital status and education level, contrary to expectations,
it differed according to the purpose of using the smartphone and the time spent on the phone. Accordingly, it has been
observed that the groups using smartphones for Communication & Messaging and Social Media differ from other
groups. In addition, when the difference according to the duration of smartphone use is examined, respectively the
groups that use a smartphone for 1 hour or less, the groups that use it for 5-7 hours, the groups that use it between 8-10
hours, and the groups that use it for 11 hours or more, are divided into other groups difference was observed. When the
literature is scanned, there is not enough research in Turkey examining the purpose and duration of smartphone use and
phubbing. In a study found, it was found that individuals with phubbing mostly use their smartphones to receive news
from people on social media, to share, to view comments and photos, and then they turn to their smartphones to
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message, receive news and communicate with their partners [3]. Considering the aforementioned study and this
research, it is thought that people who engage in phubbing behavior will use their smartphones for communication,
messaging and social media. In another study, it was determined that phubbing is higher in single women, who consider
themselves to be smart phone addicts, and those who spend time with a smart phone before sleep [23]. In future studies,
it is suggested that phubber people use smartphones for what purpose and examine the duration of smartphone use.
Attachment styles which are another variable of the research, do not differ according to income level and age group,
but differ according to gender. According to the results found in a study, it was determined that attachment styles differ
according to gender. In the sample of this study which was not homogeneously distributed in terms of the number of
women and men, the avoidant attachment levels of male participants were high, while the levels of commitment and
anxious attachment of women were high [24]. It is thought that there may be a difference due to the unequal distribution
of male and female participants in the sample of this study. It is recommended to conduct a study with a more
homogeneous gender distribution for future studies.
Social anxiety variable which is the last variable of the research, does not show a significant difference according to
income level, age group and time spent on social media, but it differs according to gender. Looking at the literature
review, it is seen that the findings of gender differences in social anxiety are inconsistent. In a few studies, the level of
social anxiety in men was found to be different, while in some studies no difference was observed [25, 26]. In a study
conducted on students who were homogeneously distributed in terms of gender, a significant difference was found in
terms of gender when the scores obtained from the Fear of Negative Evaluation Inventory, Social Avoidance Inventory
and Restlessness Inventory of male and female students were calculated [27].
When the regression analyzes of the research are examined, it is seen that the independent variables predict the
dependent variables in each regression analysis. When these analyzes were examined, it was first determined that the
independent variable of phubbing was a predictor of the dependent variable of attachment styles. Phubbing explains
7.9% of Attachment Styles. Within the scope of the negative relationship between these two variables, it is seen that
while the average scores of phubbing increase, the mean scores of attachment styles decrease on the contrary. When we
look at a similar study in the literature related to this subject, it was determined that the phubbing levels of elderly
women and women with high anxiety attachment were relatively higher than other groups. At the same time, it was
found that avoidant attachment women had lower phubbing levels. In men, it was determined that anxious and avoidant
attached men were associated with a high level of phubbing perception. Thus, it was emphasized that the age,
relationship satisfaction and attachment styles of individuals predict the phubbing levels of individuals [25]. In another
regression analysis, it was stated that the independent variable of phubbing predicted social anxiety, which is the
dependent variable. Phubbing explains 15.8% of social anxiety. As a result of this analysis, it is seen that the average
scores of phubbing will increase in line with the positive relationship, while the average scores of social anxiety will
increase in the same direction. As a result of the data collected from 1,401 Chinese undergraduates in a study conducted
in China in the literature review, it is seen that students with a low income level in their family have increased peer
phubbing and it has been determined that there is an increased level of social anxiety in this direction [26]. In another
study in the literature, it was observed that peer phubbing supports social exclusion, and as a result, social anxiety
increases [27].Within the scope of the mentioned studies and this study, it is seen that there is a positive relationship
between phubbing and social anxiety. It was found that the independent variable of attachment styles which was the last
regression analysis, predicted the dependent variable of social anxiety. Attachment styles represent 4.8% of social
anxiety. It was concluded that there is a negative relationship between the mean scores of these two variables. In a study
on this subject, a sample of 118 individuals with social anxiety was used. In the study, two groups with social anxiety
were identified in terms of attachment styles. People in the anxious attachment group had less comfort in establishing
close relationships, less willingness to trust other people, and more anxiety about the possibility of rejection or
abandonment, compared to the non-clinical control sample. It was observed that the securely attached group had a
similar attachment profile compared to the non-clinical controls. In addition, it was determined that anxiously attached
patients had more distress, more fear of social interaction, and more fear of negative evaluation. The results of this
study show that attachment styles are an important predictor of how individuals with social anxiety are in social
relations and how they interpret their social world [28].
Within all these results, it is seen that there are some limitations in the sample, method and analysis of the research.
The variables examined in this study are limited to the inventories used. It should be noted that the sample used has
limitations due to its characteristics and gender not being homogeneously distributed. It should be considered that this
study was conducted under pandemic conditions. It should be taken into account that the probabilities of the sample
group being affected psychologically due to the conditions of the pandemic, and the difference between the variables
and their prediction status may be affected depending on the conditions of the pandemic. Considering all these reasons,
it is suggested that future studies can investigate this subject by using a sample homogeneously distributed in terms of
gender and different scales.
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