Using data from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), this study seeks to explore the
presence and relevance of NAE’s ‘Engineer of 2020’ competencies and key student learning outcomes
(SLOs) among samples of undergraduate engineering majors (UEMs). Data were analysed using a battery
of statistical tests assessing UEMs achievement of NAE SLOs, the extent to which SLO achievement in NAE
domains influence UEMs’ key outcomes (e.g., grades, satisfaction) and sense of belonging. Follow-up tests
explored meaningful differences among groups by race, gender, disability status, to name a few.
Implications for future engineering education policy, practice, pedagogy and research are highlighted.
TECHNOLOGY CAPACITY-BUILDING STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING PARTICIPATION & PERSIS...IJITE
This research model uses an emancipatory approach to address challenges of equity in the science,
technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce. Serious concerns about low minority participation
callfor arigorous evaluation of new pedagogical methods that effectively prepares underrepresented groups
for the increasingly digital world. The inability to achieve STEM workforce diversity goals is attributed to
the failure of the academic pipeline to maintain a steady flow of underrepresented minority students.
Formal curriculum frequently results in under-preparedness and a professional practices gap.
Exacerbating lower performance are fragile communities where issues such as poverty, single-parent
homes, incarceration, abuse, and homelessness disengage residents. Since data shows that more minorities
have computing and engineering degrees than work in the field [1], this discussions explores how
educational institutions can critically examine social and political realities that impede STEM diversity
while capturing cultural cues that identify personal barriersamongst underrepresented groups.
Technology Capacity Building Strategies for Increasing Participation & Persis...IJITE
This research model uses an emancipatory approach to address challenges of equity in the science,
technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce. Serious concerns about low minority participation
callfor arigorous evaluation of new pedagogical methods that effectively prepares underrepresented groups
for the increasingly digital world. The inability to achieve STEM workforce diversity goals is attributed to
the failure of the academic pipeline to maintain a steady flow of underrepresented minority students.
Formal curriculum frequently results in under-preparedness and a professional practices gap.
Exacerbating lower performance are fragile communities where issues such as poverty, single-parent
homes, incarceration, abuse, and homelessness disengage residents. Since data shows that more minorities
have computing and engineering degrees than work in the field [1], this discussions explores how
educational institutions can critically examine social and political realities that impede STEM diversity
while capturing cultural cues that identify personal barriersamongst underrepresented groups.
BARRIERS FOR FEMALES TO PURSUE STEM CAREERS AND STUDIES AT HIGHER EDUCATION I...IJCSES Journal
Background and context: Even when the modern world is transitioning quickly into the digital age, the
gender gap continues to be more acute. Social scientists note the low number of women in Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Maths (STEM) as a scientific, creative, economic, and innovative potential
loss. The importance of women’s participation in technical sciences and technical production is also
recognized as a factor for stable social development. Objective and method: A scoping review has been
conducted to study females’ reasonings and society-based explanations for females to choose STEM
studies at the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) level. The goal is to understand the reasons for the low
number of females in STEM careers related to education in STEM and to reveal the underlying
phenomenon. Results: The gender attitudes and stereotypes inherent in boy and girl children’s spare time
and school life narrow the children's possibilities from what specific education and career direction they
can choose. But only a few genetics and physical differences could postulate and explain this status quo.
Humans have formed a particular social framework; in the process, we have socialized childhood and
education. When choosing a future specialization, the society in which the child grew up, the family that
brought him up, and what traditions they invested in are much more important than his gender.
Implications: Based on our results, we summarise the scattered knowledge base and utilize the analyzed
summary for recommendations to further the development of HEI programs to make them more fitting for
both genders and help reduce the gender gap. The universities should cover the achievements of females,
more often in their media channels, related to the previously mentioned interest in STEM, based on the
presence of a role model. When choosing a university, girls can see a real example and be inspired to study
STEM majors
Barriers for Females to Pursue Stem Careers and Studies at Higher Education I...IJCSES Journal
Background and context: Even when the modern world is transitioning quickly into the digital age, the gender gap continues to be more acute. Social scientists note the low number of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Maths (STEM) as a scientific, creative, economic, and innovative potential loss. The importance of women’s participation in technical sciences and technical production is also recognized as a factor for stable social development. Objective and method: A scoping review has been conducted to study females’ reasonings and society-based explanations for females to choose STEM studies at the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) level. The goal is to understand the reasons for the low number of females in STEM careers related to education in STEM and to reveal the underlying phenomenon. Results: The gender attitudes and stereotypes inherent in boy and girl children’s spare time and school life narrow the children's possibilities from what specific education and career direction they can choose. But only a few genetics and physical differences could postulate and explain this status quo. Humans have formed a particular social framework; in the process, we have socialized childhood and education. When choosing a future specialization, the society in which the child grew up, the family that brought him up, and what traditions they invested in are much more important than his gender. Implications: Based on our results, we summarise the scattered knowledge base and utilize the analyzed summary for recommendations to further the development of HEI programs to make them more fitting for both genders and help reduce the gender gap. The universities should cover the achievements of females, more often in their media channels, related to the previously mentioned interest in STEM, based on the presence of a role model. When choosing a university, girls can see a real example and be inspired to study STEM majors.
Running head VICTIM BLAMING1SEXUAL ASSAULT2Obstacles.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: VICTIM BLAMING
1
SEXUAL ASSAULT
2
Obstacles
Before provide the measurement tool, it is very important to acknowledge the possible obstacles towards fighting the issue of victim blaming problems. Making action toward this problem can make individuals reluctant from report any cases of assault. In addition, the society can be prone to engage in deviant sexual behaviors based on its conditioning and socialization over their entire lifetime (Kerig & Becker, 2015). Another major obstacle is the burden of proof in legal environments. The survivors who make a sexual harassment report are expected to show evidence of the harassment.
Measurement
Tools and Operation
Every goal and objective is going to be measured by different methods to ensure the effectiveness of the intervention on micro, mezzo, and macro level. In addition, goals and objectives are very important in the progress of the improvement. There will be some goals and objectives that will be measured by the same tool. For example,
The goals that aim to provide a safe environment and reduce the use of victim blaming language are going to be measured by gathering the number of CALU students, deans, the student conduct officers, faculty, and campus police officers who attend the mandatory on-line trainings. In addition, each on-line training is going to ask participants to answer the survey on the end in order to measure their knowledge on the learning materials. To operate this measurement, Stroger Together organization is going to be gather all the numbers of participants and their answers on the surveys. This operation is going to be happened every time when the trainings are launched.
To measure the effectiveness of training the harassed students who want to become an advocate, the organization is going to have pre and post-test that measure the students' confidence and ability to engage in the advocacy. To operate this measurement, the social worker and the counselor who are in charge of training those students are going to utilize the pre-test before every training and post-test after every training in order to acknowledge their strengths and weakness.
The last measurement tool is going to be creating a follow-up plan with the referred students due to their severity of their mental and social needs. The plan is going to be, "before referring the students to on or off campus resources, there is going to be a form that every student is going to fill out, which include their information contact, the most important resources that will meet their needs, Stronger together's contact, and hot-line for Domestic violence shelter." The student is going to informed that her or she will receive a phone call to make sure their needs are met. Then, the worker who refer the student is going to document the progress that the student makes.
The CALU students who had sexual assault experiences might not go to counseling center because of a shame feeling with us and it is one of the ...
1) Stereotyping of computer science as a male-dominated field has discouraged girls from pursuing related careers. Research shows using gaming to teach computing concepts at a young age and providing female mentors may help break down stereotypes.
2) Studies found that girls had lower self-efficacy and interest in computer science due to societal stereotypes. However, programs that used gaming to teach concepts and matched girls with STEM mentors were shown to increase girls' skills, knowledge of careers, and intentions to study STEM fields.
3) Research also found that using a female interface agent when teaching math and engineering concepts helped raise girls' self-efficacy, interest, and performance compared to groups without
Ch5 e research and scholarly community in the humanitiesWebometrics Class
This document summarizes a study on the Network of Early European Research (NEER), an Australian network that aims to support research on European culture and history between the 5th and 19th centuries. The study found that while NEER members see it primarily as a network to expand contacts and access information, it has also fostered some collaborative research projects. Participation in NEER impacted about half of members' understanding of scholarly community, enabling new opportunities for collaboration, information sharing, and relationship building. However, for some members a true sense of community remained a potential that required more time to develop interpersonal connections.
College Cheating Immaturity, Lack of Commitment, and the Neut.docxmonicafrancis71118
This document summarizes a study that examined factors underlying student cheating in college. Through a survey of 380 students, the researchers found that over half reported cheating during the academic year. Factor analysis identified three primary factors influencing cheating: student immaturity, lack of commitment to academics, and neutralization. Neutralization refers to justifying deviant acts to deflect blame. Cheaters reported higher levels of neutralization and were most deterred by formal punishments rather than feelings of guilt. The study provides insight into motivations for cheating and suggestions for further research.
TECHNOLOGY CAPACITY-BUILDING STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING PARTICIPATION & PERSIS...IJITE
This research model uses an emancipatory approach to address challenges of equity in the science,
technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce. Serious concerns about low minority participation
callfor arigorous evaluation of new pedagogical methods that effectively prepares underrepresented groups
for the increasingly digital world. The inability to achieve STEM workforce diversity goals is attributed to
the failure of the academic pipeline to maintain a steady flow of underrepresented minority students.
Formal curriculum frequently results in under-preparedness and a professional practices gap.
Exacerbating lower performance are fragile communities where issues such as poverty, single-parent
homes, incarceration, abuse, and homelessness disengage residents. Since data shows that more minorities
have computing and engineering degrees than work in the field [1], this discussions explores how
educational institutions can critically examine social and political realities that impede STEM diversity
while capturing cultural cues that identify personal barriersamongst underrepresented groups.
Technology Capacity Building Strategies for Increasing Participation & Persis...IJITE
This research model uses an emancipatory approach to address challenges of equity in the science,
technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce. Serious concerns about low minority participation
callfor arigorous evaluation of new pedagogical methods that effectively prepares underrepresented groups
for the increasingly digital world. The inability to achieve STEM workforce diversity goals is attributed to
the failure of the academic pipeline to maintain a steady flow of underrepresented minority students.
Formal curriculum frequently results in under-preparedness and a professional practices gap.
Exacerbating lower performance are fragile communities where issues such as poverty, single-parent
homes, incarceration, abuse, and homelessness disengage residents. Since data shows that more minorities
have computing and engineering degrees than work in the field [1], this discussions explores how
educational institutions can critically examine social and political realities that impede STEM diversity
while capturing cultural cues that identify personal barriersamongst underrepresented groups.
BARRIERS FOR FEMALES TO PURSUE STEM CAREERS AND STUDIES AT HIGHER EDUCATION I...IJCSES Journal
Background and context: Even when the modern world is transitioning quickly into the digital age, the
gender gap continues to be more acute. Social scientists note the low number of women in Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Maths (STEM) as a scientific, creative, economic, and innovative potential
loss. The importance of women’s participation in technical sciences and technical production is also
recognized as a factor for stable social development. Objective and method: A scoping review has been
conducted to study females’ reasonings and society-based explanations for females to choose STEM
studies at the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) level. The goal is to understand the reasons for the low
number of females in STEM careers related to education in STEM and to reveal the underlying
phenomenon. Results: The gender attitudes and stereotypes inherent in boy and girl children’s spare time
and school life narrow the children's possibilities from what specific education and career direction they
can choose. But only a few genetics and physical differences could postulate and explain this status quo.
Humans have formed a particular social framework; in the process, we have socialized childhood and
education. When choosing a future specialization, the society in which the child grew up, the family that
brought him up, and what traditions they invested in are much more important than his gender.
Implications: Based on our results, we summarise the scattered knowledge base and utilize the analyzed
summary for recommendations to further the development of HEI programs to make them more fitting for
both genders and help reduce the gender gap. The universities should cover the achievements of females,
more often in their media channels, related to the previously mentioned interest in STEM, based on the
presence of a role model. When choosing a university, girls can see a real example and be inspired to study
STEM majors
Barriers for Females to Pursue Stem Careers and Studies at Higher Education I...IJCSES Journal
Background and context: Even when the modern world is transitioning quickly into the digital age, the gender gap continues to be more acute. Social scientists note the low number of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Maths (STEM) as a scientific, creative, economic, and innovative potential loss. The importance of women’s participation in technical sciences and technical production is also recognized as a factor for stable social development. Objective and method: A scoping review has been conducted to study females’ reasonings and society-based explanations for females to choose STEM studies at the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) level. The goal is to understand the reasons for the low number of females in STEM careers related to education in STEM and to reveal the underlying phenomenon. Results: The gender attitudes and stereotypes inherent in boy and girl children’s spare time and school life narrow the children's possibilities from what specific education and career direction they can choose. But only a few genetics and physical differences could postulate and explain this status quo. Humans have formed a particular social framework; in the process, we have socialized childhood and education. When choosing a future specialization, the society in which the child grew up, the family that brought him up, and what traditions they invested in are much more important than his gender. Implications: Based on our results, we summarise the scattered knowledge base and utilize the analyzed summary for recommendations to further the development of HEI programs to make them more fitting for both genders and help reduce the gender gap. The universities should cover the achievements of females, more often in their media channels, related to the previously mentioned interest in STEM, based on the presence of a role model. When choosing a university, girls can see a real example and be inspired to study STEM majors.
Running head VICTIM BLAMING1SEXUAL ASSAULT2Obstacles.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: VICTIM BLAMING
1
SEXUAL ASSAULT
2
Obstacles
Before provide the measurement tool, it is very important to acknowledge the possible obstacles towards fighting the issue of victim blaming problems. Making action toward this problem can make individuals reluctant from report any cases of assault. In addition, the society can be prone to engage in deviant sexual behaviors based on its conditioning and socialization over their entire lifetime (Kerig & Becker, 2015). Another major obstacle is the burden of proof in legal environments. The survivors who make a sexual harassment report are expected to show evidence of the harassment.
Measurement
Tools and Operation
Every goal and objective is going to be measured by different methods to ensure the effectiveness of the intervention on micro, mezzo, and macro level. In addition, goals and objectives are very important in the progress of the improvement. There will be some goals and objectives that will be measured by the same tool. For example,
The goals that aim to provide a safe environment and reduce the use of victim blaming language are going to be measured by gathering the number of CALU students, deans, the student conduct officers, faculty, and campus police officers who attend the mandatory on-line trainings. In addition, each on-line training is going to ask participants to answer the survey on the end in order to measure their knowledge on the learning materials. To operate this measurement, Stroger Together organization is going to be gather all the numbers of participants and their answers on the surveys. This operation is going to be happened every time when the trainings are launched.
To measure the effectiveness of training the harassed students who want to become an advocate, the organization is going to have pre and post-test that measure the students' confidence and ability to engage in the advocacy. To operate this measurement, the social worker and the counselor who are in charge of training those students are going to utilize the pre-test before every training and post-test after every training in order to acknowledge their strengths and weakness.
The last measurement tool is going to be creating a follow-up plan with the referred students due to their severity of their mental and social needs. The plan is going to be, "before referring the students to on or off campus resources, there is going to be a form that every student is going to fill out, which include their information contact, the most important resources that will meet their needs, Stronger together's contact, and hot-line for Domestic violence shelter." The student is going to informed that her or she will receive a phone call to make sure their needs are met. Then, the worker who refer the student is going to document the progress that the student makes.
The CALU students who had sexual assault experiences might not go to counseling center because of a shame feeling with us and it is one of the ...
1) Stereotyping of computer science as a male-dominated field has discouraged girls from pursuing related careers. Research shows using gaming to teach computing concepts at a young age and providing female mentors may help break down stereotypes.
2) Studies found that girls had lower self-efficacy and interest in computer science due to societal stereotypes. However, programs that used gaming to teach concepts and matched girls with STEM mentors were shown to increase girls' skills, knowledge of careers, and intentions to study STEM fields.
3) Research also found that using a female interface agent when teaching math and engineering concepts helped raise girls' self-efficacy, interest, and performance compared to groups without
Ch5 e research and scholarly community in the humanitiesWebometrics Class
This document summarizes a study on the Network of Early European Research (NEER), an Australian network that aims to support research on European culture and history between the 5th and 19th centuries. The study found that while NEER members see it primarily as a network to expand contacts and access information, it has also fostered some collaborative research projects. Participation in NEER impacted about half of members' understanding of scholarly community, enabling new opportunities for collaboration, information sharing, and relationship building. However, for some members a true sense of community remained a potential that required more time to develop interpersonal connections.
College Cheating Immaturity, Lack of Commitment, and the Neut.docxmonicafrancis71118
This document summarizes a study that examined factors underlying student cheating in college. Through a survey of 380 students, the researchers found that over half reported cheating during the academic year. Factor analysis identified three primary factors influencing cheating: student immaturity, lack of commitment to academics, and neutralization. Neutralization refers to justifying deviant acts to deflect blame. Cheaters reported higher levels of neutralization and were most deterred by formal punishments rather than feelings of guilt. The study provides insight into motivations for cheating and suggestions for further research.
The document discusses the cultural significance of visual art and architecture, noting that art can convey stories, movements, spiritual beliefs, and technological advances across language barriers. It recognizes that art has aesthetic, historic, scientific, and social value for past, present, and future generations. Examples are provided of how art can communicate important historic events and periods through styles and materials used, such as the Stone Age Venus of Willendorf sculpture which showed early evidence of religion and superstition.
Page 291LEARNING OBJECTIVES· Discuss the issues created by.docxkarlhennesey
Page 291
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Discuss the issues created by generalizing research results to other populations, including potential problems using college students as research participants.
· Discuss issues to consider regarding generalization of research results to other cultures and ethnic groups.
· Describe the potential problem of generalizing to other experimenters and suggest possible solutions.
· Discuss the importance of replications, distinguishing between exact replications and conceptual replications.
· Distinguish between narrative literature reviews and meta-analyses.
Page 292IN THIS CHAPTER, WE WILL CONSIDER THE ISSUE OF GENERALIZATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS. When a single study is conducted with a particular sample and procedure, can the results then be generalized to other populations of research participants, or to other ways of manipulating or measuring the variables? Recall from Chapter 4 that internal validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables. External validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized.
GENERALIZING TO OTHER POPULATIONS
Even though a researcher may randomly assign participants to experimental conditions, rarely are participants randomly selected from the general population. As we noted in Chapters 7 and 9, the individuals who participate in psychological research are usually selected because they are available, and the most available population consists of college students—or more specifically, first- and second-year students enrolled in the introductory psychology course to satisfy a general education requirement. They may also be from a particular college or university, may be volunteers, or may be mostly males or mostly females. So, are our research findings limited to these types of subjects, or can we generalize our findings to a more general population? After considering these issues, we will examine the larger issue of culture and how research findings can be generalized to different cultural groups.
College Students
Smart (1966) found that college students were studied in over 70% of the articles published between 1962 and 1964 in the Journal of Experimental Psychology and the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. Sears (1986) reported similar percentages in 1980 and 1985 in a variety of social psychology journals; Arnett (2008) found that 67% of the articles in the 2007 volume of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology used college student samples. The potential problem is that such studies use a highly restricted population. Sears points out that most of the students are first-year students and sophomores taking the introductory psychology class. They therefore tend to be young and to possess the characteristics of emerging adults: a sense of self-identity that is still developing, social and political attitudes that are in a state of flux, a high need for peer approval, and unstable peer relationships. They are intelligent ...
Teaching undergradutae statisitcs using dating adssharon methvin
This document describes a teaching technique used in an undergraduate statistics course where students analyze personal dating advertisements to learn key statistical concepts in a personally meaningful way. Students collect two samples of 10 ads each and record data on the advertisers' ages and their desired age ranges for dates. They then calculate summary and inferential statistics on this data for various sections of a course portfolio. This experiential learning approach helps students understand statistics' real-world applications and retain knowledge longer term compared to traditional techniques.
This document is a dissertation submitted by a student to the University of Leeds. The dissertation examines factors influencing differences in educational outcomes between social groups, with a focus on working-class ethnic minority males.
The introduction provides background on previous research that has tended to view social groups like gender, ethnicity and social class in isolation rather than considering their intersections. The student then outlines Pierre Bourdieu's theory of social and cultural reproduction and its relevance to explaining educational inequalities.
The literature review examines previous research on the influence of gender, ethnicity and social class on educational achievement. It discusses debates around viewing any single factor in isolation versus considering their interactions and intersections. Studies showing attainment differences within social groups are discussed to argue against
Culture, Gender and Technology Enhanced Learning (Richter & Zelenkauskaite, I...Richter Thomas
PrePrint of: Richter, T. & Zelenkauskaite, A. (2014). Culture, Gender and Technology Enhanced Learning: Female and Male Students' Perceptions across three Countries. In: Nunes, M.B. & McPherson, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th IADIS International Conference e-Learning 2014, part of the Multiconference on Computer Science and Information Systems (MCCIS), IADIS Press, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 3-12.
An Array Of Qualitative Data Analysis Tools A Call For Data Analysis Triangu...Angie Miller
This article discusses the importance of using multiple qualitative data analysis techniques, or triangulation, to more fully understand phenomena. It describes seven types of qualitative analysis: constant comparison, keywords-in-context, word count, classical content analysis, domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, and componential analysis. The article outlines when each type should be used and provides examples to distinguish the different analyses. It argues that using various qualitative data analysis methods can help promote rigor in qualitative research in psychology and school psychology specifically.
Increasing female participation in science and technology careersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on increasing female participation in science and technology careers in Nigeria. It utilized a scale to assess factors influencing science career choices among female students at University of Lagos. The factors included interest, enrollment, masculine image of science, social barriers, role models, school factors, teacher factors, and parental influence. A survey was administered to 375 female students divided into science majors and non-science majors. Results found significant differences between the groups for enrollment, social barriers, and role models, but not for interest, masculine image, school factors, teacher factors, or parental influence. The paper concludes it is a waste of talent if females do not participate equally in science due to barriers.
TAKING SIDES: ISSUE 17
ARE AMERICA’S SCHOOLS RESEGREGATING?
1. What is the summary of Issue 17? (pp 306-309). Was segregation the official policy of the US government?
2. Explain, with detail, the section labeled “Unmaking Brown” (pp 310-312) up to “Hidden History of Choice” on page 312. Explain the legislation in this section. What does the author mean by unmaking Brown?
3. Explain, with detail, the sections from “Hidden History of Choice” (pp 312-314) including “A Paradigm Shift” on page 314. For example, what policies/practices have and haven’t worked?
4. What are the facts and contradictions that Ellen presents on pages 315-316? Up to the section called: why are some mixed neighborhoods stable.
5. Why are some mixed neighborhoods stable? (pp 316-317). Explain this in detail. What is the ‘racial neighborhood stereotyping’ hypothesis? Explain all three parts.
6. What are the policies that Ellen presents on page 317; how is that measured in “Testing the Theory”? What is the data? What does the author mean by “neighborhoods sheltered from black growth are more stable?” (p 318). Cover all up to “Policy Implications, Big and Small”.
7. Explain the section from “Policy Implications, Big and Small” through page 320. What is the good news that Ellen presents on pages 318-320? Answer questions 5-7 on page 321 from Critical Thinking and Reflection.
8. Answer questions 1-4 from page 321 Critical Thinking and Reflection. Summarize the “Is There Common Ground” on that same page.
Running head: STUDENTS AND TECHNOLOGY 1
STUDENTS AND TECHNOLOGY 2
The Harmful Effect of Personal Technology to Students
American Intercontinental University
November 27, 2016
Abstract
This paper discusses the subject matter that students are being harmed by their overdependence on personal digital technology. It highlights four main points to support this argument and offers one counter argument. It concludes by stating that in as much as technology does harm students, it has contributed to the quality of education.
Overdependence of personal digital technology by students should be monitored and regulated as they are adversely affected.
First, statistics report that three in four teens (74%) aged 12-17 own cell phones, tablets and other devices (Pew Research Centre, 2013). This is alarming as one wonders what time do they get to their studies and even socializing. Students’ overdependence on technology adversely affects their social skills which enhance interaction and communication with others.
The second argument is that students visit social media sites multiple times in a day and this means that they do not get to their school assignments and if they do, it is not ...
Social Connections Strategy as a Predictive Factor of the First year Adolesce...ijtsrd
The study was carried out to investigate “social connections strategy and it influence on the first year adolescent academic adjustment in Cameroon state Universities. The researcher made used of mixed method with a concurrent nested research design. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. The sample was made up of 759 students proportionately selected from five state Universities University of Bamenda, University of Buea, University of Maroua and University of Yaounde 1 and university of Betoua . Data was analysed using inferential and descriptive statistics. The descriptive statistical tools used were frequency count, percentages and multiple responses set which aimed at calculating the summary of findings. To test the hypothesis, the Spearman rho test was used because the data were not normally distributed based on the statistics of the test of normality assumption trend. In addition to the Spearman’s rho test, the Cox and Snell test was equally computed to explain the explanatory power in the hypothesis in terms of percentage to ease comprehension in readers who find it difficult to interpret the correlation coefficient value. On the other, the qualitative data derived from open ended questions were analysed using the thematic analysis approach with the aid of themes, groundings frequency and quotations. Findings showed that social connections r value 0.442 , p value 0.001 significantly influence the academic adjustment of newly admitted University students. The positivity of the influence implied that newly admitted University students are more likely to be academically adjusted when they are social connected with significant others. Nkemanjen Donatus Achankeng | Ngemunang Agnes Ngale Lyonga "Social Connections Strategy as a Predictive Factor of the First year Adolescent Students' Academic Adjustment in Cameroon State Universities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59866.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/education/59866/social-connections-strategy-as-a-predictive-factor-of-the--first-year-adolescent-students-academic-adjustment--in-cameroon-state-universities/nkemanjen-donatus-achankeng
Wilson jones, linda graduate females focus v6 n1 2011William Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982 (www.nationalforum.com) is a group of national and international refereed journals. NFJ publishes articles on colleges, universities and schools; management, business and administration; academic scholarship, multicultural issues; schooling; special education; teaching and learning; counseling and addiction; alcohol and drugs; crime and criminology; disparities in health; risk behaviors; international issues; education; organizational theory and behavior; educational leadership and supervision; action and applied research; teacher education; race, gender, society; public school law; philosophy and history; psychology, sociology, and much more. Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief.
The document summarizes 10 research articles on views and policies related to campus carry of concealed handguns. The articles cover topics like university presidents' perceptions of campus carry, how school shootings can be understood as organizational deviance, how fear responses can be socially learned, and studies of students' and officials' views and how conflict resolution training was implemented after shootings at one university. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used across the studies. The literature comes from various disciplines and journals and aims to help understand perspectives on campus carry and identify policies to enhance safety.
1) This abbreviated quantitative research plan examines the risk factors that contribute to health disparities in the US, specifically those related to lack of health insurance.
2) The study aims to identify the risk factors (e.g. racial, ethnic) that contribute to lack of health insurance and determine which population groups are most affected. It will also analyze what percentage of the population experiences these issues.
3) Two hypotheses will be tested: 1) there is a significant relationship between risk factors (independent variables) and lack of health insurance (dependent variable), and 2) poverty remains the greatest barrier preventing people from accessing health care due to lack of insurance. Quantitative research methods will be used to test these hypotheses and answer the
This study developed surveys to assess the technology skills of college students and faculty perspectives on necessary skills. A faculty survey was administered to identify important skills for student success. The purpose was to examine differences based on factors like subject area and experience. A student assessment evaluated entry-level skills and examined differences based on demographics and major. The goal was to determine if students have necessary skills or if a computer course is needed. Research questions addressed faculty-identified important skills, differences in those views, student demonstrated skills, differences there, and student readiness.
This document summarizes a research paper about balancing the demographics of an undergraduate student population. It discusses three key themes from the literature: (1) demonstrating university dedication to diversity through mission statements and goals, (2) providing capital support for diverse students through grants and scholarships, and (3) implementing custom recruitment tactics like targeting diverse schools and including diverse representations in marketing. It concludes that cultivating a diverse student body requires commitment from the university, financial resources, and strategic recruitment efforts.
Assignment 3:
The Foundation
Dr. Margie Vance, Ed.D., MBA
Strayer University
Research Instrument or
Questionnaire Survey
KwikSurveys (www.kwiksurveys.c
om)
Murvey (www.murvey.com)
Qualtrics (www.qualtrics.com)
QuestionPro (www.questionpro.
com)
SurveyMonkey
(www.surveymonkey.com)
Zoho Survey
(www.zoho.com/survey)
Zoomerang (www.zoomerang.c
om)
• Develop a Survey with 10
multiple choice questions.
• Include 3 to 4
demographic questions
such as gender, age,
marital status, ethnicity,
income, education, etc.
• Five to six questions should
be related to your topic
and research question
http://www.kwiksurveys.com/
http://www.murvey.com/
http://www.qualtrics.com/
http://www.questionpro.com/
http://www.surveymonkey.com/
http://www.zoho.com/survey
http://www.zoomerang.com/
The Scaffolding Process
Introduction Section – cut and paste from Assignment 2
Purpose of the Research – New Section
Problem Statement – New Section
Literature Review Section – cut and paste from Assignment 2
Research Question – New Section
Gaps in the Literature Section – cut and paste from Assignment 2
Theory or Conceptual Framework – New Section
Introduction Section
Cut and paste from
Assignment 2
If you did not previously
prepare an Introduction
Section then complete
one.
New Section
Purpose of Research
What is the purpose of YOUR research?
Start by thinking about why you selected the topic in the
first place.
Use real-life experiences, situations, or scenarios to give
the reader a better understanding of the purpose of your
research.
New Section
Problem Statement
What is the Problem Statement as it relates to your
topic?
Meaning, what is the “issue that currently exists which
needs to be addressed as it relates to your research
topic?”
The problem statement is the “main focus point” of
your research efforts.
Literature Review Section
Cut and paste the 7 to
10 peer-reviewed
article summaries from
Assignment 2
Make sure the number
of sources listed in the
essay also match the
sources listed in the
Reference list
Use APA format when
citing and listing the
sources.
New Section
Research Question
What is your Research Question as it relates to your
own research topic?
This is the question that will drive your entire research
efforts.
This is the question you hope to have answered as
you learn more from reading the peer-reviewed
articles and learn from the scholars or the authors.
Gaps in the Literature Section
Cut and paste the gaps
in the literature from
Assignment 2
Make sure to include
the sources when citing
the author’s own words
as they say, “further
research is needed” or
“there is not sufficient
data on this topic.”
New Section
Theory or Conceptual
Framerwork
Upon reading the peer-reviewed articles, did you see
the key concept or Theory the authors used?
Select ONE that b ...
This document summarizes the concurrent sessions from a PI meeting. It provides an overview of 16 session topics, including addressing socio-scientific issues like climate change and implications for science literacy. Each session section summarizes the main takeaways and resources shared. The document encourages reaching out with any follow-up questions.
This document provides an introduction to practical research. It outlines the course objectives which are to explain the significance of quantitative research for SHS students, define practical research, and explore research opportunities. It then provides definitions of research from various sources emphasizing that research is a systematic process to increase understanding and discover truths to improve topics of interest. Several examples of relatable research studies are then presented on topics like the effects of Korean dramas on students, trends in materialism and work ethic among teens, links between social media use and depression, and perceptions of kindness on social media. The document concludes by stating what research is not, such as just gathering information or transporting facts without a systematic process.
Maninger, robert m seniors and technology ijsaid v13 n1 2011William Kritsonis
The document summarizes a study on how senior citizens have adapted to using technology. The study interviewed 16 residents of an assisted living community ranging in age from 75 to 102 years old. It found that most had college degrees and had used computers previously for work. The majority now owned home computers and used technology mainly for email, internet searching, and data entry to stay connected with family and friends. It concluded that higher education levels make adapting to technology easier for seniors and that self-directed learning helps them remain independent. More research is still needed on how seniors without digital literacy can also adapt.
This document discusses nonexperimental research, its strengths and weaknesses, and issues with precision in reporting results. Nonexperimental research is the most common type of research design in social sciences as it does not involve experiments. While it can establish associations between variables, it cannot determine causation due to lack of manipulation and control. The document explores ways to more precisely report nonexperimental findings without causal language, and how results can cautiously guide practice recommendations. It emphasizes accurately interpreting and reporting research to avoid perpetuating erroneous claims.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
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Similar to INVESTIGATING THE FUTURE OF ‘ENGINEER OF 2020’ ATTRIBUTES: MOVING FROM ACCESS TO ENGAGEMENT & SENSE OF BELONGING
The document discusses the cultural significance of visual art and architecture, noting that art can convey stories, movements, spiritual beliefs, and technological advances across language barriers. It recognizes that art has aesthetic, historic, scientific, and social value for past, present, and future generations. Examples are provided of how art can communicate important historic events and periods through styles and materials used, such as the Stone Age Venus of Willendorf sculpture which showed early evidence of religion and superstition.
Page 291LEARNING OBJECTIVES· Discuss the issues created by.docxkarlhennesey
Page 291
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Discuss the issues created by generalizing research results to other populations, including potential problems using college students as research participants.
· Discuss issues to consider regarding generalization of research results to other cultures and ethnic groups.
· Describe the potential problem of generalizing to other experimenters and suggest possible solutions.
· Discuss the importance of replications, distinguishing between exact replications and conceptual replications.
· Distinguish between narrative literature reviews and meta-analyses.
Page 292IN THIS CHAPTER, WE WILL CONSIDER THE ISSUE OF GENERALIZATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS. When a single study is conducted with a particular sample and procedure, can the results then be generalized to other populations of research participants, or to other ways of manipulating or measuring the variables? Recall from Chapter 4 that internal validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables. External validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized.
GENERALIZING TO OTHER POPULATIONS
Even though a researcher may randomly assign participants to experimental conditions, rarely are participants randomly selected from the general population. As we noted in Chapters 7 and 9, the individuals who participate in psychological research are usually selected because they are available, and the most available population consists of college students—or more specifically, first- and second-year students enrolled in the introductory psychology course to satisfy a general education requirement. They may also be from a particular college or university, may be volunteers, or may be mostly males or mostly females. So, are our research findings limited to these types of subjects, or can we generalize our findings to a more general population? After considering these issues, we will examine the larger issue of culture and how research findings can be generalized to different cultural groups.
College Students
Smart (1966) found that college students were studied in over 70% of the articles published between 1962 and 1964 in the Journal of Experimental Psychology and the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. Sears (1986) reported similar percentages in 1980 and 1985 in a variety of social psychology journals; Arnett (2008) found that 67% of the articles in the 2007 volume of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology used college student samples. The potential problem is that such studies use a highly restricted population. Sears points out that most of the students are first-year students and sophomores taking the introductory psychology class. They therefore tend to be young and to possess the characteristics of emerging adults: a sense of self-identity that is still developing, social and political attitudes that are in a state of flux, a high need for peer approval, and unstable peer relationships. They are intelligent ...
Teaching undergradutae statisitcs using dating adssharon methvin
This document describes a teaching technique used in an undergraduate statistics course where students analyze personal dating advertisements to learn key statistical concepts in a personally meaningful way. Students collect two samples of 10 ads each and record data on the advertisers' ages and their desired age ranges for dates. They then calculate summary and inferential statistics on this data for various sections of a course portfolio. This experiential learning approach helps students understand statistics' real-world applications and retain knowledge longer term compared to traditional techniques.
This document is a dissertation submitted by a student to the University of Leeds. The dissertation examines factors influencing differences in educational outcomes between social groups, with a focus on working-class ethnic minority males.
The introduction provides background on previous research that has tended to view social groups like gender, ethnicity and social class in isolation rather than considering their intersections. The student then outlines Pierre Bourdieu's theory of social and cultural reproduction and its relevance to explaining educational inequalities.
The literature review examines previous research on the influence of gender, ethnicity and social class on educational achievement. It discusses debates around viewing any single factor in isolation versus considering their interactions and intersections. Studies showing attainment differences within social groups are discussed to argue against
Culture, Gender and Technology Enhanced Learning (Richter & Zelenkauskaite, I...Richter Thomas
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This article discusses the importance of using multiple qualitative data analysis techniques, or triangulation, to more fully understand phenomena. It describes seven types of qualitative analysis: constant comparison, keywords-in-context, word count, classical content analysis, domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, and componential analysis. The article outlines when each type should be used and provides examples to distinguish the different analyses. It argues that using various qualitative data analysis methods can help promote rigor in qualitative research in psychology and school psychology specifically.
Increasing female participation in science and technology careersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on increasing female participation in science and technology careers in Nigeria. It utilized a scale to assess factors influencing science career choices among female students at University of Lagos. The factors included interest, enrollment, masculine image of science, social barriers, role models, school factors, teacher factors, and parental influence. A survey was administered to 375 female students divided into science majors and non-science majors. Results found significant differences between the groups for enrollment, social barriers, and role models, but not for interest, masculine image, school factors, teacher factors, or parental influence. The paper concludes it is a waste of talent if females do not participate equally in science due to barriers.
TAKING SIDES: ISSUE 17
ARE AMERICA’S SCHOOLS RESEGREGATING?
1. What is the summary of Issue 17? (pp 306-309). Was segregation the official policy of the US government?
2. Explain, with detail, the section labeled “Unmaking Brown” (pp 310-312) up to “Hidden History of Choice” on page 312. Explain the legislation in this section. What does the author mean by unmaking Brown?
3. Explain, with detail, the sections from “Hidden History of Choice” (pp 312-314) including “A Paradigm Shift” on page 314. For example, what policies/practices have and haven’t worked?
4. What are the facts and contradictions that Ellen presents on pages 315-316? Up to the section called: why are some mixed neighborhoods stable.
5. Why are some mixed neighborhoods stable? (pp 316-317). Explain this in detail. What is the ‘racial neighborhood stereotyping’ hypothesis? Explain all three parts.
6. What are the policies that Ellen presents on page 317; how is that measured in “Testing the Theory”? What is the data? What does the author mean by “neighborhoods sheltered from black growth are more stable?” (p 318). Cover all up to “Policy Implications, Big and Small”.
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8. Answer questions 1-4 from page 321 Critical Thinking and Reflection. Summarize the “Is There Common Ground” on that same page.
Running head: STUDENTS AND TECHNOLOGY 1
STUDENTS AND TECHNOLOGY 2
The Harmful Effect of Personal Technology to Students
American Intercontinental University
November 27, 2016
Abstract
This paper discusses the subject matter that students are being harmed by their overdependence on personal digital technology. It highlights four main points to support this argument and offers one counter argument. It concludes by stating that in as much as technology does harm students, it has contributed to the quality of education.
Overdependence of personal digital technology by students should be monitored and regulated as they are adversely affected.
First, statistics report that three in four teens (74%) aged 12-17 own cell phones, tablets and other devices (Pew Research Centre, 2013). This is alarming as one wonders what time do they get to their studies and even socializing. Students’ overdependence on technology adversely affects their social skills which enhance interaction and communication with others.
The second argument is that students visit social media sites multiple times in a day and this means that they do not get to their school assignments and if they do, it is not ...
Social Connections Strategy as a Predictive Factor of the First year Adolesce...ijtsrd
The study was carried out to investigate “social connections strategy and it influence on the first year adolescent academic adjustment in Cameroon state Universities. The researcher made used of mixed method with a concurrent nested research design. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. The sample was made up of 759 students proportionately selected from five state Universities University of Bamenda, University of Buea, University of Maroua and University of Yaounde 1 and university of Betoua . Data was analysed using inferential and descriptive statistics. The descriptive statistical tools used were frequency count, percentages and multiple responses set which aimed at calculating the summary of findings. To test the hypothesis, the Spearman rho test was used because the data were not normally distributed based on the statistics of the test of normality assumption trend. In addition to the Spearman’s rho test, the Cox and Snell test was equally computed to explain the explanatory power in the hypothesis in terms of percentage to ease comprehension in readers who find it difficult to interpret the correlation coefficient value. On the other, the qualitative data derived from open ended questions were analysed using the thematic analysis approach with the aid of themes, groundings frequency and quotations. Findings showed that social connections r value 0.442 , p value 0.001 significantly influence the academic adjustment of newly admitted University students. The positivity of the influence implied that newly admitted University students are more likely to be academically adjusted when they are social connected with significant others. Nkemanjen Donatus Achankeng | Ngemunang Agnes Ngale Lyonga "Social Connections Strategy as a Predictive Factor of the First year Adolescent Students' Academic Adjustment in Cameroon State Universities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59866.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/education/59866/social-connections-strategy-as-a-predictive-factor-of-the--first-year-adolescent-students-academic-adjustment--in-cameroon-state-universities/nkemanjen-donatus-achankeng
Wilson jones, linda graduate females focus v6 n1 2011William Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982 (www.nationalforum.com) is a group of national and international refereed journals. NFJ publishes articles on colleges, universities and schools; management, business and administration; academic scholarship, multicultural issues; schooling; special education; teaching and learning; counseling and addiction; alcohol and drugs; crime and criminology; disparities in health; risk behaviors; international issues; education; organizational theory and behavior; educational leadership and supervision; action and applied research; teacher education; race, gender, society; public school law; philosophy and history; psychology, sociology, and much more. Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief.
The document summarizes 10 research articles on views and policies related to campus carry of concealed handguns. The articles cover topics like university presidents' perceptions of campus carry, how school shootings can be understood as organizational deviance, how fear responses can be socially learned, and studies of students' and officials' views and how conflict resolution training was implemented after shootings at one university. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used across the studies. The literature comes from various disciplines and journals and aims to help understand perspectives on campus carry and identify policies to enhance safety.
1) This abbreviated quantitative research plan examines the risk factors that contribute to health disparities in the US, specifically those related to lack of health insurance.
2) The study aims to identify the risk factors (e.g. racial, ethnic) that contribute to lack of health insurance and determine which population groups are most affected. It will also analyze what percentage of the population experiences these issues.
3) Two hypotheses will be tested: 1) there is a significant relationship between risk factors (independent variables) and lack of health insurance (dependent variable), and 2) poverty remains the greatest barrier preventing people from accessing health care due to lack of insurance. Quantitative research methods will be used to test these hypotheses and answer the
This study developed surveys to assess the technology skills of college students and faculty perspectives on necessary skills. A faculty survey was administered to identify important skills for student success. The purpose was to examine differences based on factors like subject area and experience. A student assessment evaluated entry-level skills and examined differences based on demographics and major. The goal was to determine if students have necessary skills or if a computer course is needed. Research questions addressed faculty-identified important skills, differences in those views, student demonstrated skills, differences there, and student readiness.
This document summarizes a research paper about balancing the demographics of an undergraduate student population. It discusses three key themes from the literature: (1) demonstrating university dedication to diversity through mission statements and goals, (2) providing capital support for diverse students through grants and scholarships, and (3) implementing custom recruitment tactics like targeting diverse schools and including diverse representations in marketing. It concludes that cultivating a diverse student body requires commitment from the university, financial resources, and strategic recruitment efforts.
Assignment 3:
The Foundation
Dr. Margie Vance, Ed.D., MBA
Strayer University
Research Instrument or
Questionnaire Survey
KwikSurveys (www.kwiksurveys.c
om)
Murvey (www.murvey.com)
Qualtrics (www.qualtrics.com)
QuestionPro (www.questionpro.
com)
SurveyMonkey
(www.surveymonkey.com)
Zoho Survey
(www.zoho.com/survey)
Zoomerang (www.zoomerang.c
om)
• Develop a Survey with 10
multiple choice questions.
• Include 3 to 4
demographic questions
such as gender, age,
marital status, ethnicity,
income, education, etc.
• Five to six questions should
be related to your topic
and research question
http://www.kwiksurveys.com/
http://www.murvey.com/
http://www.qualtrics.com/
http://www.questionpro.com/
http://www.surveymonkey.com/
http://www.zoho.com/survey
http://www.zoomerang.com/
The Scaffolding Process
Introduction Section – cut and paste from Assignment 2
Purpose of the Research – New Section
Problem Statement – New Section
Literature Review Section – cut and paste from Assignment 2
Research Question – New Section
Gaps in the Literature Section – cut and paste from Assignment 2
Theory or Conceptual Framework – New Section
Introduction Section
Cut and paste from
Assignment 2
If you did not previously
prepare an Introduction
Section then complete
one.
New Section
Purpose of Research
What is the purpose of YOUR research?
Start by thinking about why you selected the topic in the
first place.
Use real-life experiences, situations, or scenarios to give
the reader a better understanding of the purpose of your
research.
New Section
Problem Statement
What is the Problem Statement as it relates to your
topic?
Meaning, what is the “issue that currently exists which
needs to be addressed as it relates to your research
topic?”
The problem statement is the “main focus point” of
your research efforts.
Literature Review Section
Cut and paste the 7 to
10 peer-reviewed
article summaries from
Assignment 2
Make sure the number
of sources listed in the
essay also match the
sources listed in the
Reference list
Use APA format when
citing and listing the
sources.
New Section
Research Question
What is your Research Question as it relates to your
own research topic?
This is the question that will drive your entire research
efforts.
This is the question you hope to have answered as
you learn more from reading the peer-reviewed
articles and learn from the scholars or the authors.
Gaps in the Literature Section
Cut and paste the gaps
in the literature from
Assignment 2
Make sure to include
the sources when citing
the author’s own words
as they say, “further
research is needed” or
“there is not sufficient
data on this topic.”
New Section
Theory or Conceptual
Framerwork
Upon reading the peer-reviewed articles, did you see
the key concept or Theory the authors used?
Select ONE that b ...
This document summarizes the concurrent sessions from a PI meeting. It provides an overview of 16 session topics, including addressing socio-scientific issues like climate change and implications for science literacy. Each session section summarizes the main takeaways and resources shared. The document encourages reaching out with any follow-up questions.
This document provides an introduction to practical research. It outlines the course objectives which are to explain the significance of quantitative research for SHS students, define practical research, and explore research opportunities. It then provides definitions of research from various sources emphasizing that research is a systematic process to increase understanding and discover truths to improve topics of interest. Several examples of relatable research studies are then presented on topics like the effects of Korean dramas on students, trends in materialism and work ethic among teens, links between social media use and depression, and perceptions of kindness on social media. The document concludes by stating what research is not, such as just gathering information or transporting facts without a systematic process.
Maninger, robert m seniors and technology ijsaid v13 n1 2011William Kritsonis
The document summarizes a study on how senior citizens have adapted to using technology. The study interviewed 16 residents of an assisted living community ranging in age from 75 to 102 years old. It found that most had college degrees and had used computers previously for work. The majority now owned home computers and used technology mainly for email, internet searching, and data entry to stay connected with family and friends. It concluded that higher education levels make adapting to technology easier for seniors and that self-directed learning helps them remain independent. More research is still needed on how seniors without digital literacy can also adapt.
This document discusses nonexperimental research, its strengths and weaknesses, and issues with precision in reporting results. Nonexperimental research is the most common type of research design in social sciences as it does not involve experiments. While it can establish associations between variables, it cannot determine causation due to lack of manipulation and control. The document explores ways to more precisely report nonexperimental findings without causal language, and how results can cautiously guide practice recommendations. It emphasizes accurately interpreting and reporting research to avoid perpetuating erroneous claims.
Similar to INVESTIGATING THE FUTURE OF ‘ENGINEER OF 2020’ ATTRIBUTES: MOVING FROM ACCESS TO ENGAGEMENT & SENSE OF BELONGING (20)
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
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Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
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objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
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Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
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3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
INVESTIGATING THE FUTURE OF ‘ENGINEER OF 2020’ ATTRIBUTES: MOVING FROM ACCESS TO ENGAGEMENT & SENSE OF BELONGING
1. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
Dhinaharan Nagamalai (Eds): EDU, SCMC -2023
pp. 63-73, 2023. IJCI – 2023 DOI:10.5121/ijci.2023.120405
INVESTIGATING THE FUTURE OF ‘ENGINEER OF
2020’ ATTRIBUTES: MOVING FROM ACCESS
TO ENGAGEMENT & SENSE OF BELONGING
Terrell L. Strayhorn
Evelyn Reid Syphax School of Education; Department of Psychology,
Virginia Union University
ABSTRACT
Using data from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), this study seeks to explore the
presence and relevance of NAE’s ‘Engineer of 2020’ competencies and key student learning outcomes
(SLOs) among samples of undergraduate engineering majors (UEMs). Data were analysed using a battery
of statistical tests assessing UEMs achievement of NAE SLOs, the extent to which SLO achievement in NAE
domains influence UEMs’ key outcomes (e.g., grades, satisfaction) and sense of belonging. Follow-up tests
explored meaningful differences among groups by race, gender, disability status, to name a few.
Implications for future engineering education policy, practice, pedagogy and research are highlighted.
KEYWORDS
Science, technology, engineering, math (STEM); sense of belonging; engagement; race/ethnicity
1. INTRODUCTION
It may be hard to believe, but it has been almost 20 years since the National Academy of
Engineering (NAE) published The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century
[1]. That report cast a vision for the future of engineering by exploring questions about the
profession, how it would be impacted by technology, and how such changes could potentially
influence engineering policy, practice, and pedagogies. Five guiding principles that informed
development of the report were presumed to be likely powerful drivers of engineering’s future.
They include:
• The pace of technological innovation will continue to be rapid (most likely accelerating);
• The world in which technology will be deployed will be intensely globally
interconnected;
• The population of individuals who are involved with or affected by technology (e.g.,
designers, manufacturers, distributors, users) will be increasingly diverse and
multidisciplinary;
• Social, cultural, political, and economic forces will continue to shape and affect the
success of technological innovation;
• The presence of technology in our everyday lives will be seamless, transparent, and more
significant than ever.
Applying these principles to engineering education led to identification of critical learning
objectives or student learning outcomes (SLOs) that educators and employers desired and could
2. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
64
reasonably expect of future engineering graduates. These SLOs include without limitation:
critical thinking, creativity, innovation, problem-solving, use of technology, global awareness,
and an appreciation for diversity that enables them to work with people whose backgrounds differ
from their own [1]. Though NAE’s prescient report is almost two decades old, the information
contained within was posited by study authors to be relevant for the “new century” that may span
well beyond 2020 into 2030 and beyond. Achievement of NAE SLOs was hypothesized to
increase engineering self-efficacy, college satisfaction, and the extent to which students’ felt part
of undergraduate engineering education (UEE) and the profession at-large, often referred to as
sense of belonging (SOB) in the existing literature [2,3].
Sense of belonging definitions abound. Generally, sense of belonging refers to a feeling that one
matters, is accepted, and included in a group or community, without pressure to assimilate,
change, deny, or conceal authentic aspects of themselves [2]. Belonging is one of our most basic
human needs and, as I argue elsewhere [2], a human right. When people feel like they belong,
they are more motivated, engaged, energized, and happier in life. In specific contexts where some
are prone to feeling isolated, alienated, or marginalized such as underrepresented racial/ethnic
minorities (UREMs) in STEM fields, belonging assumes greater importance in terms of learning
and engagement outcomes [2,3].
Past research and scholarship on SOB in STEM fields can be organized into three major bins of
knowledge. First, one line of inquiry consistently shows that sense of belonging is essential for
human functioning. Belongingness needs are fulfilled by quality relationships or social bonds
with others that are positive and frequent. Satisfaction of interpersonal relationships (e.g.,
friendships, mentoring) must be accompanied by a conviction and sense that the relationship
bond is caring, safe, secure, mutual, authentic, and reasonably lasting [5].
Another line of inquiry provides evidence documenting the fact that sense of belonging assumes
heightened importance in contexts where individuals are more prone to stereotype threat,
marginalization, and invisibility such as women and people of color in STEM [2]. This category
also includes studies demonstrating the negative consequences that result when sense of
belonging needs are not met such as depression, conflict, and loneliness [6], as well hijacked
concentration [7].
Studies that investigate major contributors to sense of belonging generally, and in UEE
specifically, represent a third category. Chief among these are core traits and personal
characteristics such as gender identity, race/ethnicity, and even the nature of STEM learning
environments that tend to be predominantly white, normative, and male dominated. For instance,
Wilson and VanAnwerp conducted a systematic review of literature using Templar and Pare’s
approach. That design yielded 544 articles from which 36 eligible studies emerged. They found
evidence supporting the fact that sense of belonging results in feelings of inclusion and support.
They also highlighted that women feel adequate sense of belonging in engineering, though less
belonging relative to men with several other studies showing no gender differences [3].
While useful for (re)envisioning the future of engineering and delineating core SLOs for UEE,
more empirical information is needed that examines the (a) presence/relevance of NAE’s SLOs in
UEE today, (b) achievement of NAE’s SLOs among UEMs at 4-year public and private
universities in the United States (US) including any group differences, and (c) extent to which
UEMs’ achievement of NAE SLOs influences their SOB in college or academic major. These are
the gaps addressed by the study that informs this EDU 2023 paper.
3. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
65
2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Three primary research questions guide the quantitative investigation that informs this project.
Using large-scale, nationally representative data from the National Survey of Student
Engagement (NSSE), the study’s research questions include:
1. What is the frequency and nature of UEMs engagement in high-impact practices (HIPs),
as identified by the NSSE, and the extent to which they perceive growth and learning in
the NAE’s SLOs domains (e.g., critical thinking, diversity)?
2. To what extent, if any, are NAE’s SLOs achieved (in)equitably among UEMs, paying
attention to potential differences by gender, race/ethnicity, engineering subfield, and
enrollment status, to name a few?
3. What is the relationship between UEMs’ achievement of NAE SLOs and their overall
SOB in college or academic major, controlling for confounding factors?
3. THE STUDY
The present study employed an ex-post facto survey design to assess the extent to which NAE
SLOs identified in The Engineer of 2020 report can be operationalized in existing recent NSSE
data from UEMs. An ex-post facto survey design is a type of method that involves collecting and
analyzing data after a study or experience has taken place. In that way, it usually involves
existing databases, public records, or interviews eliciting perceptual, behavioral, and self-report
data offering insights into phenomena not previously understood (Goodman-Scott et al., 2021).
3.1. Data Sources and Sample
In light of the study’s objectives and research questions, data were drawn from a national
administration of NSSE across over 700 colleges and universities to assess UEMs’ engagement in
HIPs, achievement of SLOs, and group-based differences, using a sample exceeding 28,000
STEM majors. This database allowed exploration and investigation of specific campus-based
science, technology, engineering, math (STEM) or UEE practices, pedagogies, and/or
interventions believed to be related to NAE’s SLOs that were tapped by NSSE.
The study sample consisted of 121,293 college students who responded to the NSSE. Given the
study’s focus, the analytic sample was comprised of 28,211 STEM majors, defined as biological
and physical sciences, engineering, math, as well as computer science and technology. In keeping
with NSF practices, health and allied fields, social sciences, education, and “undeclared” were
excluded from STEM classifications. Most (92%) were enrolled full-time, 10% had been
“diagnosed with any disability/impairment,” and 60% identified as heterosexual/straight. Half
were women and just under half identified as “man,” leaving less than 2% as “another gender
identity” or prefer not to respond. The majority were traditionally aged (45% 19 and younger;
40% 20 to 23 years), 7% student-athletes, 4% military veterans, and 4% were international
students. In terms of race/ethnicity, 46% were white, 15% Hispanic/Latino, 15% multiracial, 11%
Black/African American, and 8% Asian Pacific Islander, with less than 1% American
Indian/Alaskan Native.
Largely reflecting the complexion of student respondents, NSSE-participating institutions within
the sample were varied and diverse. 27% of sample respondents attended doctoral/research-
extensive (highest activity) institutions, where 9% attended liberal arts, baccalaureate colleges.
Nearly three-quarters (72%) attended public institutions, with over half (52%) at very large
(10,000 or more students), 30% at medium-to-large (2,500 to 9,999), and 15% at small
4. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
66
institutions with less than 2,500 students. Approximately 3% of the sample attended historically
Black colleges and universities (HBCUs), whereas 12% attended Hispanic-serving institutions
(HSIs).
3.2. Data Analysis
Data were analyzed using a battery of statistical tests. Descriptive statistics were computed to
report the frequency and nature of students’ engagement in HIPs and achievement of SLOs.
Bivariate correlations (not presented herein) assessed the direction and magnitude of
interrelationships among key variables. Tests for group mean differences (i.e., t-tests, ANOVA)
were used to evaluate differences in outcomes among independent samples (e.g., men vs.
women). Lastly, hierarchical regression tests, with statistical controls, were used to answer the
third research question. Preliminary analysis of full sample data indicated that less than 2% of
cases were missing on key variables, with missingness ranging from 0 to 1.1%.
4. RESULTS
WHAT IS THE FREQUENCY AND NATURE OF UEMS ENGAGEMENT IN HIPS AND PERCEIVED
GROWTH AND LEARNING IN NAE SLO DOMAINS?
Results provide persuasive evidence of UEMs engagement in HIPs and educationally purposeful
learning experiences as delineated by NAE. For example, over half (53%) of STEM majors in
this study planned to do an “internship, co-op, field experience or clinical placement” and over
one-third (31%) had already done so, at the time of data collection. Over one-quarter (25%)
planned to hold a formal leadership role in a student group, whereas 28% had done so or were “in
progress.” Although only 9% had studied abroad, another 25% planned to do so. And likely
reflective of the nature of UEE cultures, 24% had worked with faculty on a research project and
32% planned to do so. Table 1 presents a summary.
[Table 1 about here]
Perceived growth and learning in NAE SLO domains was assessed using descriptive statistics on
relevant survey items, each placed on a 4-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (“very little”) to
4 (“very much”). To this end, 17 survey items were analyzed and interpreted. Areas of greatest
perceived growth and learning include purposeful discussions with diverse others whose
race/ethnicity (M=3.10, SD=0.92) or economic background (M=3.07, SD=0.88) differs from
one’s own; thinking critically and analytically (M=3.23, SD=0.80) and analyzing
numerical/statistical information (M=3.09, SD=0.87). Areas of least perceived growth and
learning include using numerical information to solve real-world problem (M=2.43, SD=0.96),
evaluating others’ conclusions (M=2.52, SD=0.90), and being/becoming an informed citizen
(M=2.57, SD=0.97). Table 2 presents a summary, noting differences between STEM and non-
STEM majors.
[Table 2 about here]
TO WHAT EXTENT, IF ANY, ARE THERE GROUP DIFFERENCES IN NAE SLO ACHIEVEMENT?
Independent-samples t-tests were conducted to analyze group-based differences in NAE SLOs.
Several group differences emerged in terms of sexual orientation. Statistically significant group
differences were found for 10 NAE SLOs, plus sense of belonging: evaluated others conclusions
from numerical information, writing clearly and effectively, speaking clearly and effectively,
5. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
67
thinking critically and analytically, analyzing numerical statistical information, acquiring
job/work-related skills, working effectively with others, developing or clarifying personal values
and ethics, understanding diverse people, solving complex world problems, and sense of
belonging. Generally, higher gains were reported by heterosexual/straight STEM majors
compared to LGBTQIA+ students. Table 3 presents a summary.
[Table 3 about here]
A separate analysis using independent-samples t-test was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis
that group means on NAE SLOs were lower for first-generation (FG) compared to continuing
(non-FG) generation STEM majors. Several tests were significant in the hypothesized direction
including 10 NAE SLOs and sense of belonging: reached conclusions based on numerical
analysis (t[23630.1]=-6.72, p<0.001), evaluated others conclusions (t[27957]=-5.86, p<0.001),
writing clearly and effectively (t[24162.54]=8.67, p<0.001), speaking clearly and effectively
(t[24147.33]=8.93, p<0.001), analyzing statistical information (t[27987]=-3.58,p<0.001),
acquiring job/work-related skills (t[23442.77]=-5.19, p<0.001), developing or clarifying personal
values and ethics (t[23970.66]=4.44, p< 0.001), understanding diverse people (t[28003]=7.50,
p<0.001), solving complex world problems (t[23319.38]=-2.76, p<0.01, being an informed citizen
(t[23351.04]=3.77, p<0.001), and sense of belonging (t[27937]=-9.24, p<0.001).
A final analysis using independent-samples t-test was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that
group means on NAE SLOs were higher for men compared to women STEM majors. Several
tests were significant in the hypothesized direction including 13 NAE SLOs. For instance, being
an informed citizen t[28027.81]=-7.18, p<0.001), solving real-world problems (t[28110]=5.00, p<
0.001), working effectively with others (t[28117.88]=-3.91, p<0.001), and speaking clearly and
effectively (t[28114]=-4.78, p<0.001). Generally, results were in the expected direction with few
exceptions such as writing clearly and effectively (Mw=2.81, SDw=0.91; Mm=2.76, SDm=0.89) and
understanding diverse people (Mw=2.75, SDw=0.96; Mm=2.63, SDm=0.98).
WHAT’S THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UEMS’ NAE SLO ACHIEVEMENT AND SENSE OF
BELONGING IN COLLEGE?
Hierarchical linear regression tests were conducted to examine the relationship between NAE
SLOs and STEM majors’ sense of belonging in college, controlling for an extensive array of
confounding factors (e.g., gender, FG status). The regression equation was statistically
significant, F(16,17916)=397.19, p<0.001, R=0.51, adjusted R2
=0.261. The NAE SLO measures
predicted STEM majors sense of belonging in college over and above background factors, R2
change = 0.257, (F13,17916)=480.70, p<0.001. Based on these results, 9 NAE SLOs were
statistically significant predictors of STEM majors’ sense of belonging in college, offering almost
25% more predictive power to the regression equation beyond that contributed by background
factors (e.g., sex, FG status) alone. Table 4 presents a summary.
[Table 4 about here]
5. DISCUSSION
Recall the purpose of this study calls attention to the relationship between NAE SLOs and sense
of belonging for STEM majors generally and UEE graduates specifically. NAE SLOs include
professional skills such as speaking clearly, thinking analytically, writing effectively, and
clarifying personal values and ethics, to name a few.Using large, representative NSSE data, I
analyzed STEM majors’ responses using both descriptive statistics and multivariate statistical
tests, examining differences in responses by various identity groups, such as gender, sexual
6. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
68
orientation, and first-generation status, as well as hierarchical predictive models. Results
indicated statistically significant differences in achievement of NAE SLOs, albeit perceived or
self-reported, and students’ sense of belonging in college. For example, women tended to report
lower gains in STEM and UEE than men. Similar trends were uncovered for LGBTQIA+ majors
compared to heterosexual students and non-FG compared to FG majors. These findings suggest
curious trends and patterns that deserve further investigation as they may indicate that certain
pedagogical practices, policies, and environments have a differential impact on students
depending on their identity or group membership. Findings also point to obvious areas of
inequities in both achievement of NAE SLOs and students’ sense of belonging.
Results of this study have important implications for efforts to promote inclusive STEM
education. Our findings suggest that there are significant differences in how students from
different identity groups perceive achievement or attainment of NAE SLOs and their sense of
belonging in college. This highlights the need for targeted interventions to address these
disparities and improve outcomes for all students. For example, STEM and UEE departments
may do well to develop new or expand existing pathway programs for women, LGBTQIA+,
and/or FG students that provide supplemental opportunities to learn in NAE domains and ease
students’ transitions to academic majors that are still predominantly white, male, and normative.
Not only does the study’s results imply the importance of intervention programs, but they may
also point to the content and curriculum of such supports. For example, interventions could
include targeted support for women in developing teamwork and collaboration skills, analyzing
statistical information, and/or clarifying personal values to promote ethical decision-making
among LGBTQIA+ students. Study results also seem to affirm the importance of ensuring that
first-generation students have access to strong supportive social capital networks and
knowledgeable individuals (e.g., mentors) who can help them navigate STEM and UEE
environments, make academic choices, and become informed citizens and professionals. By
addressing these areas, we can create a more equitable and inclusive STEM education system that
better serves all students.
It is important to note that the present study has limitations, similar to all others. The sample is
based on student respondents to the NSSE, which is a fairly expensive, fee-based instrument
administered annually. Consequently, the sample may not be fully representative of all STEM
education contexts, especially not small, private, liberal arts, and low-resource institutions that
cannot afford participation. Additionally, the NSSE instrument relies on self-reported
perceptions, which may not accurately reflect actual behaviors or experiences, although there is
authoritative support for the accuracy and validity of self-report measures [8]. Future research
could build on these findings by using more objective measures of student outcomes and
exploring additional identity groups.
6. CONCLUSION
Overall, our study provides important insights into the relationship between NAE SLOs and
sense of belonging in STEM education, and underscores the need for ongoing research and
interventions to create a more inclusive and equitable STEM and UEE system in 2030 and
beyond.
7. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
69
6.1. Figures and Tables
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of STEM Majors’ High-Impact Practices
High Impact Practice % “Done/In-Progress” % “Plan to Do”
Internship, co-op, field
experience, student teaching,
clinical placement
31% 53%
Formal leadership in student
organization
28% 25%
Learning community1
20% 18%
Study abroad program 9% 25%
Worked with faculty on research 24% 32%
Culminating senior experience2
26% 43%
Service learning course(s)3
48% 50%
1
Learning community also includes “other formal program(s)” where groups of students take two or more
classes together, but does not necessarily imply same/similar living arrangement
2
Culminating senior experience includes capstone course, senior project, thesis, comprehensive exam,
portfolio
3
Service learning course responses differed from other items with ratings ranging from 1 (none) to some,
most, and all.
Note. Percentages may not total 100, due to rounding.
8. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
70
Table 2. Descriptive Statistics of NAE SLOs
NSSE Survey Item/ NAE SLO STEM
M/SD
NON-STEM
M/SD
Reached conclusions based on own
analysis
2.89/0.85 2.50/0.91
Used numerical information to
solve real-world problem
2.43/0.96 2.32/0.93
Evaluated others’ conclusions
from numerical information
2.52/0.90 2.30/0.90
Writing clearly and effectively 2.78/0.90 3.02/0.86
Speaking clearly and effectively 2.69/0.94 2.91/0.91
Thinking clearly and analytically 3.23/0.80 3.23/0.79
Analyzing numerical/statistical
information
3.09/0.87 2.66/0.97
Acquiring job- or work-related
skills
2.71/0.97 2.83/0.97
Working effectively with others 2.93/0.88 3.01/0.88
Developing or clarifying personal
values and ethics
2.69/0.98 2.90/0.95
Understanding people of other
backgrounds
2.69/0.97 2.92/0.93
Solving complex real-world
problems
2.76/0.94 2.78/0.95
Being an informed and active
citizen
2.57/0.97 2.79/0.95
Sense of belonging in college 3.19/0.71 3.26/0.71
Note. Group difference tests indicated statistically significant differences for each item, with F
values ranging from 2.47 to 1841.56, t’s ranging from -0.72 to 67.11, and p’s < 0.01. Cohen’s d
effect sizes range from 0.71 to 0.96, using the pooled SD.
9. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
71
Table 3. Group mean comparisons on NAE SLOS among STEM Majors, by Sexual Orientation.
NAE SLO Heterosexual/Straigh
t
M/SD
LGBTQIA+
M/SD
Combined
Group Mean Difference
Evaluated others’
conclusions from
numerical information
2.50/0.89 2.55/0.90 t(18701)=2.08, p< 0.05
Writing clearly and
effectively
2.80/0.89 2.68/0.92 t(2444.7)=-5.26, p< 0.001
Speaking clearly and
effectively
2.71/0.93 2.55/0.96 t(2450.3)=-7.46, p<0.001
Thinking clearly and
analytically
3.24/0.78 3.13/0.86 t(2393.5)=-5.20, p<0.001
Analyzing numerical
statistical information
3.11/0.86 3.04/0.90 t(18734)=-3.59, p<0.001
Acquiring job/work-
related skills
2.73/0.96 2.61/1.00 t(2443.12)=-4.83,
p<0.001
Working effectively
with others
2.96/0.87 2.82/0.90 t(2452.87)=-6.70,
p<0.001
Developing or
clarifying personal
values and ethics
2.73/0.96 2.59/0.98 t(2459.74)=-6.16,
p<0.001
Understanding diverse
people
2.73/0.97 2.68/0.99 t(2454.21)=-2.11, p<0.05
Solving complex
world problems
2.77/0.94 2.66/0.94 t(18734)=-4.98, p<0.001
Sense of belonging 3.20/0.71 3.12/0.73 t(18676)==4.78, p<0.001
10. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
72
Table 4. Hierarchical Linear Regression Results Predicting STEM Majors’ Sense of Belonging.
Predictor Unstd. B SE β t
Constant 1.685 0.024 6.26
Sexual orientation -0.029 0.015 -0.013 -1.952*
FG status -0.081 0.009 -0.056 -8.666***
Gender -0.009 0.009 -0.006 -0.960
Reached conclusions 0.021 0.007 0.025 3.077**
Used numerical
information
-0.037 0.007 -0.049 -5.618***
Evaluated others
conclusions
-0.004 0.007 -0.005 -0.556
Writing clearly and
effectively
0.064 0.007 0.080 8.95***
Speaking clearly and
effectively
0.001 0.007 0.001 0.141
Thinking critically
and analytically
0.149 0.009 0.167 17.43***
Analyzing numerical
and statistical
information
0.012 0.008 0.015 1.64
Acquiring job/work
related skills
0.081 0.006 0.110 13.02***
Working effectively
with others
0.064 0.008 0.078 8.34***
Developing or
clarifying personal
values and ethics
0.042 0.007 0.057 5.79***
Understanding
diverse people
0.011 0.007 0.015 1.55
Solving real-world
problems
0.045 0.007 0.059 6.156***
Being an informed
citizen
0.082 0.007 0.112 11.93***
Note. FG = first-generation. * p < 0.05. ** p< 0.01. *** p < 0.001.
11. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 12, No.4, August 2023
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank the Center for Postsecondary Research at Indiana University who
administers the NSSE each year to hundreds of universities and makes data available to
independent researchers for specific purposes. Furthermore, the author acknowledges the
assistance of administrators, program directors, and the research offices at his current institutions
and those at the research university where primary data were collected. Without their support and
help from my wonderful graduate student assistants, this project would not be possible.
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AUTHORS
Dr. Terrell Strayhorn is Professor of Higher Education and Women’s, Gender &
Sexuality Studies at Illinois State University. He also serves as Visiting Professor in the
Evelyn Reid Syphax School of Education and Lecturer in the Department of Psychology
at Virginia Union University, where he is Director of the Center for the Study of
Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Author of 12 books and over
200 peer-reviewed and academic publications, Strayhorn received NSF’s CAREER
grant for a study focusing on examining and scaling sustainable pathways to, through, and into STEM
fields for students of color.