Introduction_to_Pathology.ppt
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Pathology involves the study of the causes, mechanisms, morphological changes, and clinical significance of disease processes. The core aspects of pathology include etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical significance. Techniques of pathology include autopsy, biopsy, cytology, and experimental animal models. Modern pathology utilizes various microscopic and molecular techniques to observe morphological changes at the histological, cytological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and molecular levels to classify and diagnose diseases.
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Introduction to pathology
Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease. It has four main components: the cause or etiology, the mechanism of development/pathogenesis, structural alterations to cells (morphological changes), and the consequences of these changes (clinical manifestations). Pathology has evolved from autopsy and organ-based examination to cellular pathology and now utilizes various techniques including molecular pathology, genetics, immunology, and quantitative analysis. Key techniques used in pathology include autopsy, biopsy, cytology, animal experimentation, tissue/cell culture, histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, image analysis, and molecular biology techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing.
Introduction to Pathology
This presentation describes the basic terminologies and history of pathology. It also covers the basic concepts to understand pathology.
Introduction to Pathology.pptx
This document provides an introduction to pathology, including definitions, objectives, terminology, and classifications of diseases. It defines pathology as the study of abnormal body conditions, including causes, nature, and morphological and functional changes. Key terms like etiology, lesion, and morphology are explained. Diseases are classified based on their morphology and pathogenesis into categories like congenital/hereditary, inflammatory, degenerative, metabolic, and neoplastic. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) is also discussed as a statistical classification system that organizes diseases into chapters based on affected body system or condition. The knowledge of pathology enables understanding of disease signs, symptoms, and processes.
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Pathophysiology is the study of abnormal functions or breakdown of homeostasis in diseases. It examines the mechanisms by which lesions are produced and their functional implications. Key events in the history of pathophysiology include Hippocrates introducing ethical medicine, Galen proposing the humoral theory, and advances in microscopy and staining techniques in the 19th century enabling the study of cells and microorganisms. Major developments in the 20th century included identifying DNA as the genetic material, cloning animals, and completing the Human Genome Project to sequence the entire human genome.
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This document provides an introduction to the field of pathology. It defines pathology as the scientific study of disease and notes its two main branches: general pathology, which examines basic cellular reactions to stimuli, and systemic pathology, which examines organ-specific responses. It describes the main subdivisions or specialties within pathology and explains key aspects of disease processes, including etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical manifestations. Finally, it outlines the components and design of the pathology course.
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Pathological anatomy is the scientific study of disease through microscopic examination of cellular and tissue changes in organs and organ systems. It involves the morphological examination of tissues, cells, and ultrastructural changes from autopsies, biopsies, and experimental animals. The goals of pathological anatomy are to study the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and outcomes of diseases at the organismic, systemic, organ, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels using various microscopic and imaging techniques. Practical pathological anatomy also aims to validate clinical diagnoses through autopsies and provide training through examination of surgical and biopsy specimens.
Final history lecture
The document compares and contrasts specific and non-specific immunity. Both have similarities including self/non-self discrimination and homeostasis. Their differences are specificity and diversity and memory. Specific immunity can recognize pathogens it has previously encountered, while non-specific immunity cannot.
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The teaching staff at the Department of Pathophysiology provide students with a strong foundation in pathophysiology through engaging lectures and seminars. The department aims to help students understand fundamental pathomechanisms, connect mechanisms into pathogenetic networks for different diseases, and view pathologic processes as influencing the whole body. Key aspects covered include general and specific pathomechanisms, terminology, animal experimentation and mathematical modeling research methods. Students learn to apply their pathophysiology knowledge to understand disease processes and rationally treat patients.
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Introduction to pathology
Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease. It has four main components: the cause or etiology, the mechanism of development/pathogenesis, structural alterations to cells (morphological changes), and the consequences of these changes (clinical manifestations). Pathology has evolved from autopsy and organ-based examination to cellular pathology and now utilizes various techniques including molecular pathology, genetics, immunology, and quantitative analysis. Key techniques used in pathology include autopsy, biopsy, cytology, animal experimentation, tissue/cell culture, histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, image analysis, and molecular biology techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing.
Introduction to Pathology
This presentation describes the basic terminologies and history of pathology. It also covers the basic concepts to understand pathology.
Introduction to Pathology.pptx
This document provides an introduction to pathology, including definitions, objectives, terminology, and classifications of diseases. It defines pathology as the study of abnormal body conditions, including causes, nature, and morphological and functional changes. Key terms like etiology, lesion, and morphology are explained. Diseases are classified based on their morphology and pathogenesis into categories like congenital/hereditary, inflammatory, degenerative, metabolic, and neoplastic. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) is also discussed as a statistical classification system that organizes diseases into chapters based on affected body system or condition. The knowledge of pathology enables understanding of disease signs, symptoms, and processes.
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Pathophysiology is the study of abnormal functions or breakdown of homeostasis in diseases. It examines the mechanisms by which lesions are produced and their functional implications. Key events in the history of pathophysiology include Hippocrates introducing ethical medicine, Galen proposing the humoral theory, and advances in microscopy and staining techniques in the 19th century enabling the study of cells and microorganisms. Major developments in the 20th century included identifying DNA as the genetic material, cloning animals, and completing the Human Genome Project to sequence the entire human genome.
INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY (1).ppt
This document provides an introduction to the field of pathology. It defines pathology as the scientific study of disease and notes its two main branches: general pathology, which examines basic cellular reactions to stimuli, and systemic pathology, which examines organ-specific responses. It describes the main subdivisions or specialties within pathology and explains key aspects of disease processes, including etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical manifestations. Finally, it outlines the components and design of the pathology course.
Pathological Anatomy Introduction.pptx
Pathological anatomy is the scientific study of disease through microscopic examination of cellular and tissue changes in organs and organ systems. It involves the morphological examination of tissues, cells, and ultrastructural changes from autopsies, biopsies, and experimental animals. The goals of pathological anatomy are to study the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and outcomes of diseases at the organismic, systemic, organ, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels using various microscopic and imaging techniques. Practical pathological anatomy also aims to validate clinical diagnoses through autopsies and provide training through examination of surgical and biopsy specimens.
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The document compares and contrasts specific and non-specific immunity. Both have similarities including self/non-self discrimination and homeostasis. Their differences are specificity and diversity and memory. Specific immunity can recognize pathogens it has previously encountered, while non-specific immunity cannot.
04Introduction_to_Pathophysiology.pptx
The teaching staff at the Department of Pathophysiology provide students with a strong foundation in pathophysiology through engaging lectures and seminars. The department aims to help students understand fundamental pathomechanisms, connect mechanisms into pathogenetic networks for different diseases, and view pathologic processes as influencing the whole body. Key aspects covered include general and specific pathomechanisms, terminology, animal experimentation and mathematical modeling research methods. Students learn to apply their pathophysiology knowledge to understand disease processes and rationally treat patients.
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The key theories regarding the causes of disease include:
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- Monocausalism (19th century) which argued that specific microbes cause specific diseases as proposed by Pasteur.
- Conditionalism which stated that no single factor determines a disease and processes are conditioned by multiple internal and external factors as proposed by Ferworn.
- Constitutionalism which suggested disease susceptibility is influenced by a person's inherent constitution type (normal, asthenic, hyperstenic).
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1. Introduction.ppt
This document provides an overview of the PATH 201 General Pathology course. It includes the course contents which cover topics like cell injury, growth disturbances, inflammation, and neoplasia. Recommended textbooks are listed. The document also defines pathology as the study of derangements in living organisms in response to injuries. It briefly outlines some career paths in veterinary pathology and discusses the history of pathology from ancient concepts to modern developments in anatomy, microscopy, germ theory, and molecular biology.
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Pathology is the study of disease through examination of organs, tissues, fluids, and whole bodies. It involves studying the cause, development, structural changes, and clinical significance of disease. When cells are injured, they may adapt, undergo reversible injury, or irreversible injury and death through necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis results in cell contents spilling out while apoptosis is programmed cell death. At the cellular level, injury can be caused by lack of oxygen, toxins, radiation, and more. Cells attempt to adapt through changes in size, number, or type to cope with stressors.
basic pathophysiology.pdf
1. Pathophysiology is the study of the underlying mechanisms by which diseases occur and develop, and the study of the changes within the body caused by diseases. It provides a theoretical basis for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
2. Pathophysiology focuses on the alterations in structure, function, and metabolism that occur in the body and the mechanisms underlying the development of diseases. It emphasizes the developmental process of diseases.
3. Pathophysiology plays an important role in bridging basic medical sciences and clinical medicine. It examines both the normal and abnormal functioning of the body.
G.2014 pathophysio~ (1'.introduction-lr)
1. Pathophysiology is the study of the underlying mechanisms by which diseases occur and develop, and the changes within the body caused by diseases. It focuses on alterations in structure, function, and metabolism.
2. Pathophysiology emphasizes the developmental process of diseases and disruptions to homeostasis. It examines alterations in function and metabolism and the mechanisms underlying disease development.
3. Pathophysiology plays an important role bridging basic medical sciences and clinical medicine by providing a theoretical basis for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Pathology is the study of disease and the associated changes that occur at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels. This leads to signs and symptoms in patients. Pathology examines the causes, structural changes, and symptoms of diseases. Techniques used in pathology include microscopic examination of tissues and organs, histochemistry using special stains, immunohistochemistry to visualize proteins, electron microscopy to study subcellular structures, and biochemical and molecular analysis. The overall aim is to diagnose diseases, determine treatment and prognosis, and contribute to medical research.
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This document provides an overview of the General Veterinary Pathology course (PATH-201). It outlines the course aims, objectives, topics covered, and textbooks recommended. The key goals of the course are to introduce students to common pathological terms, pathogens, and gross and microscopic lesions in animal tissues. Students will also learn about disease mechanisms and how to interpret lesions to assist clinicians with diagnosis. The document also defines several important pathology terms and concepts.
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Pathology is the study of diseases and includes general pathology and systematic pathology. General pathology examines disease mechanisms at the cellular level including injury response, repair, inflammation, and necrosis. Systematic pathology studies diseases affecting specific organ systems. It has several subdivisions including histopathology, hematology, cytopathology, immunology, chemical pathology, genetics, and molecular pathology which each examine tissues, blood, cells, the immune system, chemicals, genes, and DNA to diagnose and understand diseases.
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2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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General teaching about disease
The key theories regarding the causes of disease include:
- Mechanical determinism (17th-18th centuries) which looked at causal connections through methods like isolation, similarity, differences, etc.
- Monocausalism (19th century) which argued that specific microbes cause specific diseases as proposed by Pasteur.
- Conditionalism which stated that no single factor determines a disease and processes are conditioned by multiple internal and external factors as proposed by Ferworn.
- Constitutionalism which suggested disease susceptibility is influenced by a person's inherent constitution type (normal, asthenic, hyperstenic).
So in summary, theories have evolved from mechanical determinism to recognizing multiple contributing factors like microbes
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1. Introduction.ppt
This document provides an overview of the PATH 201 General Pathology course. It includes the course contents which cover topics like cell injury, growth disturbances, inflammation, and neoplasia. Recommended textbooks are listed. The document also defines pathology as the study of derangements in living organisms in response to injuries. It briefly outlines some career paths in veterinary pathology and discusses the history of pathology from ancient concepts to modern developments in anatomy, microscopy, germ theory, and molecular biology.
Introduction to pathology
About basics of pathology- Its definition, terminologies, subdivision & branches and objectives & purpose of pathology study
introductionofpathology-1903613134414.pdf
Pathology is the study of disease through examination of organs, tissues, fluids, and sometimes whole bodies. It involves studying the causes, mechanisms, structural changes, and clinical implications of disease. The main goals are to determine etiology, pathogenesis, morphological changes, and clinical significance. Cellular changes in disease include adaptation, reversible injury like hydropic and fatty change, and irreversible injury leading to necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis can be coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, or gangrenous. Adaptive changes include atrophy, hypoplasia, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and metaplasia.
Introduction of pathology
Pathology is the study of disease through examination of organs, tissues, fluids, and whole bodies. It involves studying the cause, development, structural changes, and clinical significance of disease. When cells are injured, they may adapt, undergo reversible injury, or irreversible injury and death through necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis results in cell contents spilling out while apoptosis is programmed cell death. At the cellular level, injury can be caused by lack of oxygen, toxins, radiation, and more. Cells attempt to adapt through changes in size, number, or type to cope with stressors.
basic pathophysiology.pdf
1. Pathophysiology is the study of the underlying mechanisms by which diseases occur and develop, and the study of the changes within the body caused by diseases. It provides a theoretical basis for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
2. Pathophysiology focuses on the alterations in structure, function, and metabolism that occur in the body and the mechanisms underlying the development of diseases. It emphasizes the developmental process of diseases.
3. Pathophysiology plays an important role in bridging basic medical sciences and clinical medicine. It examines both the normal and abnormal functioning of the body.
G.2014 pathophysio~ (1'.introduction-lr)
1. Pathophysiology is the study of the underlying mechanisms by which diseases occur and develop, and the changes within the body caused by diseases. It focuses on alterations in structure, function, and metabolism.
2. Pathophysiology emphasizes the developmental process of diseases and disruptions to homeostasis. It examines alterations in function and metabolism and the mechanisms underlying disease development.
3. Pathophysiology plays an important role bridging basic medical sciences and clinical medicine by providing a theoretical basis for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Introduction to pathology
Pathology is the study of disease and the associated changes that occur at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels. This leads to signs and symptoms in patients. Pathology examines the causes, structural changes, and symptoms of diseases. Techniques used in pathology include microscopic examination of tissues and organs, histochemistry using special stains, immunohistochemistry to visualize proteins, electron microscopy to study subcellular structures, and biochemical and molecular analysis. The overall aim is to diagnose diseases, determine treatment and prognosis, and contribute to medical research.
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1. introduction
This document provides an overview of the General Veterinary Pathology course (PATH-201). It outlines the course aims, objectives, topics covered, and textbooks recommended. The key goals of the course are to introduce students to common pathological terms, pathogens, and gross and microscopic lesions in animal tissues. Students will also learn about disease mechanisms and how to interpret lesions to assist clinicians with diagnosis. The document also defines several important pathology terms and concepts.
Histopathology Chapter 1 - Introduction.ppt
This document provides an introduction to histopathology. It discusses that histopathology is the branch of pathology that deals with tissue changes associated with disease, using microscopic examination of biopsy specimens. It also provides background on pathology, noting that pathology involves the study of structural and functional changes in tissues that cause disease. Several pioneers in the fields of anatomy, microscopy, and cellular pathology are discussed, including Hippocrates, Aristotle, Van Leeuwenhoek, Morgagni, Bichat, and Virchow. Basic terminology used in pathology is defined.
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This document discusses pathology, including its history, definitions, subdivisions, and methods. It notes that Hippocrates emphasized natural talent, instruction, environment, and diligence for medicine. Key figures like Van Leeuwenhoek introduced the microscope and Jenner developed smallpox inoculation. Pathology involves studying disease causes, processes, and structural/functional changes. It can be divided into general pathology of common diseases and systems-specific pathology. Methods include gross and microscopic examination of tissues, as well as histochemical staining, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and molecular techniques.
Pathology advantages in medicine.ppt
This document provides an overview of pathology, defining key terminology like patient, lesion, morphology, and aetiology. It explains that pathology is the study of structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease. Pathology examines four aspects of disease: etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements. Pathology is broadly divided into general pathology, which deals with basic disease mechanisms, and systemic pathology, which covers diseases as they occur in specific organ systems. Understanding pathology is essential for doctors to properly diagnose and treat patients.
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This document provides an overview of cellular responses to stress and injury, including cellular adaptations and cell death. It discusses how cells attempt to maintain homeostasis in response to stress through adaptations like hypertrophy (increase in cell size), hyperplasia (increase in cell number), atrophy, and metaplasia. If the stress becomes too severe or persistent, it can lead to reversible or irreversible cell injury, ultimately resulting in cell death through necrosis or apoptosis. Examples of cellular adaptations like cardiac muscle hypertrophy and smooth muscle hypertrophy in response to mechanical stresses are also provided.
understanding deviation from normal pathology
This document discusses the history and development of pathophysiology as a field of study. It describes how pathophysiology emerged from the study of anatomy, physiology, and the mechanisms by which diseases disrupt normal bodily functions. Key terms used in pathophysiology are defined. The document also outlines important developments in related fields like histology, immunology, and clinical pathology that expanded understanding of disease processes.
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Pathology is the study of diseases and includes general pathology and systematic pathology. General pathology examines disease mechanisms at the cellular level including injury response, repair, inflammation, and necrosis. Systematic pathology studies diseases affecting specific organ systems. It has several subdivisions including histopathology, hematology, cytopathology, immunology, chemical pathology, genetics, and molecular pathology which each examine tissues, blood, cells, the immune system, chemicals, genes, and DNA to diagnose and understand diseases.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
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1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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- 3. 一、History of Pathology Autopsy → Organ pathology (1761) LM → Cellular pathology (1854) Ultrastructural pathology with the application of EM (20 century 60s) Immunopathology, Molecular pathology, Genetic pathology, Quantitative pathology
- 4. 1. The core of pathology: The four aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology : (1) Etiology: causes of the disease (2) Pathogenesis: the mechanisms of its development (3) Morphologic changes: the structural alteration induced in the cells and organs of the body. (4) Clinical significance: the functional consequences of the morphologic changes. 二、The scope of pathology
- 5. 2. Classification: (1) Human pathology (2) Experimental pathology 3. Position: It’s a bridging discipline involving both basic science and clinical practice Autopsy Biopsy Cytology
- 6. 4. Text of Pathology: (1) General pathology: concerned with the basic reaction of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie all diseases. (2) Systemic pathology : dedcribe the specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to defined stimuli.
- 7. 三、Techniques of Pathology 1. Human pathology (1) Autopsy (2) Biopsy: surgical or diagnostic pathology (3) Cytology: smear, fine needle aspiration 2. Experimental pathology (1) Animal experiment: animal model (2) Tissue and cell culture
- 9. 四、Observation and New Technique of Morphology （一）Gross appearance: size, shape weight color consistency surface edge, section
- 10. （二）Histologic and cytologic observation: most common and basic formalin fixed → HE (hematoxylin and eosin) stained Hemangioma of ventrical wall
- 12. （四）Immunohistochemistry 1. Ag-Ab specific reaction 2. Applications (1) Location analysis cytokeratin→cell membrane (2) Clinical diagnosis and distinguishing diagnosis of tumor histogenesis
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- 16. （六）Flow cytometry (FCM) 1. One kind of cells→quantitative 2. DNA ploidy analysis 3. Protein nucleus acid→quantitative analysis 4. Selection of collection of cells
- 19. （七）Image analysis (IA) Nuclei: diameter; circumference; area; volume; morphology （八）Laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) aliving cell→observation in situ or development or quantitative
- 20. （九）Molecular biology technique 1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 2. DNA sequencing 3. Biochip technique (1) Gene chip (DNA chip) (2) Protein chip (protein microarray) (3) Tissue chip (tissue microarray)