This document provides an overview of epidemiology and outlines the key concepts and methods used in epidemiology studies. It discusses the definition of epidemiology, basic terminology like endemic, epidemic, and pandemic. It also describes the different types of epidemiology studies like descriptive and analytical studies. The document outlines the basic steps involved in conducting an outbreak investigation including establishing the existence of an outbreak, developing hypotheses, evaluating hypotheses, and communicating findings. It provides examples of descriptive data and rates to illustrate epidemiology concepts and approaches.
The investigation team should refine their original hypothesis based on the new evidence identifying Legionella bacteria breeding in the hotel's cooling tower and air conditioning system. Refining the hypothesis incorporates new information to improve or expand upon the original hypothesis.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of how diseases are distributed in populations and the factors that influence this. The objectives are to describe basic epidemiology terminology, identify data sources and collection methods, and describe how epidemiology is used to solve public health problems. It discusses descriptive epidemiology studies that determine who is affected, when and where, and analytic studies that determine why populations are affected.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of how diseases are distributed in populations and the factors that influence this. The objectives are to describe basic epidemiology terminology, identify data sources and collection methods, and describe how epidemiology is used to solve public health problems. It discusses descriptive epidemiology studies that investigate disease outbreaks in terms of time, place and person affected.
define epidemiology
describe basic terminology and concepts of epidemiology
identify types of data sources
identify basic methods of data collection and interpretation
•
describe a public health problem in terms of time, place, and person
identify the key components of a descriptive epidemiology outbreak investigation
The document provides an overview of the key concepts of epidemiology:
- Epidemiology is defined as the study of disease patterns in populations and the factors that influence these patterns.
- John Snow was an early pioneer in epidemiology who used epidemiologic investigations to establish that cholera was transmitted through contaminated water rather than air.
- Epidemiology involves describing disease occurrence, identifying risk factors and causes, and applying findings to disease prevention and control efforts. Descriptive epidemiology examines disease distribution while analytical epidemiology tests hypotheses about causes.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. Key features of descriptive epidemiology include describing the person, place, and time characteristics of disease occurrence, while analytic epidemiology aims to identify the causes of disease. Epidemiology has many applications in public health, including disease investigation and surveillance, identifying risk factors, and evaluating interventions. Some notable achievements in epidemiology include the eradication of smallpox and efforts to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
The investigation team should refine their original hypothesis based on the new evidence identifying Legionella bacteria breeding in the hotel's cooling tower and air conditioning system. Refining the hypothesis incorporates new information to improve or expand upon the original hypothesis.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of how diseases are distributed in populations and the factors that influence this. The objectives are to describe basic epidemiology terminology, identify data sources and collection methods, and describe how epidemiology is used to solve public health problems. It discusses descriptive epidemiology studies that determine who is affected, when and where, and analytic studies that determine why populations are affected.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of how diseases are distributed in populations and the factors that influence this. The objectives are to describe basic epidemiology terminology, identify data sources and collection methods, and describe how epidemiology is used to solve public health problems. It discusses descriptive epidemiology studies that investigate disease outbreaks in terms of time, place and person affected.
define epidemiology
describe basic terminology and concepts of epidemiology
identify types of data sources
identify basic methods of data collection and interpretation
•
describe a public health problem in terms of time, place, and person
identify the key components of a descriptive epidemiology outbreak investigation
The document provides an overview of the key concepts of epidemiology:
- Epidemiology is defined as the study of disease patterns in populations and the factors that influence these patterns.
- John Snow was an early pioneer in epidemiology who used epidemiologic investigations to establish that cholera was transmitted through contaminated water rather than air.
- Epidemiology involves describing disease occurrence, identifying risk factors and causes, and applying findings to disease prevention and control efforts. Descriptive epidemiology examines disease distribution while analytical epidemiology tests hypotheses about causes.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. Key features of descriptive epidemiology include describing the person, place, and time characteristics of disease occurrence, while analytic epidemiology aims to identify the causes of disease. Epidemiology has many applications in public health, including disease investigation and surveillance, identifying risk factors, and evaluating interventions. Some notable achievements in epidemiology include the eradication of smallpox and efforts to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
This document provides an overview of epidemiological methods and concepts. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution, determinants, and control in populations. Key concepts discussed include agents, hosts, and environments that influence disease occurrence. Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe disease distribution by time, place and person, while analytical epidemiology identifies risk factors. Observational and experimental study designs are classified. The document outlines the scope, aims, history and uses of epidemiology to understand and control health problems.
epidemiology with part 2 (complete) 2.pptAmosWafula3
This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology as the study of what falls upon populations in terms of health and disease. A modern definition is provided that describes epidemiology as studying the distribution and determinants of health states in populations.
The objectives and purposes of epidemiology are then outlined, which include describing disease distribution and magnitude, identifying risk factors, providing data for prevention/control programs, and recommending interventions. Key epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic are also defined. Descriptive and analytical study designs commonly used in epidemiology like cross-sectional and case-control studies are described. The document concludes by contrasting the approaches of epidemiology versus clinical medicine
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease frequency, distribution, and causative factors in order to provide data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control programs. The epidemiological approach involves asking questions about health events and outcomes in populations, and making comparisons between groups with different exposures to identify risk factors and draw inferences about disease causation.
1. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe patterns of disease, while analytical epidemiology aims to identify risk factors.
2. Key approaches in epidemiology include observational studies like cross-sectional and case-control studies, as well as experimental studies like randomized controlled trials. Important concepts include rates, ratios, and proportions used to describe disease frequency and distribution.
The document discusses the epidemiology course which covers applying epidemiological procedures to understand occurrences and control of various health conditions. The course objectives are to provide mastery in various epidemiological assessment tools and research designs. It details the grading system, schedule, attendance policy and introduces concepts of epidemiology like descriptive epidemiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology including its definition, history, aims, tools of measurement, and study designs. Some key points:
- Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations and its application to disease control and prevention. It aims to describe disease problems, identify risk factors, and provide data to plan and evaluate health services.
- Important historical figures include Hippocrates, Galen, Sydenham, and John Snow, considered the "Father of Epidemiology" for his cholera studies. Measurement tools include rates, ratios, and proportions to compare disease frequency.
- Major epidemiological study designs are observational (descriptive, analytical) and experimental (
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines key epidemiological concepts like disease, health, and what epidemiology studies. Epidemiology examines the distribution and determinants of disease in populations. It describes who gets sick and why by studying both sick and healthy individuals. The document outlines John Snow's study of a cholera outbreak in London and how he used epidemiological methods to determine the water source was the cause. Descriptive epidemiology examines person, place and time factors to describe disease patterns, while analytical epidemiology tests hypotheses about causes using exposures and effects. The epidemiological triangle of host, agent, and environment is also introduced to frame the study of disease causation.
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in populations and the factors that influence these patterns. The document discusses several key aspects of epidemiology including:
1. Epidemiology studies both healthy and sick people to determine what distinguishes those who get a disease from those who don't.
2. Descriptive epidemiology describes disease patterns in terms of person, place, and time, while analytic epidemiology investigates relationships between exposures and disease occurrence.
3. Epidemiologists play important roles such as determining disease causes and distributions, aiding in public health planning, and recommending prevention and control measures.
Descriptive epidemiology studies observe the distribution of diseases in populations to identify characteristics associated with diseases. This presentation discusses descriptive epidemiology, including its uses and procedures. Descriptive studies first define the population and disease, then describe disease distribution by time, place and person. This involves measuring disease prevalence and incidence and comparing rates between groups. Observing these characteristics can provide clues to disease causes and help form hypotheses about risk factors. Descriptive epidemiology provides data on disease burdens to aid health planning, research and evaluation of interventions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in community medicine and epidemiology. It defines terms like health, disease, illness and sickness. It discusses community medicine and how it focuses on populations rather than individuals. The document outlines methods of community diagnosis including discussion, records review, and field surveys. It also discusses epidemiology, including its definition, scope, history, types (descriptive vs analytical), and how epidemiological studies examine the distribution of diseases by person, place and time. The goal of epidemiology is to identify determinants of disease to aid in prevention and control efforts.
The document provides an overview of epidemiology including:
- The definition and origins of epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations.
- Key concepts in epidemiology including rates, ratios, proportions, mortality, morbidity, incidence, prevalence and descriptive vs analytical study methods.
- Descriptive studies examine disease frequency and distribution by person, place and time to identify potential risk factors. Analytical studies further test hypothesized associations between suspected causes and effects.
- Examples of rates and ratios used to measure disease occurrence include crude death rates, case fatality rates, and proportional mortality rates. Incidence and prevalence are used to measure disease frequency and burden.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. It examines how often diseases occur in different groups and what factors cause them. Key aspects include studying determinants like behaviors or environments that influence health, how diseases are distributed in populations, and measuring morbidity like illness and mortality like death rates. Important foundations of epidemiology include using an interdisciplinary approach, quantifying data, and examining disease frequencies like in epidemics. Historical figures like Hippocrates, John Snow, and others helped establish core epidemiological concepts and methods through their studies of disease outbreaks.
This document provides an overview of key epidemiology concepts for public health and community health assessment. It defines epidemiology as the study of health and disease distribution in populations and describes its goals as identifying causal relationships to control illness. Descriptive epidemiology looks at patterns of health events, while analytical epidemiology investigates determinants. Rates, proportions, and risks are epidemiological measures used to characterize disease frequency and compare populations. Incidence measures new cases over time, while prevalence measures existing cases at a point in time. Understanding epidemiology allows community health nurses to identify health problems, risks, interventions, and inform policies.
biostatistics and then Epidemiology.pptxEmma910932
This document provides an overview of epidemiology concepts. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to disease control. It describes how epidemiology identifies groups at higher risk of disease by examining the 5 W's (what, who, where, when, why). The objectives of studying epidemiology are also outlined. Descriptive and analytical epidemiology are discussed as the two main types. Key terms like incidence, surveillance, the epidemiologic triangle of host-agent-environment are also defined. Formulas for calculating disease rates are presented.
This document provides an introduction to the course MPH 5101: Epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in human populations. The document summarizes the historical evolution of epidemiology, from Hippocrates to John Snow. It also lists the key features and uses of descriptive and analytic epidemiology, and components of the epidemiologic triad.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology and public health. It outlines key concepts including:
- Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It aims to identify causes and apply findings to disease control.
- Public health aims to prevent disease and promote community health through organized efforts. It is informed by the scientific core of epidemiology.
- Epidemiological studies can be descriptive, providing information on disease frequency, distribution, and natural history, or analytic, evaluating relationships between exposures and outcomes.
This document defines key terminology used in epidemiology and describes some important epidemiological methods. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Descriptive epidemiology organizes health data, while analytic epidemiology searches for causes and effects. Important measurements include rates, ratios and proportions to quantify disease frequency and distribution. Methods like incidence, prevalence, mortality and morbidity rates are used to measure disease occurrence and impact in populations.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It then discusses the history of epidemiology from Hippocrates' observations to modern uses. The types of epidemiological studies covered are descriptive studies like cross-sectional and analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies. The aims and uses of epidemiology are also summarized, including describing disease problems, assessing population health, informing individual decisions, understanding disease natural history, identifying causes and risks, and planning/evaluating interventions.
This document provides an overview of the rules and guidelines for the 2014 Disease Detectives event for Science Olympiad. It outlines that the topic for 2014 will be environmental quality. It provides resources for training materials, including sample problems and event guidelines. It describes the format of the event and emphasizes checking the official rules for parameters. It also gives an overview of epidemiology concepts focused on for 2014, including environmental causes of health problems and the scientific method as it relates to outbreak investigation.
This document provides an overview of epidemiological methods and concepts. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution, determinants, and control in populations. Key concepts discussed include agents, hosts, and environments that influence disease occurrence. Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe disease distribution by time, place and person, while analytical epidemiology identifies risk factors. Observational and experimental study designs are classified. The document outlines the scope, aims, history and uses of epidemiology to understand and control health problems.
epidemiology with part 2 (complete) 2.pptAmosWafula3
This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology as the study of what falls upon populations in terms of health and disease. A modern definition is provided that describes epidemiology as studying the distribution and determinants of health states in populations.
The objectives and purposes of epidemiology are then outlined, which include describing disease distribution and magnitude, identifying risk factors, providing data for prevention/control programs, and recommending interventions. Key epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic are also defined. Descriptive and analytical study designs commonly used in epidemiology like cross-sectional and case-control studies are described. The document concludes by contrasting the approaches of epidemiology versus clinical medicine
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease frequency, distribution, and causative factors in order to provide data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control programs. The epidemiological approach involves asking questions about health events and outcomes in populations, and making comparisons between groups with different exposures to identify risk factors and draw inferences about disease causation.
1. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe patterns of disease, while analytical epidemiology aims to identify risk factors.
2. Key approaches in epidemiology include observational studies like cross-sectional and case-control studies, as well as experimental studies like randomized controlled trials. Important concepts include rates, ratios, and proportions used to describe disease frequency and distribution.
The document discusses the epidemiology course which covers applying epidemiological procedures to understand occurrences and control of various health conditions. The course objectives are to provide mastery in various epidemiological assessment tools and research designs. It details the grading system, schedule, attendance policy and introduces concepts of epidemiology like descriptive epidemiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology including its definition, history, aims, tools of measurement, and study designs. Some key points:
- Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations and its application to disease control and prevention. It aims to describe disease problems, identify risk factors, and provide data to plan and evaluate health services.
- Important historical figures include Hippocrates, Galen, Sydenham, and John Snow, considered the "Father of Epidemiology" for his cholera studies. Measurement tools include rates, ratios, and proportions to compare disease frequency.
- Major epidemiological study designs are observational (descriptive, analytical) and experimental (
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines key epidemiological concepts like disease, health, and what epidemiology studies. Epidemiology examines the distribution and determinants of disease in populations. It describes who gets sick and why by studying both sick and healthy individuals. The document outlines John Snow's study of a cholera outbreak in London and how he used epidemiological methods to determine the water source was the cause. Descriptive epidemiology examines person, place and time factors to describe disease patterns, while analytical epidemiology tests hypotheses about causes using exposures and effects. The epidemiological triangle of host, agent, and environment is also introduced to frame the study of disease causation.
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in populations and the factors that influence these patterns. The document discusses several key aspects of epidemiology including:
1. Epidemiology studies both healthy and sick people to determine what distinguishes those who get a disease from those who don't.
2. Descriptive epidemiology describes disease patterns in terms of person, place, and time, while analytic epidemiology investigates relationships between exposures and disease occurrence.
3. Epidemiologists play important roles such as determining disease causes and distributions, aiding in public health planning, and recommending prevention and control measures.
Descriptive epidemiology studies observe the distribution of diseases in populations to identify characteristics associated with diseases. This presentation discusses descriptive epidemiology, including its uses and procedures. Descriptive studies first define the population and disease, then describe disease distribution by time, place and person. This involves measuring disease prevalence and incidence and comparing rates between groups. Observing these characteristics can provide clues to disease causes and help form hypotheses about risk factors. Descriptive epidemiology provides data on disease burdens to aid health planning, research and evaluation of interventions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in community medicine and epidemiology. It defines terms like health, disease, illness and sickness. It discusses community medicine and how it focuses on populations rather than individuals. The document outlines methods of community diagnosis including discussion, records review, and field surveys. It also discusses epidemiology, including its definition, scope, history, types (descriptive vs analytical), and how epidemiological studies examine the distribution of diseases by person, place and time. The goal of epidemiology is to identify determinants of disease to aid in prevention and control efforts.
The document provides an overview of epidemiology including:
- The definition and origins of epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations.
- Key concepts in epidemiology including rates, ratios, proportions, mortality, morbidity, incidence, prevalence and descriptive vs analytical study methods.
- Descriptive studies examine disease frequency and distribution by person, place and time to identify potential risk factors. Analytical studies further test hypothesized associations between suspected causes and effects.
- Examples of rates and ratios used to measure disease occurrence include crude death rates, case fatality rates, and proportional mortality rates. Incidence and prevalence are used to measure disease frequency and burden.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. It examines how often diseases occur in different groups and what factors cause them. Key aspects include studying determinants like behaviors or environments that influence health, how diseases are distributed in populations, and measuring morbidity like illness and mortality like death rates. Important foundations of epidemiology include using an interdisciplinary approach, quantifying data, and examining disease frequencies like in epidemics. Historical figures like Hippocrates, John Snow, and others helped establish core epidemiological concepts and methods through their studies of disease outbreaks.
This document provides an overview of key epidemiology concepts for public health and community health assessment. It defines epidemiology as the study of health and disease distribution in populations and describes its goals as identifying causal relationships to control illness. Descriptive epidemiology looks at patterns of health events, while analytical epidemiology investigates determinants. Rates, proportions, and risks are epidemiological measures used to characterize disease frequency and compare populations. Incidence measures new cases over time, while prevalence measures existing cases at a point in time. Understanding epidemiology allows community health nurses to identify health problems, risks, interventions, and inform policies.
biostatistics and then Epidemiology.pptxEmma910932
This document provides an overview of epidemiology concepts. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to disease control. It describes how epidemiology identifies groups at higher risk of disease by examining the 5 W's (what, who, where, when, why). The objectives of studying epidemiology are also outlined. Descriptive and analytical epidemiology are discussed as the two main types. Key terms like incidence, surveillance, the epidemiologic triangle of host-agent-environment are also defined. Formulas for calculating disease rates are presented.
This document provides an introduction to the course MPH 5101: Epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in human populations. The document summarizes the historical evolution of epidemiology, from Hippocrates to John Snow. It also lists the key features and uses of descriptive and analytic epidemiology, and components of the epidemiologic triad.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology and public health. It outlines key concepts including:
- Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It aims to identify causes and apply findings to disease control.
- Public health aims to prevent disease and promote community health through organized efforts. It is informed by the scientific core of epidemiology.
- Epidemiological studies can be descriptive, providing information on disease frequency, distribution, and natural history, or analytic, evaluating relationships between exposures and outcomes.
This document defines key terminology used in epidemiology and describes some important epidemiological methods. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Descriptive epidemiology organizes health data, while analytic epidemiology searches for causes and effects. Important measurements include rates, ratios and proportions to quantify disease frequency and distribution. Methods like incidence, prevalence, mortality and morbidity rates are used to measure disease occurrence and impact in populations.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It then discusses the history of epidemiology from Hippocrates' observations to modern uses. The types of epidemiological studies covered are descriptive studies like cross-sectional and analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies. The aims and uses of epidemiology are also summarized, including describing disease problems, assessing population health, informing individual decisions, understanding disease natural history, identifying causes and risks, and planning/evaluating interventions.
This document provides an overview of the rules and guidelines for the 2014 Disease Detectives event for Science Olympiad. It outlines that the topic for 2014 will be environmental quality. It provides resources for training materials, including sample problems and event guidelines. It describes the format of the event and emphasizes checking the official rules for parameters. It also gives an overview of epidemiology concepts focused on for 2014, including environmental causes of health problems and the scientific method as it relates to outbreak investigation.
Similar to introduction-to-epidemiology (1).pptx (20)
This document discusses urethritis, including causes, clinical features, and treatment. It focuses on gonococcal urethritis, providing details on Neisseria gonorrhoeae such as its structure, strains, and methods of laboratory diagnosis. Symptoms and complications of gonococcal urethritis are described for both males and females. Treatment recommendations are provided for uncomplicated and disseminated gonococcal infections. Complications of urethritis in general are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses different types and treatments of diabetes. It describes:
1) Type 1 diabetes is characterized by destruction of beta cells resulting in insulin deficiency. Type 2 involves tissue resistance to insulin combined with relative insulin deficiency.
2) Insulin preparations include rapid, short, intermediate, and long-acting types to provide different onset and duration of action.
3) Common diabetes drug classes discussed are insulin secretagogues, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors; their mechanisms of action aim to increase insulin secretion or sensitivity.
Peptic ulcer disease refers to open sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum caused by erosion of the protective mucosal barrier from gastric acid and enzymes. Helicobacter pylori infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use are leading causes of peptic ulcers. Symptoms include dyspepsia, abdominal pain, and nausea. Endoscopy allows direct visualization of ulcers while biopsies detect H. pylori. Treatment involves proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori infections, and antacids.
The document discusses thyroid pharmacology. It describes the thyroid gland and its function of producing thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. It explains the process of iodine trapping and thyroid hormone biosynthesis within the thyroid follicles. The document also discusses the differences between T3 and T4, the peripheral conversion of T4 to the more active T3, and symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It provides details on common thyroid drugs like levothyroxine and carbimazole used to treat hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism respectively, including their mechanisms of action and side effects.
This document discusses thyroid drugs and antithyroid drugs. It begins with an introduction to the thyroid gland, its hormones and diseases. It then covers the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones and describes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
The document discusses various thyroid drugs used to treat hypothyroidism including levothyroxine, levothyronine and their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and uses.
It also covers various classes of antithyroid drugs used to treat hyperthyroidism including thioamides, iodides and their mechanisms of action. Specific drugs discussed include propylthiouracil, its structure, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and therapeutic uses.
Nephrotic Syndrome Management Case Report by Slidesgo (1).pptxMrMedicine
This case report summarizes the management of a patient with nephrotic syndrome. Key details include that the patient presented with relevant clinical findings of nephrotic syndrome. Various interventions were employed to treat the condition and monitor the patient's response and progression. The case report provides valuable insights for clinical practice.
biostat 2.pptx h h jbjbivigyfyfyfyfyftftcMrMedicine
The sample consists of 10 women seeking prenatal care. Key statistics about the sample include:
- Sample size is 10
- Mode is 22, 26, and 28 (as each occurs once)
- Median is 26.5
- Range is 25 (43-18)
- Sample mean is 26.6
- Sample variance is 64.4
- Sample standard deviation is 8.03
Dendritic cells serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity by transporting antigens from sites of infection to lymph nodes where they present antigens to T cells. They respond to microbes by producing cytokines that initiate inflammation and serve as antigen presenting cells. For an immune response to occur, antigens must be processed and presented to T helper cells by antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. This activates both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity.
Poliomyelitis is caused by polioviruses which infect the nervous system and can cause paralysis. There are three strains of wild poliovirus that cause disease. Polioviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses that enter host cells and can spread to the spinal cord. Most polio infections are asymptomatic but some cause minor symptoms and rarely paralysis. There are two vaccines for polio - the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) given by injection, and the oral polio vaccine (OPV) given orally. Both vaccines provide protection but OPV also induces herd immunity while IPV is safer. Global efforts aim to eradicate polio using vaccination.
The document outlines the rights and obligations of experts in criminal proceedings according to the Criminal Procedure Code of Kazakhstan. It discusses that experts must have special scientific knowledge and not be interested in the case. They have the right to review case materials, submit petitions, participate in proceedings, and challenge translations. Experts are obligated to conduct objective studies, give reasoned opinions, and ensure safety of objects. They are not allowed to negotiate without permission or independently collect materials. Experts who provide deliberately false conclusions can face criminal liability.
This document provides an overview of forensic thanatology, the study of death from a legal perspective. It discusses topics such as the definition of death, the stages of dying, classification of causes of death, and post-mortem changes that can help determine time of death or manner of death. The document outlines a plan to cover dying and death, classification and causes of death, post-mortem changes and their forensic significance, euthanasia, and case studies in thanatology. It then goes on to discuss these topics in more detail over several paragraphs.
The document discusses lung volume and lung capacities. It presents information on lung volumes and capacities that are important for respiration. The document was presented by a group of five students with the group number 217.
The document provides guidance on basic first aid for medical emergencies. It lists four basic rules: call for help immediately, bring help to the victim, check the ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation), and do no further harm. It then provides instructions for assessing the scene, prioritizing care, checking for medical tags or alerts, doing a head-to-toe examination, and only moving the victim if necessary. It gives specific first aid procedures for conditions like no breathing, bleeding, shock, heart attack, choking, eye injuries, burns, broken bones, heat exhaustion, heatstroke, fainting, seizures and more.
This document discusses measures of disease frequency, including prevalence and incidence. Prevalence refers to the proportion of people who have a disease at a particular point in time. Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease over time. Stratification involves separating analysis by subgroups such as age, sex, geography or time period. Measuring prevalence and incidence provides information about the burden of disease in a population and clues about disease causes. This allows for better planning, resource allocation and insights into disease pathogenesis.
Blood is a connective tissue that functions to transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body. It has a slightly alkaline pH of 7.4 and is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid portion that contains water and proteins to maintain blood pressure and immunity. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells protect against pathogens, and platelets help with clotting. In summary, blood transports essential materials, regulates processes, and protects the body from infection through its cellular components suspended in plasma.
The document discusses the structure and function of the cell membrane. It begins by defining the cell membrane as a biological membrane that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. It then describes the chemical composition of the cell membrane, which includes lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid and form a bilayer structure with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell and also provides structure and anchors cell proteins and cytoskeleton. It functions in transport, protection, and cell recognition. The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a fluid bilayer with embedded proteins that can move laterally.
Situation ethics is a relativist moral theory developed by Joseph Fletcher in 1963 based on the idea that the morality of an action depends on the situation rather than any fixed rules. It is inspired by Jesus' message of love (agape) as described in the Bible. Fletcher argued morality should be flexible rather than legalistic or anti-nomian. Situation ethics considers the outcomes and consequences of actions, placing primary importance on love as the sole intrinsic good. While it aims to avoid conflicts between duties, critics argue it could allow any action and that determining the most loving choice is subjective.
Leonardo Da Vinci was born illegitimately in Vinci, Italy in 1452. Despite facing hardship and lacking formal education, he became a renowned polymath through self-study in various fields including art, science, mathematics and engineering. As a painter, inventor, scientist and scholar, Da Vinci made many contributions ahead of his time in areas such as anatomy, flight technology and more. He approached his work with keen observation and a drive to understand the world around him.
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalRPeter Gallagher
In this session delivered at NDC Oslo 2024, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
3. • define epidemiology
• describe basic terminology and concepts of epidemiology
• identify types of data sources
• identify basic methods of data collection and interpretation
• describe a public health problem in terms of time, place, and
person
• identify the key components of a descriptive epidemiology
outbreak investigation
Learning Objectives
After this course, you will be able to
3
8. Adapted from: Last JM, ed. A dictionary of epidemiology. 2nd ed. Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press; 1988.
Epidemiology — Defined
Study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related states
among specified populations and the
application of that study to the
control of health problems
8
9. Epidemiology Purposes
in Public Health Practice
• Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors that
affect health
• Determine the relative importance of causes of illness,
disability, and death
• Identify those segments of the population that have the
greatest risk from specific causes of ill health
• Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in
improving population health
9
10. Solving Health Problems
Step 1
Data
collection
Action
Solving health
problems
Assessment
Hypothesis
testing
Action
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 1 -
Surveillance; determine time,
place, and person
Inference
Determine how and why
Intervention
Step 1 -
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
10
11. All of the following illustrate the purpose of epidemiology in
public health, except
A. identifying populations who are at risk for certain
diseases.
B. assessing the effectiveness of interventions.
C. providing treatment for patients in clinical settings.
D. determining the importance of causes of illness
Knowledge Check
11
12. Epidemiologists use a model for studying infectious disease and
its spread that involves the microbe that causes the disease, the
organism that harbors the disease, and the external factors that
cause or allow disease transmission. This is also known as
A. host, vector, and transmission.
B. transmission, host, and environment.
C. host, agent, and environment.
D. organism, transmission, and environment.
Knowledge Check
12
14. Epidemiology Key Terms
epidemic or outbreak: disease occurrence among a population that
is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place.
cluster: group of cases in a specific time and place that might be more
than expected.
endemic: disease or condition present among a population at all times.
pandemic: a disease or condition that spreads across regions.
rate: number of cases occurring during a specific period; always
dependent on the size of the population during that period.
14
15. A. endemic C. epidemic
B. pandemic
3. HIV/AIDS is one of the worst global
diseases in history. It is a/an _________.
B. pandemic
A. endemic
C. epidemic
1. Malaria is present in Africa at all times
because of the presence of infected
mosquitoes. Malaria is _____ in Africa.
2. The Ebola virus in parts of Africa is in
excess of what is expected for this region.
This virus is a/an ________.
Match each term with the correct example.
Knowledge Check
15
16. In March 1981, an outbreak of measles occurred among
employees at Factory X in Fort Worth, Texas.
This group of cases in this specific time and place can
be described as a ________________.
A. distribution B. cluster C. determinant
Choose the correct answer.
Knowledge Check
cluster
16
18. Rates help us compare health
problems among different
populations that include two or
more groups who differ by a
selected characteristic
Comparing Population Characteristics
18
19. Rate Formula
• the number of cases of the illness or condition
• the size of the population at risk
• the period during which we are calculating the rate
To calculate a rate, we first need to determine the
frequency of disease, which includes
19
20. Scenario: Unexplained Pneumonia
July 21–24 July 26–Aug 1
August 2
(Morning)
August 2
(Evening)
American Legion
Convention,
Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
18 deaths reported
among
conventioneers
Health care provider at a veterans’ hospital in
Philadelphia calls CDC to report cases
of severe respiratory illness among attendees of
the American Legion Convention
71 additional
cases reported
Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med
1977;297:1189–97. 20
21. Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med
1977;297:1189–97.
Legionnaires’ Disease, by Age Group
Age (yrs) Sick Total Percentage
39 3 44 6.8
40–49 9 160 5.6
50–59 27 320 8.4
60–69 12 108 11.1
70 11 54 20.4
Unknown 0 2 0
Time: July 21–24, 1976
Frequency Unit size
Hotel A Residents
21
22. Legionnaires’ Disease Rate
Age (yrs) Sick Total Percentage
39 3 44 6.8
40–49 9 160 5.6
50–59 27 320 8.4
60–69 12 108 11.1
70 11 54 20.4
Unknown 0 2 0
Frequency Unit Rate
Time: July 21–24, 1976
Hotel A Residents
22
23. Knowledge Check
On Day 1 of a technology conference in San Diego, 15 presenters who
were setting up for their sessions in Annex X became ill with flu-like
symptoms. During the course of the conference, 20 participants who
attended sessions in Annex X also became ill with the same symptoms.
To begin calculating the rate of this outbreak, investigators should first
determine
A. the size of the conference population.
B. the number of cases of illness.
C. the number of days the conference was held.
D. the location of the conference.
23
26. Descriptive and Analytic Epidemiology
Descriptive
epidemiology
Analytic
epidemiology
When was the
population affected?
How was the
population affected?
Where was the population
affected?
Why was the
population affected?
Who was affected?
26
27. Fatalities Associated with Farm Tractors
In 1982, the number of farm
tractor-associated deaths was
described in terms of time,
place, and person by using
records from an existing
surveillance system
27
28. Goodman RA, Smith JD, Sikes RK, et al. Fatalities associated with farm tractor injuries: an epidemiologic study. Public Health Rep
1985;100:329–33.
Fatalities Associated with Farm Tractors
28
29. Goodman RA, Smith JD, Sikes RK, et al. Fatalities associated with farm tractor injuries: an epidemiologic study. Public Health Rep
1985;100: 329–33.
Fatalities Associated with Farm Tractors
29
30. Goodman RA, Smith JD, Sikes RK, et al. Fatalities associated with farm tractor injuries: an epidemiologic study. Public Health Rep
1985;100:329–33.
Fatalities Associated with Farm Tractors
30
31. An epidemiologist is doing a study on
the sleep patterns of college students
but does not provide any intervention.
What type of study is this?
B. Experimental C. Observational
A. Qualitative
C. Observational
Choose the correct answer from the following choices:
Knowledge Check
31
32. Knowledge Check
A. Descriptive B. Analytic
B. Analytic
A. Descriptive
1. A study of heart disease comparing a group
who eats healthy foods and exercises
regularly with one who does not in an effort
to test association
2. A study to describe the eating habits of
adolescents aged 13–18 years in
Community X
Match each term to the correct example below.
32
34. Data Sources and Collection Methods
Source Method Example
Individual persons • Questionnaire
• Survey
• Foodborne illness outbreak
• CDC’s National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey
• Health data on U.S. residents
Environment • Samples from the
environment (river water,
soil)
• Sensors for environmental
changes
• Collection of water from area
streams — check for chemical
pollutants
• Air-quality ratings
Health care • Notifications to health
department if cases of
certain diseases are
observed
• Report cases of meningitis to
health department
Nonhealth–related
sources (financial,
legal)
• Sales records
• Court records
• Cigarette sales
• Intoxicated driver arrests
34
35. Studies are conducted in an
attempt to discover
associations between an
exposure or risk factor and a
health outcome
Conducting Studies
35
36. Study Design — Cross-Sectional Study
Subjects are selected
because they are members of
a certain population subset at
a certain time
36
37. Study Design — Cohort Study
Subjects are categorized on
the basis of their exposure to
one or more risk factors
37
38. Study Design Type — Case-Control Study
Subjects identified as having
a disease or condition are
compared with subjects
without the same disease or
condition
38
39. A. Intoxicated driver arrests.
B. Electronic health records.
C. Measurement of toxins in a river.
D. Medical board action against a physician.
Which of the following are examples of a health-related
source of data collection?
Knowledge Check
39
40. 3. Subjects who have received nutritional
counseling and who have exercised
twice a week are compared with
subjects who have not.
A. Cross-Sectional B. Cohort C. Case-Control
C. Case-Control
B. Cohort
A. Cross-Sectional
Match each study with the correct definition.
1. Subjects with diabetes are compared with
subjects without diabetes.
2. A study of women aged 50–60 years in a
community located close to a nuclear
power facility.
Knowledge Check
40
42. Outbreak Investigation
• establishing the existence of an outbreak
• preparing for fieldwork
• verifying the diagnosis
• defining and identifying cases
• using descriptive epidemiology
• developing hypotheses
• evaluating the hypotheses
• refining the hypotheses
• implementing control and prevention
measures
• communicating findings
Ten steps are involved in outbreak investigations, including
42
43. Outbreak Investigation — Steps 1 and 2
Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med
1977;297 1189–97.
• Use data from data sources
Step 1 — Establishing the
existence of an outbreak
• Research the disease
• Gather supplies and
equipment
• Arrange travel
Step 2 — Preparing for field work
43
44. Outbreak Investigation — Steps 3 and 4
Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med
1977;297 1189–97.
• Speak with patients
• Review laboratory findings
and clinical test results
• Establish a case definition by
using a standard set of
criteria
Step 3 — Verifying the
diagnosis
Step 4 — Defining and
identifying cases
44
45. Outbreak Investigation — Step 5
Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med 1977;297 1189–97.
Step 5 — Using descriptive
epidemiology
• Describe and orient the data
45
46. Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med
1977;297:1189–97.
Legionnaires’ Disease Cases, by Day
46
47. Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med
1977;297: 1189–97.
Legionnaires’ Disease Attack Rates
47
Age
(yrs)
Ill Total Percent Ill Total Percent
ill
Ill Total Percent
ill
39 3 44 6.8 3 116 2.6 6 160 3.7
40–49 9 160 5.6 11 232 4.7 20 392 5.1
50–59 27 320 8.4 25 523 4.8 52 843 6.2
60–69 12 108 11.1 19 207 9.1 31 315 9.8
70 11 54 20.4 5 76 6.5 16 130 12.3
Unknown 0 2 0 0 7 0 0 9 0
Total 62 688 9.0 63 1,161 5.4 125 1,849 6.8
Hotel A Hotel B Hotel C
48. Outbreak Investigation — Steps 6, 7, and 8
Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med
1977;297:1189–97.
Step 6 — Develop a focused
hypothesis
Step 7 — Evaluate the hypothesis for
validity
Step 8 — Refine the hypothesis as
needed
48
49. Legionnaires’ Disease Study Results
Five months after the first cases of
Legionnaires’ disease occurred,
results of the case-control study
indicated that spending time in the
lobby of Hotel A was a risk factor
for illness
49
50. Legionnaires’ Disease Study Results
In December 1976, a CDC
laboratorian successfully located the
source bacteria after continuing to test
the specimens that were thought to be
dead
50
51. Outbreak Investigation — Steps 9 and 10
Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med
1977;297:1189–97.
Step 9 — Implement control and
prevention measures
• Determine who needs to know
• Determine how information will be
communicated
• Identify why the information needs
to be communicated
Step 10 — Communicate findings
• Control and prevent additional
cases
51
52. In 1976, during an American Legion Convention, 11 attendees had
died of apparent heart attacks by August 1. Dr. Campbell contacted
the Pennsylvania Department of Health after realizing he had treated
3 of those 11 attendees. What is the first step the Pennsylvania
Department of Health should have followed?
A. Establish a surveillance system.
B. Alert the convention attendees.
C. Establish the existence of an outbreak.
D. Send an investigation team to the hotel.
Knowledge Check
52
53. CDC then launched an investigation. However, no effective
communication existed between scientists in the field interviewing
patients and those in the laboratory who were testing specimens.
As a first step in stopping this outbreak, what should the team have
done to identify persons who were part of the outbreak?
A. Verify a diagnosis.
B. Establish a case definition to identify cases.
C. Communicate findings to the public.
D. Implement prevention measures.
Knowledge Check
53
54. In speculating that the cooling system might be the source of the
outbreak, what step was the epidemiologist implementing?
Knowledge Check
A. Developing a hypothesis.
B. Refining a hypothesis.
C. Evaluating a hypothesis.
D. Verifying a diagnosis.
54
55. In January 1977, the Legionella bacterium was finally identified and
isolated and was found to be breeding in the cooling tower of the
hotel’s air-conditioning system; the bacteria then spread through the
building whenever the system was engaged. What should the
investigation team do regarding their original hypothesis?
A. Evaluate it.
B. Refine it.
C. Confirm it.
D. Both A and B.
Knowledge Check
55
56. The finding from this outbreak investigation lead to development
of new regulations worldwide for climate control systems. What
step does this illustrate?
A. Communicate the findings.
B. Implement control and prevention measures.
C. Perform descriptive epidemiology.
D. Refine the hypothesis.
Knowledge Check
56
57. During this course, you learned to
Course Summary
• define epidemiology
• describe basic terminology and concepts of epidemiology
• identify types of data sources
• identify basic methods of data collection and interpretation
• describe a public health problem in terms of time, place, and
person
• identify the key components of a descriptive epidemiology
outbreak investigation
57
59. Resources and Additional Reading
• Bogdanich W. Panama releases report on ‘06 poisoning. The New York Times, February
14, 2008.http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/14/world/americas/14panama.html.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC helps solve Panama mystery
illness. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC News, October 7,
2006. http://www.cdc.gov/news/2006_10/panama.htm.
• Dean H. Introduction to public health, epidemiology, and surveillance. Atlanta, GA: US
Department of Health and Human Services, CDC Science Ambassador Program, July 16,
2012.
• Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of
pneumonia. New Engl J Med 1977;297:1189–97.
• Goodman RA, Smith JD, Sikes RK, et al. Fatalities associated with farm tractor injuries: an
epidemiologic study. Public Health Rep 1985;100:329–33.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). How to investigate an outbreak.
Epidemiology in the Classroom, November 17, 2004. Atlanta, GA: US Department of
Health and Human Services, CDC.
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm#step1.
• Last JM, ed. A dictionary of epidemiology. 2nd ed. Toronto, Canada: Oxford University
Press; 1988.
• Rentz DE, Lewis L, Mujica OJ, et al. Outbreak of acute renal failure in Panama in 2006: a
case-control study. Bull World Health Organ 2008;86:749–56.
• Sakamoto R, Ohno A, Nakahara T, et al. Legionella pneumophilia in rainwater on roads.
Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:1295–7.
• Thacker SB, Birkhead GS. Surveillance [Chapter 3]. In: Gregg, MB, ed. Field epidemiology.
3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2008.
59