This document outlines the course for Islamic Ethics. It begins with definitions of ethics and discusses the differences between ethics and morality. It then covers the scope and importance of Islamic ethics as well as its sources which include the Quran, hadith, theology, philosophy, jurisprudence, and mysticism. It also discusses the relationship between ethics and religion, including shades of religious morality and secular morality without religion. Finally, it introduces some key concepts that will be covered throughout the course.
This document provides an overview of ethics including key concepts and theories. It defines ethics as the rational reflection on moral values and principles that determine right and wrong human behavior. It discusses several ethical principles and the origins of ethics from ancient Greek philosophers to modern thinkers. It also outlines different types of ethics including meta-ethics, descriptive ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Additionally, it covers the evolution of ethics and its relationship to science. The document clarifies differences between ethics and morals as well as descriptive and normative ethics. It also defines important ethical concepts like moral issues, decisions, judgments and dilemmas. Finally, it discusses potential sources of ethical authority including law, religion, culture, and principles/theories
This document discusses various topics related to professional practice law and ethics. It begins with definitions of ethics, professional ethics, engineering ethics, and personal ethics. It then discusses codes of ethics, professions, professional responsibility, and conflicts of interest. The document provides details on professional ethics, areas of ethical study including meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. It also gives an example case on media ethics vs public safety. In summary, the document outlines key concepts and issues pertaining to professional ethics and conduct.
This document provides an outline and summary of key topics in modern ethical theory:
1. It defines ethics as rules of conduct that prescribe what is morally right and wrong according to a social system, culture, or philosophical school. It compares ethics to morals.
2. It examines how ethics relates and compares to other fields that study human behavior and societies, such as psychology, sociology, logic, anthropology, and moral theology.
3. It discusses perspectives on the basis of morality, including that man is uniquely capable of distinguishing right from wrong, and theories that morality stems from reason, compassion, or evolutionary traits like empathy.
This document provides an introduction to ethics and ethics in business in the context of Rwandan culture. It defines ethics as the study of human conduct and morality, and examines the sources and objectives of ethics. Ethics is a normative science that evaluates human behavior based on principles of right and wrong. The primary sources of ethics discussed are genetic inheritance, religion, legal systems, philosophical systems, codes of conduct, and cultural experience. The document also explores the relationship between ethics and other fields of knowledge such as psychology, economics, politics and law.
This document provides an overview of the history of ethics from ancient Greece to the present day. It discusses five significant periods: 1) The Classical Period focused on rationalism and curiosity, with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. 2) The Middle Ages emphasized continuity with classical doctrines but also religion's influence on philosophy. 3) The Early Modern Period saw a shift from supernatural to natural philosophy with the rise of science. 4) The Nineteenth Century was characterized by utilitarianism, scientific theory, and skepticism of ethics. 5) The Contemporary Period exhibits diverse moral beliefs and a focus on understanding human nature. The document also defines key concepts like ethics, morality, values, and virtues.
Module-1 provides an introduction to ethical philosophy, including definitions, nature, scope and branches. It discusses that philosophy is the study of general features of the world like mind, matter and reason. Philosophy can be understood as a set of beliefs about life and the universe, as well as a process of reflecting on and criticizing beliefs. There are several branches of philosophy including aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, logic, and philosophy of mind and language. The module also discusses basic ethical theories like deontology, utilitarianism, virtue theory and rights theory. It explores the relationship between ethics and philosophy and how ethics relies on philosophy to systematize values and explain various philosophical problems.
This document provides an overview of ethics, including its foundations in Greek philosophy with figures like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It defines ethics as the study of morality and human acts, with branches including meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics, and descriptive ethics. The document compares ethics to art, religion, and law. It outlines atheistic and theistic ethical approaches and distinguishes between general ethics focusing on principles and special ethics applying those principles.
This document discusses ethics and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in ethics. It defines ethics as the systematic study of reflective choice and standards of right and wrong. There are three major areas of ethics: descriptive ethics, which seeks to identify moral experiences and conduct; normative ethics, which deals with acceptable judgments of what ought to be; and metaethics, which analyzes the language and reasoning used in ethical discussions. The document also outlines different ideas about morality, such as skepticism, subjectivism, egoism, hedonism, and the five main ethical frameworks of divine-command ethics, consequentialism, deontological ethics, virtue ethics, and relativism.
This document provides an overview of ethics including key concepts and theories. It defines ethics as the rational reflection on moral values and principles that determine right and wrong human behavior. It discusses several ethical principles and the origins of ethics from ancient Greek philosophers to modern thinkers. It also outlines different types of ethics including meta-ethics, descriptive ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Additionally, it covers the evolution of ethics and its relationship to science. The document clarifies differences between ethics and morals as well as descriptive and normative ethics. It also defines important ethical concepts like moral issues, decisions, judgments and dilemmas. Finally, it discusses potential sources of ethical authority including law, religion, culture, and principles/theories
This document discusses various topics related to professional practice law and ethics. It begins with definitions of ethics, professional ethics, engineering ethics, and personal ethics. It then discusses codes of ethics, professions, professional responsibility, and conflicts of interest. The document provides details on professional ethics, areas of ethical study including meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. It also gives an example case on media ethics vs public safety. In summary, the document outlines key concepts and issues pertaining to professional ethics and conduct.
This document provides an outline and summary of key topics in modern ethical theory:
1. It defines ethics as rules of conduct that prescribe what is morally right and wrong according to a social system, culture, or philosophical school. It compares ethics to morals.
2. It examines how ethics relates and compares to other fields that study human behavior and societies, such as psychology, sociology, logic, anthropology, and moral theology.
3. It discusses perspectives on the basis of morality, including that man is uniquely capable of distinguishing right from wrong, and theories that morality stems from reason, compassion, or evolutionary traits like empathy.
This document provides an introduction to ethics and ethics in business in the context of Rwandan culture. It defines ethics as the study of human conduct and morality, and examines the sources and objectives of ethics. Ethics is a normative science that evaluates human behavior based on principles of right and wrong. The primary sources of ethics discussed are genetic inheritance, religion, legal systems, philosophical systems, codes of conduct, and cultural experience. The document also explores the relationship between ethics and other fields of knowledge such as psychology, economics, politics and law.
This document provides an overview of the history of ethics from ancient Greece to the present day. It discusses five significant periods: 1) The Classical Period focused on rationalism and curiosity, with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. 2) The Middle Ages emphasized continuity with classical doctrines but also religion's influence on philosophy. 3) The Early Modern Period saw a shift from supernatural to natural philosophy with the rise of science. 4) The Nineteenth Century was characterized by utilitarianism, scientific theory, and skepticism of ethics. 5) The Contemporary Period exhibits diverse moral beliefs and a focus on understanding human nature. The document also defines key concepts like ethics, morality, values, and virtues.
Module-1 provides an introduction to ethical philosophy, including definitions, nature, scope and branches. It discusses that philosophy is the study of general features of the world like mind, matter and reason. Philosophy can be understood as a set of beliefs about life and the universe, as well as a process of reflecting on and criticizing beliefs. There are several branches of philosophy including aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, logic, and philosophy of mind and language. The module also discusses basic ethical theories like deontology, utilitarianism, virtue theory and rights theory. It explores the relationship between ethics and philosophy and how ethics relies on philosophy to systematize values and explain various philosophical problems.
This document provides an overview of ethics, including its foundations in Greek philosophy with figures like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It defines ethics as the study of morality and human acts, with branches including meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics, and descriptive ethics. The document compares ethics to art, religion, and law. It outlines atheistic and theistic ethical approaches and distinguishes between general ethics focusing on principles and special ethics applying those principles.
This document discusses ethics and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in ethics. It defines ethics as the systematic study of reflective choice and standards of right and wrong. There are three major areas of ethics: descriptive ethics, which seeks to identify moral experiences and conduct; normative ethics, which deals with acceptable judgments of what ought to be; and metaethics, which analyzes the language and reasoning used in ethical discussions. The document also outlines different ideas about morality, such as skepticism, subjectivism, egoism, hedonism, and the five main ethical frameworks of divine-command ethics, consequentialism, deontological ethics, virtue ethics, and relativism.
The document discusses the etymology and general background of ethics. It explains that ethics comes from Latin and Greek words meaning moral character or principle. Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with concepts like right and wrong, duty, and morality. The document outlines several key terms and branches of ethics such as descriptive ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. It also discusses how ethics relates to other philosophical concepts and how philosophers systematically examine beliefs, assumptions, and values.
Ethics is the study of morality and human conduct. There are several branches of ethics including meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics, descriptive ethics, and moral psychology. Meta-ethics examines the meaning of moral concepts. Normative ethics determines moral standards. Applied ethics applies moral principles to specific situations. Descriptive ethics studies people's actual moral beliefs. Moral psychology examines moral development and capacity. Principles of ethics include personal ethics concerning well-being and respect of others, global ethics of justice and environmental stewardship, and professional ethics of honesty, integrity, and accountability. Ethical principles serve as guidelines but may conflict in practice, requiring weighing of circumstances.
This document provides an introduction to ethics by defining key terms and concepts. It explains that ethics comes from Greek words meaning character and custom. Ethics studies morality and human conduct. The document outlines the branches of ethics as normative, applied, and meta-ethics. Meta-ethics explores the origins and meaning of moral values and language. The document also distinguishes between ethics, morality, feelings, religion, law, and culture. It discusses how ethics applies to different fields and examines the link between freedom, responsibility, and human dignity.
This document discusses the concepts of values, ethics, and morality in Islam. It defines values as beliefs about what is good or bad that determine a person's attitudes and development. Ethics refers to moral principles that distinguish right from wrong actions. Morality comprises the customary values of a society regarding behavior.
The document outlines characteristics of values and explains that ethics studies human behavior and actions according to moral standards. It defines akhlak in Islam as character, habits, and dignity informed by divine revelation to guide relationships and achieve existence's goals. Islamic ethics differ from general ethics by sourcing from the Quran and hadith rather than human reasoning alone.
This document provides an overview of different branches of philosophy and ethics. It discusses philosophy as the systematic study of fundamental truths and principles of conduct. Some key branches mentioned include epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics, and social/political philosophy. Ethics is described as the normative science dealing with right and wrong in human conduct. General ethics presents truths about human acts to derive moral principles, while special ethics applies these principles to different areas of human activity and relations. The document also discusses the relationship between ethics and other fields like logic, psychology, sociology, and education. It argues that man is a rational and moral being, distinguished from animals by having intellect and free will.
The document discusses business ethics, normative ethics, descriptive ethics, and applied ethics. It defines each concept and provides examples. Business ethics examines ethical principles and problems that arise in business. Normative ethics investigates how people ought to act morally and includes virtue ethics, deontological ethics, and consequentialism. Descriptive ethics empirically studies people's actual moral beliefs and values. Applied ethics aims to identify the morally correct approach in various fields like bioethics, environmental ethics, and business ethics.
The document discusses business ethics, normative ethics, descriptive ethics, and applied ethics. It defines each concept and provides examples. Business ethics examines ethical principles and problems that arise in business. Normative ethics investigates how people ought to act morally and includes virtue ethics, deontological ethics, and consequentialism. Descriptive ethics empirically studies people's actual moral beliefs and values. Applied ethics aims to identify the morally correct approach in various fields like bioethics, environmental ethics, and business ethics.
The document discusses key concepts in moral philosophy including morality, ethics, and philosophy. It defines morality as principles of proper conduct and ethics as the study of moral concepts like good and evil. There are two types of morality - descriptive referring to cultural norms, and normative referring to universal rational standards. Four basic moral principles are identified - do good, treat others well, ends don't justify means, and follow human nature. Ethics examines domains like meta-ethics concerning meaning, normative ethics concerning action, and applied ethics concerning specific issues. Moral philosophy studies the origin and knowledge of morals through examining systems like deontology based on rules and consequentialism based on outcomes. Its three branches are normative ethics on how we
1. Ethics is the philosophical study of morality and involves analyzing human conduct from the perspective of morality.
2. Philosophy seeks to explain reality and human experiences through reason alone, and ethics is the philosophical science that studies morality in human acts.
3. There are differing views on the nature of morality, including ethical relativism which holds that moral truths are relative to cultures, and universalism which believes in objective moral truths.
This document provides an overview of general ethics, including:
1. The major branches of ethics - meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics, descriptive ethics, and moral psychology.
2. The principles of ethics, including personal ethics (concern for others, respect, trustworthiness), global ethics (justice, environmental stewardship), and professional ethics (honesty, integrity, transparency).
3. A discussion of how ethical principles serve as guidelines rather than absolute rules, as they can conflict in practice depending on circumstances.
Heritage of Islamic Ethics and Contemporary Issues: A Call for RelevantizationMohammad Manzoor Malik
This study addresses the subject of Islamic ethics from definitional and disciplinary
perspectives. It highlights the need for relevantization of Islamic ethics to
contemporary issues in a systematic manner which, in turn, calls for development of Islamic ethics
as a complete discipline with ability to meet all types of challenges: conceptual, practical,
normative, applicative, etc. Regarding the definitional issue, different from and more expansive
than the traditional understanding of al-ākhlāq, the researcher argues that a proper definition of
ethics should include ethically relevant habits, character, and behavior in its subject matter. As
an academic discipline of paramount, practical significance, Islamic ethics should adequately
address metaethical, normative, and applicative aspects of the subject. In terms of metaethics,
Islamic ethics is derived from revealed knowledge; whereas, principles of Islamic jurisprudence
(usËl al-fīqh) offers the best available methodology for the discipline in meeting demands of
normativity and application. Regarding the nature of the subject of Islamic ethics, the researcher
argues that understanding Islamic ethics as virtue ethics is unjustifiable reduction because a
careful study of the subject from its sources would prove that Islamic ethics is rather an
integrated field comprising of virtues ethics, divine command theory, duty-based ethics, etc.
Therefore, Islamic ethics should be developed, taught, and learned as a whole composite of
above-mentioned elements.
LET Reviewer for Values Education
- Foundation of Values Education
- Personhood Development
- Transformative Education
- Work Ethics and Community Service
- Research and Evaluation
Ethics can be defined as the study of moral standards of human behavior and moral judgments. It examines concepts like good and bad and seeks to establish norms for human conduct. There are different perspectives on ethics, including seeing it as a practical science that provides rules to guide actions, or as a normative science that sets standards. Ethics studies both human acts that are done knowingly and voluntarily, as well as some involuntary acts. It aims to determine what constitutes morally good behavior. The concept of "good" can refer to things that are intrinsically good or good based on their consequences. Determining the greatest good is an ongoing discussion in philosophical thought.
Ethics & company philosphies- businesss ethicsDimple Ramnani
The document discusses the philosophical background of business ethics. It states that ethics is a philosophical science that analyzes human conduct from a moral perspective. Philosophy seeks to explain reality and human experiences using reason alone. There are differing approaches to ethics, including deontological ethics which focuses on intentions and teleological ethics which focuses on consequences. The document also explores philosophers like Aquinas and Freud and their perspectives on the "moral sense" in humans.
This document provides an overview of a course on Business Ethics and Social Responsibility. The course objectives are to explain the nature and importance of business ethics, examine various ethical theories as they relate to firms, dimensions of corporate social responsibility, and the relationship between organizations, sustainability, and the environment. It discusses concepts like the origins of ethics in philosophy, normative and meta ethics theories, and applied ethics issues. It also covers corporate social responsibility and how organizations are part of society, the principles of CSR around sustainability, accountability, and transparency.
This document discusses the meaning and importance of Christian morality. It defines ethics as the study of moral behavior and conduct based on ultimate principles known through reason. It contrasts ethics with other sciences like biology, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and jurisprudence that examine different aspects of human nature and society. The document emphasizes that ethics is indispensable for humans to not be merely animals but rational beings, and that morality is the foundation of human society. It divides ethics into general ethics concerning human acts and morality, and special ethics applying general principles to individual and social actions.
This document provides an introduction to human values and ethics. It discusses how ethics is related to other fields like logic, psychology, sociology, economics, law, religion, education, art, and professional codes of conduct. Some key points:
- Ethics is the study of human behavior and morality, focusing on principles of right and wrong. It deals with how people ought to behave.
- Ethics is related to other fields as it investigates human nature and behavior from a moral standpoint. Fields like logic, psychology, and sociology also study human behavior but from different perspectives.
- Some core human values discussed are love, peace, truth, non-violence, and right conduct. Human values education involves
INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS - SY 2022-2023.pptxJeviTinagan
Here are the key ways different fields of ethics may analyze and resolve the moral dilemma of a police officer shooting a terrorist about to blow up a crowded shopping mall:
Normative ethics: Normative ethics provides frameworks to evaluate whether the police officer's actions were morally right or wrong based on ethical theories like utilitarianism (maximizing overall well-being) or deontology (adherence to moral rules). Most normative theories would find the shooting justified to prevent significant loss of life.
Descriptive ethics: Descriptive ethics aims to understand people's actual moral intuitions and how ethical beliefs form. It may study factors influencing the officer's split-second decision and public perceptions of the action.
Applied ethics: Applied ethics disciplines like
How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
The document discusses the etymology and general background of ethics. It explains that ethics comes from Latin and Greek words meaning moral character or principle. Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with concepts like right and wrong, duty, and morality. The document outlines several key terms and branches of ethics such as descriptive ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. It also discusses how ethics relates to other philosophical concepts and how philosophers systematically examine beliefs, assumptions, and values.
Ethics is the study of morality and human conduct. There are several branches of ethics including meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics, descriptive ethics, and moral psychology. Meta-ethics examines the meaning of moral concepts. Normative ethics determines moral standards. Applied ethics applies moral principles to specific situations. Descriptive ethics studies people's actual moral beliefs. Moral psychology examines moral development and capacity. Principles of ethics include personal ethics concerning well-being and respect of others, global ethics of justice and environmental stewardship, and professional ethics of honesty, integrity, and accountability. Ethical principles serve as guidelines but may conflict in practice, requiring weighing of circumstances.
This document provides an introduction to ethics by defining key terms and concepts. It explains that ethics comes from Greek words meaning character and custom. Ethics studies morality and human conduct. The document outlines the branches of ethics as normative, applied, and meta-ethics. Meta-ethics explores the origins and meaning of moral values and language. The document also distinguishes between ethics, morality, feelings, religion, law, and culture. It discusses how ethics applies to different fields and examines the link between freedom, responsibility, and human dignity.
This document discusses the concepts of values, ethics, and morality in Islam. It defines values as beliefs about what is good or bad that determine a person's attitudes and development. Ethics refers to moral principles that distinguish right from wrong actions. Morality comprises the customary values of a society regarding behavior.
The document outlines characteristics of values and explains that ethics studies human behavior and actions according to moral standards. It defines akhlak in Islam as character, habits, and dignity informed by divine revelation to guide relationships and achieve existence's goals. Islamic ethics differ from general ethics by sourcing from the Quran and hadith rather than human reasoning alone.
This document provides an overview of different branches of philosophy and ethics. It discusses philosophy as the systematic study of fundamental truths and principles of conduct. Some key branches mentioned include epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics, and social/political philosophy. Ethics is described as the normative science dealing with right and wrong in human conduct. General ethics presents truths about human acts to derive moral principles, while special ethics applies these principles to different areas of human activity and relations. The document also discusses the relationship between ethics and other fields like logic, psychology, sociology, and education. It argues that man is a rational and moral being, distinguished from animals by having intellect and free will.
The document discusses business ethics, normative ethics, descriptive ethics, and applied ethics. It defines each concept and provides examples. Business ethics examines ethical principles and problems that arise in business. Normative ethics investigates how people ought to act morally and includes virtue ethics, deontological ethics, and consequentialism. Descriptive ethics empirically studies people's actual moral beliefs and values. Applied ethics aims to identify the morally correct approach in various fields like bioethics, environmental ethics, and business ethics.
The document discusses business ethics, normative ethics, descriptive ethics, and applied ethics. It defines each concept and provides examples. Business ethics examines ethical principles and problems that arise in business. Normative ethics investigates how people ought to act morally and includes virtue ethics, deontological ethics, and consequentialism. Descriptive ethics empirically studies people's actual moral beliefs and values. Applied ethics aims to identify the morally correct approach in various fields like bioethics, environmental ethics, and business ethics.
The document discusses key concepts in moral philosophy including morality, ethics, and philosophy. It defines morality as principles of proper conduct and ethics as the study of moral concepts like good and evil. There are two types of morality - descriptive referring to cultural norms, and normative referring to universal rational standards. Four basic moral principles are identified - do good, treat others well, ends don't justify means, and follow human nature. Ethics examines domains like meta-ethics concerning meaning, normative ethics concerning action, and applied ethics concerning specific issues. Moral philosophy studies the origin and knowledge of morals through examining systems like deontology based on rules and consequentialism based on outcomes. Its three branches are normative ethics on how we
1. Ethics is the philosophical study of morality and involves analyzing human conduct from the perspective of morality.
2. Philosophy seeks to explain reality and human experiences through reason alone, and ethics is the philosophical science that studies morality in human acts.
3. There are differing views on the nature of morality, including ethical relativism which holds that moral truths are relative to cultures, and universalism which believes in objective moral truths.
This document provides an overview of general ethics, including:
1. The major branches of ethics - meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics, descriptive ethics, and moral psychology.
2. The principles of ethics, including personal ethics (concern for others, respect, trustworthiness), global ethics (justice, environmental stewardship), and professional ethics (honesty, integrity, transparency).
3. A discussion of how ethical principles serve as guidelines rather than absolute rules, as they can conflict in practice depending on circumstances.
Heritage of Islamic Ethics and Contemporary Issues: A Call for RelevantizationMohammad Manzoor Malik
This study addresses the subject of Islamic ethics from definitional and disciplinary
perspectives. It highlights the need for relevantization of Islamic ethics to
contemporary issues in a systematic manner which, in turn, calls for development of Islamic ethics
as a complete discipline with ability to meet all types of challenges: conceptual, practical,
normative, applicative, etc. Regarding the definitional issue, different from and more expansive
than the traditional understanding of al-ākhlāq, the researcher argues that a proper definition of
ethics should include ethically relevant habits, character, and behavior in its subject matter. As
an academic discipline of paramount, practical significance, Islamic ethics should adequately
address metaethical, normative, and applicative aspects of the subject. In terms of metaethics,
Islamic ethics is derived from revealed knowledge; whereas, principles of Islamic jurisprudence
(usËl al-fīqh) offers the best available methodology for the discipline in meeting demands of
normativity and application. Regarding the nature of the subject of Islamic ethics, the researcher
argues that understanding Islamic ethics as virtue ethics is unjustifiable reduction because a
careful study of the subject from its sources would prove that Islamic ethics is rather an
integrated field comprising of virtues ethics, divine command theory, duty-based ethics, etc.
Therefore, Islamic ethics should be developed, taught, and learned as a whole composite of
above-mentioned elements.
LET Reviewer for Values Education
- Foundation of Values Education
- Personhood Development
- Transformative Education
- Work Ethics and Community Service
- Research and Evaluation
Ethics can be defined as the study of moral standards of human behavior and moral judgments. It examines concepts like good and bad and seeks to establish norms for human conduct. There are different perspectives on ethics, including seeing it as a practical science that provides rules to guide actions, or as a normative science that sets standards. Ethics studies both human acts that are done knowingly and voluntarily, as well as some involuntary acts. It aims to determine what constitutes morally good behavior. The concept of "good" can refer to things that are intrinsically good or good based on their consequences. Determining the greatest good is an ongoing discussion in philosophical thought.
Ethics & company philosphies- businesss ethicsDimple Ramnani
The document discusses the philosophical background of business ethics. It states that ethics is a philosophical science that analyzes human conduct from a moral perspective. Philosophy seeks to explain reality and human experiences using reason alone. There are differing approaches to ethics, including deontological ethics which focuses on intentions and teleological ethics which focuses on consequences. The document also explores philosophers like Aquinas and Freud and their perspectives on the "moral sense" in humans.
This document provides an overview of a course on Business Ethics and Social Responsibility. The course objectives are to explain the nature and importance of business ethics, examine various ethical theories as they relate to firms, dimensions of corporate social responsibility, and the relationship between organizations, sustainability, and the environment. It discusses concepts like the origins of ethics in philosophy, normative and meta ethics theories, and applied ethics issues. It also covers corporate social responsibility and how organizations are part of society, the principles of CSR around sustainability, accountability, and transparency.
This document discusses the meaning and importance of Christian morality. It defines ethics as the study of moral behavior and conduct based on ultimate principles known through reason. It contrasts ethics with other sciences like biology, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and jurisprudence that examine different aspects of human nature and society. The document emphasizes that ethics is indispensable for humans to not be merely animals but rational beings, and that morality is the foundation of human society. It divides ethics into general ethics concerning human acts and morality, and special ethics applying general principles to individual and social actions.
This document provides an introduction to human values and ethics. It discusses how ethics is related to other fields like logic, psychology, sociology, economics, law, religion, education, art, and professional codes of conduct. Some key points:
- Ethics is the study of human behavior and morality, focusing on principles of right and wrong. It deals with how people ought to behave.
- Ethics is related to other fields as it investigates human nature and behavior from a moral standpoint. Fields like logic, psychology, and sociology also study human behavior but from different perspectives.
- Some core human values discussed are love, peace, truth, non-violence, and right conduct. Human values education involves
INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS - SY 2022-2023.pptxJeviTinagan
Here are the key ways different fields of ethics may analyze and resolve the moral dilemma of a police officer shooting a terrorist about to blow up a crowded shopping mall:
Normative ethics: Normative ethics provides frameworks to evaluate whether the police officer's actions were morally right or wrong based on ethical theories like utilitarianism (maximizing overall well-being) or deontology (adherence to moral rules). Most normative theories would find the shooting justified to prevent significant loss of life.
Descriptive ethics: Descriptive ethics aims to understand people's actual moral intuitions and how ethical beliefs form. It may study factors influencing the officer's split-second decision and public perceptions of the action.
Applied ethics: Applied ethics disciplines like
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To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
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This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
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5. Agile Innovation Framework
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Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
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Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
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Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
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Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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2. COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
a. Definition ethics
i. The differences between ethics and
morality
ii. The branches of ethics
iii. Ethics from Islamic perspective and its
scope
iv. The importance of ethics and its place in
Islam
v. The tasks of Islamic ethics
3. b) Contemporary approaches to Ethics
i. The relationship between ethics and
religion
ii. The relationship between law and ethics
iii. Basic human moral and Islamic moral
2. Islamic Ethical System
a) Unity (al-Tawhid)
b) Equilibrium (al-‘adl)
c) Freewill (al-ikhtiyar)
d) Responsibility (al-amanah)
4. 2.1 Quranic Ethical Concept
• a) ‘adl and raämah
• b) ma´râf and munkār
• c) khayr and sharr
• d) birr and taqwā
5. 3. Individual and Social Obligations
a) Intra-Personal Relationships
(Relationship between man and God)
i. Individual duties –duties to god, duties
to Prophet, duties to angels
b) Inter-Personal Relationships
(Relationship between man and man)
i. Collective duties – duties to parents,
friends, neighbors, leaders,environment,
non-muslim
6. 4. Ethical theories of al Ghazali
a) Theory of human soul
b) Theory of mean
c) The meanings of character - is it natural
- is it possible
to
change
d) Praise worthy characters and
blameworthy characters (vices and
virtues) and their treatments.
7. Virtues & Vices
i) Sincerity/truthfulness versus Lying
ii) Asceticism versus love of the world
iii) Self-examination versus evil of the
tongue
5. Western Ethical Theories:
a) Virtue Ethics of Plato and Aristotle
b) Utilitarian Ethics
c) Kantian Ethics
8. 7. Contemporary Ethical Issues:
a) Sexual issues:
i) Incest
ii) Adultery
iii) homosexuality/softies
b) Biomedical issues:
i) Human cloning
ii) Euthanasia
c) Other issues
i) terrorism/suicide bombing
9. INTRODUCTION
Definition
Ethics
Ethics comes from Latin word - ethicus
which means characteristic spirit of
community, people or system.
From the Greek word – ethos which means
moral principle, character or custom
10. -these terms of ethicus and ethos
were further developed and
eventually today the term ethos is
used to refer to:
-distinctive character,
-spirit,
-attitude of a group of people
11. Other meanings
1-it is A moral principle or set of moral
values hold by an individual or group.
2-it is the philosophical study of the
moral value of human conduct and of
the rules and principles that ought to
govern it.
3-it is a set of moral principles or
science of moral related to human
behavior based on certain ideals and
norms of certain society, races,
community or people.
12. Terms related to ethics
Moral
• -from Latin word of moralis means
customs or manners, but it refers to
the conduct itself ; the realm of
practices.
• While ethics refers to the study of the
moral conduct; the theoretical
examination of morality. Thus, ethics
is known as moral philosophy
13. • -while a moralist will strongly hold to
certain values they consider worthwhile
without asking why
• -an ethicist, will undertake the systematic
questioning and critical examination of the
underlying principle of morality without
blind preconceptions
14. virtues
• -the quality/ practice of moral
excellence or righteousness
• -any of the cardinal virtues like
prudence, justice, fortitude and
temperance.
noble character / nobility
• -the state/ quality of being morally or
spiritually good.
15. Its classifications
1. 1-Descriptive Ethics
• -it reports the actual moral principles
that govern the behavior of
individuals in a certain society ( what
the society considers as good or bad
without making any judgment or
evaluation of those ways of behavior)
• -it is carried out by anthropologist,
sociologist, historian and
psychologist.
16. 2. 2-Normative ethics/Applied ethics
-it is an inquiry into the rational
grounds for justifying a set of moral
norms for all mankind, and the rational
construction of a system of such
norms
-It deals with norms (or standards) and
prescriptions, what we ought to do and
what we ought not to do
17. Example: human being should always act
in the interest of others, human being
should act in their own self interest
Or it encompasses the making of moral
values judgments for example abortion is
immoral.
18. 3. Meta Ethics/Analytic ethics
-it is the study of the origin of
meaning and ethical concepts
-it tries to look for the meaning of
certain characteristic/behavior.
-i.e what is the meaning of the term
good, how can ethical judgment be
established or justified, what is the
nature of moral statements and how
can we distinguish between moral
and immoral
19. -it is also to analyze the meaning of the
terms used in moral discourses
(semantically) and to examine the rules of
reasoning the methods of knowing by
which moral beliefs can be shown true or
false (logical and epistemological)
20. • -i.e
1. -Moral relativism – whether morality
has its foundation in social
conventional alone
2. -Moral relativism vs moral
skepticism – whether we have an
objective knowledge on moral
issues
3. -Good and morality whether it is
instituted by God through natural
law or divine commands
21. 1. -Egoism vs altruism, whether humans
are capable of performing truly
benevolent actions that are not selfishly
motivated
2. -Reason vs emotion , whether moral
judgments and moral behavior are
functions of human reason or human
emotion
22. ISLAMIC ETHICS
Its definition
-ethics is known as akhlāq (plural of
khuluq) which means character,
nature, dispositon.
-al-Ghazali states that man consists of
two forms, khalq and khulq. Khalq
refers to the physical form of mankind,
while khulq (which is the singular form
of akhlaq) refers to the spiritual form of
mankind
23. • Thus, akhlaq from al-Ghazali’s point of
view is rooted in the soul and manifested
through man’s actions. Good soul will
produce right action and vice versa
24. -technically means
-it is a science that studies the state of human
soul. The virtues are good and fair
actions while the vices are the wicked and
ugly actions (al-Farabi (d.950)
-it is a science of virtues and the way to
acquire the wellbeing of the soul, and of
vices and the way to guard the soul
against them ( al-Ghazali (d.1111)
25. -it is a science that seeks to know which
actions should be done and which
should be avoided. It is a practical
science; it seeks knowledge for the
purpose of practicing it (Ibn
Taymiyyah (d. 1263):
26. Inshort, akhlaq
-refers to a stable state of man’s soul from
which actions proceed easily without thought
or deliberation
-consists of two, namely good (husn) and bad
(su’).
--if the state is of the kind which causes good
actions, i.e those praised by `aql and
shari`ah, the state is called good character. If
the state is of the kind which causes evil
actions, is called bad character.
27. -thus akhlaq is formation of 3 elements:
1-it is an innate, inborn trait or
characteristic
2-it can be developed through training
or discipline which finally turned as a
custom or a habit
3-it covers the inner and outer
dimension of man
28. The Scope of I/ Ethics
1. How al-Qur’an and the Prophetic
traditions expounds ethics?
2. What is the best model of values and
norms?
3. What is right and What is wrong?
4. What is rewarded and punishable by
Allah?
5. Is man responsible of his own
action?
6. Is ethics related to faith?
7. What are the issues related to
ethics?
29. Its importance
• -for the scientific studies of ethics deals
only with facts and no value judgment is
involved so Normative ethics is left to
religious preachers, parents, politicians
and public.
• -in other words, it is a counter-part of
other sciences; law, politics, science,
economic for such sciences became
soulless or insignificant if detached from
ethics.
30. Its Tasks
♦ 1-to understand and expound the ethos of
Islam as conceived in the Quran and as
elaborated in the Sunnah of the prophet
♦ 2-to discuss the general terms used in
Islamic morals, such as good, bad , right,
wrong, meritorious, non-meritorious,
responsibility, and obligation
♦ 3-to discuss how Islamic ethics is related to
and influenced by Islamic faith.
♦ 4-to pronounce judgments on problems that
are faced by the Islamic society and to
determine what is right or wrong.
31. Its SOURCES
1-Qur’an and Sunnah (Sciptural morality)
The original core of the Islamic ethical spirit
2-Islamic Theology
-they discussed the source of ethical knowledge,
the basis of moral obligation, the meaning of
ethical terms, the question of human freedom n
responsibility n God’s Justice
32. • the two major propagators are the
Mu’tazilite ( 8th
-10th
centuries) who
formulated the rationalistic Islamic Ethical
system, and the Asharites who did not
reject the discursive methods of the
philosophers but remained committed to
the Quranic concept of an Omnipotent
God
33. • -Mu’tazilah-man has freedom to choose n
act
• -some category of good is known by
revelation others known through reason
• -thing is good in it self, revelation does
only confirm the ethical fact
• -moral obligation is rational
34. • -asharite
• -revelation is the way to know the good
and the right
• -nothing is obligatory unless revelation
commands it
35. 3-Islamic Philosophy
Stemming form the ethical writing of Plato and
Aristotle. Among the propagator were al-Kindi,
(d.866), al-Razi (d. 925), al-Farabi (d.950), Ibn
Sina (d.1037), Ikhwan al-Safa (tenth century),
Abu’ Hassan al-Amiri (d.992), Miskawayh
(d.1030)- Tahdib al-Akhlaq and his successors ;
Nasir al-Din al Tusi(d.1274) and Jalal al-Din al-
Dawwani (d.1501
36. • -they only discuss the issue of good and
leave out the issue of right
• -the comprehensive idea of good such as
knowledge, moral virtue, individual good
• -Greek ethics analyzed moral perfection in
term of virtues of the faculties of the soul :
the rational, the irascive (angry) n the
appetitive (desire)
37. • -religious virtues such faith, worship, love
n trust could not be accommodated
38. 3-Islamic Mysticism
Among its exponents were Hassan al-
Basri (d.728), Al-Ghazali (d.1111), whose
system of ethics is a blend of
philosophical, theological and sufi morality
; Mizan al-Amal, Ihya Ulum al-Din
39. • -the writings of sufist comprises of the
ecstatic experience of union with God, the
realization in knowledge that reality is one
n the ecstatic experience of union with
God is only a stage in the spiritual pursuit
of the mystic
40. • -to realize the goal, sufis prescribe a
disciplin of life, a method of purification of
soul, a way of worship, devotion and
contemplation
42. • -discuss some normative questions and
touched on the knowledge of shariah rules
and the basis of obligation
• -alshatibi raised the question of what is the
end or the object of the shariah
43.
44.
45. Take home test
• How does the chapter explain role of
moral power?
• How do you differentiate between basic
human moral and Islamic moral?
46. • -his answer is it is to produce goods and
remove evils…which promote the
preservation and fulfillment of human life
and the realization of all that human
nature, animal and rational demands, till
one is happy in every aspect.
• -it aims at a balanced well-being of man
47. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHICS
AND RELIGION
1. Shades of religious morality
- Polytheistic morality
- Morality of asceticism
1. Morality without religion/secular morality
- The ultimate end of human conduct
- Knowledge of good and evil
- Sanction behind moral law
- Motive of moral conduct
48. SHADES OF RELIGIOUS MORALITY
1-polytheistic morality
-though the doctrine of believe in god
and life after death is appreciated but it is
so narrow, excluded from the individual
social-cultural life
49. • -for Gods only demand their followers to
perform the basic rites, rituals, ceremony
• -god’s forgiveness will forgive any
misbehavior provided man worship him
50. 2- morality of ascetism
-it refers to one who isolate himself to god,
possess very good character but so
engross with ascetic live thus withdrawn
himself from the leadership and guidance
of mankind, leaving the practical life to the
more inferior moral caliber people
• -this is a radical violation of nature and
revolt against the will of god
51. • 1-secular morality
• -it devoid of any conception of god – life
after death either by refusing or reducing
faith to personal/private affairs that religion
has no concern with the collective human
life
• Eg. American Ethical Union in US I 1876
by Dr. Flex Adler and Union of Ethical
Societies of England. In 1928 both merge
and the aim was
52. • “to promote by all lawful means the study
of ethical principles; to advocate a religion
of human fellowship and service, based
upon the principle that the supreme aim of
religion is the love of goodness, and that
moral ideas and the moral life are
independent of beliefs as to the ultimate
nature of things and a life after death; and
by purely human and material means, to
help men to love, know and do the right in
53. • -deprivation of ethics from the idea of god
and of life hereafter, freeing oneself from
every obligation to follow the guidance of
religion in the sphere of morality
54. • 2-secular moral philosophy
1-The ultimate end of human conduct
-what is the supreme good the
attainment of which should be the life-
purpose of man, the goal of his
endeavors,
-the highest good to which human
conduct is to be directed and in the light
of which it may be judged as to what is
good or evil, right or wrong and, virtue
and vice.
55. - -indeed, man not able to find an agreed
ethical standard ; happiness ?
Perfection? Duty for the sake of duty ?
- -for different questions pertain to such
standard giving different answers even
contradictory : no agreed standard of
values.; confusion of moral values and
lack of a universally accepted standard
56. • 2-Knowledge of Good and Evil
- what are the means to distinguish the
good from evil
- What is the correct sources; human
experience (for it consist the laws of life
and condition of existence), reason or
intuition
57. - the above-mentioned sources if
accepted, will become the first principle
of ethics and they likely to generate
relativism for the following reasons
58. - human experience has not yet attained
perfection, inadequate data, knowledge of
experience is imperfect, thus inaccurate to
deduce from the experiences into one
conclusion
59. • -In the case of reason, it is true that it is
capable to distinguish good and evil, also
intuition for human conscience instinctively
feels uneasy in the presence of evil, but
they alone are insufficient as the only
authoritative source of knowledge of the
moral value
60. 3. Sanction Behind Moral Law
- What is the sanction behind the moral
law ?
- For the advocates of the theories of
happiness and perfection; the virtues
leading happiness to perfection are self-
enforcing, while the vices making for
imperfection are repugnant to human
nature.
61. • Hence, ethical law does not need any
external authority
- While some propagate that law of duty is
the self –imposed law of practical reason,
no need of external force
- It may also the political power or the
society as the real sanction behind moral
law
62. - As a result there is confusion, either to
propagate individual or elevated the state
to the status of an absolute divinity and
reduce the individual position
63. • 4-Motive of Moral Conduct
• -what motivate man to observe his moral
conduct even if the moral law is against
his natural inclination or personal interest
• -desire for pleasure n fear of pain? Or
reward n punishment either by the state or
the society/
64. ISLAMIC VIEW: ETHICS AND RELIGION
-the issue of world-view
• -the first grave mistake of secular
philosophers pertains to their question;
what is right and wrong, which is indeed
not the first question
• The first question to be asked is “ what is
the position of man in the universe” will
help to answer the question of right and
wrong
65. • Islam takes up this question, identify the
role of man as ‘abd – servant of god and
khalifat-ul-Allah-the vicegerent of God
• -all thing in the universe belong to God
even man’s own body and his capacities,
those endowed are not his but a trust from
God
66. • -Islam holds that man is given power to
exercise his role on earth, and this is
indeed a test. The final result is to be
declared in the hereafter.
• -man therefore is not the master but an
agent. His power is limited for sovereignty
belong to God. The code of conduct is to
be taken from god, the law giver and man
has to act within that framework
67. • -the mission of man follows form the
principle of human vicegerency and sets
the moral goal for man
• -the purpose of life is to fulfill the will of
God on earth and that the goal of his
moral endeavors should be;
68. • to enforce the divine law in that cross-
section of world affairs the management of
which has been entrusted to him by God;
• to create and maintain conditions in which
peace, justice, and virtue may flourish
• to suppress and eradicate evil and
disorder in all their forms and to foster
those virtues which God desires should
prevail over this world
69. the sources of moral values
• -the real source of man’s knowledge of
good and evil is found in the guidance
furnished by God through His prophets,
other sources of knowledge acts and aids
to it
70. -the sanction and motives
• -it is self-enforcing for its Divine origin
• -it is sanction for it exists in the mind of
believers who find happiness in seeking
God’s Pleasure and is desirous to attaint
the standard of perfection
• -the real sanction for morality lies in the
love for and the fear of God’s punishment
71. Distinctive features of Islamic Ethics
1. It sets up Divine Pleasure as the
objective
- by making divine revelation as the
primary source of knowledge gives
stability to the moral standards
72. - by providing a sanction for morality in the
love and fear of god will impel man to
obey the moral law even without external
pressure
- thus, belief in God and the day of
judgment furnishes a motive force which
enable man to adopt moral conduct with
earnest and sincerity
73. 2.It is universal and comprehensive
- In its application of the moral principles
- Islam takes up all the commonly known
moral virtues with a a sense of balance
- It widens the scope of application to
every aspect of man’s individual and
collective life
74. 3. It stipulates for man a system of live
which is based on good and free from evil
- It invokes people not only to practice virtue
but also to establish virtue and eradicate
vice, bid good and forbid wrong
75. The Role of Moral Power
• -man has two distinct aspect which is
complementary to each other : physical & moral
• -the fundamental cause of man’s rise and
decline is his moral strength
• -man’s capacity to make moral choices and to
shoulder moral responsibility is the
distinguishing feature that makes him
khalifah/vicegerent of God on earth
• -moral laws govern the advance/decline of man
77. • 1. Basic human morals
• -all qualities that form the basis of man’s
existence as a moral being; includes all
the necessary qualities to success
whether man works for good or evil,
whether he believes in god or not,
whether he has good soul and intention
or not
78. • -so, if man is able to be effective, he
should possess the attributes of strength
of will, power of decision, ambition,
determination, patience, perseverance,
courage, preparedness, diligence, love for
his goal, ready to sacrifice.
79. • -these qualities if combine with the
following qualities can create a powerful
self entity; self-control, generosity, mercy,
sympathy, a sense of justice, breadth of
vision, truthfulness, trustworthiness,
integrity, respect for pledges,
commitments, fair mindedness,
moderation, courtesy, purity and discipline
80. • -these attributes when possessed by any
society, will form a human capital from
which a powerful social entity may be
created
• -provided that every individual of the
society share the same objective
81. • -to put its achievement above all other
considerations
• -to have mutual love and sympathy, work
together, subordinate personal interest to
the collective objective
• -to distinguish between good and bad
leaders and choose the suitable one.
82. 2.Islamic morals
• -it is not independent of the basic human
morals but is complementary to them in
many ways due to following arguments.
• 1-orientation of basic morals
- It provides a center for the basic human
moral qualities which enables them to
become good and to be harnessed in the
cause of goodness and truth
83. • In the primary form, basic human moral
qualities can be for both good an evil just
like a sword, either can be an instrument
of oppression of defense
84. • likewise, the moral attributes is not in
itself good but if the ends are good, they
will become strong aids to truth and
goodness. Islam harness the moral
attributes to the service of the right cause
thus giving them the right direction
85. • -Tawhid has necessary implication to the
purpose of human effort; the seeking of
pleasure and fulfilling the will of God
• -the impact of this tawhidic orientation is
such that all the basic human moral
attributes are set on the right path
86. • -the strength which is produced by these
moral qualities is directed towards the
glorification of the God-ordained system.
• -this elevates the basic moral qualities
from an abstract concept to a force for
positive good and makes them a blessing
for the world.
87. 2-widening the scope of basic morals
• Islam strengthen the basic human moral
attributes and give them the widest
possible application
• Eg: sabr/patience, once firmly rooted in
Tawhid which is dedicated not to worldly
pursuits but to God, is far stronger and
enduring`
88. • Islam insists on patience of a high order
throughout man’s entire life not only in the
face of dangers, trials and difficulties but
onslaughts of greed, fear, suspicion and
desire.
89. 3-a higher level of morals
• Islam builds a higher system of morality on
virtue of which mankind can realize its
greatest potential
• Islam purifies the soul from self-seeking,
egoism, tyranny, wantonness and
indiscipline
90. • Islam creates god-fearing man, devoted,
pious, discipline. Induces feelings of
responsibility, self-control, kindness
generosity,mercy, sympathy
• Islam entrusted its followers with the
mission of spreading good and preventing
evil
91. LAW AND ETHICS IN ISLAM
• Is there any relationship, and if there is to
what extend both relate to each other.
• Law in Islam; divine law : totally derived
from god ; divine sanctioned; god
command (amr) and man submit and obey
(din & taah)
• The conduct of man, individually &
collectively in private or in public is under
the divine command 5:44
94. Al Maidah 5: 44, 46, 48
• It was We who revealed The Law (to
Moses); therein was guidance and light.
By its standard have been judged the
Jews by the prophets who bowed (as in
Islam) to Allah’s Will, by the Rabbis and
the doctors of law; for to them was
entrusted the protection of Allah’s Book,
and they were witnesses thereto,
95. • therefore, fear not men, but fear me, and
sell not my signs for a miserable price. If
any do fail to judge by the light of what
Allah hath revealed, they are (no better
than) unbelievers
96. • And in their footsteps we sent Jesus the
son of Mary, confirming the law that had
come before him; we sent him the gospel,
therein was guidance and light, and
confirmation of the law that had come
before him a guidance and an admonition
to those fear Allah
97. • To thee we sent the scripture in truth,
confirming the scripture that came before
it and guarding it in safety, so judge
between them by what Allah hath revealed
and follow not their vain desires, diverging
from the truth that hath come to thee.
98. • Man administered the divine law in the
court of justice. Unfortunately man is
incapable to administer every divine law in
its full sense before the court.
99. • For example, disobedient to parents,
telling lie, backbiting, slandering, fail to
attend Friday prayer, fasting in the month
of Ramadhan, paying zakah…..etc
• In fact, there are cases when Islamic law
can be manipulated eg:
100. • In the case of ‘hiyal’
- It was reported that Abu Yusuf, a student
of Abu Hanifah, evading payment of zakat
by transfering his property to his wife
before it reaches its haul (one year) and in
the next year the wife will do vice versa.
Abu Hanifah allowed this action
101. • In the case of prayer,
- al-Ghazali compare prayer with dancing for
both contains certain movement and
postures. In the case if prayer performed
inappropriately, the prayer will be no better
neither worse than the movement of a
dancer.
102. • In Islam, the paramount valuation of
human conduct was moral not legal, but
the insistence is always on the latter.
103. • If there is specific Quranic commands and
prohibition, it has been taken seriously by
muslim jurist. But when there is Quranic
verse pertaining to ethical issue, jurist fail
to underline the significance of the ethical
dimension of the legal provision in that
particular verse.
104. • For example in the case of permission for
man to practice polygamy. Jurist highlight
the permission but not the justice
• In the case of shura, jurist emphasize the
importance but unable to develop and
institutionalize shura which they believe
can uphold justice and right.
105. • the question here, is the helplessness of
the fuqaha’ to draw a distinction between
fatwa and taqwa, between legal
imperatives and moral obligations.
106. • -whereas, the Quran is nor a book of
abstract ethics neither is the legal
documents. It is a work of moral
admonition –
• -besides specific injunctions of the Quran
contain general principles as well
107. • -the message of Quran must be
understood as a unity and not as isolated
command
• -to bring out the Quranic message as a
unity, one must start with theology and
ethics of the Quran and only then
approach the realm of law
108. • The content of shariah
• 1-pillars of faith
• 2-character building n refinement of soul
• 3-practical aspect of religion
109. • 3 aspects of the dissimilarities
• 1) scope/ subject
• -science of fiqh-outer behavior of man n
ethics deals with inner character of men
which is the intention
• ---indeed, intention is more important than
the action itself
110. • 2)judgment/injunction
• -the fiqh principle of judgment is imposed
on those who are incompliance to the law
• -in ethics-3 types of judgment
• 1-worldly n other worldly reward given by
Allah
112. • 3)Aim/Objectives
• -fiqh- to realize the values of wellbeing of
the society
• -ethics-to motivate/encourage one’s
excellency
• ---that could be reached by having good
deeds consistently n being steadfast in
submission to Allah
113. • In short,
• -ethics n fiqh is complement to one
another
• -the vital of man’s conduct is moral x legal
• --the Quran itself is a book of moral
admonition
• --besides the specific injunctions, the
Quran contains general principle value
115. • Introduction
• -man occupies the central place in the
universe
• -man provides the rationale for all that
exist
116. • -man is a theomorphic being, with sthing
God-like in him
• -man’s duty is to realize his theomorphic
potentialities
• -Islam looks at man as a free agent
• who is fully responsible due his freedom
117. • -the realistic view of man’s nature is
summarized by these 4 ethical principles
118. 1-Unity (al-Tawhid)
• -Islamic ethical system which encompasses
man’s life represented in the concept unity
• -man as a theomorphic being, he also
reflects this God’s quality
• -at the level of The Absolute, it differentiates
the Creator from His creation, requiring
unconditional surrender by all to His Will
• 12:40
119. • -at the level of creation, it provides an
integration principle, for all creation is
united in submission to Him
• 6:163
120. • -it constitutes the vertical dimension, it
integrates all the worldly aspects and
religious aspect of man’s life into the a
homogeneous(of the same kind) whole,
which is consistent from within as well as
integrated with the vast universe without
• -it shows the interrelatedness of all that
exists
121. • -In Islamic view, all creations coalesce to
highlight the theomorphic character of
man
• -man has been united not only in the
knowledge of God but man’s knowledge of
each other
• -al Hujurat 49:13
وانثى ذكر من خلقناكم انا الناس ايها يا
لتعارفوا قبائل و شعوبا وحعلناكم
122. • Its significant
• -it provides mankind with a perspective of
certainty
• -indeed, truth cannot fail to be found if
man is guided by the One Who knows the
entire truth, indeed the Truth Himself
• -al Isra’ 17:97
المهتد فهو يهدال ومن
123. • -it (certainty) strengthen the integrative
force by informing it with a sense of the
mission and with the assurance of its
ultimate fulfilment
124. 2-Equilibrium
• -it constitutes the horizontal dimension of
Islam
• -at the absolute level, it is the supreme
attribute of God-its denial constitutes a
denial of God Himself
• -at the relative level, the quality of
equilibrium must also charaterize all His
creation which must reflect His qualities
125. • -according to this precept, the Islamic
concept of life derives from a Divine
perception of an all-pervading harmony in
the Universe
• -al Mulk 67:3-4.
ا طباقا سموت سبع خلق الذى
تفاوت من الرحمن خلق فى ترى ما
126. • -so various elements in life, must be
equilibrated to produce the best social
order
• -indeed, any rupture of it is the negation of
life itself
• -al-Furqan 25:2
تقديرا فقدره شىء كل خلق و
127. • -the property of equilibrium must be
achieved through conscious purpose of it
• -i.e on the plane of social existence, it
denotes a binding moral commitment
128. • -Islam does not only emphasizes the fact
of equilibrium but also insists on the
quality of it
• -al- Hadid 57:25
• الكتاب معهم انزلنا و بالبينات رسلنا أرسلنا لقد
بالقسط الناس ليقوم والميزان
• -the rise and fall of one civilization is highly
determined by its distance from the
universal Equilibrium
129. 3-Freewill
• -only God is absolutely free, while man is relatively
free
• -in other words, man is not predestined in a literal
sense
• -man have been given the faculty to think and to
choose either to become God-like or to deny God
130. • -man’s freedom was resulted from man’s
acceptance
• -al-Ahzab 33:72
السماوت على المانة عرضنا انا
يحملنها ان فأبين والجبال الرض و
• -man’s acceptance cause man to be
assigned to the most distinguished niche
in the universe
131. • -human freedom applies both to –
• 1-individual man
• 2-collective man
• -Islam does not accord unqualified
sanction to an individual’s right to private
property for it belong to Allah n man is
only His trustee
132. • -if individual acts in accordance with the
ethics, the element of coercion involve in
reconciling private and social interest must
be minimal
• -if there is a conflict between private and
social interests then it must be removed to
satisfy the preconditions of an islamic
society
133. • -the God given freedom of man not only
cannot be taken away from him but must
guarded as well
• -indeed, to deprive man of his natural
freedom is either to degrade him below his
God given stature or to produce
disequilibrium in society
134. 4-Responsibility
• -it sets limits to what man is free to do by
making man responsible for what he does
• -al- Nisa 4:85
منها نصيب له يكن حسنة شفاعة يشفع من
منها كفل له يك شيئة شفاعة يشفع من و
• -in accordance to the universal quality of
justice of God, every individual must be
held responsible for his action.
135. • -man has also been held responsible for
the evil that goes on around him
• --8:25 -the sick, children n women
• --4:97 – if one can’t do athing what goes
wrong, he is commanded to migrate
136. • -the teaching of responsibility constitutes a
dynamic principle in relation to human
behavior for
• -man must evolve to reach perfection
• -no one should be chained to his past –it
invalidates fatalism implied in
predestination
• -there cannot be any contradiction
between individual and collective freedom
• -man is responsible within his ability 2:286
137. • -one is not held responsible for what he is
forced to do, also if he forget, or for a
wrong that he may unintentionally do
• -a tradition of the prophet states the three
defects of free will : pressure,
forgetfulness and unintentional error as
factors that negate the individual
responsibility
• (al-Tibrani, Ibn Hibban, Ibn Majah)