Tourism routes in the Cape West Coast region of South Africa were established to encourage sustainable tourism and economic opportunities. The West Coast Way network of routes was created in 2014 to connect attractions, activities and communities across the region. It focuses on unique themes like culture, food, scenery and wildlife. The routes aim to spread tourism benefits by providing an accessible way to explore the area's heritage and natural beauty. Marketing of the routes is primarily digital and includes an app and map to guide visitors along self-drive experiences. The West Coast Way sees potential for growth in new tourism experiences and technologies.
Food and wine strategy - Tourism AustraliaBen Moroney
Andrew McEvoy, Managing Director, Tourism Australia; Nick Baker, Executive General Manager, Consumer Marketing, Tourism Australia and James Gosper, General Manager - Market Development, Wine Australia presented on the jointly funded food and wine strategy.
Food and wine strategy - Tourism AustraliaBen Moroney
Andrew McEvoy, Managing Director, Tourism Australia; Nick Baker, Executive General Manager, Consumer Marketing, Tourism Australia and James Gosper, General Manager - Market Development, Wine Australia presented on the jointly funded food and wine strategy.
Global Muslim Lifestyle Tourism Market 2012: Landscape & Consumer Needs StudyDinarStandard
DinarStandard Associate Reem El Shefaki presents the Global Muslim Lifestyle Tourism Market 2012: Landscape & Consumer Needs Study at travel industry's leading global conference, the ITB Berlin 2013
Lessons Learned from the Inclusive Tourism Project Focusing on Kayah StateEthical Sector
MCRB and FFI co-hosted a two-day multistakeholder workshop on sustainable and responsible tourism in Tanintharyi, over two days in Dawei on 19 and 20 December.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/sustainable-tourism-workshop-tanintharyi.html
Upon analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of It's More Fun in the Philippines Campaign, the proponents came up with two major strategies or recommendations like Market Penetration Strategy by taking advantage of the technological proliferation by engaging to other medium like television, radio and alike aside from social networks which have been an effective arena of the campaign through promotion to increase involvement, then Market Development Strategy by encouraging the OFWs who are bearing our pride in other countries to be the promotional tools themselves by offering some items incorporating the It’s More Fun in the Philippines Campaign like shirts, cups and other merchandise.
Predavanje iz predmeta Principi softverskog inženjerstva, sa beogradskog ETF-a.
Svi materijali su javno dostupni i nalaze se ovde: http://si3psi.etf.rs/
Владимир Каленов. Перезапуск ретроспективы по модели КоттераScrumTrek
Так получилось, что у многих команд в tutu.ru практика проведения ретроспектив не взлетела, хуже того, команды решили, что это бесполезная практика.
Я расскажу, как применяя модель орг. изменений Котера, результативно перезапускать ретроспективы в продуктовых командах и даже в отделе продуктовой аналитики.
Summer Thermal Performance of a Multistoried Residential Buildinginventionjournals
Individual residential houses occupy a large area of land space. But multi storied buildings reduces the use of larger land area than the individual residential houses. A multi-story building is a building that supports two or more floors above the ground.A Single storey or multi-storey building is an active system. Thermal variation in the outdoor brings out thermal variations in the indoor. The roof of a single storey building receives the solar radiations directly and in the case of multi-storey building the top floor alone receives. The walls of the both type of buildings receive the solar radiations directly. The radiations from the roof and walls are propagated to the inside of each indoor of a multi-storied building. In a multi storied building the indoor temperature increases slowly to a steady state. Even if the outdoor temperature falls, the indoor temperature of the building does not fall. There exists a time lag for the rise and fall with the outdoor.Hence this study has been aimed to measure the inside roof, inside walls and indoor temperatures of the different floors. It has been observed that there are noticeable variations in the roof, walls and indoor temperatures between different floors
The Evaluation of Generic Architecture for Information Availability (GAIA) an...inventionjournals
Along with the growing interest in agent applications, there has been an increasing number of agentoriented software engineering methodologies proposed in recent years. These methodologies were developed and specially tailored to the characteristics of agents. The roles of these methodologies can provide methods, models, techniques, and tools so that the development of agent based system can be carried out in a former and systematic way. The goal of this paper is to understand the relationship between two key agent-oriented methodologies: Gaia, and MaSE. More specially, we evaluate and compare these three methodologies by performing a feature analysis, on them, which is carried out by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of each participating methodology using an attribute-based evaluation framework. This evaluation framework addresses some areas of an agent-oriented methodology: concepts, modeling language, process and pragmatics
Global Muslim Lifestyle Tourism Market 2012: Landscape & Consumer Needs StudyDinarStandard
DinarStandard Associate Reem El Shefaki presents the Global Muslim Lifestyle Tourism Market 2012: Landscape & Consumer Needs Study at travel industry's leading global conference, the ITB Berlin 2013
Lessons Learned from the Inclusive Tourism Project Focusing on Kayah StateEthical Sector
MCRB and FFI co-hosted a two-day multistakeholder workshop on sustainable and responsible tourism in Tanintharyi, over two days in Dawei on 19 and 20 December.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/sustainable-tourism-workshop-tanintharyi.html
Upon analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of It's More Fun in the Philippines Campaign, the proponents came up with two major strategies or recommendations like Market Penetration Strategy by taking advantage of the technological proliferation by engaging to other medium like television, radio and alike aside from social networks which have been an effective arena of the campaign through promotion to increase involvement, then Market Development Strategy by encouraging the OFWs who are bearing our pride in other countries to be the promotional tools themselves by offering some items incorporating the It’s More Fun in the Philippines Campaign like shirts, cups and other merchandise.
Predavanje iz predmeta Principi softverskog inženjerstva, sa beogradskog ETF-a.
Svi materijali su javno dostupni i nalaze se ovde: http://si3psi.etf.rs/
Владимир Каленов. Перезапуск ретроспективы по модели КоттераScrumTrek
Так получилось, что у многих команд в tutu.ru практика проведения ретроспектив не взлетела, хуже того, команды решили, что это бесполезная практика.
Я расскажу, как применяя модель орг. изменений Котера, результативно перезапускать ретроспективы в продуктовых командах и даже в отделе продуктовой аналитики.
Summer Thermal Performance of a Multistoried Residential Buildinginventionjournals
Individual residential houses occupy a large area of land space. But multi storied buildings reduces the use of larger land area than the individual residential houses. A multi-story building is a building that supports two or more floors above the ground.A Single storey or multi-storey building is an active system. Thermal variation in the outdoor brings out thermal variations in the indoor. The roof of a single storey building receives the solar radiations directly and in the case of multi-storey building the top floor alone receives. The walls of the both type of buildings receive the solar radiations directly. The radiations from the roof and walls are propagated to the inside of each indoor of a multi-storied building. In a multi storied building the indoor temperature increases slowly to a steady state. Even if the outdoor temperature falls, the indoor temperature of the building does not fall. There exists a time lag for the rise and fall with the outdoor.Hence this study has been aimed to measure the inside roof, inside walls and indoor temperatures of the different floors. It has been observed that there are noticeable variations in the roof, walls and indoor temperatures between different floors
The Evaluation of Generic Architecture for Information Availability (GAIA) an...inventionjournals
Along with the growing interest in agent applications, there has been an increasing number of agentoriented software engineering methodologies proposed in recent years. These methodologies were developed and specially tailored to the characteristics of agents. The roles of these methodologies can provide methods, models, techniques, and tools so that the development of agent based system can be carried out in a former and systematic way. The goal of this paper is to understand the relationship between two key agent-oriented methodologies: Gaia, and MaSE. More specially, we evaluate and compare these three methodologies by performing a feature analysis, on them, which is carried out by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of each participating methodology using an attribute-based evaluation framework. This evaluation framework addresses some areas of an agent-oriented methodology: concepts, modeling language, process and pragmatics
Presentation at 6th International Conference on Responsible Tourism in Destinations, Sao Paulo, Brazil, June 2012. Contains updates on implementation of accreditation and Cape Town's pilot group.
2차 지속관광 포럼-1.문화유산의 보호 범 메콩강지역에서의 책임관광전략(mason florence)sustaintour
2010.11.30 제2차 지속가능한관광 정책 포럼 발표자료
1. protecting culture and heritage-responsible tourism initiatives in the greater Mekong sub-region(Mason Florence / Executive Director / Mekong Tourism Coordinating Office)
*이 포럼은 제2회 아시아사회적기업활동가대회 ASES2010의 분과 회의로 기획되었습니다.
The development of mountain biking, MTB and other cycling in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Presentation by Judy Lain of Wesgro, uploaded with her permission. http://wesgro.co.za/
Key note address at Public Sector Capacity Building for Strategic Implementation of Tourism Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in the CLMV region.Vientiane, Lao PDR. 3 – 5 May, 2017
Niche products have rapidly gained significance and gone are the days where unfocused product meets the requirements of the discernable consumer. Successful tourism destinations recognise and capitalise on diverse emerging and established niche markets through the development of products to suit these desired experiences. Turning people into vocal advocates for niche products can provide better marketing than any advertising; quickly turning a niche product into a mainstream market for a destination. Exciting tourism locations develop when multiple niche products turn a location into a tourism destination. How is this world wide phenomenon relevant on a local scale?
Wearer of many hats, David Willcox has a broad and somewhat abnormal background in marketing, design, planning, development and tourism. Since finishing his degree he has sometimes dabbled and sometimes excelled in the Web Development, Graphic Design, Film, Fashion, Architecture and Trails industries. Usually learning through osmosis, and typically by surrounding himself with people more smarterer than himself, he has played a vital role in developing products and new markets within tourism industries, which have had tangible impacts on destinations such as his home town of Margaret River.
David has sat on every perceivable five dimensional side of the tourism fence including as consumer, volunteer, designer, developer, community and committee member and tourism association board member. In reality, no one really knows what this guy does, but he always seems busy.
During the coldest months, Italy transforms into a winter wonderland, providing visitors with a very unique experience. From the Settimana Bianca ski event to the lively Carnevale celebrations, Italy's winter festivities provide something for everyone. Enjoy hot cocoa, eat hearty comfort foods, and buy during winter deals. Explore the country's rich cultural past by participating in Settimana Bianca, and Carnevale, sipping hot chocolate, shopping during winter deals, and indulging in winter comfort foods. Visit our website https://timeforsicily.com/ for more information.
4 DAYS MASAI MARA WILDEBEEST MIGRATION SAFARI TOUR PACKAGE KENYABush Troop Safari
Join our 4-day Masai Mara Wildebeest Migration Safari in Kenya. Witness the incredible wildebeest migration, enjoy exciting game drives, and stay in comfortable lodges. Get up close and personal with one of nature's most amazing exhibits! Book Your Safari Today at - https://bushtroop-safaris.com/
MC INTERNATIONALS | TRAVEL COMPANY IN JHANGAshBhatt4
Experience the world with MC Internationals travel and tourism. From foreign getways to cultural concentration, we tailor unforgettable journeys for every traveler. Let us turn your dream into reality and create lasting memories. Explore with us today. #TRAVEL,COMPANY #BEST,TRAVEL,COMPANY #VISIT,VISA #EMPLOYMENT,VISA #STUDY,VISA #HAJJ,AND,UMRAH
Discover the wonders of the Wenatchee River with a variety of river tours in Monitor, WA. Whether you're seeking thrilling whitewater rafting, peaceful kayaking, family-friendly float trips, or scenic sunset cruises, there's something for everyone. Enjoy fishing, wildlife spotting, bird watching, and more in this beautiful natural setting, perfect for outdoor enthusiasts and families alike.
Exploring Montreal's Artistic Heritage Top Art Galleries and Museums to VisitSpade & Palacio Tours
Montreal boasts a vibrant artistic heritage, showcased in its top art galleries and museums. From the expansive collections at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts to the cutting-edge exhibits at the Musée d'art contemporain, discover the city's rich cultural landscape. Experience dynamic street art, indigenous works, and contemporary pieces, reflecting Montreal's diverse and innovative art scene.
How To Change Name On Volaris Ticket.pdfnamechange763
How to change name on Volaris ticket? This is one of the most common questions asked by travelers flying with Volaris Airlines. The mentioned details can help you with your name rectification on the airline ticket. If you are still facing difficulties call the consolidation desk at +1-800-865-1848.
London Country Tours, the foremost travel partner offers customized Stonehenge tours from London coming with private tour guides and direct access to the inner circles. Visit: https://www.londoncountrytours.co.uk/tour/tours-to-stonehenge-oxford/
Its running cost is among the diverse vital aspects you must consider before buying an electric scooter. Calculate the cost of getting e-scooter charge for your regular usage to calculate its economic efficiency, similar to people who investigate the mileage of petrol or diesel-driven scooters.
Discover Palmer, Puerto Rico, through an immersive cultural tour that unveils its rich history and vibrant traditions. Experience lively festivals, savor authentic cuisine, and explore local markets. Visit historical landmarks, museums, and stunning colonial architecture. Engage with friendly locals, enjoy live music, and hike scenic nature trails, all while participating in cultural workshops and discovering unique artisan crafts.
Antarctica- Icy wilderness of extremes and wondertahreemzahra82
In this presentation, we delve into the captivating realm of Antarctica, Earth's southernmost continent. This icy wilderness stands as a testament to extremes, with record-breaking cold temperatures and vast expanses of pristine ice. Antarctica's landscape is dominated by towering glaciers, colossal icebergs, and expansive ice shelves. Yet, amidst this frozen expanse, a rich tapestry of unique wildlife thrives, including penguins, seals, and seabirds, all finely attuned to survive in this harsh environment. Beyond its natural wonders, Antarctica also serves as a vital hub for scientific exploration, providing invaluable insights into climate change and the Earth's history
The Cherry Blossom season in Hunza begins in the second week of March and lasts until the end of April, varying with altitude. During this enchanting period, tourists from around the world flock to Hunza Valley to witness its transformation into a vibrant tapestry of white, pink, and green. The valley comes alive with cherry blossoms, creating a picturesque and mesmerizing landscape that captivates visitors.
About the Company:
The Cherry Blossom season in Hunza starts in the second week of March and extends until the end of April, depending on the altitude. During this enchanting period, tourists from around the globe travel to Hunza Valley to witness its transformation into a vibrant tapestry of white, pink, and green. The valley comes alive with cherry blossoms, creating a picturesque and mesmerizing landscape that captivates all who visit. For the best experience, join Hunza Adventure Tours, the top tour company in Pakistan, and immerse yourself in this breathtaking seasonal spectacle.
TRAVEL TO MT. RWENZORI NATIONAL PARK WITH NILE ABENTEUER SAFARIS.docxnileabenteuersafaris
Let’s explore the captivating Rwenzori Mountains National Park in Uganda with Nile Abenteuer Safaris. This UNESCO World Heritage Site, also known as the “Mountains of the Moon,” offers unparalleled beauty and diverse ecosystems. 🌿🏔️
Key Features of Rwenzori Mountains National Park:
Majestic Peaks:
Mount Rwenzori, Africa’s third-highest peak, dominates the landscape. Its snow-capped summits and glacier-draped slopes provide a challenging yet rewarding adventure for trekkers and climbers.
Ascending these peaks allows you to witness breathtaking vistas and experience the thrill of high-altitude trekking.
Biodiversity:
Explore the park’s rich biodiversity, which includes montane forests, alpine meadows, and towering cliffs.
Encounter rare and endemic species such as the Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori red duiker, and Rwenzori three-horned chameleon.
Trekking Trails:
Embark on immersive trekking experiences along a network of trails. Choose from leisurely walks to multi-day expeditions.
Traverse verdant valleys, moss-draped forests, and marvel at cascading waterfalls as you ascend toward the summit.
Cultural Heritage:
Engage with local communities of the Bakonjo and Bamba people. Gain insight into their traditional way of life and cultural practices.
Discover the rich history and folklore surrounding the Rwenzori Mountains.
Planning Your Visit:
Trekking and Climbing:
Select from various trekking routes tailored to different skill levels and durations.
Experienced guides and porters ensure a safe and enjoyable journey to the summit.
Wildlife Viewing:
Embark on guided nature walks to spot diverse wildlife, including primates, birds, and endemic plant species.
Keep an eye out for the Rwenzori hyrax, blue monkeys, and various bird species.
Accommodation:
Rest and rejuvenate in comfortable lodges, campsites, and guesthouses within and around the park.
Experience warm hospitality amidst the tranquility of nature.
Conservation:
Support conservation efforts by adhering to park regulations and practicing responsible tourism.
Your visit contributes to preserving this pristine wilderness for future generations.
Embark on an Unforgettable Adventure:
Whether you seek the thrill of summiting Africa’s legendary peaks or the serenity of exploring remote landscapes, Mount Rwenzori promises an unforgettable journey into the heart of nature’s majesty. Start planning your expedition today and unlock the secrets of this captivating natural wonder!
Visit
https://nileabenteuer.com/tour_destination/mount-rwenzori-national-park/
https://www.rwenzoriexpeditions.com/treks/rwenzoris-gorilla-trek/
For more information;
WhatsApp: +256 752 397520
Email: info@nileabenteuer.com
Website: www.nileabenteuer.com
5. Create a NETWORK
OF UNIQUE ROUTES
CONNECTING different
regions across South Africa
future
6. OUR WAY OF THINKING: Which Way
• A collection of themed Routes unique to a region = a Way
• However we believe that tourism has no boundaries
• Manage a Way as a sustainable business with a long life
• Social Media is key
• Supported by an Integrated Marketing Plan
• Slow release of Routes & bring in refinements of Routes – over years
• Include or showcase existing and other new Routes
• Never forget that the consumer and what they want is what we
need to deliver on to be successful
• Transformation Tourism can be effectively hosted by the route Way
• Grow a culture of Green Sustainability and Awareness
• Identify key nodes and ensure that the route/s are include
• Focus on self-drive experiences, but offer support to tour operators
• Local Tourism Offices are an important partner in the Way growth
• Identify and promote the Tourism Destination Success factors:
7. WE ANWER THE HOW-TO? QUESTION to achieve
Tourism Destination Success
11 TOP Which Way TOURISM BRAND VALUES
TO ASPIRE TO:
• Community Partner
• Frequent
• Safe
• Reliable
• Informative
• Fun
• Affordable
• Quality
• Easy To Use
• Accessible
• Environmentally Friendly
8. We help Regions & Attractions harness
their future TOURISM MARKET POTENTIAL
- by helping them live the Which Way Brand
values identified for success.
Destinations around the world welcomed 956 million
international tourists between January and September 2016,
according to the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer.
This is 34 million more than in the same period
of 2015, a 4% increase.
“By 2020 global 4.5% multi-factorial yearly tourism growth”
UNWTO
9. WHY ARE ROUTES IMPORTANT?
1. Navigation system – easy to follow, accessible,
2. Reduces distances between high frequented areas and small and
remote towns and attractions
3. Builds a culture of tourism
4. Bring economic opportunities – entrepreneurial opportunities
5. More employment opportunities
6. Give tourist confidence to go and explore
7. Is a marketing platform accessible to municipalities, regional and
local tourism organizations – easy to leverage from
8. Enhance destination branding of region/town/attraction
9. Builds destinations
10. Spread investment money: from visitors and attractions/
accommodation and activities inside destination
10.
11. 1) STAKEHOLDERS IDENTIFIED
Identify needs, goals and opportunities. Sign memorandum of
agreement. Decide who is responsible for which aspects.
2) RESEARCH
Qualitative research - interviews via Consumer Psychologist
Who is currently visiting the region, why, what do they do and what are
their impressions?
3) PLOT ROUTE
Road trip experiences are identified showcasing a selection of tourism
ready attractions, activities and accommodation places
4) ROLL OUT INTEGRATED MARKETING PLAN
101+ things to do and see, interactive map, smartphone app
5) MEASURE, REFINE AND LAUNCH - REPEAT
Standards measure and needs assessment and adapting process and
project management on a continual basis
12. COMMUNICATION & MARKETING
PROCESS STARTS WITH PEOPLE, INFO, PASSION
PEOPLE: BUILD CONFIDENCE THROUGH AN AGILE APPROACH
Often the local areas within a region lack confidence to become tourism
leaders. The Which Way process allows them to do this by following an
Agile Project Management style
INFO: DETERMINE VOLUME AND ACCURACY OF CURRENT ONLINE
PRESENCE AND INFORMATION AVAILABLE
What are people currently able to find – how can this be enhanced
PASSION: IDENTIFY THE BRAND AMBASSADORS
The brand ambassadors are people, organizations and businesses inside
and outside the region who are passionate about tourism, people
development and conservation. Often business owners or people who
would like to own their own business. Which Way is a thin golden line –
entwined with the already present and unique local structure.
13.
14.
15. WHY WAS WEST COAST WAY ESTABLISHED?
On 29th August 2013, the The West Coast (Biodiversity) Corridor WCBCI was established:
“a vibrant corridor where appreciation of its rich biodiversity, cultural heritage and
partnerships deliver sustainable jobs, skills and opportunities”
The West Coast Biodiversity Corridor Initiative aims to demonstrate how sustainable
development can protect the biodiversity and cultural heritage of the region and
contribute competitively to the improved social and economic performance of the region.
WCBCI is led by SANParks in partnership with the City of Cape Town, Saldanha & Swartland
Local Municipalities, Cape West Coast Biosphere Reserve, Cape Nature, landowners,
communities & tourism product owners
WCBCI decided that a privately owned TOURISM MARKETING ROUTE had to be established.
At a formal event in November 2014 in the Cape West Coast at !Khwa ttu Culture & Education
Center the Western Cape Economic Opportunities Minister Alan Winde, formally opened West
Coast Way with the first route that was established within the Way, namely: Culture Route.
During 2015 and 2016 more routes were launched and officiated by Shadow Minister of Tourism
and Member of Parliament, James Vos. West Coast Way has 5 Routes stimulating tourism
activity and confidence in the Cape West Coast.
West Coast Way encourage tourists to ‘Take the road less travelled’ to the Cape West Coast.
2013 challenge identified
2014 solution delivered
16. OUR PURPOSE
Putting tourism within your reach
for the Cape West Coast of South Africa
Impacting on:
• Accommodation, attraction, activity
• Cape West Coast Biosphere
• The traveller
• Community projects
• Towns
• Tourism Organizations
17. CREATED THROUGH NEEDS, CIRCUMSTANCE
The CWCBI wanted a Tourism Marketing Route entity
developed that must become sustainable as a privately
owned solution selling marketing solutions in the region
The CWCBI did not want to take the risk upon themselves and
therefore it was decided to look at a privately owned solution.
Start up capital was obtained via the Green Fund and the
agreement was to have the first route a CULTURE THEMED
route - completed within 2 months to proof to the Green Fund
that their investment was well used and accountable.
West Coast Way is the link between the City of Cape Town’s
marketing and the West Coast Tourism’s combined marketing.
Connecting visitors to the Cape to the West Coast – starting a
mere 25 min from the Cape Town CBD.
On the Routes, Mamre was identified as an attraction, with a
special focus on Mamre Werf. And in Saldanha the Cultural
Village with Museum was identified as tourism development
hot spots. These are places that is very close to being tourism
ready – in other words ready to be visited by tourists, and from
where more projects can be started launched such as self-
guided or guided walking tours in Mamre Werf and an Culture
& Oyster Walking Tour in Saldanha.
18. MILESTONES
2014 OPENING of 1st Route: Culture Route
2015 Opening of 2nd Route: Foodie Route – launched 2016
WTM Africa stand
2016 Opening of 3rd & 4th Route: Berg Route and Scenic Route
WTM Africa stand
Opening of 5th Route: Wild Route –
with Sustainable Seafood Track and People Rocking Nature Route
PERA award finalist as Emerging Tourism brand
2017 April: WTM Africa stand
19. ROUTE STRUCTURE
West Coast Way offer loads of Routes to explore the
Cape West Coast’s rich and vibrant heritage and
and biodiversity through self-drive trips.
Tour operators can use these Routes to develop
tour plans for their guests.
23. BUSINESS MODEL WITH AN EXECUTABLE PLAN
• Income Streams:
Marketing Package Sales - 44k/year, 19k/year, R7k/year
Advertising & Marketing Services Sales
Training Sales
Tour & Events & Transport
E-commerce Bookings
• Top! Premium Package 40k for year
• Destination Marketing & Enterprise Development balance
• Great Potential: New Tourism Experiences Development
• Scalability through technology and freelancers
24. 082 825 5715 0861 321 777 carmen@fusiondesign.co.za
EMERGING TOURISM BRAND
Founded by Carmen Lerm
Est 1999 Est 2014 Est 2015