The document provides an extensive overview of qualitative research, focusing on data collection methods, sampling definitions, and types of sampling techniques. It distinguishes between subjects, respondents, informants, and participants, emphasizing their roles in research, as well as outlining probability and non-probability sampling methods. Various forms of each sampling type are described, along with their applications in qualitative research, highlighting the flexibility and creativity in sampling approaches.

1. Q UA L I TAT I V E R E S E A R C H
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

2. UNIT V
UNDERSTANDING DATA
AND WAYS TO
SYSTEMATICALLY
COLLECT DATA

3. TOPICS
Qualitative Research Designs
Description of Sampling and Data Collection
Analysis of Procedures Such as Survey, Interview and
Observation

4. LESSON 2
DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING
AND DATA COLLECTION

5. SUBJECTS, RESPONDENTS, INFORMATIONS, AND
PARTICIPANTS
• The four terms, all common in research studies, refer
to individuals who agree to become part of a research
study. The term, however, reflects a distinct way that
an individual participates in a research study and the
type of relationship formed between the individual
and the investigator.

6. SUBJECTS, RESPONDENTS, INFORMATIONS, AND
PARTICIPANTS
In an experimental-type research, individuals
are usually referred to as subjects, a term
that denotes passive roles.
In survey research, individuals are often
referred to as respondents because they are
asked to respond to very specific questions.

7. SUBJECTS, RESPONDENTS, INFORMATIONS, AND
PARTICIPANTS
3. In naturalistic inquiry, individuals are usually
referred to as informants, a term that reflects
the active role of informing the investigator as
to the context and its cultural rules.

8. SUBJECTS, RESPONDENTS, INFORMATIONS, AND
PARTICIPANTS
4. Participants refer to those individuals
who enter a “collaborative” relationship
with the investigator and contribute to
decision-making regarding the research
process as well as inform the investigator
about themselves. This term is often used
in endogenous and participatory action
research.

9. WHAT IS SAMPLING?
• Sampling – refers to the method or process of
selecting respondents or people to answer
questions meant to yield data for a research
study.

10. WHAT IS SAMPLE?
• Sample – any sub-aggregate drawn from the
population or it is a portion of a population
(Fergurson, 1973).
• It constitute the chosen ones through which you will
derive facts and evidence to support the claims or
conclusions propounded by your research problem.

11. WHAT IS POPULATION?
• Population - the bigger group from where you
choose the sample.
• Any group of individuals who has one or more
characteristics in common that are of interest
to the researcher.

12. WHAT IS SAMPLING FRAME?
• Sampling Frame – the term used to mean the
list of the members of such population from
where you will get the sample. (Paris 2013)

13. TWO TYPES OF SAMPLING
A. Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling
B. Non-Probability Sampling

14. TWO TYPES OF SAMPLING
A. Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling
 It involves all members listed in the sampling frame
representing a certain population focused on by your
study.
 An equal chance of participation in the sampling or
selection process is given to every member listed in
the sampling frame.

15. TYPES OF SAMPLING
B. Non-probability Sampling
• Disregards random selection of subjects.
• The subjects are chosen based on their availability
or the purpose of the study, and in some cases, on
the sole discretion of the researcher.
• Not all elements in the population frame have an
equal chance of being selected. (Edmond 2013)

16. TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Simple Random Sampling
 The best type of probability sampling that uses pure
chance selection.
 Every member have the same opportunity to be in
the sample.
 It has two methods: a) Fishbowl Technique and b)
Table of Random Numbers

17. TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Two ways of Simple Random Sampling
a) Have a list of all members of the population; write
each name on a card and choose cards through a pure-
chance selection (fishbowl technique/lottery sampling).
b) Have a list of all members; give a number to
member and then use randomized or unordered
numbers in selecting names from the list (Table of
Random Numbers).

18. TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
2. Systematic Sampling - a strategy for selecting the
numbers of a sample that allows only chance and
“system” to determine membership in the sample.
A system is a planned strategy for selecting
members after a starting point is selected at
random, such as every 5th subject, every 10th
subject, etc. (Vockell, 1983).

19. TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
For instance, if you want to have a sample of 150, you
may select a set of numbers like 1 to 15, and out of a
list of 1,500 students, take every 15th name on the list
until you complete the total number of respondents to
constitute your sample.

20. TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
3. Stratified Sampling - The group comprising the
sample is chosen in a way that such group is liable
to subdivision during the data analysis stage. A
study needing group-by-group analysis finds
stratified sampling the right probability sampling to
use.

21. TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In this strategy your target population is first
divided into groups each belonging to the same
stratum. This is to avoid the possibility of getting
samples from another stratum. But to be
effective in your stratified sampling the
participants within each of the strata should be
selected at random. This is known as stratified
random sampling.

22. TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
4. Cluster Sampling - This is a probability
sampling isolate a set or cluster of persons
instead of individual members to serve as
sample members.

23. TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
For example, if you want to have a sample of
120 out of 1,000 students, you can randomly
select three sections with 40 students each to
constitute the sample.

24. TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Quota Sampling – a type of non-probability
sampling that uses a quota or a specific set of
persons who have the characteristics of the
target population involved in the study
characteristics.

25. TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
For instance, you are required in a research class to
determine the most favored soft drinks from a population
of televiewers, you should interview televiewers who drink
soft drinks. You continue this process until you arrive at
your quota. Because of the quota you have set, you
certainly will neglect other participants’ opinion regarding
the soft drinks they favor most. Thus, data you have
collected cannot surely be considered as representing the
opinions of the population.

26. TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
2. Voluntary Sampling - the subjects are the ones
volunteering to constitute the sample.

27. TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
3. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling - A type of
non-probability sampling wherein the researcher
chooses people who could correspond and meet
the objectives or purpose of the study.

28. TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
4. Availability Sampling - A type of non-
probability sampling wherein the respondents
of the study are the ones who are available and
showed willingness to participate on the study.

29. TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
5. Snowball Sampling - this sampling method
does not give a specific set of samples. The
researcher have the freedom to increase the
number of people they want to form the sample
of your study. (Harding 2013)

30. SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE
• Qualitative is more flexible compared to
quantitative in terms of sampling.
• Sampling techniques are suggestive than
prescriptive.
• Could be more creative in sampling.

31. ASSESSMENT
1. This term is used in survey research as
individuals asked to respond to very specific
questions.
a. Subjects
b. Respondents
c. Informants
d. Participants

32. ASSESSMENT
2. This individuals is used in an experimental-
type research that denotes passive roles.
a. Subjects
b. Respondents
c. Informants
d. Participants

33. ASSESSMENT
3. It refers to the method or process of selecting
respondents.
a. Sample
b. Sampling
c. Sampling Frame
d. Population

34. ASSESSMENT
4. It refers to the chosen ones, a portion of the
population that would best represent individuals
in the study.
a. Sample
b. Sampling
c. Sampling Frame
d. Population

35. ASSESSMENT
5. The beginning of sampling could be traced
back to the early political activities of the
Americans in _____.
a. 1915
b. 1920
c. 1930
d. 1940

36. ASSESSMENT
6. A type of sampling that involves all members
listed in the sampling frame representing a
certain population focused on by your study.
a. Probability Sampling
b. Non-probability Sampling

37. ASSESSMENT
7. A type of sampling wherein subjects are chosen
based on their availability or the purpose of the
study, and in some cases, on the sole discretion of
the researcher.
a. Probability Sampling
b. Non-probability Sampling

38. ASSESSMENT
8. A strategy for selecting the numbers of a sample
that allows only chance and system to determine
membership in the sample.
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Systematic Sampling
c. Stratified Sampling
d. Cluster Sampling

39. ASSESSMENT
9. The best type of probability sampling that uses a
pure-chance selection.
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Systematic Sampling
c. Stratified Sampling
d. Cluster Sampling

40. ASSESSMENT
10. This is a probability sampling that makes you
isolate a set of persons instead of individual
members to serve as sample members.
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Systematic Sampling
c. Stratified Sampling
d. Cluster Sampling

41. ASSESSMENT
11. A type of non-probability sampling wherein the
subject's volunteers to constitute a sample.
a. Quota Sampling
b. Voluntary Sampling
c. Purposive Sampling
d. Snowball Sampling

42. ASSESSMENT
12. A type of non-probability sampling wherein the
researcher choose people who could correspond
and meet the objectives of the study.
a. Quota Sampling
b. Voluntary Sampling
c. Purposive Sampling
d. Snowball Sampling

43. ASSESSMENT
13. A type of non-probability sampling wherein the
respondents of the study are the ones who are
available and showed willingness to participate on
the study.
a. Quota Sampling
b. Voluntary Sampling
c. Purposive Sampling
d. Availability Sampling

44. ASSESSMENT
14. This probability sampling divides the population
into groups then select the samples randomly.
a. Stratified sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Simple random sampling
d. Systematic sampling

45. ASSESSMENT
Write T is the statement is correct, otherwise write
F.
15. The bigger the sample, the bigger also the
sampling error.
16. Qualitative is more flexible compared to
quantitative in terms of sampling.
17. Sampling techniques in qualitative are
prescriptive.