The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) principles including encapsulation, abstraction, polymorphism, and inheritance. It explains these concepts through examples like a BankAccount class with methods to access the balance. Encapsulation bundles data and methods into objects. Abstraction hides implementation details and exposes only functionality. Polymorphism allows one entity to have multiple behaviors. Inheritance allows child classes to extend parent classes for reusability. OOP provides benefits like better planning, high maintainability, reusability, and reduced complexity.

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Introduction To
OOPS
Key Principles
And
Advantages

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Mousum Dutta
Chief Data Scientist, Spotle.ai
IIT Kharagpur
Instructors
Sk Mamtajuddin
Head of Technology,
Spotle.ai
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OOPS is based on
the programming
paradigm of
objects containing
data and methods.
The OOPS Paradigm
Image Source: Wikipedia

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The OOPS Paradigm
//Example Of An Object
BankAccount MyAccount =new
BankAccount();
//MyAccount is an instace of Class
BankAccount
MyAccount. Balance = 0;
//Balance is a property of
MyAccount object
MyAccount.getMoneyFromDad();
//getMoneyFromDad() is a method
of the MyAccount object
An Example

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The OOPS Principles
Encapsulation Abstraction
Polymorphism Inheritance
OOPS
Principles

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What Is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation describes
the concept of bundling
together data and
methods in one unit. It
protects the data within an
object allowing access
only through designated
methods.
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//Data
Float balance;
//Methods
getBalance()
The MyAccount Object

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What Is Abstraction?
Abstraction describes the
concept of hiding
implementation details while
only exposing functionalities
to users.
Example: The account object
gives you your money when
you invoke the withdraw()
method. You do not know and
do not care how it is
implemented.
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Float pocket_money =
MyAccount.withdraw(500);

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What Is Polymorphism?
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Polymorphism is the concept of one entity providing multiple
implementations or behaviours. (Something like an Avatar)
For example the addition method can add two integers, floats or
concat two strings based on what parameters you are applying
addition on.
Image Source:
Marvel/Planet Photos

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What Is Inheritance?
Inheritance is a powerful
construct that lets a child
class (also known as a sub-
class) extends or inherits
from a parent or base class
(also known as a super-
class). The child class
inherits the parent’s
methods and attributes and
then adds its own, enabling
reusability.
Example: In banking, a
priority account extends a
savings account.
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The OOPS Advantage
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Better Planning - Helps model real world problems through the object
constructs enabling better planning and modularization of software
projects.
Higher Maintainability - Functionality is encapsulated in separate units –
classes/ methods helping one part of the program to be changed without
affecting others.
More Reusability – Inheritance which lets child classes extend the
functionalities of parent class ensures OOPS delivers high reusability.
Less Complexity– Abstraction and polymorphism reducesthe amount of
information a developer needs to know while working in a large OOPS
system.