A brief introduction to Internet of Things basics and infrastructure

1. History of IoT? (1)
1982 – Students invent a connected Coke machine.
Students at Carnegie Mellon University connected the department vending machine
to the main computer via the local network, enabling them to check if drinks were
available and cold. Not everyone liked Coke, but they all loved this invention.
1989 – The World Wide Web is invented
British scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW) while
working at CERN. The Governmental system of satellites was complemented by
privately held ones, providing future IoT systems with communications. The first
website that Berners-Lee brought online from the Swiss Alps is still available.

2. History of IoT? (2)
1990-1993 – World’s first IoT device invented
In 1990, John Romkey created the first IOT device – a toaster that could be turned on and off
over the Internet. By 1991, he had automated the entire process by adding a crane system that
inserted the bread as well.
Then in 1993, the world's first webcam prototype, the Trojan Room Coffee Pot, was installed
at the University of Cambridge to monitor the amount of coffee remaining in the brewing
machine.
1998 – Mark Weiser creates a connected water fountain
Father of ubiquitous computing Mark Weiser created a fountain outside his office. The flow
and the height of the water mimicked the price trends and volume of the stock market in real-
time.

3. History of IoT? (3)
1999 – “The Internet of Thing” is coined
Kevin Ashton, the founder of Auto-ID, titled a presentation he made at Procter & Gamble
“The Internet of Things”. Ashton linked the ideas of RFID (radio-frequency identification)
and the Internet, which impressed the listeners with its innovativeness. While his idea of
RFID-based device connectivity differs from today’s IP-based (Internet Protocol) IoT,
Ashton’s breakthrough played an essential role in IoT history and technological development
overall.
2005 – The first smart home device is created
Originally released in June 2005, the Nabaztag – an early version of smart home devices like
Alexa and Google Home – was an ambient electronic device shaped like a rabbit, able to alert
its owner and speak to them about the weather, stock market changes, RSS feeds, etc.

4. History of IoT? (4)
2008-2009 – IoT is born
According to Cisco IBSG*, IoT was conceived between 2008 and 2009, when the number of
connected machines surpassed the number of humans on the planet. Currently, there are
about 21.5 billion connected devices in the world – almost three times the number of people on
the planet.
2011 – IoT added to the hype-cycle for emerging technologies
In 2011, Gartner, the market research company that invented the famous “hype-cycle for
emerging technologies”, included “The Internet of Things” on their list. This year, Gartner
named Vodafone as a Leader in its 2021 Magic Quadrant for Managed IoT Connectivity
Services for the seventh time in a row **.

5. History of IoT? (5)
2013-2014 – IoT devices start using sensors
Thermostats and home lighting started using sensors to accurately sense the surrounding
environment. This allowed people to control home lighting, garage doors and thermostats all
from their phone.
2014 – The first “smart city” is created
As a smart city “testbed”, Smart Docklands in Dublin provided a platform for innovators to
test cutting-edge technology solutions to local challenges, such as smart bins, sensors
monitoring flood levels and city sound monitoring sensors.

6. History of IoT? (6)
2018 – IoT enters the healthcare and health insurance industries
Healthcare devices represent one of the fastest-growing sectors of the IoT market. The value
of this sector – sometimes called the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) – is predicted to reach
$176 billion by 2026***. IoT technology allows healthcare professionals to access patient data
and improve the quality of wearable medical devices. Medical IoT solutions include blood
glucose and heart rate monitoring, pacemakers, fall detection, geofencing and location
monitoring.
2020 – IoT steps up in response to the COVID-19 crisis
In 2020, heat detection cameras started popping up in all sorts of public spaces to measure
people’s temperature. Using infrared technology, thermal cameras detect radiating heat from
a body. Although these devices were originally not designed to be used for medical purposes –
they are often deployed by firefighters to track smouldering embers and police to search for
out-of-sight suspects .

7. IoT factsheet
1. The number of connected devices by 2030 will be 29.4 billion. (Source: Statista)
So we’re talking about a projected 350% increase in a decade! The 2019 number was just 8.6
billion.
By end-2022, it’s set to reach 13.1 billion and then increase by 2 billion year-on-year until 2030.
2. By 2025, 75.44 billion IoT devices will be installed worldwide. (Source: Statista)
The number of installed IoT devices, sensors, and actuators in 2022 is a whopping 42.62 billion. A
significant rise from the 2021 and 2020 figures—35.82 billion and 30.73 billion, respectively.
3. 24% of consumers report they feel overwhelmed by the number of devices and
subscriptions they have to manage. (Source: Deloitte)

8. IoT factsheet
4. In 2022, the average number of connected IoT devices per US household is 22. (Source: Deloitte)
Advancements in technology are upgrading our current devices and coming up with even newer ways to
use the internet in our homes.
5. IoT end-user spending is estimated to reach $1.6 trillion by 2025. (Source: Statista)
The current number is $594 billion—a significant step up from the $418 billion recorded in 2021. This
clearly indicates that IoT spending will continue to grow exponentially as years go by.
6. 35% of manufacturers utilize data from automation in manufacturing. (Source: GlobeNewsWire)
Over a third of manufacturers used data from sensors or analysis. The technology contributed to an
improvement in factory functions, hence giving a competitive edge.

9. IoT factsheet
7. As of 2022, 32% of US consumers owned a smart speaker. (Source: Oberlo)
Amazon is a pioneer in the smart speakers market currently holds the most significant share as
well—it boasts 94.2 million users in the US alone. 46.7 million American own a Google device.
8. The use of low-power networking systems and satellites grew by 20% in 2021. (Source: IoT
World Today)
In the last few years, there has been a significant focus on applying 5G technology in relation to
IoT. Furthermore, the adoption of satellites and similar technologies in powering IoT devices grew
by one-fifth in 2021! R&D departments are currently working in full power to deploy 5G and
develop new technologies.

10. IoT factsheet
9. By 2025, the IoT data volume will be 79.4 zettabytes. (Source: Statista)
Experts predict that data usage will be about 80 zettabytes by 2025. The so-called Big Data 2.0.
10. The number of networked device ownership worldwide will be 3.6 per person in 2023.
(Source: Cisco)
On a global scale, 2.1 per capita will be the increase in possession of connected gadgets in the next
few years compared to 2018 data.
***But how many IoT devices are there, you ask? Well, to answer this, we must first look at
what an IoT device is.

11. What Is IoT?
9. By 2025, the IoT data volume will be 79.4 zettabytes. (Source: Statista)
Experts predict that data usage will be about 80 zettabytes by 2025. The so-called Big Data 2.0.
12. The number of networked device ownership worldwide will be 3.6 per person in 2023.
(Source: Cisco)
On a global scale, 2.1 per capita will be the increase in possession of connected gadgets in the next
few years compared to 2018 data.
***But how many IoT devices are there, you ask? Well, to answer this, we must first look at
what an IoT device is.

12. What is IoT?

13. What is the Internet of Things
• IoT or the Internet of Things defines a system of devices connected and
able to talk to each other.
• It encompasses everything - from simple sensors to wearables, to
environmental monitoring systems.
• IoT comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to
internet.
• IoT is not limited to just connecting things to the internet but also allows
things to communicate and exchange data.

14. Machine to Machine (M2M) communication
• An IoT device is usually a gadget that has a physical sensor, actuator
(mover), and microprocessor that helps it capture and act on information
from the environment.
• By definition, to call things connected they need to communicate with
each other. The term for that is Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
communication.
• M2M is the technology that allows communication between devices
through wired and wireless systems.
• Those wireless or wired technologies for IoT communications can be short-
range and long-range.

15. Making devices smart….
• IoT devices are those equipped to read, share and act on information coming from their
surroundings.
• But in order to really count on autonomous IoT coffee machines to brew us coffee, we
need to teach our devices to think. ..
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) is how we make our devices
smart.
• AI allows machines to copy human behaviour.
• Machine learning, on the other hand, shows the machine how to learn. It’s the method
devices use to gain knowledge from data.
• Ok, but how exactly does IoT work? How do we make our devices smart?

16. How Does IoT Impact Us?
• Anything that can be connected to the internet will be connected to the internet. And connecting
things to the network will result in “things” communicating and navigating processes without the
need for people.
• What does that mean for us?
• For starters, mornings, in which our smart home ushers us from bed to work, will become part of
the ordinary.
• Machines in our offices will know when they’re running out of supplies and take it upon themselves
to re-order what’s needed.
• Wearable devices such as smartwatches will monitor not only health but also productivity.
• Temperature control devices will not only monitor for the comfort of our homes but will help
organizations cut costs by controlling the environment in offices as well.
• IoT applications, really, are countless….and scary!!!

17. Why is IoT Important?
• Connecting things to the internet yields many benefits.
• Not only does it make our lives easier by bringing automation to our homes - but it
also provides essential feedback for businesses.
• The internet of things can give insight into how effective companies’ systems are. It
can be used to evaluate the performance of machines, supply chains, and logistics
operations.
• That, in turn, can be used to choose which processes can be automated and thus
cut labor costs. Further, prices of goods and services can be reduced by using IoT
devices that monitor production waste and improve service delivery.
• IoT can be applied in every industry - healthcare, manufacturing, even retail, and
finance. Connected sensors aid in farming as well, where they’re used to monitor
crops and cattle and predict growth patterns.

18. Applications

19. IoT Applications
1. Home Automation:
a) Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the
ambient
conditions and switching on/off or dimming the light when needed.
b) Smart Appliances: make the management easier and also provide status
information to the users remotely.
c) Intrusion Detection: use security cameras and sensors (PIR sensors and
door sensors) to detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form of
SMS or email sent to the user.
d) Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in homes and
buildings to detect smoke that is typically an early sign of fire. Alerts raised by
smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm system. Gas
detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as CO, LPG etc

20. IoT Applications
2. Smart Cities:
a) Smart Parking: make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.
Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty parking slots
and send information over internet to smart application backends.
b) Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.
c) Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving condition,
travel time estimating and alert in case of poor driving conditions, traffic condition
and accidents.
d) Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration
levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings.
e) Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud
based scalable storage solution.
f) Emergency Response: IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage
detection can help in generating alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical
infrastructure

21. IoT Applications
3) Environment Monitoring:
a) Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from sensors attached and send the data
to cloud based applications and storage back ends for analysis and visualization.
b) Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission of harmful gases(CO2, CO,
NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological
sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions
control approaches.
c) Noise Pollution Monitoring: IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a no.
of noise monitoring systems that are deployed at different places in a city. The
collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps.
d) Forest Fire Detection: Early detection of forest fire can help in minimizing damage.
e) River Flood Detection:. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the
water level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number of
sensor nodes that monitor the water level and flow rate sensors.

22. IoT Applications
4) Energy:
a) Smart Grids: is a data communication network integrated with the electrical grids that collects and
analyze data captured in near-real-time about power transmission, distribution and consumption. Smart
grid technology provides predictive information and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and
their customers on how best to manage power. By using IoT based sensing and measurement
technologies, the health of equipment and integrity of the grid can be evaluated.
b) Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at the point of
interconnection measure the electrical variables and how much power is fed into the grid. For wind
energy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at point of interconnection
which coordinate wind turbine outputs and provides power support.
c) Prognostics: In systems such as power grids, real-time information is collected using specialized
electrical sensors called Phasor Measurment Units(PMUs) at the substations. The information received
from PMUs must be monitored in real-time for estimating the state of the system and for predicting
failures.

23. IoT Applications
5) Retail:
a) Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote monitoring of
inventory using data collected by RFID readers.
b) Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by
technologies such as Near Field Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.
c) Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending machines
monitors its operations and send the data to cloud which can be used for
predictive maintenance

24. IoT Applications
6) Logistics:
a) Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system backed by cloud can provide first
response to the route generation queries and can be scaled upto serve a large
transportation network.
b) Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles in real-time.
c) Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as
temp, humidity, to monitor the conditions and send data to cloud, where it can be
analyzed to detect foods spoilage.
d) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data
on Vehicle operations(speed, RPM etc.,) and status of various vehicle subsystems.

25. IoT Applications
7) Agriculture:
a) Smart Irrigation: to determine moisture amount in soil.
b) Agricultural IoT applications can help farmers monitor water tank levels in real-time. That, in
turn, will make the irrigation process more efficient.
c) IoT advancements can also help farmers know how much time and resources a seed takes
to fully grow into a vegetable.
d) Connected devices in the sector can measure data accurately and thus farmers will be able
to decrease costs and increase yields.
8) Health and LifeStyle:
a) Health & Fitness Monitoring
b) Wearable Electronics

26. IoT Benefits for industry
Production Visibility
• Connecting machines, tools, and sensors will give engineers and managers a much-needed
perspective of the production process. And it will allow employees to automatically track parts as
they move through assemblies.
• This detailed type of visibility will help identify obstacles that cause manufacturing issues. The
gathered data will allow processes to be improved at a faster rate.
Higher Workforce Productivity
• IoT-enabled tools will allow operators to go through workflows faster, without compromising
quality. IoT light kits, for instance, can help operators find the piece they need quicker and reduce
their cycle time.
• Likewise, using IoT-enabled tools such as torque drivers can increase productivity. It does so by
automatically adjusting the tool’s settings according to the performed operation.
• All kinds of tools operators use can be connected and thus provide real-time insight into their
productivity.

27. IoT Benefits for industry
Enhanced Production Cycles
• Engineers and management teams will greatly benefit from the industrial
application of IoT.
• Data collection, previously subject to manual labor such as collecting, aggregating,
and analyzing data will all be automated. In time, this will aid to improve
production processes.
Reduced Costs and Improved Quality
• Quality control is crucial, yet quality management systems (QMS) are hard to
implement. Industrial IoT, however, can ease the process and even reduce the
associated costs.
• IoT sensors can replace manual inspections with automatic checks of variables that
are critical to the quality. That will cut the time and resources dedicated to QMS.
• In addition, environmental sensors can continuously monitor conditions critical to
quality and alert prior to any obstacles.

28. IoT Benefits for industry
Management Cost Cuts
• IoT sensors can be leveraged to cut costs in manufacturing and storage facilities. For
instance, smart tracking systems that use barcodes can help manufacturers monitor and
optimize the usage of space.
• IoT gadgets can also help companies better manage their facilities. The feedback is used
to ensure that temperature, humidity, and any other environmental conditions stay
within the required range.
• Manufacturers can conserve energy, reduce costs, and increase operational efficiency -
all by using sensors to monitor machinery.
Optimizing Supply Chain
• Industries can take advantage of connected sensors that monitor the supply chain and
provide real-time information. Those sensors can track inputs, equipment, and products.
• RFID tags can be used to track inventory as it moves around the supply chain. The data
that is gathered will allow manufacturers to identify interdependencies, material flow,
and track manufacturing cycle times.

29. Assignment
• Write a short essay on the dangers and criticisms of IoT Adaptation
• Work in 3 groups of 4-5 people
• Original essays and arguments attract extra marks
• Use relevant examples and real life cases
• Use 500-800 words. Longer essays will be penalised