The document outlines the essential components and functioning of a computer's internal and external hardware, focusing on system units, microprocessors, memory, and input/output devices. It explains the types of system units, the importance of understanding computer power for purchasing decisions, and the various input and output methods. Additionally, it touches upon storage technologies and the impact of ergonomics on computer use.

1. Compute
r
Hardware
Module 3

2. Outline:
System Unit (Internal Hardware)
Types of System Units
System Boards
Microprocessor
Memory
Storage
Peripherals (External Hardware)
Input
Output
Combination I/O

3. Computer Hardware
 Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power
of microcomputers.
 Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you to
make good buying decisions and to determine if
your current system will run new applications.
 Competent end users need to understand the basic
principles of how microcomputers are put together.

4. The System Unit

5. System Unit Types
 Desktops
 Tower Unit, All-in-one
 Notebooks
 Laptops
 Netbooks
 Tablets
 Handhelds

6. System Board
 Main board or motherboard
 Controls communications
 Components connect to the system board
 Data path
 Traffic monitor

7. System Board Components
 Sockets
 Connection
point for
chips
 Chips
 Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon
 Silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit
 Mounted on carrier packages
 Slots
 Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit
boards
 Bus lines
 Provide pathways that support communication among the
various electronic components

8. Microprocessor
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Contained on microprocessor chip
 Brains of the computer
 Two Basic Components
 Control unit (CU)
 Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
Specialty Processors
 Coprocessors
 Designed to improve specific computing operations
 Graphics coprocessors / Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

9. Microprocessor Chips
 Chip capacities expressed in word size
 Word
 The number of bits that can be processed at one time
 32-bit/64-bit standard
 Clock Speed
 Processing speed
 The number of times the CPU fetches and
processes data or instructions in a second
 Multi-Core Chip
 Several separate and independent CPUs
 Parallel Processing

10. Microprocessor Components
 The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
 Performs the execution part of the machine cycle
 Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
 Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than)
 Logical (AND, OR, NOT)
 The Control Unit (CU)
 A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates
most of the operations in the computer
 Fetch - get the next instruction from memory
 Decode - translate the instruction
 Execute - carry out the command
 Store the result - write the result to memory
 Machine cycle

11. TheMachine Cycle

12. TheMachine Cycle

13. How a CPU is Made

14. Expansion Slots and Cards
 Advanced graphics cards
 Sound cards
 Network interface cards (NIC)
 Wireless network cards
 Plug and Play

15. Ports and Connectors
 Port
 Point of attachment to the
system unit
 Usually on the back and
front of the system unit
 Connectors (wires)
 Used to plug into ports
 Male connectors
 Female connectors

16. Ports and Connectors

17. Bus Lines
 Also known as a bus
 Connect parts of the CPU to each other
 Pathway for bits
 Bus width
 Number of bits that
can travel at once
 Two basic categories
 System buses
 Expansion buses

18. Expansion Buses
 Connects the CPU to other components on the
system board, including expansion slots
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 Connects external USB devices onto the USB bus
 FireWire
 Audio and video equipment
 PCI Express (PCIe)
 Single dedicated path for each connected device

19. Cables
 Used to connect external devices to the system unit
via the ports
 One end of the cable is attached to the device and
the other end has a connector that is attached to a
matching connector on the port

20. System Board

21. System Board

22. System Board

23. System Board

24. System Board

25. System Board

26. System Board

27. System Board

28. Memory/Storage
• Primary storage
• Volatile storage
• Temporary storage
• Random Access
Memory (RAM)
• Secondary storage
• Nonvolatile storage
• Permanent storage
• Secondary storage
characteristics
• Media
• Capacity
• Storage devices
• Access speed
RAM
ROM
Secondary Storage

29. Solid-State Storage
 Solid–state drives (SSDs)
 No moving parts
 Faster and more durable
than hard disks
 Flash memory cards
 Widely used in computers,
cameras, and portable devices
such as mobile phones and GPS
navigation systems
 USB Drives (or Flash Drives)
 Connect to USB port
 Capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB

30. Cloud Storage Services
 Using a cloud storage service
makes it easy to upload and
share files with anyone.
 Safety is a concern though

31. Enterprise Storage Systems
 Large amounts of secondary storage called mass
storage
 An enterprise storage system strategy ensures
efficient and safe use of data across an
organizational network
 Devices include:
 File servers
 Networked attached storage (NAS)
 RAID systems
 Tape libraries
 Organizational cloud storage

32. Enterprise Storage Systems

33. Input/Output

34. Input/Output
 Have you ever wondered how information gets into
your computer or comes out in a form you can use?
 Input devices convert what
we understand into what the
system unit can process
 Output devices convert what
the system unit has processed
into a form that we can understand

35. What is Input?
 Any data or instructions used by a computer
 Input devices translate data into a form that the
system unit can process
 Some hardware input devices include:
 Keyboards
 Mice
 Pointing devices
 Scanning devices
 Image capturing devices
 Audio-input devices

36. Keyboard Entry
• Keyboards
• Traditional keyboards
• Notebook keyboards
• Virtual keyboards
• Thumb keyboards

37. Pointing Devices
Mouse Trackball
Touch pad Pointing
stick
Mice -
Optical
Mechanical
Wireless

38. Pointing Devices
Stylus Joystick Multitouch
screen
Touchscreen Game Pad Dance Pad

39. Scanning Devices
 Optical scanners
 Flatbed scanners
 Document scanners
 Portable scanners
 Card Readers
 Magnetic card readers

40. Scanning Devices
 Bar code readers
 Handheld wand readers
or platform scanners
 Contain photoelectric cells
that read bar codes
 RFID Readers
 RFID tags are tiny chips embedded for tracking
 Character and mark recognition devices
 Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)
 Optical-character recognition (OCR)
 Optical-mark recognition (OMR)

41. Image Capturing Devices
 Digital cameras
 Images recorded digitally on
disk or in camera’s memory
 Images can be downloaded to a computer
 Digital video cameras
 Records motion digitally, can also take still images
 Web Cams
 Specialized digital video cameras built-in or attached to
the monitor

42. Audio-Input Devices
• Voice recognition systems
• Use a microphone, sound
card, and special software
• Users can operate
computers and create
documents using voice
commands

43. What is Output?
 Processed data or information
 Types of output
 Text
 Graphics/photos
 Audio & video
 Output devices
 Monitors
 Printers
 Audio-output devices

44. Monitors
 Known as screens or display screens
 Output referred to as soft copy
 Features
 Resolution/pixels
 Dot pitch
 Contrast ratios
 Size
 Aspect ratio

45. Monitors
 Flat-panel monitors
 Require less power to operate
 Portable and thinner than CRTs
 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
 TFT-LC
 LED/AMOLED

46. Monitors
• Other monitors
• E-Book readers
• Digital/interactive whiteboards
• High-definition television (HDTV)

47. Printers
 Translates information that has been processed by
the system unit
 Output referred to as hard copy
 Features
 Resolution
 Color
 Speed
 Memory
 Duplex printing

48. Printers
 Ink-jet printers
 Laser printers
 Personal or shared
 Other printers
 Cloud printers
 Thermal printers
 Plotters

49. Audio and Video Devices
 Translates audio information from
the computer into sounds that
people can understand
 Speakers and headsets
 Portable media players/
digital media players
 Apple iPod, Creative Zen,
Microsoft Zune
 Mobile digital television (Mobile DTV)

50. Combination Input/Output Devices
 Multifunctional devices (MFD)
 Internet telephones
 Known as Internet telephony and IP telephony
 Voice-over IP (VoIP)
 Ooma
 Vonage
 MagicJack
 Skype

51. Ergonomics
 Study of human
factors related to
things people use
 Fit the task to the
user to avoid:
 Eyestrain and
headache
 Back and neck pain
 Repetitive strain
injury

52. Questions?

53. Assignment:
1. Is there a limit to processor speed? What is the
latest in computer processing technology?
2. What is Moore’s Law? Does it still hold? Why?
3. Is there a limit to computer memory capacity?
What new computer memory technologies are
being explored these days?
4. Is there a limit to secondary storage capacity?
What new secondary storage technologies are
being explored these days?
5. What are the latest and emerging trends in
human-computer interfaces?