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Introduction to Behavioral Science and terminologies
- 1. Introduction to Behavioral Introductionto Behavioral Science Science
- 2. I. I. Social Sciences SocialSciences The study of society and the activities and The study of society and the activities and relationships of individuals and groups within relationships of individuals and groups within society. society. All subject matter is approached by a All subject matter is approached by a scientific approach scientific approach II. II. Social Studies Social Studies Courses of instruction in an elementary or Courses of instruction in an elementary or secondary school, encompassing social secondary school, encompassing social sciences such as sciences such as Geography Geography History History Political sciences Political sciences
- 3. III. III. Behavioral Sciences BehavioralSciences They must deal with humans directly They must deal with humans directly Animals are sometimes used for studying Animals are sometimes used for studying purposes purposes Three types of Behavioral Sciences Three types of Behavioral Sciences 1. 1. Psychology – studies of behavior or the individual Psychology – studies of behavior or the individual (personality, learning, etc.). (personality, learning, etc.). 2. 2. Sociology – studies the behavior of man in groups. Sociology – studies the behavior of man in groups. Focuses on: Focuses on: How and why groups develop. How and why groups develop. The mores and folkways that govern them The mores and folkways that govern them Mores – formal, written rules or laws Mores – formal, written rules or laws Folkways – informal, accepted ways of doing things Folkways – informal, accepted ways of doing things 3. 3. Anthropology – Studies behavior within a culture Anthropology – Studies behavior within a culture (culture-knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, etc.) (culture-knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, etc.) that are learned. that are learned.
- 4. Types of ResearchMethods Types of Research Methods Experimental Experimental – A research method designed to answer questions about cause and A research method designed to answer questions about cause and effect effect – Its main advantage over other data gathering methods is that it Its main advantage over other data gathering methods is that it permits the researcher to control conditions, etc. permits the researcher to control conditions, etc. Sample Survey – Take a sample of a group that you are Sample Survey – Take a sample of a group that you are studying and survey them studying and survey them Case Study – Intensive study (in-depth) of a single person Case Study – Intensive study (in-depth) of a single person or group or group Natural Observation Natural Observation – You analyze a situation without getting involved (researcher stays You analyze a situation without getting involved (researcher stays out of the way out of the way – Also referred to as Also referred to as Field Study Field Study – Most of the time the participants don’t know they are being watched Most of the time the participants don’t know they are being watched
- 5. Types of Research(cont’d) Types of Research (cont’d) Participant Observation – you join an existing Participant Observation – you join an existing group. (researcher actually gets involved) group. (researcher actually gets involved) – Joins the military Joins the military – Joins a cult Joins a cult All research must be All research must be Both Both valid and reliable valid and reliable – Valid – Does the research measure what it’s suppose to Valid – Does the research measure what it’s suppose to measure measure – Reliable – The research must yield reasonably Reliable – The research must yield reasonably consistent results consistent results
- 6. Types of ResearchMethods Types of Research Methods (Continued) (Continued) Lets suppose we as a class wanted to do an Lets suppose we as a class wanted to do an experiment, how might we set the experiment, how might we set the experiment up? experiment up? – Experimental group – Those subjects Experimental group – Those subjects experiencing the experimental condition experiencing the experimental condition – Control group – Same as above but this group Control group – Same as above but this group experiences the key factor the Psychologist (or experiences the key factor the Psychologist (or any other social scientist) is evaluating. any other social scientist) is evaluating.
- 7. Scientific Method (Approach) ScientificMethod (Approach) 1. 1. State the problem State the problem 2. 2. Hypothesize Hypothesize 3. 3. Gather empirical data Gather empirical data 4. 4. Interpret the data, test your hypotheses Interpret the data, test your hypotheses 5. 5. Evaluate and conclude Evaluate and conclude
- 8. Requirements of theScientific Requirements of the Scientific Method Method 1. 1. Procedures must be public Procedures must be public 2. 2. Definitions must be clear and precise Definitions must be clear and precise 3. 3. Collection of data must be objective Collection of data must be objective 4. 4. Findings must be reproducible Findings must be reproducible Spirit of Science Spirit of Science In order to practice the spirit of science, one must be In order to practice the spirit of science, one must be prejudice free, devoted to critical thinking, prejudice free, devoted to critical thinking, curious, and seeking truth curious, and seeking truth
- 9. Science Science Goals ofScience Goals of Science – Describe behavior (ex. Jane was throwing food in the Describe behavior (ex. Jane was throwing food in the cafeteria) cafeteria) – Explain behavior (understand) Explain behavior (understand) A behavioral scientist seeks to explain this behavior in the form A behavioral scientist seeks to explain this behavior in the form of a hypothesis of a hypothesis Studies would have to be done to test the hypothesis. Studies would have to be done to test the hypothesis. – Predict behavior – behavioral scientists would predict: Predict behavior – behavioral scientists would predict: Would the behavior continue Would the behavior continue Is this the natural behavior Is this the natural behavior – Change Behavior (control) – behavioral scientists would Change Behavior (control) – behavioral scientists would try to: try to: Control the behavior Control the behavior Influence and change behavior Influence and change behavior
- 10. Science Science Advantages ofScience Advantages of Science – Science can correct mistakes Science can correct mistakes – Build on previous discoveries Build on previous discoveries Key assumptions of science Key assumptions of science – Operationalism Operationalism Objective and accurate measurement of variables Objective and accurate measurement of variables – Determinism Determinism Any event can be explained by casual laws Any event can be explained by casual laws There is reasons/causes for everything There is reasons/causes for everything – Invariance Invariance Laws do not change Laws do not change
- 11. Science Science Common Misconceptionsabout science Common Misconceptions about science – “ “Science is the same as statistics.” (although statistics Science is the same as statistics.” (although statistics can be a useful tool, they are not the same as science) can be a useful tool, they are not the same as science) – “ “Science is synonymous with technology.” Science may Science is synonymous with technology.” Science may use technology, but it is not technology itself. use technology, but it is not technology itself. Research ethics Research ethics – Is the researcher biased? Is the researcher biased? – Does/can the subjects know they are being studied? Does/can the subjects know they are being studied? – Are the Subjects safe? Are the Subjects safe? – Is the knowledge misused? Is the knowledge misused? – Is the research on humans/animals ethical? Is the research on humans/animals ethical? – Should some topics not be studied? Should some topics not be studied?
- 12. Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist Psychologistvs. Psychiatrist Psychologist Psychologist – 5 yrs. B.S. psychology 5 yrs. B.S. psychology – 2 yrs. Masters in psychology 2 yrs. Masters in psychology – 4 yrs. PhD psychology 4 yrs. PhD psychology – 6 yrs supervised training before individual works alone with patients 6 yrs supervised training before individual works alone with patients – 10 yrs training 10 yrs training – Can’t give medicine Can’t give medicine Psychiatrist Psychiatrist – 5 yrs. B.S. Pre Med 5 yrs. B.S. Pre Med – 4 yrs. Med School 4 yrs. Med School – 3 yrs. Residency – have patient load 3 yrs. Residency – have patient load – 11 yrs. Training 11 yrs. Training – Can prescribe medicine Can prescribe medicine
- 13. In Class Assignment InClass Assignment You are now going to go through a make believe You are now going to go through a make believe research project (I want to see if you understand research project (I want to see if you understand the the Research Method) Research Method) – Pick a behavior that you see here at school that would Pick a behavior that you see here at school that would be good to explain be good to explain – Put this idea into the Scientific Method for a fictitious Put this idea into the Scientific Method for a fictitious study study 1. 1. What is the purpose of the study What is the purpose of the study 2. 2. What is your hypothesis What is your hypothesis 3. 3. What type of research would you use for this study What type of research would you use for this study 4. 4. What data do you think you would come up with What data do you think you would come up with 5. 5. What do you think your conclusion would be What do you think your conclusion would be For more detail contact us
Editor's Notes
- #2 Lecture I
- #4 Lecture II
- #6 Example experiment – effect of music on studying ant test scores Experimental group – those exposed to the independent variable (music while studying) Control group – those exposed to all conditions except the independent variable (no music)
- #7 Lecture III
- #9 Lecture IV
- #10 Key assumptions of Science – requirements of Scientific attittudes Determinism – this is why scientists can’t believe ESP
- #12 Big difference between them is that Psychiatrists CAN prescribe medicine and Psychologist CAN’T