Phonology – sounds (“b, b, b,” (sound of a letter “B”)) Lexicon – vocabulary (knowledge) Syntax – Word Order. Simple Sentence: Ex. The dog is brown. Child is learning have a verb, have a subject, or an object. (subject + verb + object + adjective) Morphology – Ex. 14 –ed, -ing, -s (books) plural “s”, ’s possessives (Mary’s book)) Singular - He talks, He goes. It is a common error for first and second language position for English. Communicative Competence – a single child needs to learn. (Child needs to learn different registers: talking to a teacher or opposed to a friend. More or less informally. Bilingual child have to learn which language is possibly each speaker. Spanish or English. The child needs to learn English as what they wanted to.
All children who are learning two languages as infants or as children. Second language (L2) learners - Children acquired second language in childhood after the first language have already established. Ex. Age 4-6 and etc. What is considered or mean to be bilingual? How do you know the language if you are considered to be bilingual? Proficient in writing, speaking, and language. Speaking two languages = bilingual. Children go to school and they are educated.
Different competence: Productive Competence – being able to speak or write a language produced. Receptive competence – being able to understand or read about it. Ex. Jasmine has good receptive competence, maybe a harder time with productive competence. Four areas: Speaking, listening, reading and writing. What is the easiest understanding? Listening is the easiest. Speaking, reading and writing. Writing is productive competence because you have to be productive knowing all the vowels, and etc. A lot of bilingual does not have the literacy part. A lot of language have a different dimension. Conversational Competence vs. Academic competence Conversational Competence – carry our a conversation. Difficult in academic competence that being able to use that language for school prepare high level for school: writing papers, understanding difficult materials and all that. Imagined it happened way before this. This is way achieved than that. Conversation and competence = they have conversational competence, but they lack good parts. Their language skills might be over designated because children are very good with conversations, but they might lack. They are more complex. L2 learners can acquire conversational competence relatively fashioned for typically 2 to 3 years = they say some sentences relatively evenly. They are good indicating the accent, it is good taking out the accent, and their domain language knowledge is high. They really functioning conversations so fully you do know anything with a few errors than takes a few years. Academic Language Competence Researchers show that it will take 5 to 7 years. English language learner coming entering kindergarten. Only Chinese or Thailand, in 6 th or 7 th grade, child begins to learn the level of monolingual. They have to catch a movie target. You cannot expect the test score of monolingual. Monolingual children are learning itself. Bilingual has to learn double because they have to learn English That is academic competence.
Linguistic factors Similarity between languages that are being learned: Spanish and Italian, it is better you are learning Spanish and Chinese because Spanish and Italian share the same similar bound and similar sentence structure, grammar. Chinese speaks a different language from Spanish. Quality of input : it is what the child hears, what does the child speaks? Where does the child picks up the language? Where is the child picking up the language from? - From the TV, the streets, school, combination between peers and school, and etc. Psychological factors - Age, aptitude, personality, learning style, motivation. . . Aptitude = for language (phonological memory: how good at you remembering these key words of vocabulary that you never heard or the sounds that you heard before. before picking up a certain rules). Some children might have it and some children does not. All children by 3, can speak in short sentences. Biology is better in first sentence. Find more individual variation. How good are you learning various patterns. “I get it”, there are certain rules. All of these answers two different languages aptitude and some children have it, and some children do not have it. Different languages, different cultures, and etc. Biology is really important for children’s language development. 2 nd language acquisition: the older the child, in many different tasks. Social factors = if the child is learning two languages that are both majority and minority languages He will be very likely to become bilingual. The two languages are both majority languages are supportive - - there are many opportunities to do everything in two languages: going to the movies, going to school and being educated within these two languages, and doing all sorts of things. Minority language of the minority of the community.
Status of a Language: Majority ethnolinguisitic community: Quebec, Montreal (Canada) Both languages are languages that has status and support. Other languages are still very important. Your language is also important. Majority and Minority Classify of majority of a language. English. It is commonly used. Two language official language: French. Language officially approve for: language. Both languages are languages that has status and support. Other languages are still very important. Your language is also important. Language of international perceive. Very natural and motivating. The language you are speaking is supportive from outside. Everybody in my language is efficient. The child gets immediately the perception in the minority of the language. (back to slide FFWD)
Children are pressured to learn the dominant language (English as a 2 nd language) expense the loss of a native language. Situation in places like Montreal. Go to school in French, but they are exposure to French. Subtractive environment = children are pressure to learn the dominant language. Went to another state, you find a lot of people for their first language. Child in Spanish, the parents do not know how to speak English and not to share the experiences. Knowing your culture and grandparents. No supportive for the first language, children may become more proficiency than the others. You are better off with a situation with another. They do not fully learn the second language.
Status: Spanish is the majority language. English is a minority language. English remains a prodigious language across the world. That is the language used everywhere, etc.
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