important for new pharma students

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INTRODUCTION
TO
PHARMACOLOGY
Prepared by:
Dr. Nasir Mehmood

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INTRODUCTION
 PHARMACOLOGY:
 Pharmacology is derived from Greek word.
Pharmacon ---- means drug.
Logos ------- means study.
Drug…. “Drouge”… a dry herb…

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In pharmacology we study about drug,
how it produce its desirable(wanted) and
undesirable (unwanted) effects, its
mechanism of action, absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion.

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DEFINITIONS:
1. Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the science that deals with
the study of drugs and interaction with living
system.
2. Pharmacodynamics:(Dynamics…. Force)
Pharmacodynamics is the study of the effects
of the drug on the body and their mechanism
of action (means what drug do with our body).

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3. Pharmacokinetics: (kinesis…
movement)
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the
absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion of drug.
What body do with drug.

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4. Drug:
Drug is a substance used in the diagnosis,
prevention and treatment of disease.
WHO defines that,
A drug is any substance or
product that is used or intended to be used
to modify or explore physiological system
or pathological states for the benefit of
recipient.

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Therapeutics:
Therapeutics deals with use of drugs in the
prevention or treatment of disease.
Empirical Therapeutics
Therapy is based on clinical evidence. It means
the drug is effective, although its mode of action is
unknown
Pharmacotherapeutics
Deals with the use of drugs in the diagnosis,
treatment or prevention of a disease or their purposeful
use in alteration of physiological functions for the benefit
of the recipient…

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Pharmacy
Branch of pharmacology that
deals with identification, selection,
preservation, combining, analyzing,
standardization, preparing,
compounding and dispensing of
medicines for administration to the
patient.

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Pharmacognosy:
Branch of pharmacology that deals
with the sources of drugs derived from plants
and animals.
Pharmacogenetics:
A relatively new field. It deals with
genetically mediated variations in drug
responses.
Medicinal Chemistry
Science of designing and synthesis of a
new drug…

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Clinical Pharmacology
Branch of pharmacology that deals with the
pharmacological effects of drugs in man. It gives
useful data about the potency, usefulness,
doses and toxicity of new drugs for their safe
clinical use.
Biopharmaceutics
Deals with the development of new drug
delivery systems and new dosage forms.
It also provides information how these
dosage forms can influence the
pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
properties of a drug.

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7. Minimum Effective Concentration
(MEC):
It’s a minimum amount or
concentration of drug in plasma which
produce effective response.
In order to produce desirable
response drug should reach at
the MEC or cross it.

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8. Minimum Toxic
Concentration(MTC):
It’s a minimum amount of drug in
plasma which produce toxic effect.
If drug reach or cross MTC then
produce toxic effects therefore
concentration must be under of this
point do not cross it.

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9. Onset Of Action:
It is the point at which drug start to
produce its response or effect.
10. Therapeutic Range:
It’s a range between Minimum Effective
Concentration (MEC) and Minimum Toxic
Concentration(MTC).
Drug should be within this range.

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13. Steady State:
 A state achieved at which rate of
elimination become equal to the rate of
administration further increase in dose do
not change the plasma concentration
called Steady State.
14. Dose:
Minimum amount of drug required for the
treatment of disease or quantity to be
administered one time.

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15. Dosage:
NO. of doses required for the treatment of
disease or frequency of doses.
16. Dosage Interval:
It’s a time period, interval between one dose to
another.
17. Duration of action:
It’s a time period during which drug produce its
action or its action remain in our body.

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18. Chemical Name:
Name of drug given on the basis of its
chemical structure.
E.g: P- Acetyl amino phenol
(Paracetamol).
19. Brand Name:
Brand name is the proprietary name of
drug that given by manufacturer.
E.g: Rigix, Ponstan, Panadol etc.

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21. Toxicology:
Toxicology derived from Greek word.
Toxic ----- poison.
Logos ------ study.
Toxicology deals with the study of poison,
detection, prevention and treatment of
poison.
Also deals with the study of drug adverse
effects.

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22. Chemotherapy:
The use of chemical for the treatment
of infectious disease called
Chemotherapy.
Also include for the treatment of
cancers.

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
Pharmacopoeia:
•Pharmacopoeia derived from Greek words,
Pharmacon ------ drug
poeia ------- To make.
•The official publication containing a list of drugs
and medicinal preparations which are
approved for use, their formula and other
information needed to prepare a drug.
•Each country have their own pharmacopoeia.
E.g:
Pakistan pharmacopoeia (PP),

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Purpose of use of drugs…
Drug is a substance which is used
for the following purposes:
1. Diagnosis of the disease
2. Prevention of the disease
3. Treatment or palliation (relief of
symptoms) of disease
4. Prevention of pregnancy (i.e.
contraception)
5. Maintenance of optimal health

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Sources of drugs…
I. SYNTHETIC SOURCES
At present majority of drugs used in
clinical practice are prepared
synthetically, such as aspirin, oral
antidiabetics, antihistamines, general
and local anesthetics, synthetic
corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics.

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Sources of drugs…
Cell cultures….
Eg. Urokinase from cultured human kidney
cells…
Recombinant DNA technology…j
Eg. Human insulin, TPA etc…

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Sources of drugs…
. NATURAL SOURCES
A-Plants:
From seeds, leaves, roots or barks of plants…
Alkaloids & glycosides…
ALKALOID SOURCE
Atropine Atropa belladonna
Quinine Cinchona bark
Morphine
Papavarum
somniferum
Nicotine Tobacco
Digoxin Digitalis lanata
Caffeine Coffee, Tea, Cocoa

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Sources of drugs…
. NATURAL SOURCES
B-Animals:
insulin, heparin, gonadotrophins,
antitoxic sera…
C-Minerals…
magnesium sulphate, iron,
radioactive isotopes ..

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Sources of drugs…
. NATURAL SOURCES
D- Microorganisms….
eg…antibiotics… penicillin, cephalosporins,
tetracyclines…
E-Human…
Eg. Immunoglobulins, growth hormone, chorionic
gonadotrophins…