This document provides an introduction to rhetorical concepts for analyzing arguments. It defines key terms related to invention, arrangement, style, and the rhetorical appeals of logos, pathos, and ethos. It also outlines different components of building an argument, including establishing ethos and pathos, and evaluating sources and reliability.

1. Introductory Concepts

2. RAIDSRevisionArrangementInventionDeliveryStyle

3. IAR QuestionsWhat is invention? (What activities did the writer(s) have to engage in to create the text?) What is being invented? (What ideas, practices, arguments, etc. are created through the text?) What is being arranged? (What is being put in relation to what?) What is arrangement? (How are things being put in relation to one another?)What is being revised? (What is the writer(s) trying to change (e.g. what ideas, practices, etc.?))What is revision? (What is the writer trying to change (e.g. what ideas, practices, etc.?)

4. SWAP AnalysisSubjectWriterAudiencePurpose

5. Rhetorical Appeals (Proofs)LogosPathosEthos

6. Building the LogosOne part argument : the claim aloneTwo part argument: the enthymemeWarrant (major premise) is impliedThree part argument: Full Toulmin model

7. Building Blocks of Arguments: Values and FactsValuesFactsUsing sourcesPersonal experienceTestimony of othersAuthority

8. Reliability of sourcesOnline sources – be careful…

9. EthosThe Elements of EthosGood SenseGood WillGood Moral Character

10. EthosTypes of EthosExtrinsic EthosIntrinsic Ethos

11. Establishing Ethos in WritingIntellectual Virtue of ReasonablenessI am not an extremistI know the other side and they are wrongI see merit on the other sideI concede one or more points to the other sideI may be wrong, but…

12. PathosAre emotional appeals legitimate?

13. Evoking Pathos in ArgumentChoosing words carefullyEuphemismsPeriphrasis or circumlocution (taking the long way around)Descriptive language