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12. Intertextuality as a technique of
drama
ïŒ intertextuality is the manner in
which one text influences another
ïŒ Poststructuralist-Julia Kristeva in
the 1960s.
12
13. ïŒ Originated from the Latin word
intertexto -âto intermingle while
weavingâ.
ïŒ Kristeva-all literary outputs which
are created contemporarily are
intertextual with the works that
were created before them.
13
14. ïŒ Intertextuality happens when a
text or any work of art is
indirectly or directly referring to
another text or work of art
through its genre, symbols, ideas,
or even style.
14
15. 2 ways a writer applies intertextuality
in a work
1. Implicit intertextual reference
- Happens when the writer indirectly
alludes to another text through the
genre, ideas, symbols and styles.
15
16. 2 ways a writer applies intertextuality
in a work
2. Explicit Intertextual reference
- Happens when the writer directly
states quotes or reference another text
in their work.
16
18. -writers are able to enrich and extend
the meanings of their literary work and
reflect their perspectives on issues or
message in a more creative manner
18
19. Types of Intertextuality 19
1. Obligatory intertextuality
-The writer deliberately invokes a comparison or association
between two or more texts.
Example
âBe careful with what you say. You can say something
hurtful in ten seconds and ten years later the wounds are
still there.â by Joel Osteem
20. Types of Intertextuality 20
2. Optional intertextuality
- means that a connection to multiple texts of a single phrase can
be found, or there can be no connection at all (Ivanic 1998).
Example
Every situation in life is temporary. So, when life is good, make
sure you enjoy and receive it fully. And when life is not good,
remember that it will not last forever and better days are on the
way.
21. Types of Intertextuality 21
3. Accidental intertextuality
-Readers connect a text with another text, cultural practice, or
a personal experience without any tangible anchor point within
the original text(John Fitzsimmons).
Example:
Please donât try to fix me. Please understand that I just get mad
sometimes. Sometimes I shut the world out and when I feel
better Iâll let it back in.
22. Intertextuality Techniques 22
1. Allusion
- It refers to an indirect reference in one text
to another text, place, historical period, or
author for the purpose of enriching or
developing meaning.
23. Intertextuality Techniques 23
4 types of Allusion
1. Historical - refers back to a historical event
or period.
Example: âHe was a Neroâ.
24. Intertextuality Techniques 24
4 types of Allusion
2. Mythological - refers to an allusion to a
mythological figure or story
Example: ââShe ran faster than Hermes.â
25. Intertextuality Techniques 25
4 types of Allusion
3. Literary- This refers to an allusion to a
literary text or figure.
Example: âNo matter how Dorian adjusted the
electric blanket it was either too hot or
too cold, never just right.â
26. Intertextuality Techniques 26
4 types of Allusion
4. Religious - This is an allusion to a religious
text, story, or figure.
Example: ââReflecting on her cruel behaviour,
Cinderellaâs stepmother stood still like a
pillar of salt.â
27. Intertextuality Techniques 27
2. Parody
-referred to by most literary scholars as intellectual
humorous imitation of a work of art or literature.
Example: âYour little sister puts on your fatherâs big
shoes and stomps around in them, saying, âI need to
make a business call. I am very busy, very important
businessman!â
28. Intertextuality Techniques 28
3. Quotation
-this is a direct reference to another text with the
use of famous line.
Example
âFriends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears!â
29. Intertextuality Techniques 29
4. Appropriation
-this is the reworking or the re-imagination of a
well-known work of art or a piece of literature to
change or extend its meanings.
31. Intertextuality Techniques 31
5. Adaptation
-This type of intertextuality entails creating a film,
TV drama or stage play based on a specific written
work.
Editor's Notes
What you have just worked on is called logo parody.
You may have felt a sudden jolt of comic relief upon seeing them but the thing is that you also felt a sudden memory recall like: âIâve seen this thing before but itâs not like thisâ
If you had that kind of feeling, then you are on your way to understanding intertextuality.
The term intertextuality is now often used to describe the complex relationships that exist between works of literature.
The use of intertextuality in literature is an effective tool used by writers to craft meanings with multiple layers into their poems, short stories, songs, novels, and dramas. With this, it is safe to say that intertextuality is a powerful and effective technique to convey something in a package seemingly familiar to the readers.
However, intertextuality does not come easy to detect. This technique becomes difficult to identify especially when the reader does not possess a wide knowledge of different literary texts.
The term intertextuality was first developed by the poststructuralist, Julia Kristeva in the 1960s. Since then, intertextuality has become widely accepted by postmodern literary critics and theoreticians.
Accordingly, it originated from the Latin word intertexto which means âto intermingle while weavingâ.
According to Kristeva, all literary outputs which are created contemporarily are intertextual with the works that were created before them. On the other hand, Merriam-Webster dictionary defines intertextuality as the âcomplex interrelationship between a text and other texts taken as basic to the creation of interpretation of the text.
This borrowing can be done by an author in either direct or indirect manner.
Intertextuality appears with a distinctively recognizable elements of the referenced text.
Implicit reference - It happens when the writer refers to a different text through the use of ideas, symbols, genre or style
Explicit reference - It happens when the writer mentions, quotes or cites another text in his or her work in a direct manner.
Intertextuality is sometimes mistaken for plagiarism since it does not include citing or referencing punctuation (such as quotation marks). Allusion, quotation, and referencing are only a few of the features that can be used in texts to establish intertextuality.
The concept of intertextuality can also be expanded to music, film, advertising, and many more in a way that everything produced now is influenced by what came before.
Reference to pop culture in advertising, films that are made from books, and disc tracks in rap can all be considered intertextuality though they are not strictly texts.
Intertextuality variations (types) greatly depend on 2 factors: 1. The intention of the writer, 2. The significance of the reference.
Obligatory- This is usually conscious and directly injected by the writer into the literary text to help enrich and extend the meanings.
-is when the writer intentionally invokes a contrast or connection between two (or more) texts, it is necessary. The readerâs comprehension of the text is deemed inadequate without prior understanding or progress in grasping the connection (Fitzsimmons, 2013). Before complete comprehension of the hypertext can be achieved, it involves the reading or interpretation of a prior hypertext (Jacomeyer, 1998). Obligatory intertextuality is when the writer had an obligation to put the name of the writer
Given the freedom and space in writing, there is also called optional intertextuality. The use of this creates a lesser impact on the significance of the intertext within the work of literature.
Optional has a slight effect on the meaning of the text. It is possible but not necessary, an intertextual relationship that if recognized, the connection will slightly shift the understanding of the text (Fitzsimmons, 2013).
Optional intertextuality is to pay homage to the 'original' writers, or to reward those who have read the hypotext. In this optional, text need parody - an imitation of another text for satirical purpose; usually to mock and allusion to support arguments.
Example 1:
Every situation in life is temporary. So, when life is good, make sure you enjoy and receive it fully. And when life is not good, remember that it will not last forever and better days are on the way.
Example 2:
Sometimes, we waste too much time thinking about someone who doesnât even think about us for a second.
Accidental- happens as the word implies, by accident.
The writer has no intention of making an intertextual reference and it is completely upon the readerâs own prior knowledge that these connections are made (Wöhrle, 2012).
There are 5 techniques used to create the sense of intertextuality in a literary work. These are effective means to refer to texts in various ways and help create and enrich meaning of literary texts.
Allusion- this is a literary technique commonly used in intertextuality where an indirect reference to another text through characters, symbols, ideas which could be historical, mythical or religious in nature, are used to extend meaning.
Common allusions in literature and in drama are from characters, symbols and events in Greeks mythology like the gods and goddesses, heroes like Achilles, Hercules and Perseus, things like the Pandoraâs Box, Golden Fleece and many more.
This statement allows the readers to associate the characterâs attribute of having a disturbing behaviour similar to that of the infamous Roman emperor.
â It refers to an allusion to a mythological figure or story. In this statement, the characterâs ability to ran is compared to that of Hermes, the messenger of the Greek Gods.
The statement is taken from the lines of the famous figure, Goldilocks.
The text is referenced from the religious figure, Lotâs wife
In the bible, Lotâs wife became a pillar of salt after she looked back at Sodom.
Parody- this is so-called imitation of another text serves the purpose of delivering satirical truths and mockery in a subtle yet effective manner.
This type of intertextuality refers to the writerâs imitation of another text for the purpose of exposing and discrediting oneâs vice or follies. Often, a writer uses this type to mock its targets who are usually celebrities, politicians, authors, a style or trend or any subject which arouses anyoneâs interest at the moment or at a specific period of time. Historically, the word âparodyâ comes from the Greek phrase parodia which is a type of poem that copied the style of epic poems but with the characteristics of mockery and light comedy.
Example 1. This example shows that the father was being imitated by the girl who knows that he works as a businessman. The statements suggest to show the image of many businessmen as overly serious and acclaimed self-important.
Example 2: âAt the talent show, a group of boys wears matching outfits and prances around singing One Directionâs âBest Song Ever.â âThey sing very poorly and overly dramatically.â In this example, the boys are parodying the way a famous band dresses, sings, and performs in a humorous way, commenting on how many pop stars are actually low-leveled in terms of talent.
This is another common type of intertextuality which involves a direct reference to another text, giving citation to the owner of the text. Quotation is known to be a device used for talking about language. It works in a somehow tricky way- that is, to make its referent perform or participate in the referring. Placing quotation marks around a certain word produces a device which infers that very word. The most vital function of quotation marks is to set off and represent the exact language which is either spoken or written by somebody else. This means that any revision or edition of the exact statement or words defeats the purpose of quoting. Example 1: In the end, Albert Einstein was right when he said, âLife is like a bicycle. You need to keep moving.â Example 2: Dr. King said, âI have a dream.â
Shakespeareâs Hamlet gave the famous lines â To be or not to be, that is the questions!â or in his historical drama âJulius Caesarâ where Anthony is best remembered with the lines âFriends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears!â
In a World War II history, many works of literature place their characters ala-McArthur with delivery of line âI shall return!â
This type of intertextuality allows the writer to make a reworking or reimagination of a popular text for the purpose of changing or extending its meaning.
The idea here is that there is already a pre-existing work of art (say for example a painting) and that this artwork is reworked by another either by applying new media into it or whatever the artist would like to present. An artist may use Juan Lunaâs Spolarium where the gladiator pulling a fallen comrade may appear in his version to be pulling a crocodile in a coat and tie. Typically, it creates a whole new product and domain away from its originating source.
The use of appropriation technique becomes a legal case when copyright of the original authors and intellectual property rights of the original artist are violated. Andre E (being the producer) and the Pinoy rap group Salbakuta have had a close brush on this issue when fans of Barbara Streisand complained about the rap group degrading the romantic impact of the song âEvergreenâ into the chorus of the hit song âStupid Loveâ
One famous example of appropriation is L.H.O.O.Q, an artwork created by Marcel Duchamp, is an appropriation of Mona Lisa which is created by Da Vinci. In his version, Dumchamp took a picture of Da Vinciâs artwork and added a moustache on it. Another example of appropriation is evident in Wonder Woman of America and Darna (of Mars Ravelo) in the Philippines. The sets and scenery, dialogue and costumes are generally different, too.
This technique is most common in Tv dramas or stage plays where the plot is largely based on a popular literary works such as novels, and short stories.
Perhaps one of the most common examples for this is the film adaptation of JK Rowlingâs Harry Potter which was originally, a written novel. Another one is the Lord of the Ringâs novel by J.R.R. Tolkien which garnered Oscar nominations and awards.
Historically, there are different reasons why a writer would want to employ adaptation in his or her work. One of these is the desire to reconfigure a popular material into becoming a more acceptable guise or introducing to the audience a whole new and fresh literary style. Another reason is to get around censorship and push boundaries.
