Future of the Internet: Current Limitations and Clean Slate Approaches

INTERNET: CURRENT STATE AND FUTURE
© Antônio M. Alberti 2014
ARCHITECTURES - INTRODUCING
NOVAGENESIS PROJECT
Antonio Marcos Alberti
!
28th August 2014

Outline
1. Panorama on the Current Internet State
2. The Race for Future Internet Architectures
3. Examples of Clean Slate Architectures
4. NovaGenesis: Convergent Information Architecture

1. Panorama on the Current Internet Status
ü The Internet has invaded most aspects of life and society,
changing our lifestyle, work, communication, and social
interaction.
!
ü Nobody doubts about the fundamental role of the Internet on our
information society.
!
!
!
!
!
ü The Internet has strong impact on economy, specially on the
services sector (70% of GDP on modern economies).

ü However, it was designed in an era where technological
development was completely different from today.
!
ü There was not enough capacity to support sophisticated
networking services - the solution was to design a simple, but
robust network.
!
ü The terminals were fixed, inside secure university/government
environment - there was not attackers!!
!
ü During decades, it was incrementally developed and deployed,
achieving impressive scales!!!

ü The result is a complex agglomerate of incremental protocols
that inherits the grown legacies of decades of patchwork
solutions.
!
ü New protocols must live with the limitations of the preceding.
!
ü Intermediary layers have been added to overcome unplanned
situations, reducing network efficiency.
!
ü While at the physical layer we are approaching to the theoretic
Shannon’s limit of channels, at network level, lots of bytes are
lost on inefficient stacking.
!
ü Let’s consider an example:

Simple
(c) Marco Casaroli 2014

Virtual LAN (VLAN)

Provider Backbone Bridge (PBB)

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

Tunnel IP over IP

Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN)

V$#^!X!LAN Waste of the precious
bit rate achieved by
physical layer!
Too much control, too
few useful information!

Internet TCP/IP: GAME OVER!?
ü The Internet looks like a
TetrisTM game in which
the player is almost
"Dead" !!!
Overlays
TCP
IP
UDP
SIP
ATM
SDH

ü Other limitations are:
ú The dual semantics of IP addresses (identifier and locator).
ú The lack of unique addresses and transparency.
ú The inefficient support for host mobility.
ú The inexistent support for service mobility.
ú The incomplete naming approach, which do not name applications
and other important entities in architecture.
ú The weak support for security, privacy, and trust.
ú The weak support for multicast.
ú The weak support for quality of service.
ú The problematic support for inter autonomous system routing.
ú The inexistent support for multihoming.
ú The scalability issues of client/server model.

ü These limitations motivated many people to question the
adequacy of the current Internet architecture to meet the
exponential growths expected to the Internet in the next
decades!
!
ü Since this question was first made, a lot of initiatives to reshape
the Internet appeared around the world - the so called Future
Internet design.

ü The main motto question is:
ú Considering the current state-of-art on computing and
communications, is it possible to design right now a new Internet
that best meets our information society needs?
2013
After redesign!!!
1970
The Beetle
The Internet
Huge scale!
No deep redesign
until now!!!

Europa: FP6/FP7/Horizon2020, PPP, KIC, Eureka, EuroNF
- EIFFEL, GÉANT2, OneLab & PanLab, NESSI, NEM, RNRT
- 4WARD, SENSEI, S-CUBE, 2020 3D, eMobility, G-Lab, AutoI
- CASCADAS, SAIL, IRATI, ABNO, NFV
- FIA: FCN, FIRE, SOFI, RWI; FI-PPP: FI-WARE, FINEST
- ETPs: NEM, NESSI, EUA: NeTS e Outros Net!Works, EPoS, ENIAC.
- NewArch, 100x100
- FIND, NOSS, ProWin
- NBD, GENI, PlanetLab
- Internet2
- RINA, XIA, MobilityFirst
- CCNx, NDN
‣ Map of world wide initiatives
Japão: NICT, Univ. Tokio.
-Akari, Net. Virtual. Lab.
-JGN, JGN2, JGN2+
-Spark
Map: Wikipédia.
© Antônio M. Alberti
Canadá:
- Canarie
Ásia:
- AsiaFI
- CJK
Korea:
- FIF, MOFI,
- IDCOM, DIANA
Brasil:
- RNP, FIBRE
- Horizon
- RouteFlow
- NovaGenesis
China:
- CNGI

ü U.S.A.
ü First initiatives:
ü RINA (Late 1990-), NewArch (2000-2003): FARA & NIRA,
100x100 Clean Slate Project (2003-2006), Ethane (2006-?),
SDN & OpenFlow (2008-), 4D, I3, NSF FIND (2006-), GENI
(2005-), POMI, NetFPGA.
!
ü More recent initiatives:
ü NSF NeTS-FIA: XIA, MobilityFirst, NDN, Nebula, ChoiceNet.

ü Europe
ü First initiatives:
ü FP6-IST:
ü Internet of the Future: Ambient Networks (2004-2007),
DAIDALOS II (2003-2008)
!
ü Future and Emerging Technologies: ANA (2006-2009),
HAGGLE (2006-2010), BIONETS (2006-2010),
CASCADAS (2005-2007).
!
ü More recent initiatives:
ü FP7:
ü Hundreds of initiatives: 4WARD, SAIL, TRILOGY, AutoI,
PSIRP, SENSEI, AWISSINET, FIRE, FIBRE, THINK
TRUST, E3, SOA4ALL, S-CUBE, NEXOFRA, ASPIRE.

ü Asia
ü Initiatives:
ü Japan: Akari, NWGN Forum, JGN2
ü Korea: MOFI, DIANA, IDCOM, FI Forum, KOREN
ü China: TUNOS, FINE, SAVA

ü South America
ü Initiatives:
ü Brazil: Horizon, NovaGenesis, RouteFlow, FIBRE

ü Stanford University Project Objective:
ü “To reinvent the internet so Future Internet can:
ü overcome fundamental architectural limitations of today's
Internet
ü incorporate new technologies
ü enable new class of applications and services
ü continue to be a platform for innovations and thus be an engine
for economic growth and prosperity for the society”.
!
ü The 100x100 Clean Slate Project Motto Question:
ü “Given the benefit of hindsight and our current understanding of
network requirements and technologies, if we were not bound
by existing design decisions and would be able to design the
network from first principles (a clean slate design), how should
we do it?”

ü The BLED declaration proposed by European Commission:
EU member states have already committed, through the renewed Lisbon Agenda and the i2010
initiative, €9.1 billion of funding, as part of a public-private partnership, for ICT research over
the duration of FP7.
privacy and creating trust in the on-line world.
•• Approaches and tools to leverage the full potential of the Internet of Things.
•• Capabilities for supporting the creation, sharing, locating and delivery of new-media content.
Increasing Awareness at Policy Level
•• Raise awareness of the economic, policy and regulatory issues as identified by the newly proposed
European Future Internet Assembly, the UN Internet Governance Forum, the OECD and the
European regulatory frameworks.
•• Contribute to the definition of European positions within global forums and arenas.
Call for European action towards the Future Internet
To help us meet these major challenges, we call on the:
•• European Member States to strengthen and coordinate their national R&D efforts and initiatives
toward the Future Internet.
•• European Commission to stress the vision and amplify the related R&D in order to drive Europe ahead
of tomorrow’s Internet transformations in the way we work, live, and interact.
•• European Member States and the European Commission to support the creation and activities of the
European Future Internet Assembly proposed in this declaration.
This declaration is endorsed by the following European Technology Platforms and
European Research Projects*:
eMobility, NEM, NESSI, ISI and EPOSS
2020 3D Media
CHORUS
FAST
N-CRAVE
SAPIR
4NEM
COIN
FORWARD
NESSI 2010
S-CUBE
4WARD
CONTENT
INTERSECTION
OPEN
SEA
ADAMANTIUM
CuteLoop
IRMOS
P2P NEXT
SENDORA
AGAVE
DICONET
iSURF
PanLab / PII
SENSEI
ASPIRE
E3
m CIUDAD
PERSIST
SERVFACE
AUTOI
eCRYPT II
MASTER
PetaMedia
Service WEB 3.0
AVANTSSAR
EFIPSANS
MobileWeb2.0
PICOS
SHAPE
AWISSENET
EIFFEL
MOBITHIN
PRIMELIFE
sISI
CASAGRAS
eMOBILITY
MOMENT
PRISM
SMOOTH-IT
CHIANTI
EURO-NF
NAPA-WINE
RESERVOIR
SOA4ALL
SOCRATES
SWIFT
TA2
TAS3
TECOM
THINK-TRUST
VICTORY
WOMBAT
*Accession to this declaration is open to existing and future EU Projects that wish to actively contribute

‣ RINA: Recursive Internet Architecture
‣ XIA: eXpressiveness Internet architecture
‣ NovaGenesis

ü RINA:
ü Designed considering that networking is IPC (Interprocess
Communication), and only IPC.
!
ü There are four RINA implementations:
ü Alba
ü TRIA network systems LLC
ü Boston university
ü Investigating RINA as an Alternative to TCP/IP (IRATI) funded
by FP7 in Europe.

ü RINA:
ü The IRATI`s key RINA abstractions are:
ü Distributed IPC facility (DIF)
ü Distributed Application Facility (DAF)
ü Resource Information Base (RIB)
ü Inter-DIF Directory (IDD)
ü Error and Flow Control Protocol (EFCP)
ü Common Distributed Application Protocol (CDAP)
ü Common Application Connection Establishment Phase
(CACEP).

Layers
Applications
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Applications
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Web, email, ftp, …
Network
DL DL
PHY PHY
TCP, UDP, …
IP

RINA
Applications
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Applications
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network
DL DL
PHY PHY
TCP, UDP, …
IP

DIF – “Networking is IPC”
Applications
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Applications
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network
DL DL
PHY PHY
TCP, UDP, …
IP
IPC
IPC IPC
ü All DIFs have the same interface and components, regardless of
their architectural level. DIFs are populated by IPC processes,
which have a common internal structure.

An IPC Process
IPC API
Data Transfer Data Transfer Control Layer Management
SDU Delimiting
Data Transfer
Relaying and
Multiplexing
SDU Protection
Transmission
Control
Retransmission
Retransmission
Control
Flow Control
RIB
Daemon
CACEP
!!
RIB CDAP Parser/
Generator
Enrollment
Flow Allocation
Resource
Allocation
Forwarding Table
Generator
Authentication
SStatatete V Veecctotorr State Vector
DDaatata T Trarannsfsefer r
Transmission
Control
Transmission
Control
Retransmission
Control
Control
FFloloww C Coonntrtorol l
Increasing timescale (functions performed less often) and complexity

ü XIA:
ü A key abstraction is the principal, which can be defined as some
type of entity that deserves attention, e.g. hosts, services, content.
!
ü The key XIA concepts are:
ü Unique identification of every principal
ü Expressing intent
ü Flexible addressing using unique IDs
ü Iterative refinement
ü Intrinsic security
!
ü Self-certifying identifiers (XIDs) are calculated by hashing the public
cryptographic keys of domains, hosts, and services or the entire
binary pattern of contents.

ü XIA:
ü To express intent means to give clues to the network - XIDs - that
point clearly the desired communication targets (e.g. a content, a
service, a host, or a domain).
!
ü Provides a flexible addressing approach where alternative forms of
accessing some communicating target (called fallbacks) are
provided.
!
ü XIA routers can use more than one destination address to forward
packets to a desired target.
!
ü Therefore, if some ID is unknown at some router, alternative
addressing can help to found the desired communicating target (a
Content ID for example).

ü XIA:
ü Proposes:
ü A principal-independent expressive Internet protocol (XIP) that
covers flexible addressing, packet format, routing based on
XIDs, and in-network caching of data chunks.
!
ü A socket API - similar to the UDP socket.
!
ü Three transport protocols:
• X-datagram protocol (XDP), X-stream protocol (XSP), X-chunk
protocol (XChunkP).

4. NovaGenesis: Convergent Information Architecture

Very Brief History
‣ 2008: Started Future Internet activities @ Inatel.
‣ 2009: Studying.
‣ 2010: First NovaGenesis design principles and choices.
‣ 2011: Finished draft architecture.
‣ 2012: Started proof-of-concept implementation. Refinement of
choices.
‣ 2013: Test scenario over Mobile Future Internet (MOFI) from
ETRI, CNU, and KNU - South Korea.

NovaGenesis
‣ What is it?
‣ A Clean Slate
Convergent
Information
Architecture
‣ A Framework
Easily
Integrated with
the Current
Internet
‣ An Alternative
to the Current
Internet
Architecture
Fig. 1. Full mesh of synergies and dependencies among future Internet ingredients. © Antônio M. Alberti 2014
subscribing of services require authentication, secrecy, integrity, and authorization.

The NovaGenesis Team
(c) Antonio Alberti 2013, Inatel.

NovaGenesis in the Media

Papers

Overview
‣ Adopted decision choices:
- Entities and content naming using natural language and self-certifiable
names (hash codes).
- As functionalities are seen as services, including network
protocols implementations.
- Complex protocols like TCP are fragmented on a population of
cooperating services - combined at runtime.
- Name bindings are stored on distributed hash tables, representing
all kind of relationships among named-things.
- Name bindings are published and subscribed, enabling distributed
search, discovery, negotiation, and contracting of services and
content.

Overview
‣ Adopted decision choices (cont.):
- Substrate resources are exposed to software by proxies, which
represent them regarding resource life-cycling and orchestration.
- All the communication is done by name-based message
scheduling and exchanging, with dynamic headers.
- All the contracts among services can capture intrinsically the
required quality, security, privacy, reputation, etc.
- The services will employ a decision cycle to meet objectives
traced by human and machine operators.
- They will compete each other to better satisfy contracts
(evolutionary pressures) and optimize the usage of substrate
resources (evolution environment).

NovaGenesis Overview

Testing Scenario: Joint Services and Content Orchestration
‣ Clients e servers discover each other, publish SLAs and
exchange named-content based on user policies.
‣ Provides check for content provenance, integrity, and coherence
of content.
‣ MOFI provided transparent connectivity change.

Testing Scenario: Joint Services and Content Orchestration
‣ Content publishing round trip time
!
!
!
!
!
‣ Content subscription round trip time

‣ NovaGenesis as an architecture to Adaptive and Cognitive Radio
over Fiber (ACRoF) and Internet of Things (IoT)
Optical Switch
To “E” To “E”
From “H”
RoF RoF
Splitter
Access
Point
Spectrum
Analyzer
Antenna Control Link
From “H”
Throughtput (Mbps)
CINR (dB)
RF
NovaGenesis Services
for Proxy/Gateway/
Control of:
!
-Spectrum Sensing
-Optically
Controlled Antenna
-Access Point
-Wi-Fi VLAN
!!
!
Sa Freque © Antônio M. Alberti 2014

NG advantages when compared to RINA or XIA
‣ NG protocols are implemented as services, thus they have the
same structure and life-cycle than any other service.
‣ NG creates a dynamic stack, where protocol implementations can
be replaced any time and used on more than one layer,
simultaneously.
‣ It brakes RINA IPC process structure or XIA protocol
implementations in a set of dynamically composed services.
‣ NG enables any service to be particularized to any kind of entity.
‣ There is no limit on the number of principals or on what
networking services can be customized to a principal type.
‣ NG also employs self-certifying names, but it enables any service to
use natural language names, as well.

NG advantages when compared to RINA or XIA
‣ NG core services are available to applications via dynamic
contracting, releasing them of duplicating the same services at
upper layers.
‣ NG considers joint content and service life-cycling as a fundamental
requirement.
‣ NG includes search, discovery, and reputation of services in the
core.
‣ NG supports any naming structure, in any language.
‣ NG provides a distributed, scalable, generic name resolution
service.
‣ NG avoids the RINA inter-DIF complications, and generalizes and
expands XIA expressiveness.

Thank You!
Antônio Marcos Alberti
!
antonioalberti.blogspot.com
facebook.com/antoniomarcos.alberti
researchgate.net/profile/Antonio_Alberti
linkedin.com/profile/view?id=69752898
http://inatel.academia.edu/AntonioMarcosAlberti
mendeley.com/profiles/antonio-marcos-alberti/
twitter.com/antoniomalberti

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