International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document evaluates and compares the performance of three deadlock detection algorithms: fully centralized, partially distributed, and fully distributed. The partially distributed algorithm provides the best performance. It uses fixed size messages and maintains allocation, local transaction, and resource tables to detect deadlocks. The evaluation found that the partially distributed algorithm uses less time and overhead for detection compared to the other algorithms. The centralized approach had the shortest deadlock lifetime but performed poorly with increased transaction sizes.
Deadlock in distribute system by saeed siddikSaeed Siddik
The document discusses deadlocks in distributed systems, outlining the four conditions required for a deadlock, strategies to handle deadlocks such as ignoring, detecting, preventing, and avoiding them, and algorithms for centralized deadlock detection and distributed deadlock detection and prevention. It provides examples of resource allocation graphs to illustrate deadlock conditions and explains how distributed deadlock detection and prevention algorithms work.
Get a piece of basic knowledge about deadlock and what it is. What are the measures., conditions, and more. Also, know about Banker's algorithm and how does the calculation work.
Deadlocks occur when processes are waiting for resources held by other processes, resulting in a circular wait. Four conditions must be met: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Deadlocks can be handled through avoidance, prevention, or detection and recovery. Avoidance algorithms allocate resources only if it ensures the system remains in a safe state where deadlocks cannot occur. Prevention methods make deadlocks impossible by ensuring at least one condition is never satisfied, such as through collective or ordered resource requests. Detection finds existing deadlocks by analyzing resource allocation graphs or wait-for graphs to detect cycles.
This document discusses deadlock detection in distributed systems. It begins with defining deadlock and providing an example of a deadlock situation. It then explains that deadlock detection is more challenging in distributed systems due to factors like message loss and lack of shared memory. The document outlines three strategies for deadlock handling - detection and recovery, prevention, and avoidance. It proposes two approaches for deadlock detection in distributed systems: 1) using a central coordinator to merge wait-for graphs or 2) having all machines broadcast their wait-for graphs to detect deadlocks in a distributed way. Both approaches have drawbacks like single point of failure or overhead.
Distributed Mutual Exclusion and Distributed Deadlock DetectionSHIKHA GAUTAM
This document summarizes key concepts related to distributed mutual exclusion and distributed deadlock detection. It discusses classification of distributed mutual exclusion algorithms into token-based and non-token-based approaches. For distributed mutual exclusion, it describes Lamport's algorithm, Ricart-Agrawala algorithm, Maekawa's quorum-based algorithm, and Suzuki-Kasami's token-based broadcast algorithm. It also discusses requirements for mutual exclusion such as freedom from deadlock and starvation. For distributed deadlock detection, it mentions the system model and types of deadlocks as well as approaches for prevention, avoidance, detection, and resolution of deadlocks.
A deadlock occurs when a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource held by another process in the set, creating a circular wait. Four necessary conditions must be met for a deadlock to occur: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Deadlocks can be handled through deadlock avoidance, detection and recovery, or prevention. Avoidance methods like Banker's Algorithm use safe state models to prevent deadlocks, while detection algorithms use resource allocation graphs to detect deadlocks. Once detected, deadlocks are recovered through process termination or resource preemption.
The document is a math worksheet that provides problems and answers related to finding perimeters of different shapes such as squares, rectangles, triangles, and other polygons. It includes word problems asking students to calculate distances, percentages, fractions, and geometric measurements like side lengths and angles. The document contains instructions for calculating perimeters of common shapes.
The document evaluates and compares the performance of three deadlock detection algorithms: fully centralized, partially distributed, and fully distributed. The partially distributed algorithm provides the best performance. It uses fixed size messages and maintains allocation, local transaction, and resource tables to detect deadlocks. The evaluation found that the partially distributed algorithm uses less time and overhead for detection compared to the other algorithms. The centralized approach had the shortest deadlock lifetime but performed poorly with increased transaction sizes.
Deadlock in distribute system by saeed siddikSaeed Siddik
The document discusses deadlocks in distributed systems, outlining the four conditions required for a deadlock, strategies to handle deadlocks such as ignoring, detecting, preventing, and avoiding them, and algorithms for centralized deadlock detection and distributed deadlock detection and prevention. It provides examples of resource allocation graphs to illustrate deadlock conditions and explains how distributed deadlock detection and prevention algorithms work.
Get a piece of basic knowledge about deadlock and what it is. What are the measures., conditions, and more. Also, know about Banker's algorithm and how does the calculation work.
Deadlocks occur when processes are waiting for resources held by other processes, resulting in a circular wait. Four conditions must be met: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Deadlocks can be handled through avoidance, prevention, or detection and recovery. Avoidance algorithms allocate resources only if it ensures the system remains in a safe state where deadlocks cannot occur. Prevention methods make deadlocks impossible by ensuring at least one condition is never satisfied, such as through collective or ordered resource requests. Detection finds existing deadlocks by analyzing resource allocation graphs or wait-for graphs to detect cycles.
This document discusses deadlock detection in distributed systems. It begins with defining deadlock and providing an example of a deadlock situation. It then explains that deadlock detection is more challenging in distributed systems due to factors like message loss and lack of shared memory. The document outlines three strategies for deadlock handling - detection and recovery, prevention, and avoidance. It proposes two approaches for deadlock detection in distributed systems: 1) using a central coordinator to merge wait-for graphs or 2) having all machines broadcast their wait-for graphs to detect deadlocks in a distributed way. Both approaches have drawbacks like single point of failure or overhead.
Distributed Mutual Exclusion and Distributed Deadlock DetectionSHIKHA GAUTAM
This document summarizes key concepts related to distributed mutual exclusion and distributed deadlock detection. It discusses classification of distributed mutual exclusion algorithms into token-based and non-token-based approaches. For distributed mutual exclusion, it describes Lamport's algorithm, Ricart-Agrawala algorithm, Maekawa's quorum-based algorithm, and Suzuki-Kasami's token-based broadcast algorithm. It also discusses requirements for mutual exclusion such as freedom from deadlock and starvation. For distributed deadlock detection, it mentions the system model and types of deadlocks as well as approaches for prevention, avoidance, detection, and resolution of deadlocks.
A deadlock occurs when a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource held by another process in the set, creating a circular wait. Four necessary conditions must be met for a deadlock to occur: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Deadlocks can be handled through deadlock avoidance, detection and recovery, or prevention. Avoidance methods like Banker's Algorithm use safe state models to prevent deadlocks, while detection algorithms use resource allocation graphs to detect deadlocks. Once detected, deadlocks are recovered through process termination or resource preemption.
The document is a math worksheet that provides problems and answers related to finding perimeters of different shapes such as squares, rectangles, triangles, and other polygons. It includes word problems asking students to calculate distances, percentages, fractions, and geometric measurements like side lengths and angles. The document contains instructions for calculating perimeters of common shapes.
Dan was born in Hong Kong but left China at age 3, he enjoys sports, work and having fun in his free time. He has two sisters, Liz and Erin, and one brother Jacque, and his parents are named Mike and Deb, they also have two dogs named Cody and Buddy. Dan's favorite sports are basketball and football, specifically cheering for the Saints, Hawkeyes and Twins, and his job is at Pizza Ranch. His quote is "Christian Athlete and Nighthawk for life" and his role model is Drew Brees.
Este documento describe los conceptos básicos de las redes. Define una red como un conjunto de ordenadores interconectados que comparten recursos e información. Explica que las redes se clasifican según su alcance geográfico en LAN, MAN y WAN, y según su sistema jerárquico en redes cliente-servidor y punto a punto. Detalla los componentes clave de una red local como estaciones de trabajo, servidores, tarjetas de red, cableado, dispositivos de distribución y recursos compartidos. Finalmente, explica brevemente diferentes tecnolog
El documento presenta una ley que busca desarrollar el derecho constitucional de las personas a conocer, actualizar y rectificar información sobre ellos almacenada en bases de datos o archivos. La ley establece principios para el tratamiento de datos personales y los derechos de los titulares sobre sus datos. También define deberes de los responsables y encargados del tratamiento de datos personales.
This document provides a table of contents and summaries for various Spanish grammar topics including:
1. The differences between que and cual
2. The conjugations and uses of ser and estar
3. How to use verbs like gustar and reflexive verbs
4. Transitional words, the imperfect tense, and verbs that trigger the imperfect
5. Using acabar de + infinitive and hace + time + que + conjugated verb
6. Verbs like gustar, reflexive verbs, tu commands, and dop placement
7. How to conjugate verbs in the preterite tense
The document provides biographical information about the members of the band The Maine. In 3 sentences:
The document introduces each member of the band The Maine, describing their role in the band such as guitarist or drummer. It also gives brief personal details about each member such as interests or history in other bands. The biographies trace the origins of the band from its founding by Pat and Garrett to the current lineup that has been together since Jared and Kennedy joined the group.
Este documento describe diferentes tipologías de red, incluyendo topología de bus, árbol, doble anillo, estrella, malla y anillo. Cada topología se caracteriza por cómo están conectados los nodos y cómo se transmite la información. Algunas ventajas son mayor resistencia a fallas, bajo costo y flexibilidad, mientras que las desventajas pueden incluir una única línea de acceso, mayor probabilidad de fallas, o alto costo.
1. The document describes two 11-month post-graduate programs focused on building strategic and leadership skills for success.
2. The programs cover topics like strategy, innovation, execution, and leadership and are taught through weekly interactive digital sessions by faculty from top business schools.
3. The programs aim to help individuals and organizations realize the importance of traits like ambition, entrepreneurship, and mental toughness for achieving success through strategy.
This is the first of a series of newsletters for the Recovery Act at SRS. It represents a team effort between the client; Creative Energy, Inc., which designed and executed the layout; and my planning, writing, and photo assignments.
This document discusses the components of telecommunications systems including different types of signals, methods of conversion between analog and digital signals, communication channels, network processors and topologies, local and wide area networks, broadband technologies, and electronic commerce services. Analog signals are continuous waveforms that pass through media for video, audio and voice, while digital signals use discrete values of 1s and 0s for data transmission. Communication occurs through wired or wireless channels and is processed by front-end processors, concentrators, controllers and multiplexers within star, bus or ring network topologies. Local and wide area networks provide connectivity along with value-added networks and other services to enable electronic mail, conferencing, commerce and distance learning.
Mr. YK Chan has had a diverse career as an entrepreneur and business consultant. He started his first computer trading company at age 29 and grew it into a successful IT services provider. In the 1990s, he diversified into education and human resource development by establishing a training provider. Drawing from his experiences, he founded a business consulting firm to help companies improve management systems and mindsets. Mr. Chan has also actively contributed to human resource development initiatives in Malaysia by developing training programs, advising government agencies, and speaking publicly about entrepreneurship and small business management.
Este documento describe los conceptos básicos de las redes de ordenadores, incluyendo los tipos de redes (como redes de área local y amplia), formas de conexión (cableado, fibra óptica), topologías (bus, anillo, estrella), modelos (OSI de 7 capas y TCP/IP de 4 capas), y relaciones funcionales (cliente-servidor, punto a punto). Explica los componentes fundamentales de las redes de computadoras y cómo se comunican entre sí.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de retículas y estructuras para pantallas web. Las retículas HTML son páginas estáticas que carecen de elementos móviles, mientras que Flash genera animaciones e integra movimiento y sonido. Al diseñar para pantallas, la retícula, proporción y funcionalidad deben considerarse para mejorar la navegabilidad en todo el sitio web.
THE NEW DIGITAL MEDIA AND ACTIVIST NETWORKING WITHIN ANTI-CORPORATE GLOBALIZA...David Orozco Diaz
Este documento describe cómo los medios de comunicación independientes y las redes digitales han ayudado a los movimientos anti-corporativos globalización a organizarse y movilizarse. Explica que las manifestaciones contra el FMI, el Banco Mundial y el G-8 atrajeron a miles debido a estas herramientas. También describe cómo las autoridades ven a los medios independientes como una amenaza y cómo tratan de intimidarlos. Finalmente, argumenta que estos movimientos pioneros usan Internet de forma descentralizada para operar tanto a nivel local como global.
The document discusses various topics related to Quran recitation including:
1. Different types of stopping places (wqf) in recitation such as necessary (lazim), complete (tam), permissible (jā'iz), and reprehensible (qabīh).
2. Guidelines for proper recitation based on the recitation style of Al-Shatibi including stopping at appropriate places and reciting with clarity of articulation.
3. The importance of memorizing Quran recitation and protecting the memory from forgetfulness or mistakes in recitation.
Este documento contiene información sobre la legislación laboral, tipos de vínculos laborales, currículums vitae, entrevistas de trabajo, contratos laborales, derechos de los trabajadores, regímenes tributarios y causales de despido justificado. Explica conceptos como trabajador dependiente, independiente, tiempo completo, tiempo parcial, y presenta detalles sobre aportes previsionales y tributos laborales.
A Protocol to Detect and Kill Orphan Processes in Distributed Computer SystemsIOSR Journals
This document presents a protocol to detect and kill orphan processes in distributed computer systems. The protocol uses a monitor process to log all remote procedure calls (RPCs) to a global log. It sends a token to client processes that made RPCs to determine their status. If a client process is not active, the monitor sends a kill message to servers to terminate orphan processes resulting from that client's RPCs. This allows orphans to be detected and killed immediately at birth, improving on previous approaches that waited until crashed processes rebooted. The protocol handles nested RPCs and maintains data consistency by eliminating unwanted orphan computations.
Dan was born in Hong Kong but left China at age 3, he enjoys sports, work and having fun in his free time. He has two sisters, Liz and Erin, and one brother Jacque, and his parents are named Mike and Deb, they also have two dogs named Cody and Buddy. Dan's favorite sports are basketball and football, specifically cheering for the Saints, Hawkeyes and Twins, and his job is at Pizza Ranch. His quote is "Christian Athlete and Nighthawk for life" and his role model is Drew Brees.
Este documento describe los conceptos básicos de las redes. Define una red como un conjunto de ordenadores interconectados que comparten recursos e información. Explica que las redes se clasifican según su alcance geográfico en LAN, MAN y WAN, y según su sistema jerárquico en redes cliente-servidor y punto a punto. Detalla los componentes clave de una red local como estaciones de trabajo, servidores, tarjetas de red, cableado, dispositivos de distribución y recursos compartidos. Finalmente, explica brevemente diferentes tecnolog
El documento presenta una ley que busca desarrollar el derecho constitucional de las personas a conocer, actualizar y rectificar información sobre ellos almacenada en bases de datos o archivos. La ley establece principios para el tratamiento de datos personales y los derechos de los titulares sobre sus datos. También define deberes de los responsables y encargados del tratamiento de datos personales.
This document provides a table of contents and summaries for various Spanish grammar topics including:
1. The differences between que and cual
2. The conjugations and uses of ser and estar
3. How to use verbs like gustar and reflexive verbs
4. Transitional words, the imperfect tense, and verbs that trigger the imperfect
5. Using acabar de + infinitive and hace + time + que + conjugated verb
6. Verbs like gustar, reflexive verbs, tu commands, and dop placement
7. How to conjugate verbs in the preterite tense
The document provides biographical information about the members of the band The Maine. In 3 sentences:
The document introduces each member of the band The Maine, describing their role in the band such as guitarist or drummer. It also gives brief personal details about each member such as interests or history in other bands. The biographies trace the origins of the band from its founding by Pat and Garrett to the current lineup that has been together since Jared and Kennedy joined the group.
Este documento describe diferentes tipologías de red, incluyendo topología de bus, árbol, doble anillo, estrella, malla y anillo. Cada topología se caracteriza por cómo están conectados los nodos y cómo se transmite la información. Algunas ventajas son mayor resistencia a fallas, bajo costo y flexibilidad, mientras que las desventajas pueden incluir una única línea de acceso, mayor probabilidad de fallas, o alto costo.
1. The document describes two 11-month post-graduate programs focused on building strategic and leadership skills for success.
2. The programs cover topics like strategy, innovation, execution, and leadership and are taught through weekly interactive digital sessions by faculty from top business schools.
3. The programs aim to help individuals and organizations realize the importance of traits like ambition, entrepreneurship, and mental toughness for achieving success through strategy.
This is the first of a series of newsletters for the Recovery Act at SRS. It represents a team effort between the client; Creative Energy, Inc., which designed and executed the layout; and my planning, writing, and photo assignments.
This document discusses the components of telecommunications systems including different types of signals, methods of conversion between analog and digital signals, communication channels, network processors and topologies, local and wide area networks, broadband technologies, and electronic commerce services. Analog signals are continuous waveforms that pass through media for video, audio and voice, while digital signals use discrete values of 1s and 0s for data transmission. Communication occurs through wired or wireless channels and is processed by front-end processors, concentrators, controllers and multiplexers within star, bus or ring network topologies. Local and wide area networks provide connectivity along with value-added networks and other services to enable electronic mail, conferencing, commerce and distance learning.
Mr. YK Chan has had a diverse career as an entrepreneur and business consultant. He started his first computer trading company at age 29 and grew it into a successful IT services provider. In the 1990s, he diversified into education and human resource development by establishing a training provider. Drawing from his experiences, he founded a business consulting firm to help companies improve management systems and mindsets. Mr. Chan has also actively contributed to human resource development initiatives in Malaysia by developing training programs, advising government agencies, and speaking publicly about entrepreneurship and small business management.
Este documento describe los conceptos básicos de las redes de ordenadores, incluyendo los tipos de redes (como redes de área local y amplia), formas de conexión (cableado, fibra óptica), topologías (bus, anillo, estrella), modelos (OSI de 7 capas y TCP/IP de 4 capas), y relaciones funcionales (cliente-servidor, punto a punto). Explica los componentes fundamentales de las redes de computadoras y cómo se comunican entre sí.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de retículas y estructuras para pantallas web. Las retículas HTML son páginas estáticas que carecen de elementos móviles, mientras que Flash genera animaciones e integra movimiento y sonido. Al diseñar para pantallas, la retícula, proporción y funcionalidad deben considerarse para mejorar la navegabilidad en todo el sitio web.
THE NEW DIGITAL MEDIA AND ACTIVIST NETWORKING WITHIN ANTI-CORPORATE GLOBALIZA...David Orozco Diaz
Este documento describe cómo los medios de comunicación independientes y las redes digitales han ayudado a los movimientos anti-corporativos globalización a organizarse y movilizarse. Explica que las manifestaciones contra el FMI, el Banco Mundial y el G-8 atrajeron a miles debido a estas herramientas. También describe cómo las autoridades ven a los medios independientes como una amenaza y cómo tratan de intimidarlos. Finalmente, argumenta que estos movimientos pioneros usan Internet de forma descentralizada para operar tanto a nivel local como global.
The document discusses various topics related to Quran recitation including:
1. Different types of stopping places (wqf) in recitation such as necessary (lazim), complete (tam), permissible (jā'iz), and reprehensible (qabīh).
2. Guidelines for proper recitation based on the recitation style of Al-Shatibi including stopping at appropriate places and reciting with clarity of articulation.
3. The importance of memorizing Quran recitation and protecting the memory from forgetfulness or mistakes in recitation.
Este documento contiene información sobre la legislación laboral, tipos de vínculos laborales, currículums vitae, entrevistas de trabajo, contratos laborales, derechos de los trabajadores, regímenes tributarios y causales de despido justificado. Explica conceptos como trabajador dependiente, independiente, tiempo completo, tiempo parcial, y presenta detalles sobre aportes previsionales y tributos laborales.
A Protocol to Detect and Kill Orphan Processes in Distributed Computer SystemsIOSR Journals
This document presents a protocol to detect and kill orphan processes in distributed computer systems. The protocol uses a monitor process to log all remote procedure calls (RPCs) to a global log. It sends a token to client processes that made RPCs to determine their status. If a client process is not active, the monitor sends a kill message to servers to terminate orphan processes resulting from that client's RPCs. This allows orphans to be detected and killed immediately at birth, improving on previous approaches that waited until crashed processes rebooted. The protocol handles nested RPCs and maintains data consistency by eliminating unwanted orphan computations.
Communication And Synchronization In Distributed Systemsguest61205606
This document discusses various topics related to communication and synchronization in distributed systems. It covers concepts like communication protocols, remote procedure calls, client-server and peer-to-peer models, blocking vs non-blocking communication, reliability, group communication, message ordering, and synchronization techniques including clock synchronization algorithms, mutual exclusion algorithms, and atomic transactions.
This document discusses various topics related to communication and synchronization in distributed systems. It covers concepts like communication protocols, remote procedure calls, client-server and peer-to-peer models, blocking vs non-blocking communication, reliability, group communication, message ordering, and synchronization techniques including clock synchronization algorithms, mutual exclusion algorithms, and atomic transactions.
Communication And Synchronization In Distributed Systemsguest61205606
This document discusses various topics related to communication and synchronization in distributed systems. It covers concepts like communication protocols, remote procedure calls, client-server and peer-to-peer models, blocking vs non-blocking communication, reliability, group communication, message ordering, and synchronization techniques including clock synchronization algorithms, mutual exclusion algorithms, and atomic transactions.
Hierarchical Non-blocking Coordinated Checkpointing Algorithms for Mobile Dis...CSCJournals
Mobile system typically uses wireless communication which is based on electromagnetic waves and utilizes a shared broadcast medium. This has made possible creating a mobile distributed computing environment and has brought us several new challenges in distributed protocol design. So many issues such as range of transmission, limited power supply due to battery capacity and mobility of processes. These new issue makes traditional recovery algorithm unsuitable. In this paper, we propose hierarchical non blocking coordinated checkpointing algorithms suitable for mobile distributed computing. The algorithm is non-blocking, requires minimum message logging, has minimum stable storage requirement and produce a consistent set of checkpoints. This algorithm requires minimum number of processes to take checkpoint.
CHECKPOINTING WITH MINIMAL RECOVERY IN ADHOCNET BASED TMRijujournal
The checkpointing algorithm described in the document takes a distributed approach where processes coordinate to take consistent checkpoints. Each process tracks the number of messages sent to and received from other processes during a checkpoint interval. When a checkpoint is initiated, this status information is shared. Processes only checkpoint after verifying that the number of sent and received messages match for all other processes, ensuring consistency. By tracking dependencies, only processes dependent on a failed process need rollback for recovery. This minimizes unnecessary rollbacks compared to naive approaches.
CHECKPOINTING WITH MINIMAL RECOVERY IN ADHOCNET BASED TMRijujournal
The checkpointing algorithm described in the document utilizes Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) in a wireless ad hoc network. It proposes a distributed checkpointing and recovery protocol that eliminates unnecessary checkpoints and only recovers dependent processes. Each process tracks message dependencies during execution. When a checkpoint is initiated, processes exchange status information detailing messages sent and received. A process only checkpoints after receiving any expected messages, ensuring consistency. If a process fails, only dependent processes recover by rolling back to their last checkpoint, minimizing recovery overhead.
CHECKPOINTING WITH MINIMAL RECOVERY IN ADHOCNET BASED TMRijujournal
This paper describes two-fold approach towards utilizing Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) in Wireless
Adhoc Network (AdocNet). A distributed checkpointing and recovery protocol is proposed. The protocol
eliminates useless checkpoints and helps in selecting only dependent processes in the concerned
checkpointing interval, to recover. A process starts recovery from its last checkpoint only if it finds that it is
dependent (directly or indirectly) on the faulty process. The recovery protocol also prevents the occurrence
of missing or orphan messages. In AdocNet, a set of three nodes (connected to each other) is considered to
form a TMR set, being designated as main, primary and secondary. A main node in one set may serve as
primary or secondary in another. Computation is not triplicated, but checkpoint by main is duplicated in its
primary so that primary can continue if main fails. Checkpoint by primary is then duplicated in secondary
if primary fails too.
Formal Verification of Distributed Checkpointing Using Event-Bijcsit
The document describes formal verification of checkpointing in a distributed database system using Event-B. It presents an Event-B model that specifies the checkpointing process. Key aspects of the model include assigning timestamps to messages and transactions, marking transactions as before or after checkpoint based on their timestamps, and computing a global checkpoint number. The model is verified using the Rodin tool to ensure the checkpointing process satisfies correctness properties.
The document discusses processes and interprocess communication. Some key points:
- A process is a program in execution that includes the program code, stack, data, and other resources. Each process is represented by a process control block (PCB).
- Processes can be created and terminated through system calls. They communicate through either shared memory or message passing.
- The operating system schedules processes between ready, running, waiting, and other states using queues and schedulers like short-term and long-term schedulers. Context switches occur when changing the running process.
The document discusses three RPC communication protocols:
1. The R protocol uses asynchronous communication with only request messages and no reply. This improves performance.
2. The RR protocol fits requests and replies into a single packet and caches replies to reduce overhead.
3. The RRA protocol adds acknowledgements to replies to make communication more reliable as it ensures replies are received.
Distributed deadlock occurs when processes are blocked while waiting for resources held by other processes in a distributed system without a central coordinator. There are four conditions for deadlock: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, non-preemption, and circular wait. Deadlock can be addressed by ignoring it, detecting and resolving occurrences, preventing conditions through constraints, or avoiding it through careful resource allocation. Detection methods include centralized coordination of resource graphs or distributed probe messages to identify resource waiting cycles. Prevention strategies impose timestamp or age-based priority to resource requests to eliminate cycles.
System Event Monitoring for Active AuthenticationCoveros, Inc.
The authors use system event monitoring to distinguish between the behavioral characteristics of normal and anomalous computer system users. Identifying anomalous behavior at the system event level diminishes privacy concerns and supports the identification of cross-application behavioral patterns.
This document discusses deadlock detection algorithms for systems with single and multiple instances of resources. For single resource systems, a wait-for graph can be used to detect cycles indicating a deadlock. For multiple resource systems, a detection algorithm employs time-varying data structures to track available resources, resource allocations, and process requests to identify deadlocked processes. The detection algorithm should be run frequently if deadlocks occur often or may involve many processes, such as when a request cannot be immediately granted.
This document provides an overview of stream processing. It discusses how stream processing systems are used to process large volumes of real-time data continuously and produce actionable information. Examples of applications discussed include traffic monitoring, network monitoring, smart grids, and sensor networks. Key concepts of stream processing covered include data streams, operators, windows, programming models, fault tolerance, and platforms like Storm and Spark Streaming.
1. There are two main approaches to distributed mutual exclusion - token-based and non-token based. Token based approaches use a shared token to allow only one process access at a time, while non-token approaches use message passing to determine access order.
2. A common token based algorithm uses a centralized coordinator process that grants access to the requesting process. Ring-based algorithms pass a token around a logical ring, allowing the process holding it to enter the critical section.
3. Lamport's non-token algorithm uses message passing of requests and timestamps to build identical request queues at each process, allowing the process at the head of the queue to enter the critical section. The Ricart-Agrawala
Cooperating processes work together to complete tasks by sharing resources like CPU, memory, and I/O devices. They communicate using shared memory or message passing. Shared memory allows faster communication by sharing an address space, while message passing is slower but can be used across devices. The critical section problem occurs when multiple processes access shared resources simultaneously, potentially corrupting data. Solutions ensure mutual exclusion so only one process is in the critical section at a time through techniques like disabling interrupts or using lock variables.
This document discusses several key concepts in distributed systems including event ordering, mutual exclusion, concurrency control, deadlock handling, and election algorithms. It provides details on implementing happened-before relations to ensure event ordering. It describes centralized and distributed approaches for mutual exclusion and discusses two-phase commit and locking protocols for concurrency control. It also covers deadlock prevention techniques like wait-die and would-wait schemes and algorithms for distributed deadlock detection and coordinator election.
This document discusses several key concepts in distributed systems including event ordering, mutual exclusion, concurrency control, deadlock handling, and election algorithms. It provides details on implementing happened-before relations to ensure event ordering. It describes centralized and distributed approaches for mutual exclusion and discusses two-phase commit and locking protocols for concurrency control. It also covers deadlock prevention techniques like timestamp ordering and various distributed deadlock detection algorithms. Finally, it summarizes bully and ring algorithms for electing a new coordinator when failures occur.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) (20)
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 7 ǁ July 2013 ǁ PP.01-05
www.ijesi.org 1 | Page
Comparison of Global Log and Monitor Approach with
Various Orphan Detection Algorithms
Shamsudeen.E1
, Dr. V. Sundaram2
,
1
(Research Scholar, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, India)
2
(Former Director, MCA, Karpagam Engg. College, Coimbatore, India)
ABSTRACT: Orphans in the distributed systems may waste system resources by holding these for completing
the unwanted computations. Many ways are put forward to detect and kill orphans in the distributed system. All
the algorithms presented are detecting and killing the orphans only after rebooting the client. The period
between the client crash and the client reboot, the orphans are active at the server end. But, the global log and
monitor approach detects and kill the orphan at the point of time when they are born. Here a comparison of all
approaches with the global log and monitor approach is made based on the various performance parameters
like when the orphans are detected and killed, impact of orphans in the systems and how the overall
performance of the system affected by the orphans and concludes that the global log approach is the best among
other approaches to detect and kill orphans in the distributed systems. Moreover, this approach also deals with
the nested orphans while the other approaches do not say anything much about it.
KEYWORDS: Global log and monitor approach, Orphans, Remote procedure call
I. INTRODUCTION
Orphans [1] in the distributed systems are unwanted processes because their presence in the system
may lead to inconsistency of data. Orphans are the result of either a parent process crash or abort [2] [3] [4] of
parent process that take part in remote procedure call. Parent process crash may be the result of node failure
where the parent process runs.
An example of an orphan computation is depicted in the figure, Fig.1, here process i sends a request i to
the process j to get some service, unfortunately the request is being executed at the process j, the process i
crashes and no parent is waiting for the reply i.
Orphan cause a variety of problems like waste of CPU cycles by running the unwanted processes. The
unwanted process may also lock files or otherwise hold valuable resources [5]. After the client crash, if the
client reboots and do the same RPC (Remote Procedure call) [6] again, the same computation may be done
again and it may lead to inconsistency of data in the system. Nelson [6] proposed four solutions to handle
orphans. They are,
Extermination
Reincarnation
Gentle reincarnation
Expiration
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II. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ORPHAN DETECTION AND KILLING METHODS
USED IN THE DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
The above methods and the method proposed in the global log and monitor approach [7] [8] [9] are
thoroughly discussed with various aspects like,
When orphans are detected and killed in the system?
Impact of orphans in the system
How the overall performance of the system affected with orphans.
All the above methods (by Nelson) detect and kill orphans only after rebooting of the client where
parent process run. During the interval, between the orphan’s birth and the client reboot, the orphan is very
much active at server site. In the extermination, before a client stub sends an RPC message, it makes a log entry
telling what it is about to do. The log is kept on disk or some other medium that survives crashes. After reboot,
the log is checked and the orphan is explicitly killed off.
Here, the killing of orphan is done only after the rebooting of the parent process that made the remote
call. Until then, the orphan is active at the server site, just because the fact that the server processes do not know
the current status of the parent process that made the RPC to get some services from the server process. It is
depicted in the figure given below, Fig.2. Here the client sends the same request twice and gets the results back.
Both replies come back while resuming the client after crash. This type of scenario is not a promising one and it
makes data in an inconsistent state and the system an unreliable one.
In the case of reincarnation, the RPCs do not record in the log; instead divide time up into sequentially
numbered epochs. When a client reboots, it broadcasts a message to all machines declaring the start of a new
epoch. When such broadcast comes in, all remote computations on behalf of that client are killed. When they
report back, their replies will contain an obsolete epoch number making them easy to detect. It is shown in the
figure, fig. 3. Here the client sends epoch broadcast throughout the system and the server receives it regardless
of the fact that it is meant for it or not. The reply to the client is transmitted by the server if any RPC is there on
behalf of the client.
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A slight change is made to the above idea, another method put forward by Nelson called gentle
reincarnation. The protocol works as follows, when epoch broadcast comes in, each machine checks to see if it
has any remote computations, and if so, tries to locate their owner. The computation is killed only if the owner
of a particular computation cannot be found. Finally Nelson proposes expiration method to handle orphans in
distributed systems. In this method, each RPC is given a standard amount of time, T, to do the job. If it cannot
finish the work on time, it must explicitly ask for another quantum of time, which is a nuisance. On the other
hand, if after a crash the client waits for a time T before rebooting, all orphans are sure to be gone. The problem
to be solved here is choosing a reasonable value of T in the face of RPCs with wildly differing requirements.
In the global log and monitor approach, a global log mechanism is introduced. While an RPC is made
by a process, it is recorded in the global log and it keeps details of all RPCs made by the processes of the
distributed system. The global log keeps updated and if a server makes an RPC, i.e., a nested transaction, it also
be recorded in the global log. The global log also monitors the processes which made RPCs so that node crashes
can easily be detected by sending a token message with a time stamp which evolves round the network and
passes through all the clients who participates in the RPCs. If a node crash occurs, then the monitor associated
with the global log immediately sends a message to corresponding processes where the orphan process and
nested orphans being run and kill them off. Here, the orphans are killed immediately after the node crash. No
waiting until the crash node gets rebooted. It is done by sending the token to all processes that made RPCs and
each process that made RPC receives the token and looks for its process id in the data structure and updates the
status variable associated with the token. After this, the token is transmitted to the next process and does the
same. If a process is no more after making RPC because of node crash or process abort, then its status variable
associated with the token will not be updated. After evolving round throughout the system, the token returns
back to the monitor. The monitor checks the token and finds the failed processes by looking into the status
variable. Then the monitor finds the orphan process associated with the aborted processes or processes which
run on crashed nodes by looking into the log entry and sends message to kill them.
Below it is discussed a simple RPC scenario where a client sends a request to a server asking to do some
computations.
In the extermination method the RPC is logged in the log provided and checked after rebooting the
system. After checking the log, the client resends the request to the same server to get the request fulfilled just
because the fact that for the first request made by the client did not get any reply from the server. Before getting
any reply from the server, the client crashes down and in the mean time the server continue to carry on the
computation invoked by the client and does the necessary deductions, whatsoever, in the account of the
customer i. The customer i’s account is deducted to x-A, and the same amount is credited towards the purchase,
B.
Unfortunately, the client is not aware of the deductions made by the server since it did not get any
result from the server and simply do the same request once again. The server once again execute the same
computations and deduct the same amount from the customer i’s account again. Instead of deducting the account
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of the said customer once, due to allowing the orphan to continue at server until the client gets rebooted, the
amount is deducted twice from the account. If the orphan had been killed immediately after their birth, the result
should have been the desired one. i.e., the account of the customer will be deducted only once. Extermination
says nothing about the grand orphans- computations further does RPCs by the server themselves- or further
descendants that are very difficult or impossible to locate.
In the above mentioned RPC scenario, if the reincarnation method is used? Then too, the problem of
time delay to get rebooted the client is still exist. During this period, the orphans are active at the server site to
fulfill the request made by the client. Here, valuable system resources are wasted until the epoch broadcast
comes in. To fulfill the same request, the client has to resend the same message again to the server and the client
process has to forcefully wait until the result of RPC back in. It affects the entire performance of the system.
Moreover, the broadcast overhead in the system due to the epoch numbers broadcasted throughout the system
regardless of the client and server who participate in the RPC.
In the case of gentle reincarnation, the only difference is that when epoch broadcast comes in, each
machine checks to see if it has any remote computations, if so, tries to locate their owner, the epoch broadcast
sends again after the rebooting of the crashed client. During the period of time the orphan is on at server node
and holding all resources like CPU cycles, databases, etc. As a result of this the data may be in an inconsistent
state, because the client does not aware the request made it earlier is still running at server end or not and hence
the deduction at customer account is done. By the time of rebooting the client and sending epoch broadcast, the
orphan may complete its work and all deductions as in the above scenario has been completed. In that case, the
server will not have anything to do with epoch broadcast since, there is no process on behalf of it is being run.
At the same time, the computation on the customer i’s account is done. The reliability of the system is
questioned if this type situation arises.
In the expiration method, a quantum of time is given to the RPC to complete. But, how the calculation
of the time is done? Since different computations need different time interval to complete. Moreover, if the
given time is not enough to complete the specified task, the computation can demand more time to complete,
otherwise, the forceful termination of the process is done. If it does so, some transactions may be incomplete or
some may possess lock on some resources, then the locks may remain forever there in the system. The
incomplete transaction may produce inconsistent data and the incomplete transactions should be rolled back
which may result extra overhead to the entire and hence low performance.
In the above mentioned RPC scenario, after doing the deduction from the customer i’s account, the
RPC is forcefully killed just because of the time quantum allotted is expired, and then the payment to the
purchase order, B would not be transferred. Again unreliable transaction is the outcome and this method is not a
promising one.
All the above four solutions discussed by Nelson never tells any word about nested transactions or
grand orphans and what happens this type of grand orphans or deeply nested transactions occurs in the system.
In the global log and monitor approach, the orphans are killed immediately after their birth. No wait is done to
get the system rebooted. So, there is no damage in the system in the sense that orphans do not make any
inconsistency in the data because they are killed when they are born. But in the approaches discussed earlier no
orphans are killed immediately after their birth. They have been killed only after the client gets rebooted it
causes not only the inconsistency of data but, also the locking of valuable resources such as files, databases, and
other hardware. Moreover, in the global log approach, since the orphans are killed when they are born and the
system do not work with computations that are no longer needed by any parent process, hence the performance
of the system would not be affected.
The global log and monitor approach accomplish this great difference from all other previous
approaches by killing the orphans when they are born. It can be done by recording all RPCs in a global log that
can be kept somewhere that survives the crash and the monitor process is associated with it looks into the entire
RPCs in the system and sends a token throughout the system to find out whether the clients participated in the
RPC are alive or not. If it is not alive, the corresponding orphans would be detected and killed. The token should
have a time stamp, during this period this token should come back to the monitor process, otherwise the token
should be regenerated and send it again and allow it to keep revolve round the system.
In the above mentioned RPC scenario, if this approach is used to take care of the orphans, then
deduction and transfer will be intact and the system shows high reliability, data are consistent and hence the
performance also very high.
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III. CONCLUSION
In the above comparison, it is clear that the parameters discussed are quite enough to realize the
domination of global log and monitor approach over other orphan detection and killing approaches. It is also
noticed that the importance of the orphan processes to be detected and killed in the distributed systems. The
global log and monitor approach kills the orphans immediately after their birth; no wait is done there to kill the
orphans. Hence the wastage of resources and inconsistency of data can be reduced in the entire systems. While
the other approaches takes some time to detect and kill the orphans; the time to get rebooted the client processes.
So, during that the period of time the orphans are very much at the server site and hence the wastage of
resources and deadlock in the system due to holding valuable resources by these unwanted computations. It may
affect the performance and reliability of the entire system.
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