This document summarizes a study on the integration and use of information and communication technology (ICT) in county government management in Kenya, specifically focusing on Machakos County Government. The study examines how ICT infrastructure, staff capacity and training, management support, and government policies influence the adoption and use of ICT. It reviews literature on factors impacting ICT integration in developing countries. The conceptual framework proposes relationships between the independent variables of infrastructure, staff skills, management support, and policies, and the dependent variable of ICT integration and use. The methodology chapter will describe how data was collected, analyzed, and reported on to investigate these relationships.

1. Integration and Use of ICT in
Management of Counties
in Kenya
Author:Shadrack Kitolo Kioko
Publisher:Lambert Academic Publishing
Copyright ©Shadrack kioko 2018

2. ABSTRACT
• ICT Has been recognized as the Engine of
growth and source of Energy for the social and
Economic empowerment
• ICT can prove to be the effective shortcut to
higher levels of good Governance
• Integrationof ICT can make significance
contributionto the achievement of Good
Governance in County Governments

3. STUDY AREAS
• Infrastructure
• Staff Capacity and Competence
• ManagementSupport
• Government Policies and procedures

4. DEFINATIONS
• Insfrastructure:PhysicalComponents
• Hardware
• Softwares
• Media
• NetworkingComponents
• Telephones
• Mobile phones
• Internet

5. Staff Capacity and Competency
• Relevant Training
• Development of Skills
• ICT uptake

6. Skills and Capacity
• Knowledge
• Level of Training
• Experience
• Relevant skills to job description

7. Management Support
• Resources
• Facilitation
• Training
• Capacity Building
• Motivation and encouragement

8. Government Support
• ICT National policy
• Broadcasting
• Telecommunications
• Postal Services

9. CHAPTER ONE
• Introductionto ICT-Both local and Global
• Expectation
• Objectives
• Research questions
• Significanceof the study
• Limitations
• Solutions

10. BACKGROUND
• ICT as the Benchmark of 20th Century and
beginning of 21st Century
• Disseminationof ICT tools
• The ICT gap between those who have and
have nots
• How ICT can be a powerful tool for the
development
• Citizen Participation

11. ICT
• ICT as a Economic enabler
• Improvement of Gross Domestic Product
• Improves Marketing Services and products
• Good Governance
• InternationalEconomic integration
• Improve living standards
• Improve biodiversity
• General Management of resources

12. The Network Society
• Enhancedgrowth and development
• Improvement of social indicators
• New development opportunities
• Strengthening of Democracies
• Improve the life of the poor
• Improve the religion

13. INTEGRATION
• Link to local good Governance
• Creation of Job Incentives
• Expansionof Educational services
• Distancelearning
• Cultural activities
• Judicial Services and control of justice
• Public safety
• Engagementof social groups
• Monitoring of public projects
• Rendering of essential services
• Social security
• Energy
• Health
• Local Languages
• Hunger
• Disease

14. IMPACTS
• Improve Governance
• Improve Efficiency
• Improve transparency
• Improve Revenue Collection
• Improve Services
• Improve Communication
• Monitoring of Projects
• Legislative activities
• Delivery of services to the public

15. INTEGRATION
• Generates democratizations
• Creates mechanisms and policies for learning
• Sharing of solutions
• Connecting Some Government Ministries
eg.IFMIS

16. INTEGRATION V/S VISION 2030
• E-government strategy
• Vision 2030 identifies ICT as the core driver
• Middle income country by year 2030 through
ICT for growth and development
• Access to ICTs Based services to increase
productivity
• Access to internet

17. ICT Uptake
• ICT uptake in the counties very low
• Poor infrastructure
• InadequateHardware
• No suitable Software
• Lack of Internet related infrastructure
• ICT skills and capacity and Training
• Integrationinto existing manual system

18. Factors that Impede ICT Integration
• Relationshipbetween ICT Infrastructure
• Relationshipof Staff skills and Capacity
• Relationshipof Management Support
• Relationshipof Government policies and
practices

19. SIGNIFICANCE
• Areas of Concern
• Give suggestions
• Clear Road Map for Development
• Deployment of ICT applications
• Managementefficiency

20. POLICY MAKERS
• Formulate a ICT strategy
• Enlightenstakeholders
• Objectives of National ICT policy of 2006
• Enrich the existing knowledge
• Researchers and Academicians

21. SCOPE
• Machakos County Government
• The following Ministries;
1. Administration-Governors Office
2. Land
3. Water
4. Roads
5. Culture
6. Education
7. Agriculture
8. Trade
9. Finance
10. Health

22. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Empirical literature Review
• Gaps
• Conceptualframework
• Relationshipbetween the independent and
the dependent variables

23. THEORETICAL REVIEW
• Rodger’s Theory of Diffusion of Innovation
• Technology Acceptance Model
• Resource Based View theory
Main theory is underpinnedon Rodger's Theory
of Diffusion of Innovation.

24. RODGER’S THEORY OF DIFFUSION OF
INNOVATION
• This theory was developed in 1962
• This theory explains how over time, an idea or
product gains momentum and diffuses
through a specific population
• People as part of the system adopt a new
idea, behavior etc
• Becomes a new innovation

25. RODGERS THEORY
• It is the most appropriatein understanding
the adoptionof a given technology
• This theory enables the investigation of
Integrationof ICT by the County Governments
• This theory was used in my book to explain
embracing of and resistance to integration of
ICT in the County Governments

26. RODGERS THEORY
Four Elements of Diffusion of Innovation
1. Innovation
2. Communicationchannels
3. Time
4. Social System

27. EMPRICAL REVIEW
• This section looks at previous studies done
which are relevant to the objectives of this
book
• The empirical literature was based on
integrationand use, Management and
leadership in a Public sector(County
Government of Machakos)

28. ICT Infrastructure and Integration and
Use of ICT
• Infrastructureis the physical hardware used to
connect computer and users;
• Media-Telephone,satellites,repeaters,software
• Infrastructureis everything that supports the
flow and processing of information
• It is the essential foundationfor the
informationsociety

29. CHALLENGES
• Kenya lacks adequate connectivity facilities and
network infrastructure
• High levels of Poverty
• Limited rural electrification-Last mile
• Frequentelectricity disruptions
• Limited national penetration of physical
telecommunication infrastructure in rural areas
• Limited access to dedicated telecommunication lines
• Fibre optic connectivity
• High cost is also a barrier
• High cost of Installation

30. STAFF CAPACITY & COMPETENCE AND
INTEGRATION AND USE OF ICT
• Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge
and ability to use computers and related
Technology.
• Also refers to Comfort levels someone has using a
computer programs and applications
• The basic understanding knowledge
• Understanding infrastructure that underpins
much of today's ICT’s life
• Basic ICT skills
• Competency of delivering public services,
Education and training

31. Continued..
• E-governmentprogram are being implemented in an
environment where there is no comprehensive public
access to ICT education
• Lack of preparednessfor utilizing Government
resources
• Digital divide-rural and urban
• Rural electrification has not reached all schools
• Weak human resource management
• Management capacity(IFMIS)
• Poor Organizational structures, complex change objects
and High level of technical management capacity
required

32. MANAGEMENTSUPPORT ,INTEGRATION AND
USE OF ICT
• Top management is key in adoption and diffusion
of IT innovation
• It plays a crucial role in initiation adoption
process
• It has great power to influence other members
behavior in any organization
• Strategic vision top management can encourage
ICT assimilation.
• Necessary resources can allocated through their
advise

33. Management Support Continued…
Managementhas influence on development of
E-government in the following fields;
1. Strategy-setting objects, setting structures
2. Incentives
3. Capacity building and Human Resources
Management(agingworkforce)

34. Continued…
• Departmental Silos
• Technical and non technical barriers
• Managementskills to enable have e-projects
• Principles of management control through
planningand regulations operations

35. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES AND
USE OF ICT
• Use of ICT for Government Reinvention
• Limited Computer application for public sector
• Inadequate infrastructure and shortage of skilled
manpower
• Lack of financial resources
• Lack of Coordination
• Lack of Institutionalization
• Solid guidelines in ICT departments
• Fragmentation initiatives in Government agencies
• Enforcement mechanisms
• Low ICT uptake in government Departments
• Liberization of Government policies in regard to traffic etc

36. RESEARCH GAPS
• Previous Studies in this area indicate that it is an area
worthy of doing research
• ICT integration continues to be a challenge in many
county Governments in Kenya
• ICT integration is yet to reach its full potential and its
utilization is limited.
• Literaturereview highlighted several factors that affect
ICT integration
• No study on ICT integration in the County Government
of Machakos
• The book(study) will sought to add to the ICT
integration area of knowledge

37. RELATED RESEARCH
• Magutu and lelei 2010 conducted studies with
bias on national Government-State
corporations
• ICT integration persist in county governments
which lead to poor service delivery
• The study sought to fill these gaps
• Factors that affect integration and use of ICT
in the Management of county governments

38. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• Concept is an abstract or general idea derived from
specific instances.
• A conceptual framework is a set of broad ideas and
principles taken from relevant fields of enquiry and
used to structure a subsequent presentation.
• The dependent variable is ‘Integration and use of ICT’
• Its indicators include, cost reduction, quality of service,
improve access to information, transparency and
improved decision making
• The Independent variable are Infrastructure,staff
capacity, Management support and Government policy
and procedures.

39. Integrationanduse of ICT
Cost reduction
Quality of service
delivery
Access to information
Transparency
Decision making
Staff capacity/competence
Relevant Training
Developingskills andcompetence
Changes in job behavior
ICT uptake
Staff experience
ICTinfrastructure
presence ofrelevant ICT Hardware-Servers,computers,printers,Scanners
and internet
Condition ofICT infrastructure
Relevance to jobdescription
Complexityof ICT infrastructure
Use of ICT Infrastructure
Management support
Resourcefacilitation
Trainingand capacity building
Motivationandencouragement
Response to queries
Maintenance of ICT facilities
Government policiesand procedures
Existence
Ease of use
Relevance
Usage
Adequacy

40. Research hypotheses
• The following were the hypotheses;
• H1: There is a significant relationship between ICT infrastructure and the
integration and use of information and communication technology in the
managementof Machakos county government.
• H2: There is a significant relationship between Staff skills and capacity and
the integration and use of information and communication technology in
the managementof Machakos county government.
• H3: There is a significant relationship between Management support and
the integration and use of information and communication technology in
the managementof Machakos county government.
• H4: There is a significant relationship between Government policies and
practices and the integration and use of information and communication
technology in the managementof Machakos county government.

41. Operationalization of the variables
Example of Infrastructure
• VARIABLE-ICT Infrastructure
• MEASUREMENT(LIKERTSCALE) Hardwares
Servers,Computers,Printers,Scanners and Internet
• QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE
1.Is there ICT Infrastructure?
2.What is the condition of the ICT ,Equipments/Infrastructure?
3.What is the relevance of ICT infrastructure?
4.How is the complexityof ICT infrastructure?
5.What is the use of ICT infrastructure?

42. OPERATIONALIZATION OF VARIABLE
Staff Capacity Example
• VARIABLE- Staff Capacity
• MEASUREMENT(LIKERT SCALE) Relevant Training,
Developing Skills & competency,Changes in job behavior,ICT
uptake
• QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE
1.What is the staff Relevant Training?
2.Are the staff developing skills and Competencies?
3.Are there changes in job behavior due To use of ICT?
4.What is the level of ICT uptake?
5.Do employee have experience in the use of ICT?

43. SUMMARY
• Developed Countries have made remarkable
investment in ICT and integration
• Developing Countries are heavily investing in ICT
despite other challenges like famine and drought.
• There is low internet connectivity, inadequate
power supply coupled with regular interruptions
• Low number of computers
• This creates a digital Divide between the
developed and developing countries

44. CHAPTER THREE-RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• This Chapter discusses the methodology that
was used in gathering the data, analyzing and
reporting the results.
• The methods used and tools
• Research design
• Sample size
• Validity and reliability tests
• Ethical practices