Infrastructure And Rural

Infrastructure and Rural
Introduction Infrastructures are basic essential services that should be put in place to enable development to occur. Socio–economic development can
be facilitated and accelerated by the presence of social and economic infrastructures. If these facilities and services are not in place, development will
be very difficult and in fact can be likened to a very scarce commodity that can only be secured at a very high price and cost. Nigeria Public spending
have been geared towards the provision of infrastructures and social services such as schools, hospitals, electricity, water supply etc, while economic
activities such as deliberately establishing manufacturing and processing industries...show more content...
Justifying the functional superiority of theories as guide post in all field of human endeavour, Onah(2003) argued that rather than base actions on
judgment derived from guesswork or speculations, theories enables a chosen line of action to be anchored in and guided by evidence derived from
specific scientific research which makes the consequences of such action fall in line with the intended direction as possible. In this paper, we anchor
the effects of infrastructure on urban/rural development in the work of John Maynard Keynes, etc, before taking a look on selected sectors. One of the
first systematic attempts to link infrastructure indirectly to poverty reduction was made by John Maynard Keynes in 1936. In The General Theory of
Employment Interest and Money, Keynes argues that in an economy characterized by depression and market failure, high public expenditure is
necessary to adjust the economy back to high levels of employment. This implies that high public investment in social and economic infrastructure
would increase national income, employment and the welfare of people. This theory could be of practical importance in developing countries where the
bulk of investment in infrastructure is owned and financed by government, and market mechanisms do not function properly. In these countries almost
70 per cent of infrastructure investments are
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Disadvantages Of Rural Development
There is a lot of construction work have been carried out in the city. But the development of construction works in rural areas also increased. This is to
explore the rural area which has potential or ability to become an attraction of our country. There are many advantages in rural development some of
them are increasing in literacy rate, improve in transportation and road facility, water problems are solved, better improvement in power supply and
also improving to live a better life. http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_of_rural_development One of the advantages in rural
development is literacy rate is increasing in rural areas. The literacy rate of people in rural areas is poor if compare to the people who live in city.
This is because there is less educational introduce in the rural areas. The rural areas are lack of educational because they do not have enough resources
to construct educational building such as school. The children in rural areas should study to gain knowledge and get use of it. So, the advantage of rural
development to the population is the literacy rate increase among the people in rural areas. When there is implementing of construction project, the
most important building which must be constructed is school. This is to give convenient to the people to study and...show more content...
This is because some of the rural place still do not have roadway. They still using boat as their transport and their only excess is river. So, if
implement the development in rural area, the transportation and road facility can be improved. For example, if there is a roadway, the people can use
the motorcycle and car as their daily transportation. It is more convenient, easy and safer than using boat. In short, development of the transportation
and road facility in rural area is important and simultaneously provide the advantages to the people who live in rural

Rural Development Case Study
Case Study Of A Rural Development:
The Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project (ARISP) III
[pic]
By
LEONILA TANYAG
–CONRADO
2012
Table of Contents
Case Study Abstract
Introduction
Definition of Terms
Objectives
Project Beneficiaries
Analysis of the project

Development Framework
Expected Outcomes
Recommendation for Sustainability
Sources
CASE STUDY ABSTRACT:
This case details the implementation of Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project (ARISP) III in the province of Quezon 1. The vision of writer
is to initially determine the effect of the on–going implementation in the...show more content...
It also includes the replication of Agrarian Information and Marketing Center (AIM–C),when and where feasible, to provide marketing assistance,
information service, training and financing services to the ARBs.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Agrarian reform is defined to mean the redistribution of lands, regardless of crops or fruits produced, to farmers and regular farm workers who are
landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangement, to include the totally of factors and support services designed to lift the economic status of the
beneficiaries and all other arrangements alternative to the physical redistribution of lands, such as production or profit sharing, labor administration,
and the distribution of shares of stocks, which will allow beneficiaries to receive a just share of the fruits of the lands they work.
ARC Connectivity – is a new strategy wherein development in the ARCs will radiate to non–ARC barangays that will benefit more ARBs and
communities. Each barangay will complement the development concept of the cluster barangays which is conceived to undertake agro industrial
development endeavor focusing on production, processing, and marketing of products where they have competitive advantage.
AGRARIAN REFORM COMMUNITY (ARC) DEVELOPMENT – is an area focused intervention designed to propel and sustain national growth
through a people centered, concentrated, holistic approach in community development.
Economic freedom is a term used in economics which

Development Framework
Expected Outcomes
Recommendation for Sustainability
Sources
CASE STUDY ABSTRACT:
This case details the implementation of Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project (ARISP) III in the province of Quezon 1. The vision of writer
is to initially determine the effect of the on–going implementation in the three selected sites which belong to the 5th class Municipalities in the
province. The...show more content...
It espouses the concept of integrated area development in agrarian reform communities wherein basic infrastructure, organization/institutional,
agricultural and enterprise development support are combined to produce incremental growth in productivity and income among farmers.
Specifically, the Project will deliver basic support services to the presently underserved ARCs and where possible, consolidate economic activities and
organizations to cover more farmer beneficiaries. As of December 2004, only 57% of the 1,617 ARCs have been effectively provided with support
services most of which were financed through Official Development Assistance (ODA) due to national government budget shortage. ARISP III is
designed to cover about 129 underserved ARCs to unleash their growth potentials for agricultural production and agribusiness. It will also support
initial investments in promoting ARC connectivity by consolidating and marketing the produce and products of a cluster of ARCs to increase value
added and spread the benefits of growth to a greater number of farmers.
In Quezon 1, the three ARCs covered by the project include ARC Bulihan in San Antonio, ARC Carlagan in Burdeos and ARC Banadero
–Libjo in
Polillo, Quezon whose desired results are:
1. To increase average household income of about 700 farmer beneficiaries

The Development Of Rural Development
Rural development can be referred to as actions and initiatives to improve the socio–economic life in villages and non–urban neighborhoods. It involves
provision of social, physical, and institutional infrastructural facilities. Agricultural development is transforming from a traditional level to a market
oriented one. According to Okonkwor (1987), agricultural development is a process of change not fully from the traditional and subsistence mode to
more productive and commercialized enterprises but also the transformation of the people who engage in it. Infrastructural facilities help in
transforming the economy. According to an inaugural Africa rural development forum, countries that have developed their ruralinfrastructure have
...show more content...
Availability of infrastructural facilities improves agricultural development, which helps to reducepoverty. There are some international agencies that
help in improving quality of lives and alleviating poverty by providing funds and through programs. Social, physical and institutional infrastructural
facilities promote rural development, which improves socio–economic life. In sub–Saharan Africa, about 70 per cent of the population has limited or
no access to electricity hindering socioeconomic development,. The economic development of a country depends on the quantity and quality of its
resources, the state of technology and the efficient deployment of resources in both the production and consumption processes (Fapohunda, 1979).
According to World Food Summit, roads, electricity, supplies, telecommunications and other infrastructure services are limited in all rural areas,
although they are of key importance to stimulate agricultural investment and growth. In recent years, there has been a belief that the differences in
growth between the successful East Asian economies and other parts of the developing world can be explained by failure to invest sufficiently in
infrastructure (Estache and Fay, 2007). These facilities can be good water supply, education, health care and power supply. Availability of these
resources will increase job opportunities and increase income. If infrastructures are improved in a

Sustainable Development of villages
A case example of village in Mathura district
Sunanda Kapoor1, Sher Singh Baghel2
1Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Design, Manipal University Jaipur
2Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, G.L. Bajaj Group of Institutions, Mathura
India is a country where major part of its population lives in rural area and majority of rural people are deprived from the very basic amenities. There
are approximately 900 villages in Mathura district. These villages are not in very good condition and do not cater to the basic needs of villages i.e.
education, healthcare, employment etc. The aim of this article to demonstrate through various developmental proposals that village can be
self–contained in itself by understanding & identifying the potential of that place. For the demonstration of sustainable development, village sameri of
Mathura district has been taken up. The main aim of this project is to upgrade built environment of village and living conditions of villagers which
include the socio–economic well–being, livable atmosphere, educational upliftment and societal integrity of the people living in the village. It is
intended to show various stages of village development without degrading the environment. The article is divided into three sections: familiarization
with the place, identification of issues and finally typical proposals which can also be adopted in other villages of Mathura district. The last section of

The Development Of Rural Development
3.2 Rural Development
According to Oyeleye, D.A.(1987) he defines rural development as process in which development in social infrastructures such as better roads, water
supply, electricity, schools and hospitals spreads out from the urban centres or communities and moves into the rural villages and communities.
Abumere S.I. (2002) stated that if rural development is defined as a means to help improve the physical, cultural, social and economic status or life of
the rural people then that means that infrastructures such as roads, clean water, electricity, telecommunication and other facilities must be carefully
planned and delivered to the rural people in a consistent manner. It doesn't matter whether these infrastructures are built from the urban centres and
move into the rural areas or vice versa. The delivery mechanisms must be very consistent.
Inorder for any country to develope and progress both socially and economically, it must have the necessary infrastructures that are needed to facilitate
such development, in both urban and rural areas of the country.
However studies have shown that in most developing countries, rural areas/villages are mostly neglected therefore these rural areas don't have these
basic infrastructures that are needed for development. Therefore there is a huge demand for building infrastructures into rural areas.
That is very true for Papua New Guinea where the bulks of the population live in the rural areas. The Gena villagers are one of the

Essay about Rural Education
Rural Education
Where a child grows up and which high school they attend greatly affects further education and employment. Higher education, including college and
vocational schooling, factors into employment opportunity. Research has shown that schools in rural areas have far less resources for students
interested in attending college, providing less opportunity for students pursuing higher education. Wilsonville High School, located the city of
Wilsonville just south of Portland, Oregon, represents a typical urban high school in an upper–middleclass city. In contrast, Cottage Grove High School,
located in the small rural town of Cottage Grove, southwest of Eugene, Oregon supports a much lower income community. Both schools differ...show
more content...
In the State of Oregon, a family of four must make $30,800 or less annually to qualify for reduced meals, while the same family earning $21,700 or
less annually would qualify for free meals. Cottage Grove High School has far more students eligible for free or reduced meals (44%) than
Wilsonville High School (12%). The percentage of students eligible for free or reduced meals at Wilsonville High School is slightly higher than the
district average of 10.5 percent, but much lower than Clackamas county (at 25.9%), which includes much of the Portland metropolitan area. The
number of students eligible for free or reduced meals at Cottage Grove High School, however, is lower than the district average of 53.7 percent and
slightly higher than Lane County's 39 percent. The free and reduced statistics are reinforced by poverty levels: 17 percent of Cottage Grove families
earn wages under the poverty level, surpassing the state average by 33 percent. Comparing the students at both high schools clearly determines that on
average, students at Wilsonville high school come from families than earn higher incomes than students at Cottage Grove High School.
Testing: Standardized and SAT
Oregon requires students statewide in grades 3, 5, 8, and 10 to participate in testing in the areas of math, reading, and writing. The tests provide a

Urban bias has been presented as a major impediment to rural development because it perpetrates discriminatory policies which create and perpetuate
disparities between urban and rural areas and consequently the development of urban areas at the expense of rural areas. This paper examines how
urban bias, to a large extent, is the major impediment to rural development owing to its skewed policies and to down development approaches.
Urban bias proponents, chief among them Lipton (1977), argue that many underdeveloped nations implement investment, tax, pricing, and other
policies which disproportionately favour urban areas at the expense of rural areas. The state enacts such policies because of pressure from elitist
urban–based groups such...show more content...
Notwithstanding, other causes of rural underdevelopment may be cited, such as unemployment and low income levels (Francis, 2000). Income and
employment are closely linked and have a pronounced influence on poverty and development in general. Wage–related income is one of the main
determinants of rural poverty and underdevelopment. Wage income affords people the ability to purchase necessities such as safe housing and
sufficient healthy food (Francis, 2000). Higher income status generally results in more control and discretion over basic needs. Higher wages result in
an increased ability to cover the costs of not only basic needs but also items of higher quality and non–basic items such as higher education, specialized
healthcare (Woodward, 1996).
Sociocultural factors also play a crucial role in promoting or impeding development. Factors such as values and traditions that either encourage or
discourage social and economic mobility, innovation and entrepreneurship, also constitute a causal factor of rural underdevelopment (McLaughlin,
1986). Barro (2000) found that some rural community leaders deliberately retard local economic development to maintain their position of power and
promote the well–being of those aligned with them. The sociocultural approach blames the victims for their predicament and not their urban

Abstract: Entrepreneur is fundamental drive for the development of the economy in India. Rural Entrepreneurship plays a fundamental in the
improvement of a nation. Provincial business visionaries now a day's confronting part of difficulties and chances to run and build up their business,
this review dissect the real open door for the rustic business person who relocate from country zones or semi – urban regions to Urban regions and
business visionaries confronting numerous issues due to not accessibility of essential luxuries like monetary quality, motivational variables, absence of
instruction , lacking specialized issues, showcasing support in country ranges of creating nation like India. The present paper concentrates on
circumstances and difficulties of rustic enterprise...show more content...
Rural business people in cutting edge countries are perceived and are more unmistakable in the business world. However, in India country business
visionaries are confronting some real imperatives like Lack of certainty destitution to contend their life. The real boundaries like Socio social,
Market–arranged dangers Motivational components, Knowledge in dealing with the business, Awareness about the budgetary help, Having Exposure in
going to preparing programs recognizing the fundamental accessible assets and so on. The review manages different parts of rustic improvement, for
example, business, rural advancement, social advancement, Therefore, while talking about on the strengthening of provincial business people ranges
are at last set apart by neediness and backwardness. In such a circumstance, rustic industrialization is seen as compelling methods for quickening the
procedure of provincial advancement by engaging the provincial business people in the nation. The present review accordingly, goes for examining the
issues and difficulties of provincial business visionaries in Krishnagiri

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