Vulnerability management is a proactive approach to identifying and closing vulnerabilities through ongoing processes of security scanning, auditing, and remediation. It aims to stay ahead of constantly changing threats by maintaining an inventory of known vulnerabilities and prioritizing remediation. In addition to technical vulnerabilities, poor internal processes around user access management, patching, and configuration can also pose risks, so these operational activities should be regularly assessed and improved. Once gaps have been addressed through effective vulnerability management over time, penetration testing can further test security and provide assurance.