Learning is an internal process rather than an external behavior change. There are different types of knowledge including general/specific, declarative, procedural, and episodic knowledge. Memory involves multiple stages including sensory register which briefly holds sensory information, and working memory which can hold around 5-9 chunks of information for around 18 seconds through rehearsal and other techniques to transfer information to long-term memory.

4. LEARNING
An internal
process,
not an external
behavior change

6. 1. GENERAL VS. SPECIFIC
This involves whether
the knowledge useful in
many tasks, or only in
one

7. 2. DECLARATIVE
This refers to factual
knowledge

8. 3. PROCEDURAL
This includes
knowledge on how
to do things

9. 4. EPISODIC
This includes
memories of life
events.

10. 5. CONDITIONAL
This is about "knowing
when and why" to apply
declarative or procedural
strategies

12. Sensory Register The first step in the IP
model, holds all sensory information for a
very brief time.
• Capacity: Our mind receives a great amount of
information but it is more than what our minds can
hold or perceive
• Duration: The sensory register only holds the
information for an extremely brief—in the order of 1
to 3 seconds

14. 1. To bring information into
consciousness, it is
necessary that we give
attention to it. Such that,
we can only perceive and
remember later those
things that pass through
our attention "gate"

15. 2.Getting through this
attentional filter is done when
the learner is interested in the
material; when there is
conscious control over
attention, or when information
involves novelty, surprise,
salience, and distinctiveness.

16. 3. Before information is perceived, it is
known as "pre categorical" information.
This means that until that point, the
learner has not established a
determination of the categorical
membership of the information. To this
point, the information is coming in as
uninterpreted patterns of stimuli. Once it is
perceived, we can categorize, judge,
interpret, and place meaning to the
stimuli. If we fail to perceive,we have no
means by which to recognize that the
stimulus was ever encountered.

17. Capacity: 5 to 9
"chunks" of
information limited
time
Duration: Around
18 seconds or
less

21. 2 Main Ways
1. Decay- Information is not
attended to, and eventually
'fades' away
2. Interference- New or old
information 'blocks' access
to the information question

22. Methods for Increasing Retrieval of
Information
• Rehearsal- Repeating information verbatim
• Meaningful Learning- Making connections between new information
and prior knowledge
• Organization- Making connections among various pieces of
information
• Elaboration- Adding additional ideas to new information based on
what one already knows
• Visual Imagery- This means forming a "picture" of the information
• Generation- Things we 'produce' are easier to remember than things
we 'hear'
• Context- Remembering the situation helps recover information
• Personalization- Making the information relevant to the individual

23. Other Memory Methods
• Serial Position Effect- You will remember the
beginning and end of 'list' most readily
• Part Learning- Break up the 'list' or 'chunk'
information to increase memorization
• Distributed Practice- Break up learning sessions,
rather than cramming all the info in at once
• Mnemonic Aids- These are memory techniques
that learners may employ to help them retain and
retrieve more effectively

25. You cannot
have a
positive life
and a
negative