Inflation & unemployment in vietnam
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The document examines the relationship between inflation and unemployment in Vietnam from 1996 to 2010 based on statistics from that period. It discusses three phases: the Phillips phase where inflation and unemployment have an inverse relationship, the stagflation phase where both inflation and unemployment increase, and the recovery phase where unemployment decreases but inflation remains high. It also notes that in the long run, inflation and unemployment are unrelated according to economic theory as unemployment returns to its natural rate.
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Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene
in a Recession and, If So, How?
Harashima, Taiji
Kanazawa Seiryo University
2 April 2017
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78053/
MPRA Paper No. 78053, posted 31 Mar 2017 09:03 UTC
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene in a Recession and, If So, How?
Taiji HARASHIMA*
April, 2017
Abstract
The validity of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession will differ according to the cause and
mechanism of recession. In this paper, discretionary fiscal policy in a recession caused by a
fundamental shock that changes the steady state downwards is examined. In such a recession,
households need to discontinuously increase consumption to a point on the saddle path to
maintain Pareto efficiency. However, they will not “jump” consumption in this manner and
instead will choose a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient path” because they dislike
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JEL Classification code: E20, E32, E62, H20, H30, H63
Keywords: Discretionary Fiscal policy; Recession; Government consumption; Government
debts; Pareto inefficiency; Time preference
*Correspondence: Taiji HARASHIMA, Kanazawa Seiryo University, 10-1 Goshomachi-Ushi,
Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8620, Japan.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Discretionary fiscal policy has been studied from many perspectives since the era of Keynes
(e.g., Keynes, 1936; Kopcke et al., 2006; Chari et al., 2009; Farmer, 2009; Alesina, 2012;
Benhabib et al., 2014). An important issue is whether a government should intervene fiscally in
a recession, and if so, how. The answer will differ according to the cause and mechanism of
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The concept of disequilibrium is, however, controversial and therefore arguments continue even
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Some fundamental shocks will change the steady state, and if the steady state is changed
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consumption path to one that d ...
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene
in a Recession and, If So, How?
Harashima, Taiji
Kanazawa Seiryo University
2 April 2017
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78053/
MPRA Paper No. 78053, posted 31 Mar 2017 09:03 UTC
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene in a Recession and, If So, How?
Taiji HARASHIMA*
April, 2017
Abstract
The validity of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession will differ according to the cause and
mechanism of recession. In this paper, discretionary fiscal policy in a recession caused by a
fundamental shock that changes the steady state downwards is examined. In such a recession,
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maintain Pareto efficiency. However, they will not “jump” consumption in this manner and
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maintaining this fiscal policy for a long period is the best option. Consequent government debts
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JEL Classification code: E20, E32, E62, H20, H30, H63
Keywords: Discretionary Fiscal policy; Recession; Government consumption; Government
debts; Pareto inefficiency; Time preference
*Correspondence: Taiji HARASHIMA, Kanazawa Seiryo University, 10-1 Goshomachi-Ushi,
Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8620, Japan.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Discretionary fiscal policy has been studied from many perspectives since the era of Keynes
(e.g., Keynes, 1936; Kopcke et al., 2006; Chari et al., 2009; Farmer, 2009; Alesina, 2012;
Benhabib et al., 2014). An important issue is whether a government should intervene fiscally in
a recession, and if so, how. The answer will differ according to the cause and mechanism of
recession. Particularly, it will be different depending on whether “disequilibrium” is generated.
The concept of disequilibrium is, however, controversial and therefore arguments continue even
now about the use of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession. In this paper, the concept of
disequilibrium is not used, but instead the concept of a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient
path” is used.
Recessions are generated by various shocks (e.g., Rebelo, 2005; Blanchard, 2009;
Ireland, 2011; Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe, 2012; McGrattan and Prescott, 2014; Hall, 2016).
Some fundamental shocks will change the steady state, and if the steady state is changed
downwards (i.e., to lower levels of production and consumption), households must change the
consumption path to one that d.
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene
in a Recession and, If So, How?
Harashima, Taiji
Kanazawa Seiryo University
2 April 2017
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78053/
MPRA Paper No. 78053, posted 31 Mar 2017 09:03 UTC
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene in a Recession and, If So, How?
Taiji HARASHIMA*
April, 2017
Abstract
The validity of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession will differ according to the cause and
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fundamental shock that changes the steady state downwards is examined. In such a recession,
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maintain Pareto efficiency. However, they will not “jump” consumption in this manner and
instead will choose a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient path” because they dislike
unsmooth and discontinuous consumption and behave strategically. The paper concludes that
increasing government consumption until demand meets the present level of production and
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JEL Classification code: E20, E32, E62, H20, H30, H63
Keywords: Discretionary Fiscal policy; Recession; Government consumption; Government
debts; Pareto inefficiency; Time preference
*Correspondence: Taiji HARASHIMA, Kanazawa Seiryo University, 10-1 Goshomachi-Ushi,
Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8620, Japan.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Discretionary fiscal policy has been studied from many perspectives since the era of Keynes
(e.g., Keynes, 1936; Kopcke et al., 2006; Chari et al., 2009; Farmer, 2009; Alesina, 2012;
Benhabib et al., 2014). An important issue is whether a government should intervene fiscally in
a recession, and if so, how. The answer will differ according to the cause and mechanism of
recession. Particularly, it will be different depending on whether “disequilibrium” is generated.
The concept of disequilibrium is, however, controversial and therefore arguments continue even
now about the use of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession. In this paper, the concept of
disequilibrium is not used, but instead the concept of a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient
path” is used.
Recessions are generated by various shocks (e.g., Rebelo, 2005; Blanchard, 2009;
Ireland, 2011; Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe, 2012; McGrattan and Prescott, 2014; Hall, 2016).
Some fundamental shocks will change the steady state, and if the steady state is changed
downwards (i.e., to lower levels of production and consumption), households must change the
consumption path to one that d.
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene
in a Recession and, If So, How?
Harashima, Taiji
Kanazawa Seiryo University
2 April 2017
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78053/
MPRA Paper No. 78053, posted 31 Mar 2017 09:03 UTC
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene in a Recession and, If So, How?
Taiji HARASHIMA*
April, 2017
Abstract
The validity of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession will differ according to the cause and
mechanism of recession. In this paper, discretionary fiscal policy in a recession caused by a
fundamental shock that changes the steady state downwards is examined. In such a recession,
households need to discontinuously increase consumption to a point on the saddle path to
maintain Pareto efficiency. However, they will not “jump” consumption in this manner and
instead will choose a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient path” because they dislike
unsmooth and discontinuous consumption and behave strategically. The paper concludes that
increasing government consumption until demand meets the present level of production and
maintaining this fiscal policy for a long period is the best option. Consequent government debts
can be sustainable even if they become extremely large.
JEL Classification code: E20, E32, E62, H20, H30, H63
Keywords: Discretionary Fiscal policy; Recession; Government consumption; Government
debts; Pareto inefficiency; Time preference
*Correspondence: Taiji HARASHIMA, Kanazawa Seiryo University, 10-1 Goshomachi-Ushi,
Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8620, Japan.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Discretionary fiscal policy has been studied from many perspectives since the era of Keynes
(e.g., Keynes, 1936; Kopcke et al., 2006; Chari et al., 2009; Farmer, 2009; Alesina, 2012;
Benhabib et al., 2014). An important issue is whether a government should intervene fiscally in
a recession, and if so, how. The answer will differ according to the cause and mechanism of
recession. Particularly, it will be different depending on whether “disequilibrium” is generated.
The concept of disequilibrium is, however, controversial and therefore arguments continue even
now about the use of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession. In this paper, the concept of
disequilibrium is not used, but instead the concept of a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient
path” is used.
Recessions are generated by various shocks (e.g., Rebelo, 2005; Blanchard, 2009;
Ireland, 2011; Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe, 2012; McGrattan and Prescott, 2014; Hall, 2016).
Some fundamental shocks will change the steady state, and if the steady state is changed
downwards (i.e., to lower levels of production and consumption), households must change the
consumption path to one that d.
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene
in a Recession and, If So, How?
Harashima, Taiji
Kanazawa Seiryo University
2 April 2017
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78053/
MPRA Paper No. 78053, posted 31 Mar 2017 09:03 UTC
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene in a Recession and, If So, How?
Taiji HARASHIMA*
April, 2017
Abstract
The validity of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession will differ according to the cause and
mechanism of recession. In this paper, discretionary fiscal policy in a recession caused by a
fundamental shock that changes the steady state downwards is examined. In such a recession,
households need to discontinuously increase consumption to a point on the saddle path to
maintain Pareto efficiency. However, they will not “jump” consumption in this manner and
instead will choose a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient path” because they dislike
unsmooth and discontinuous consumption and behave strategically. The paper concludes that
increasing government consumption until demand meets the present level of production and
maintaining this fiscal policy for a long period is the best option. Consequent government debts
can be sustainable even if they become extremely large.
JEL Classification code: E20, E32, E62, H20, H30, H63
Keywords: Discretionary Fiscal policy; Recession; Government consumption; Government
debts; Pareto inefficiency; Time preference
*Correspondence: Taiji HARASHIMA, Kanazawa Seiryo University, 10-1 Goshomachi-Ushi,
Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8620, Japan.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Discretionary fiscal policy has been studied from many perspectives since the era of Keynes
(e.g., Keynes, 1936; Kopcke et al., 2006; Chari et al., 2009; Farmer, 2009; Alesina, 2012;
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The concept of disequilibrium is, however, controversial and therefore arguments continue even
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disequilibrium is not used, but instead the concept of a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient
path” is used.
Recessions are generated by various shocks (e.g., Rebelo, 2005; Blanchard, 2009;
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Some fundamental shocks will change the steady state, and if the steady state is changed
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consumption path to one that d.
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The document discusses discretionary fiscal policy during recessions caused by fundamental shocks that lower the steady state level of production and consumption. It argues that households, being risk averse and non-cooperative, will not "jump" their consumption to the new efficient path but instead follow a Pareto inefficient path with continuously falling consumption. The best policy option in this scenario is for the government to increase consumption through fiscal policy until demand meets current production levels, maintaining this for a long period. This will lead to large government debts but they can be sustained if taxes are appropriately increased in the future.
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This document discusses whether governments should intervene fiscally during recessions and how. It analyzes a recession caused by an upward shift in the rate of time preference (RTP), which changes the steady state downward. Households would normally "jump" consumption to the new steady state path to maintain efficiency, but they prefer smooth consumption. As a result, they choose an inefficient path with high unemployment. The government has three options: do nothing, increase spending, or cut taxes. Increasing spending to match demand with current production for a long period is argued to be the best approach, despite large accumulating debts that can be sustained through future tax increases.
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The relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty in Vietnam over ...
The relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty in Vietnam over the period 1995-2010.pdf
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene
in a Recession and, If So, How?
Harashima, Taiji
Kanazawa Seiryo University
2 April 2017
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78053/
MPRA Paper No. 78053, posted 31 Mar 2017 09:03 UTC
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene in a Recession and, If So, How?
Taiji HARASHIMA*
April, 2017
Abstract
The validity of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession will differ according to the cause and
mechanism of recession. In this paper, discretionary fiscal policy in a recession caused by a
fundamental shock that changes the steady state downwards is examined. In such a recession,
households need to discontinuously increase consumption to a point on the saddle path to
maintain Pareto efficiency. However, they will not “jump” consumption in this manner and
instead will choose a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient path” because they dislike
unsmooth and discontinuous consumption and behave strategically. The paper concludes that
increasing government consumption until demand meets the present level of production and
maintaining this fiscal policy for a long period is the best option. Consequent government debts
can be sustainable even if they become extremely large.
JEL Classification code: E20, E32, E62, H20, H30, H63
Keywords: Discretionary Fiscal policy; Recession; Government consumption; Government
debts; Pareto inefficiency; Time preference
*Correspondence: Taiji HARASHIMA, Kanazawa Seiryo University, 10-1 Goshomachi-Ushi,
Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8620, Japan.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Discretionary fiscal policy has been studied from many perspectives since the era of Keynes
(e.g., Keynes, 1936; Kopcke et al., 2006; Chari et al., 2009; Farmer, 2009; Alesina, 2012;
Benhabib et al., 2014). An important issue is whether a government should intervene fiscally in
a recession, and if so, how. The answer will differ according to the cause and mechanism of
recession. Particularly, it will be different depending on whether “disequilibrium” is generated.
The concept of disequilibrium is, however, controversial and therefore arguments continue even
now about the use of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession. In this paper, the concept of
disequilibrium is not used, but instead the concept of a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient
path” is used.
Recessions are generated by various shocks (e.g., Rebelo, 2005; Blanchard, 2009;
Ireland, 2011; Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe, 2012; McGrattan and Prescott, 2014; Hall, 2016).
Some fundamental shocks will change the steady state, and if the steady state is changed
downwards (i.e., to lower levels of production and consumption), households must change the
consumption path to one that d ...
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene
in a Recession and, If So, How?
Harashima, Taiji
Kanazawa Seiryo University
2 April 2017
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78053/
MPRA Paper No. 78053, posted 31 Mar 2017 09:03 UTC
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene in a Recession and, If So, How?
Taiji HARASHIMA*
April, 2017
Abstract
The validity of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession will differ according to the cause and
mechanism of recession. In this paper, discretionary fiscal policy in a recession caused by a
fundamental shock that changes the steady state downwards is examined. In such a recession,
households need to discontinuously increase consumption to a point on the saddle path to
maintain Pareto efficiency. However, they will not “jump” consumption in this manner and
instead will choose a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient path” because they dislike
unsmooth and discontinuous consumption and behave strategically. The paper concludes that
increasing government consumption until demand meets the present level of production and
maintaining this fiscal policy for a long period is the best option. Consequent government debts
can be sustainable even if they become extremely large.
JEL Classification code: E20, E32, E62, H20, H30, H63
Keywords: Discretionary Fiscal policy; Recession; Government consumption; Government
debts; Pareto inefficiency; Time preference
*Correspondence: Taiji HARASHIMA, Kanazawa Seiryo University, 10-1 Goshomachi-Ushi,
Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8620, Japan.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Discretionary fiscal policy has been studied from many perspectives since the era of Keynes
(e.g., Keynes, 1936; Kopcke et al., 2006; Chari et al., 2009; Farmer, 2009; Alesina, 2012;
Benhabib et al., 2014). An important issue is whether a government should intervene fiscally in
a recession, and if so, how. The answer will differ according to the cause and mechanism of
recession. Particularly, it will be different depending on whether “disequilibrium” is generated.
The concept of disequilibrium is, however, controversial and therefore arguments continue even
now about the use of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession. In this paper, the concept of
disequilibrium is not used, but instead the concept of a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient
path” is used.
Recessions are generated by various shocks (e.g., Rebelo, 2005; Blanchard, 2009;
Ireland, 2011; Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe, 2012; McGrattan and Prescott, 2014; Hall, 2016).
Some fundamental shocks will change the steady state, and if the steady state is changed
downwards (i.e., to lower levels of production and consumption), households must change the
consumption path to one that d.
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene
in a Recession and, If So, How?
Harashima, Taiji
Kanazawa Seiryo University
2 April 2017
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78053/
MPRA Paper No. 78053, posted 31 Mar 2017 09:03 UTC
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene in a Recession and, If So, How?
Taiji HARASHIMA*
April, 2017
Abstract
The validity of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession will differ according to the cause and
mechanism of recession. In this paper, discretionary fiscal policy in a recession caused by a
fundamental shock that changes the steady state downwards is examined. In such a recession,
households need to discontinuously increase consumption to a point on the saddle path to
maintain Pareto efficiency. However, they will not “jump” consumption in this manner and
instead will choose a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient path” because they dislike
unsmooth and discontinuous consumption and behave strategically. The paper concludes that
increasing government consumption until demand meets the present level of production and
maintaining this fiscal policy for a long period is the best option. Consequent government debts
can be sustainable even if they become extremely large.
JEL Classification code: E20, E32, E62, H20, H30, H63
Keywords: Discretionary Fiscal policy; Recession; Government consumption; Government
debts; Pareto inefficiency; Time preference
*Correspondence: Taiji HARASHIMA, Kanazawa Seiryo University, 10-1 Goshomachi-Ushi,
Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8620, Japan.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Discretionary fiscal policy has been studied from many perspectives since the era of Keynes
(e.g., Keynes, 1936; Kopcke et al., 2006; Chari et al., 2009; Farmer, 2009; Alesina, 2012;
Benhabib et al., 2014). An important issue is whether a government should intervene fiscally in
a recession, and if so, how. The answer will differ according to the cause and mechanism of
recession. Particularly, it will be different depending on whether “disequilibrium” is generated.
The concept of disequilibrium is, however, controversial and therefore arguments continue even
now about the use of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession. In this paper, the concept of
disequilibrium is not used, but instead the concept of a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient
path” is used.
Recessions are generated by various shocks (e.g., Rebelo, 2005; Blanchard, 2009;
Ireland, 2011; Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe, 2012; McGrattan and Prescott, 2014; Hall, 2016).
Some fundamental shocks will change the steady state, and if the steady state is changed
downwards (i.e., to lower levels of production and consumption), households must change the
consumption path to one that d.
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene
in a Recession and, If So, How?
Harashima, Taiji
Kanazawa Seiryo University
2 April 2017
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78053/
MPRA Paper No. 78053, posted 31 Mar 2017 09:03 UTC
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene in a Recession and, If So, How?
Taiji HARASHIMA*
April, 2017
Abstract
The validity of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession will differ according to the cause and
mechanism of recession. In this paper, discretionary fiscal policy in a recession caused by a
fundamental shock that changes the steady state downwards is examined. In such a recession,
households need to discontinuously increase consumption to a point on the saddle path to
maintain Pareto efficiency. However, they will not “jump” consumption in this manner and
instead will choose a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient path” because they dislike
unsmooth and discontinuous consumption and behave strategically. The paper concludes that
increasing government consumption until demand meets the present level of production and
maintaining this fiscal policy for a long period is the best option. Consequent government debts
can be sustainable even if they become extremely large.
JEL Classification code: E20, E32, E62, H20, H30, H63
Keywords: Discretionary Fiscal policy; Recession; Government consumption; Government
debts; Pareto inefficiency; Time preference
*Correspondence: Taiji HARASHIMA, Kanazawa Seiryo University, 10-1 Goshomachi-Ushi,
Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8620, Japan.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Discretionary fiscal policy has been studied from many perspectives since the era of Keynes
(e.g., Keynes, 1936; Kopcke et al., 2006; Chari et al., 2009; Farmer, 2009; Alesina, 2012;
Benhabib et al., 2014). An important issue is whether a government should intervene fiscally in
a recession, and if so, how. The answer will differ according to the cause and mechanism of
recession. Particularly, it will be different depending on whether “disequilibrium” is generated.
The concept of disequilibrium is, however, controversial and therefore arguments continue even
now about the use of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession. In this paper, the concept of
disequilibrium is not used, but instead the concept of a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient
path” is used.
Recessions are generated by various shocks (e.g., Rebelo, 2005; Blanchard, 2009;
Ireland, 2011; Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe, 2012; McGrattan and Prescott, 2014; Hall, 2016).
Some fundamental shocks will change the steady state, and if the steady state is changed
downwards (i.e., to lower levels of production and consumption), households must change the
consumption path to one that d.
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene
in a Recession and, If So, How?
Harashima, Taiji
Kanazawa Seiryo University
2 April 2017
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78053/
MPRA Paper No. 78053, posted 31 Mar 2017 09:03 UTC
Should a Government Fiscally Intervene in a Recession and, If So, How?
Taiji HARASHIMA*
April, 2017
Abstract
The validity of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession will differ according to the cause and
mechanism of recession. In this paper, discretionary fiscal policy in a recession caused by a
fundamental shock that changes the steady state downwards is examined. In such a recession,
households need to discontinuously increase consumption to a point on the saddle path to
maintain Pareto efficiency. However, they will not “jump” consumption in this manner and
instead will choose a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient path” because they dislike
unsmooth and discontinuous consumption and behave strategically. The paper concludes that
increasing government consumption until demand meets the present level of production and
maintaining this fiscal policy for a long period is the best option. Consequent government debts
can be sustainable even if they become extremely large.
JEL Classification code: E20, E32, E62, H20, H30, H63
Keywords: Discretionary Fiscal policy; Recession; Government consumption; Government
debts; Pareto inefficiency; Time preference
*Correspondence: Taiji HARASHIMA, Kanazawa Seiryo University, 10-1 Goshomachi-Ushi,
Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8620, Japan.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Discretionary fiscal policy has been studied from many perspectives since the era of Keynes
(e.g., Keynes, 1936; Kopcke et al., 2006; Chari et al., 2009; Farmer, 2009; Alesina, 2012;
Benhabib et al., 2014). An important issue is whether a government should intervene fiscally in
a recession, and if so, how. The answer will differ according to the cause and mechanism of
recession. Particularly, it will be different depending on whether “disequilibrium” is generated.
The concept of disequilibrium is, however, controversial and therefore arguments continue even
now about the use of discretionary fiscal policy in a recession. In this paper, the concept of
disequilibrium is not used, but instead the concept of a “Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient
path” is used.
Recessions are generated by various shocks (e.g., Rebelo, 2005; Blanchard, 2009;
Ireland, 2011; Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe, 2012; McGrattan and Prescott, 2014; Hall, 2016).
Some fundamental shocks will change the steady state, and if the steady state is changed
downwards (i.e., to lower levels of production and consumption), households must change the
consumption path to one that d.
Munich personal re p ec archiveshould a government fiscally
- The document examines whether a government should intervene fiscally during a recession caused by an upward shift in the rate of time preference (RTP).
- When the RTP increases, the steady state of the economy shifts downward, requiring households to adjust their consumption path. However, households will not "jump" consumption to the new efficient path due to risk aversion and wanting smooth consumption over time.
- This results in households choosing a "Nash equilibrium of a Pareto inefficient path" rather than the efficient path, leading to increased unemployment during the recession. The document evaluates whether the government should intervene through increasing spending, cutting taxes, or not intervening at all.
Slides_BigGovt
This paper studies how government dynamics impact output volatility in MENA economies. While emerging economies tend to have pro-cyclical fiscal policies, the effect of government on aggregate volatility has more to do with its quality than its size. The model developed accounts for a productive government sector that supplies public goods while facing tax collection inefficiencies and corruption, which impact fiscal and tax wedges. Estimates based on the model show that countries with more moderate output volatility and insignificant fiscal-output correlations, like Tunisia and Egypt, have stronger institutions.
Chap3 m0-nguyen khac minh-soeg- pp 109
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1) Vietnam experienced remarkable economic growth since initiating economic reforms in 1986, with real GDP per capita doubling between 1992-2005.
2) Productivity growth was largely driven by the industrial sector. Technical progress contributed around 20% to economic growth over the study period.
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The Great Recession Is Over: What’s Next, and What Does It Mean for Learning?
The Great Recession of 2008-2009 was the worst economic downturn since the 1930s. While officially over, the recovery has been unusually weak with slow GDP and job growth. This recession was caused by the financial crisis and housing market collapse, and different in requiring massive consumer and government debt reduction. Persistent budget deficits could increase interest rates and inflation. Learning professionals should closely align learning with strategic priorities, build strong business cases, and create a flexible cost structure to weather ongoing economic uncertainty.
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This document summarizes an economic outlook seminar presented to the State Chamber of Commerce on January 14, 2015. It profiles key demographic and economic trends in Vermont from 2008-2015, showing mostly modest annual growth rates of around 3% except for higher rates in Medicaid costs. State budget spending is shown to have grown much faster at 5.45% annually from 2010-2015. Adopting a more modest 3% annual growth rate for the state budget could have eliminated budget deficits. The document also profiles tax data for top income earners and outlines options to remedy fiscal imbalances, recommending focusing reforms and efficiencies abandoned in 2011.
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1 s2.0-s1049007814000220-main
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what are the key drivers of inflation in Vietnam, and what role does monetary policy play? and (ii) why has inflation in Vietnam been persistently higher than in most other emerging market economies in the region? It focuses on understanding the monetary policy transmission mechanism in Vietnam, and in understanding the extent to which monetary policy can explain why inflation in Vietnam has been higher than in other Asian emerging markets over the past decade.
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This document summarizes economic and budget data for Vermont from 2008 to 2015. It shows that while the state's population and median income grew slowly, healthcare costs rose significantly. It also indicates that the state budget grew by over 30% in that time period, but now faces a potential $100 million shortfall. Some options presented to address the shortfall include tax increases, spending cuts, or pursuing reforms and efficiencies to achieve 3% annual revenue growth.
Chamber presentation
This document summarizes economic and budget data for Vermont from 2008 to 2015. It shows that while the state's population and median income grew modestly, the number of employed Vermonters and public school enrollment declined. It also indicates that state spending grew significantly faster than projected revenues, with the human services and education budgets increasing over 40% each. The document proposes strategic options like limiting spending growth to 3% annually and renewed efforts to find government efficiencies and reforms.
Discussion 6.docx
The document discusses discretionary fiscal policy during recessions caused by fundamental shocks that lower the steady state level of production and consumption. It argues that households, being risk averse and non-cooperative, will not "jump" their consumption to the new efficient path but instead follow a Pareto inefficient path with continuously falling consumption. The best policy option in this scenario is for the government to increase consumption through fiscal policy until demand meets current production levels, maintaining this for a long period. This will lead to large government debts but they can be sustained if taxes are appropriately increased in the future.
Discussion 6.docx
This document discusses whether governments should intervene fiscally during recessions and how. It analyzes a recession caused by an upward shift in the rate of time preference (RTP), which changes the steady state downward. Households would normally "jump" consumption to the new steady state path to maintain efficiency, but they prefer smooth consumption. As a result, they choose an inefficient path with high unemployment. The government has three options: do nothing, increase spending, or cut taxes. Increasing spending to match demand with current production for a long period is argued to be the best approach, despite large accumulating debts that can be sustained through future tax increases.
MACROECONOMICS-CH6
The document discusses the natural rate of unemployment, which is the average rate of unemployment around which the economy fluctuates. It is affected by factors like the rates of workers losing jobs and unemployed workers finding jobs. There are two main types of unemployment: frictional unemployment due to the time it takes workers to search for jobs, and structural unemployment caused by wages being rigid above market levels due to things like minimum wages and unions. The document analyzes trends in U.S. unemployment over time and potential factors influencing the natural rate, such as demographics, sectoral shifts in the economy, and social policies.
Martín Uribe - Universidad de Columbia.
El jueves 17 de mayo del 2018 se organizó una Mesa Redonda en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre las subidas de tipos en la era Trump y la nueva globalización.
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Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich Personal RePEc ArchiveShould a Government Fiscally .docx
Munich personal re p ec archiveshould a government fiscally
Munich personal re p ec archiveshould a government fiscally
The Great Recession Is Over: What’s Next, and What Does It Mean for Learning?
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We take a look at everything that you need to know in order to deploy effective WhatsApp marketing strategies, and integrate it with your buyer journey in HubSpot. From technical requirements to innovative campaign strategies, to advanced campaign reporting - we discuss all that and more, to leverage WhatsApp for maximum impact. Check out more details about the event here https://events.hubspot.com/events/details/hubspot-new-delhi-presents-unlocking-whatsapp-marketing-with-hubspot-integrating-messaging-into-your-marketing-strategy/
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666
Stone Art Hub offers the best competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai, ensuring affordability without compromising quality. With a wide range of exquisite marble options to choose from, you can enhance your spaces with elegance and sophistication. For inquiries or orders, contact us at ☎ 9928909666. Experience luxury at unbeatable prices.
一比一原版(QMUE毕业证书)英国爱丁堡玛格丽特女王大学毕业证文凭如何办理
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【(QMUE毕业证书)英国爱丁堡玛格丽特女王大学毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证（otago毕业证）如何办理
一模一样【微信：A575476】【新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证（otago毕业证）成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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- 3. VIETNAM STATISTICS 199 6-2010 Year Inflation rate(%) Unemployment rate(%) 1996 4.5 5.88 1997 3.6 6.01 1998 9.2 6.85 1999 0.1 6.74 2000 -0.6 6.42 2001 0.8 6.28 2002 4 6.01 2003 3 5.78 2004 9.5 5.6 2005 8.4 5.31 2006 6.6 4.82 2007 12.6 4.64 2008 4.5 4.65 2009 7 4.66 2010 4.5 4.65
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