The document is a presentation on inferences, detailing their definition, importance in daily life, types, and how to make them. It discusses differences between inferences and assumptions, provides examples, and outlines the role of inferences in various professions. The presentation also includes exercises for practical understanding of inferences.

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1
TOPIC :
INFERENCES AND
MAKING OF
INFERENCES
Presenters : M Suhail, M
Majeed, Dua, Gul Sara, Imad,
Vijay
Submitted To : Maam
Naeema Bakht

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Objectives
After the end of the presentation learner will know about;
Inferences with Examples.
Importance of Inference in our Daily Life.
Types of Inferences with Examples.
How to make Inferences.
Professions that use inferences.
Differences between Inferences and Assumptions.
Short Exercise related to Inferences.
References.

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Presenter ; Dua Imran
Topic : Inferences

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What is Inferences.
An inference is an idea or conclusion that's drawn from evidence and
reasoning.
 An inference is an educated guess.
OR
Inference means the process of arriving at a certain conclusion using reasoning
or evidence, which makes them more than just assumptions.

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Conti….

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Conti….
 Inference in a sentence refers to a
conclusion or interpretation that isn’t
explicitly stated but is implied by
the given information.
 Essentially, it is the art of ‘reading
between the lines’ when it comes to
constructing or understanding
sentences.

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Conti….
You can use inference to find out about a person's actions or intentions using
any clues given to you.
 We use inference a lot in everyday life - not just in reading.
Examples
'He's taken his coat, so it must be cold outside.
'They're an animal lover, so I bet they love cats too.

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Conti….
 The best example of an inference in a sentence would
be, “John put on his raincoat and boots.”
 Here, the inference could be that it is raining or about
the rain, even though it’s not directly mentioned.
 The presence of the raincoat and boots serves as clues
for the reader to make this inference.
 Alejandro's baby starts to cry in the middle of the
night. Alejandro can infer that his baby is either
hungry or needs a diaper change.

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Presenter : M Majeed
Topic : Importance Of Inferences

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Importance of Inferences in our Daily Life.
Without inference, we would treat what we hear or read in a very literal sense.
 Inferring is to read between the lines and make assumptions based on smaller
details.
 Drawing inferences is also essential for understanding the world around us.
 Without them, we wouldn't be able to understand much at all.

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Conti….
Examples in daily life.
Imagine a world without inferences: if you saw snow falling outside, what
does that mean?.
 It's snowing, yes, but what else?.
 From the snow, we infer that it's cold, because it needs to be below 0 °C for
ice to form.
 If we didn't make that inference beforehand, we'd have to go outside and feel
the freezing air first.

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Inferences in Daily Life Observation.

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Conti….
 Inference is using observation and
background to reach a logical conclusion.
 You probably practice inference every day.
 For example, if you see someone eating a
new food and he or she makes a face, then
you infer he does not like it.

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Presenter : Imad Ud Din
Topic : Types of Inferences

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Types of Inferences.
Inferences can be deductive and inductive or abductive.
1: Deductive Inferences.
 Deductive inferences are the strongest because they can guarantee the truth of
their conclusions.
Examples Of Deductive Inferences.
Major premise: All mammals have backbones. Minor premise: Humans are
mammals. Conclusion: Humans have backbones.
Major premise: All birds lay eggs. Minor premise: Pigeons are birds.
Conclusion: Pigeons also lay egg.

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Conti….
2 : Inductive Inferences.
Inductive inferences are the most widely used, but they do not guarantee the
truth and instead deliver conclusions that are probably true.
Examples Of Inductive Inferences.
 In a science class, students are presented with various leaves collected
from different plants.
 They are asked to carefully observe the leaves and identify any patterns or
similarities they notice.

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Conti….

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Conti….

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Presenter : Gul Sara
Topic : Making Of Inferences

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Making of Inferences.
To successfully make inferences,
students must first look at the relevant
information and list those specific
textual details.
This is because an inference needs to
be supported by in-the-text details.
 Once they have compiled those ideas,
they need to figure out what they mean
in order to answer the question.

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Conti….
1. Identify the premise
 When making an inference, first
identify what you are inferring. This
allows you to focus on what you are
trying to understand.
2. Ask a question
 After identifying your premise, you can
ask a question about what is occurring.

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Conti….
3. Search for clues
Next, look for clues that may help you make your inference. You can do this by
observing the situation.
4. List relevant details
Create a list of relevant details that may help you determine what's happening.
5. Narrow down the choices
Once you have a list of details, begin eliminating the ones that are probably
unlikely. Doing this can help you reach your logical conclusion.
6. Make your inference
Finally, put your observation and knowledge together to make your inference.

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Conti….
.
Steps of making Inferences.
The Five C’s:
 Collaboration
 Communication
 Creativity
 Critical Thinking
 Character

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Presenter : Vijay
Topic : Professions that use inferences.

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Conti….
1 : Collaboration.
Through collaboration in the classroom, learners can work together to infer.
 This engagement may lead to a question.
2 : Communication.
When learners have the freedom to communicate with one another, they have
more exposure to the inference which ultimately leads to the answer to the
question.
3 : Creativity.
When collaboration and communication are alive and well in the classroom,
this often organically leads to creativity.

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Conti….
4 : Critical Thinking.
Critical thinking also helps with making inferences.
 The more evidence we gather, and the more thoughtfully and carefully we
reason, the sounder our inferences are likely to be.
5 : Character.
With character in mind when making inferences, students learn how to
interpret the emotions and prior actions of a character to predict future actions.

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Professions that use inferences.
Making inferences is a key part of reading comprehension for students. Researchers
also use inferences to make their discoveries.
Journalists: Journalists often make inferences when researching their articles and
trying to find out what happened at a breaking event.
Teachers: Making inferences is common for teachers when evaluating the
performance of their students to see if they understand a concept they taught or
whether they're paying attention.
Police officers: Police officers use inferences to determine who took part in a crime
and where the suspects might be located.

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Conti….
Emergency medical technicians: When diagnosing patients, emergency
medical technicians will infer based on the patient's symptoms.
Scientists: Scientists make inferences when conducting experiments to help
them understand the relationship between certain actions.
Statisticians: Through hypothesis testing and the analysis of subset data,
statisticians regularly make probable inferences about underlying populations.

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Presenter : Muhammad Suhail
Topic : Inferences vs Assumption

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Difference Between Inferences and Assumptions.

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Conti….
From the Oxford dictionaries:
Inference: A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
Note: The inference is not the conclusion - it is the interpretation of the data
that may (or may not) merit a certain conclusion.
Examples; If you email someone and they do not email you back, you may
infer that they are mad or upset with you.

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Conti….
Assumption: A thing that is ”accepted as true or as certain to happen, without
proof.
 Note: The assumption is not necessarily founded in something provable or in
reality - this is actually sometimes the whole point of the assumption.
“Because we assume that - we can work with this.
Examples; Assumption refers to something we already assume or presuppose.

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Conti….

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Exercise on Inferences.
1; Jill's hands were trembling, and sweat ran down her back. Her face was red,
and she could feel her ears turning pink, too. Jill grabbed her speech and walked
on stage. She smiled at the audience. What can you infer?
A ; Jill has to a speech. B : Jill is nervous.
C ; Jill was prepared. D ; All of the above.
E ; None of them.

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Conti….
2 ; Sally sat down at the dinner table. Her plate was piled high with her mother's
home cooking. Sally took very small bites and pushed the food around her plate.
Her parents asked how her day was and made small talk. Sally wished her dog,
Bubba, wasn't outside. What can you infer?
A : Sally does not angry. B : Sally does not like What her
mother made for dinner.
C : Silly mother's cooking is awful D : All are correct

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Conti….
3: Bill and Jessica are almost done taking turns to choose the players for their
teams. It was Jessica's turn to choose, and Kurt was the only person left. Jessica
called Kurt's name. We can infer that:
A: Kurt is not a very good player. B: Jessica, Kurt and Bill playing
Basketball.
C: Kurt is on Bills team. D: Kurt is mean.
4: Jesse slowly made his way into the classroom. He sat in the back row and put
his head down. Mr. Miser announced today they were playing a trivia game and
the winning students would receive extra credit. What can you infer?

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Conti….
A: Jesse enjoy Mr. Miser class. B: Mr. Miser Teaches Math.
C: Jesse doesn’t like Mr. Miser class.D: Mr. Miser is Jesse Favorite teacher.
5: Jim spends most of his time staring at the cement walls. He wishes he would
have done things differently. Jim hates the meals he is served. He also hates
having to wear the required uniform. Where is Jim most likely at?
A: Construction site. B: Jail
C: School. D: Passage doesn’t provide enough information.

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References.
https://bedrocklearning.org/literacy-blogs/inference-in-reading-comprehension/
https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-examples-of-observation-and-inference
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=making-inferences_4
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-an-inference-and-an-assump
tion#:~:text=From%20the%20Oxford%20dictionaries%3A,certain%20to%20happen%2C%
20without%20proof
.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-philosophy/pages/5-4-types-of-inferences#:~:t
ext=Inferences%20can%20be%20deductive%2C%20inductive,conclusions%20that%20ar
e%20probably%20true
.
https://www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html

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