The document discusses different types of infections and their modes of transmission. It defines infection as the lodgment and multiplication of a parasite in a host's tissues. Infections are classified as viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic. Viral infections involve a virus infiltrating and replicating within a host's cells. Bacterial infections are caused by bacteria that can enter through wounds or openings. Fungal infections are often mild but some can be serious. Parasitic infections involve protozoa or other parasites that thrive in moist environments. Infections can be transmitted directly from person to person through droplets, skin contact, or body fluids, or indirectly through vectors, contaminated objects, food/water, animals, or the environment
This document discusses infection and infectious diseases. It defines infection as occurring when germs enter the body and multiply, causing disease. The four main types of infections are viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic. Common infectious diseases are then outlined, caused by viruses like the common cold and flu, or by bacteria like strep throat and E. coli. The document also discusses how infections are transmitted directly from person to person or indirectly through vectors, droplets, contaminated objects, food/water, animals, and the environment. Prevention methods include hand hygiene, immunizations, cough etiquette, cleaning, food safety, and social distancing.
This document provides an overview of infectious diseases. It discusses that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Landmark scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch established the germ theory of disease. Koch's postulates provide guidelines for identifying the microorganisms that cause specific diseases. While most microorganisms in the body are harmless symbionts, pathogens cause issues by destroying cells or releasing toxins. Infectious diseases spread through various methods like coughing/sneezing, physical contact, exchange of body fluids, contaminated water/food, or transmission from animals.
This document discusses infectious diseases, their causes, symptoms, prevention and control. It describes several bacterial diseases like cholera, typhoid and rabies caused by Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi and rabies virus respectively. Malaria is discussed as a protozoan disease spread by the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms, prevention through vaccination and sanitation, and treatment options are provided for each disease. The document also differentiates between cure and remission of diseases as well as ways of preventing diseases through public health measures, nutrition and vaccinations.
infection and infectious agents causing diseasesREKHA DEHARIYA
Microorganisms normally aid bodily functions but can cause disease if harmony is disrupted. An infection occurs when a pathogen enters the body, finds a favorable environment, and multiplies. An infection results in the pathogen colonizing the host and using its resources. A disease then results from impaired tissue function due to the pathogen or toxins it produces. Infections spread through a chain involving a reservoir, exit portal, transmission mode, entry portal, and susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain prevents transmission.
The document discusses key concepts related to the study of disease and epidemiology. It defines important terms like pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, infection, disease, normal flora, opportunistic pathogens, probiotics, and Koch's postulates. It also covers classifications of infectious diseases like endemic, epidemic, pandemic, acute vs chronic diseases. The document outlines the typical development of disease and identifies different reservoirs of infection like human, animal, and non-living reservoirs. It discusses various modes of disease transmission including contact, droplet, vector, and nosocomial transmission. Finally, it touches on emerging infectious diseases and factors that contribute to their emergence.
The document discusses key concepts related to the study of disease and epidemiology. It defines important terms like pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, infection, disease, normal flora, opportunistic pathogens, probiotics, and Koch's postulates. It also covers classifications of infectious diseases like endemic, epidemic, pandemic, acute vs chronic diseases. It discusses the development of disease, reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, nosocomial infections, and emerging infectious diseases.
This document defines key terminology related to microbial pathogenicity and discusses various concepts including:
1. It classifies microbes as saprophytes, parasites, commensals, and pathogens.
2. It describes the infection process and different types of infections such as primary, secondary, and nosocomial.
3. It explains mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity including routes of transmission, infective dose, evasion of host defenses, adhesion, invasion, and the role of toxins and pathogenicity islands.
Microorganisms can cause disease when they enter the body and find a favorable environment. An infection occurs through a chain of events - a pathogen must have a reservoir, exit the reservoir, be transmitted to a new host, enter through a portal, and find a susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain can prevent transmission and infection. Common ways to do this include proper hygiene, sterilization, use of antiseptics, vaccination, and strengthening a host's defenses.
This document discusses infection and infectious diseases. It defines infection as occurring when germs enter the body and multiply, causing disease. The four main types of infections are viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic. Common infectious diseases are then outlined, caused by viruses like the common cold and flu, or by bacteria like strep throat and E. coli. The document also discusses how infections are transmitted directly from person to person or indirectly through vectors, droplets, contaminated objects, food/water, animals, and the environment. Prevention methods include hand hygiene, immunizations, cough etiquette, cleaning, food safety, and social distancing.
This document provides an overview of infectious diseases. It discusses that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Landmark scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch established the germ theory of disease. Koch's postulates provide guidelines for identifying the microorganisms that cause specific diseases. While most microorganisms in the body are harmless symbionts, pathogens cause issues by destroying cells or releasing toxins. Infectious diseases spread through various methods like coughing/sneezing, physical contact, exchange of body fluids, contaminated water/food, or transmission from animals.
This document discusses infectious diseases, their causes, symptoms, prevention and control. It describes several bacterial diseases like cholera, typhoid and rabies caused by Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi and rabies virus respectively. Malaria is discussed as a protozoan disease spread by the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms, prevention through vaccination and sanitation, and treatment options are provided for each disease. The document also differentiates between cure and remission of diseases as well as ways of preventing diseases through public health measures, nutrition and vaccinations.
infection and infectious agents causing diseasesREKHA DEHARIYA
Microorganisms normally aid bodily functions but can cause disease if harmony is disrupted. An infection occurs when a pathogen enters the body, finds a favorable environment, and multiplies. An infection results in the pathogen colonizing the host and using its resources. A disease then results from impaired tissue function due to the pathogen or toxins it produces. Infections spread through a chain involving a reservoir, exit portal, transmission mode, entry portal, and susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain prevents transmission.
The document discusses key concepts related to the study of disease and epidemiology. It defines important terms like pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, infection, disease, normal flora, opportunistic pathogens, probiotics, and Koch's postulates. It also covers classifications of infectious diseases like endemic, epidemic, pandemic, acute vs chronic diseases. The document outlines the typical development of disease and identifies different reservoirs of infection like human, animal, and non-living reservoirs. It discusses various modes of disease transmission including contact, droplet, vector, and nosocomial transmission. Finally, it touches on emerging infectious diseases and factors that contribute to their emergence.
The document discusses key concepts related to the study of disease and epidemiology. It defines important terms like pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, infection, disease, normal flora, opportunistic pathogens, probiotics, and Koch's postulates. It also covers classifications of infectious diseases like endemic, epidemic, pandemic, acute vs chronic diseases. It discusses the development of disease, reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, nosocomial infections, and emerging infectious diseases.
This document defines key terminology related to microbial pathogenicity and discusses various concepts including:
1. It classifies microbes as saprophytes, parasites, commensals, and pathogens.
2. It describes the infection process and different types of infections such as primary, secondary, and nosocomial.
3. It explains mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity including routes of transmission, infective dose, evasion of host defenses, adhesion, invasion, and the role of toxins and pathogenicity islands.
Microorganisms can cause disease when they enter the body and find a favorable environment. An infection occurs through a chain of events - a pathogen must have a reservoir, exit the reservoir, be transmitted to a new host, enter through a portal, and find a susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain can prevent transmission and infection. Common ways to do this include proper hygiene, sterilization, use of antiseptics, vaccination, and strengthening a host's defenses.
This document discusses infection and infectious diseases. It defines key terms like infection, disease, pathogens, and commensals. It describes how infections are classified, including primary vs secondary infections. It outlines various sources of infection like humans, animals, insects, soil/water, and food. It also explains different methods of transmitting infections, such as contact, inhalation, ingestion, and inoculation.
The document discusses diseases, their causes and types. It defines disease as an abnormal condition that impairs the body's normal functioning and can cause discomfort, dysfunction, distress and death. It categorizes diseases as communicable/contagious which can pass from person to person, and non-communicable which result from genetics or lifestyle. It also discusses the chain of infection and lists common communicable diseases like cold, influenza, pneumonia, chickenpox and measles.
1. There are several differences between exotoxins and endotoxins as virulence factors produced by bacteria. Exotoxins are heat-labile proteins that are released from bacteria, while endotoxins are heat-stable lipopolysaccharides that remain part of the bacterial cell wall. Exotoxins have specific tissue targets and actions, while endotoxins cause non-specific effects.
2. A nosocomial infection refers to a hospital-acquired infection obtained from a healthcare setting.
3. An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly among many individuals in a community or region. An endemic disease
Host-microbe Relationship and Disease Process. lecture 2 Chapter.pptxOsmanHassan35
The document discusses various types of symbiotic relationships between microorganisms and their hosts, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. It provides examples of each type of symbiosis such as bacteria in the large intestine that produce vitamins for their human host in a mutualistic relationship. The document also discusses mechanisms of transmitting infections such as direct or indirect contact, droplets, vehicles like water and food, and vectors like insects. Key factors that determine a microbe's pathogenicity like adhesion, toxins, and inhibiting the host's immune response are also summarized.
The document discusses infectious diseases and how they are transmitted. It covers how bacteria and viruses can invade the body and cause illness if they overwhelm the immune system. The main modes of disease transmission are direct or indirect contact, airborne transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. The document then focuses on HIV/AIDS, how it attacks and weakens the immune system, its categories of infection, methods of transmission through bodily fluids, and the commitment of EMS providers to safety precautions to prevent disease transmission.
The disease is the malfunctioning of the body organs due to one reason or the other. In other words, it is a disorder of the body. The state of the body when any of its normal functions are disturbed or when the structures are altered is called disease. We understand that to remain healthy, we need to do much more than just keep away from disease. CONGENITAL DISEASE: This type of disease is present right from the birth. This is caused either due to genetic disorders or gene mutation or environmental factors. These diseases are passed on from one generation to next generation. Some examples of congenital diseases are Haemophilia, Sickle cell anaemia, Colour blindness, Thalassaemia etc.
Epidemiology, modes of transmission control of comm. disease pptSiddharthMendhe3
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and the control of communicable diseases. It defines epidemiology and describes the different types of infections and their modes of transmission. It discusses descriptive and analytical epidemiology. It also covers the normal flora of the human body, the infection process, and microbial virulence factors. Finally, it summarizes methods of controlling communicable diseases such as controlling the source of infection, blocking transmission routes, and protecting susceptible populations.
This PPT contains the source, mode and factors causing infections in humans.
RESERVOIRS AND SOURCES OF INFECTION,
MODE OF TRANSMISSION, SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
Depending on the duration of carriage, carriers are classified as :
temporary carrier, chronic carrier
types of vectors:
mechanical vector, biological vector,
mode of transmission of infection-
vertical transmissiom, horizontal transmission
This document discusses communicable diseases and their prevention and control. It defines communicable diseases as those spread from person to person by pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The document explains the chain of infection, which involves a pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, susceptible host and portal of entry. It then provides examples of common communicable diseases like influenza, pneumonia and tuberculosis and what type of pathogen causes each. The rest of the document discusses different types of pathogens in more detail and how to prevent transmission of diseases through proper hygiene, sanitation and food preparation.
This document provides information about different types of diseases including infectious and non-infectious diseases. It discusses how diseases spread and are transmitted through various modes such as contaminated food/water, vectors, direct contact, and more. Specific examples of diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms like malaria, influenza, rabies, AIDS, cholera, and typhoid are described along with their symptoms, prevention, and treatment methods. The document aims to educate about health, different disease conditions, and the importance of hygiene and sanitation in preventing the spread of illnesses.
A communicable disease is an infectious disease that is transmitted from one person or animal to another directly or indirectly. Communicable diseases can be transmitted through various modes such as direct contact, droplet infection, contaminated vehicles like food or water, vectors like mosquitoes, and from mother to fetus. Common examples of communicable diseases include respiratory infections like tuberculosis, measles, and influenza; gastrointestinal infections spread through fecal-oral transmission like cholera and typhoid; and vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and arthropods.
The document discusses various types of relationships between microorganisms such as mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. It also defines key microbiology terms like infection, disease, pathogenicity, and virulence. Finally, it describes the different microorganisms that normally reside on or inside the human body as well as those that can be present transiently.
The document defines and provides examples of important disease terms including communicable and non-communicable diseases. It then summarizes several common communicable diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths, and fungi including their symptoms, modes of transmission, prevention and treatment methods. Examples of non-communicable diseases and genetic disorders are also briefly discussed.
Workers in certain industries like healthcare, agriculture, and food processing are at risk of occupational diseases caused by exposure to biological agents like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These biological agents can enter the body through various routes and cause a wide range of health effects from infections to allergies and cancers. High-risk groups include healthcare, agricultural, food industry, waste management, and laboratory workers. Prevention through measures like PPE use, vaccination, training, and early detection of symptoms are important to reduce the risk of occupational diseases from biological agents.
This document discusses infectious diseases and their transmission. It notes that infectious diseases are a major global public health burden driven by socioeconomic, environmental, and ecological factors. The majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses originating in wildlife, and over time there has been a significant increase in both the number and incidence of emerging infectious diseases. However, surveillance efforts focus more on countries less likely to be the source of new infectious diseases.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi. They can spread directly from person to person or indirectly through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. Common signs of infection include fever, fatigue, diarrhea, muscle aches and coughing. Infections are treated using medications like antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals. Preventing the spread of infectious diseases involves practices like hand washing, vaccinations, safely preparing food and practicing safe sex.
This document discusses infection and microbiology. It defines infection as the invasion and growth of microorganisms in body tissues. Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens, and can enter the body through various portals of entry. They are then able to multiply if they find a susceptible host. The document outlines different types of infections and how they are classified. It also discusses the factors that influence microbial pathogenicity and how infections are transmitted.
This document discusses infectious diseases. It defines key terms like disease, infection, pathogen, and host. It describes Koch's postulates for determining the cause of a specific disease. It explains that diseases are caused by microbes like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. It discusses how infectious agents cause disease through toxins, invasion, and immune responses. It classifies diseases by duration, location, and timing. Influenza is provided as an example infectious disease. The document also covers transmission of diseases, reducing spread, emerging diseases, and infectious diseases as a cause of death.
A detailed view of the transmission of various microbial diseases via pathogens and their infectious disease cycle. Along with a list of various diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. This Slideshare will be helpful for the students in the field of biotechnology, microbiology, bioscience, and various other fields of biology.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to health and disease, including definitions of health, determinants of health, types of diseases, infectious diseases, transmission of infectious diseases, external and internal defenses against pathogens, periods of infectious disease, definitions of infection, and approaches to treatment and prevention of illness. The topics are explored through definitions, examples, and descriptions of concepts like pathogens, symptoms, transmission methods, vaccines, and treatments.
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
This document discusses infection and infectious diseases. It defines key terms like infection, disease, pathogens, and commensals. It describes how infections are classified, including primary vs secondary infections. It outlines various sources of infection like humans, animals, insects, soil/water, and food. It also explains different methods of transmitting infections, such as contact, inhalation, ingestion, and inoculation.
The document discusses diseases, their causes and types. It defines disease as an abnormal condition that impairs the body's normal functioning and can cause discomfort, dysfunction, distress and death. It categorizes diseases as communicable/contagious which can pass from person to person, and non-communicable which result from genetics or lifestyle. It also discusses the chain of infection and lists common communicable diseases like cold, influenza, pneumonia, chickenpox and measles.
1. There are several differences between exotoxins and endotoxins as virulence factors produced by bacteria. Exotoxins are heat-labile proteins that are released from bacteria, while endotoxins are heat-stable lipopolysaccharides that remain part of the bacterial cell wall. Exotoxins have specific tissue targets and actions, while endotoxins cause non-specific effects.
2. A nosocomial infection refers to a hospital-acquired infection obtained from a healthcare setting.
3. An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly among many individuals in a community or region. An endemic disease
Host-microbe Relationship and Disease Process. lecture 2 Chapter.pptxOsmanHassan35
The document discusses various types of symbiotic relationships between microorganisms and their hosts, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. It provides examples of each type of symbiosis such as bacteria in the large intestine that produce vitamins for their human host in a mutualistic relationship. The document also discusses mechanisms of transmitting infections such as direct or indirect contact, droplets, vehicles like water and food, and vectors like insects. Key factors that determine a microbe's pathogenicity like adhesion, toxins, and inhibiting the host's immune response are also summarized.
The document discusses infectious diseases and how they are transmitted. It covers how bacteria and viruses can invade the body and cause illness if they overwhelm the immune system. The main modes of disease transmission are direct or indirect contact, airborne transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. The document then focuses on HIV/AIDS, how it attacks and weakens the immune system, its categories of infection, methods of transmission through bodily fluids, and the commitment of EMS providers to safety precautions to prevent disease transmission.
The disease is the malfunctioning of the body organs due to one reason or the other. In other words, it is a disorder of the body. The state of the body when any of its normal functions are disturbed or when the structures are altered is called disease. We understand that to remain healthy, we need to do much more than just keep away from disease. CONGENITAL DISEASE: This type of disease is present right from the birth. This is caused either due to genetic disorders or gene mutation or environmental factors. These diseases are passed on from one generation to next generation. Some examples of congenital diseases are Haemophilia, Sickle cell anaemia, Colour blindness, Thalassaemia etc.
Epidemiology, modes of transmission control of comm. disease pptSiddharthMendhe3
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and the control of communicable diseases. It defines epidemiology and describes the different types of infections and their modes of transmission. It discusses descriptive and analytical epidemiology. It also covers the normal flora of the human body, the infection process, and microbial virulence factors. Finally, it summarizes methods of controlling communicable diseases such as controlling the source of infection, blocking transmission routes, and protecting susceptible populations.
This PPT contains the source, mode and factors causing infections in humans.
RESERVOIRS AND SOURCES OF INFECTION,
MODE OF TRANSMISSION, SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
Depending on the duration of carriage, carriers are classified as :
temporary carrier, chronic carrier
types of vectors:
mechanical vector, biological vector,
mode of transmission of infection-
vertical transmissiom, horizontal transmission
This document discusses communicable diseases and their prevention and control. It defines communicable diseases as those spread from person to person by pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The document explains the chain of infection, which involves a pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, susceptible host and portal of entry. It then provides examples of common communicable diseases like influenza, pneumonia and tuberculosis and what type of pathogen causes each. The rest of the document discusses different types of pathogens in more detail and how to prevent transmission of diseases through proper hygiene, sanitation and food preparation.
This document provides information about different types of diseases including infectious and non-infectious diseases. It discusses how diseases spread and are transmitted through various modes such as contaminated food/water, vectors, direct contact, and more. Specific examples of diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms like malaria, influenza, rabies, AIDS, cholera, and typhoid are described along with their symptoms, prevention, and treatment methods. The document aims to educate about health, different disease conditions, and the importance of hygiene and sanitation in preventing the spread of illnesses.
A communicable disease is an infectious disease that is transmitted from one person or animal to another directly or indirectly. Communicable diseases can be transmitted through various modes such as direct contact, droplet infection, contaminated vehicles like food or water, vectors like mosquitoes, and from mother to fetus. Common examples of communicable diseases include respiratory infections like tuberculosis, measles, and influenza; gastrointestinal infections spread through fecal-oral transmission like cholera and typhoid; and vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and arthropods.
The document discusses various types of relationships between microorganisms such as mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. It also defines key microbiology terms like infection, disease, pathogenicity, and virulence. Finally, it describes the different microorganisms that normally reside on or inside the human body as well as those that can be present transiently.
The document defines and provides examples of important disease terms including communicable and non-communicable diseases. It then summarizes several common communicable diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths, and fungi including their symptoms, modes of transmission, prevention and treatment methods. Examples of non-communicable diseases and genetic disorders are also briefly discussed.
Workers in certain industries like healthcare, agriculture, and food processing are at risk of occupational diseases caused by exposure to biological agents like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These biological agents can enter the body through various routes and cause a wide range of health effects from infections to allergies and cancers. High-risk groups include healthcare, agricultural, food industry, waste management, and laboratory workers. Prevention through measures like PPE use, vaccination, training, and early detection of symptoms are important to reduce the risk of occupational diseases from biological agents.
This document discusses infectious diseases and their transmission. It notes that infectious diseases are a major global public health burden driven by socioeconomic, environmental, and ecological factors. The majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses originating in wildlife, and over time there has been a significant increase in both the number and incidence of emerging infectious diseases. However, surveillance efforts focus more on countries less likely to be the source of new infectious diseases.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi. They can spread directly from person to person or indirectly through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. Common signs of infection include fever, fatigue, diarrhea, muscle aches and coughing. Infections are treated using medications like antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals. Preventing the spread of infectious diseases involves practices like hand washing, vaccinations, safely preparing food and practicing safe sex.
This document discusses infection and microbiology. It defines infection as the invasion and growth of microorganisms in body tissues. Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens, and can enter the body through various portals of entry. They are then able to multiply if they find a susceptible host. The document outlines different types of infections and how they are classified. It also discusses the factors that influence microbial pathogenicity and how infections are transmitted.
This document discusses infectious diseases. It defines key terms like disease, infection, pathogen, and host. It describes Koch's postulates for determining the cause of a specific disease. It explains that diseases are caused by microbes like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. It discusses how infectious agents cause disease through toxins, invasion, and immune responses. It classifies diseases by duration, location, and timing. Influenza is provided as an example infectious disease. The document also covers transmission of diseases, reducing spread, emerging diseases, and infectious diseases as a cause of death.
A detailed view of the transmission of various microbial diseases via pathogens and their infectious disease cycle. Along with a list of various diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. This Slideshare will be helpful for the students in the field of biotechnology, microbiology, bioscience, and various other fields of biology.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to health and disease, including definitions of health, determinants of health, types of diseases, infectious diseases, transmission of infectious diseases, external and internal defenses against pathogens, periods of infectious disease, definitions of infection, and approaches to treatment and prevention of illness. The topics are explored through definitions, examples, and descriptions of concepts like pathogens, symptoms, transmission methods, vaccines, and treatments.
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
We are one of the top Massage Spa Ajman Our highly skilled, experienced, and certified massage therapists from different corners of the world are committed to serving you with a soothing and relaxing experience. Luxuriate yourself at our spas in Sharjah and Ajman, which are indeed enriched with an ambiance of relaxation and tranquility. We could confidently claim that we are one of the most affordable Spa Ajman and Sharjah as well, where you can book the massage session of your choice for just 99 AED at any time as we are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
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MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
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LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
2024 HIPAA Compliance Training Guide to the Compliance OfficersConference Panel
Join us for a comprehensive 90-minute lesson designed specifically for Compliance Officers and Practice/Business Managers. This 2024 HIPAA Training session will guide you through the critical steps needed to ensure your practice is fully prepared for upcoming audits. Key updates and significant changes under the Omnibus Rule will be covered, along with the latest applicable updates for 2024.
Key Areas Covered:
Texting and Email Communication: Understand the compliance requirements for electronic communication.
Encryption Standards: Learn what is necessary and what is overhyped.
Medical Messaging and Voice Data: Ensure secure handling of sensitive information.
IT Risk Factors: Identify and mitigate risks related to your IT infrastructure.
Why Attend:
Expert Instructor: Brian Tuttle, with over 20 years in Health IT and Compliance Consulting, brings invaluable experience and knowledge, including insights from over 1000 risk assessments and direct dealings with Office of Civil Rights HIPAA auditors.
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Ensure your compliance strategy is up-to-date and effective. Enroll now and be prepared for the 2024 HIPAA audits.
Enroll Now to secure your spot in this crucial training session and ensure your HIPAA compliance is robust and audit-ready.
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R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
2. INTRODUCTION
Saprophytes :are free-living microbes that live on dead or
decaying organic matter
Commensal: :normal bacterial flora of the body
Pathogen :can establish themselves and multiply in the hosts
1. Primary pathogen
2. Opportunistic pathogen
4. CLASSIFICATION
Infection occurs when germs enter your body and
multiply, resulting in disease. There are four main types of
infections:
Viral
Bacterial
Fungal
Parasitic
5. Viral infection
Viruses can cause a wide range of infectious diseases. Viruses cause illness by killing
cells or interfering with cell function.
The virus infiltrates a host's body and attaches itself to a cell, where it releases its
genetic material. The virus multiplies as the cell replicates. When a cell dies, more
viruses are released, infecting new cells. Some viruses alter the function of cells
rather than killing them.
Bodies frequently respond by inducing fever (heat inactivates many viruses),
secreting a chemical called interferon (which prevents viruses from reproducing) or
mobilizing the immune system's antibodies and other cells to target the invader.
6. 2. Bacterial infection
Bacteria cause a wide range of infectious diseases, including strep throat and urinary tract
infections, meningitis, and tuberculosis. Bacteria are also to blame for many skin rashes.
Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, scrapes, and surgical incisions, as well as the
mouth and nose. Some bacteria proliferate so quickly that they crowd out host tissues and
disrupt normal function. Some may kill cells and tissues right after they multiply.
Sometimes, these produce toxins that can paralyze, destroy cells or trigger a massive
immune response that is toxic.
Antibiotics are the first-line defense against bacterial infections.
7. 3. Fungal infection
Fungal infections are often more bothersome than dangerous. However, some can cause
serious illness.
Inhaling fungal spores is one of the most common ways for an internal fungal infection to
develop. Fungal spores are frequently found in decaying vegetation or on animal feces.
Fungal cells can invade the healthy tissues and disrupt their function. The body often
launches an immune response against fungal particles, which causes collateral damage to
the cells.
Infected people are treated with a combination of antibiotics and antifungal medications.
8. 4. Parasitic infection
Protozoa are a type of parasite that thrive on moisture and frequently spread disease via
water. Some protozoa cause intestinal infections, resulting in diarrhea, nausea, and
stomach upset.
In healthy people, parasites cause mild illness, but those with severely weakened immune
systems can develop serious infections that can spread to major organs.
Oral rehydration therapy is usually the first-line treatment. Antiparasitic drugs with a
broad spectrum of action can be used to treat severe cases
9. CLASSIFICATION
Primary infection: Initial infection
Reinfection: Subsequent infections by the same parasite
Secondary infection: new parasite infection in a host whose
resistance is lowered
Local infection: sepsis at localized sites such as appendix or
tonsils, generalized effects are produced.
Cross infection: When in a patient already suffering from a
disease a new infection is set up from another host
Nosocomial infections: Cross infections occurring in hospitals
are called nosocomial infections.
10. • Iatrogenic infection: physician induced infections resulting
from investigative, therapeutic or other procedures.
• Inapparent infection: clinical effects are not apparent.
• Atypical infection: the typical or characteristic clinical
manifestations of the particular infectious disease are not
present.
• Latent infection: Some parasites may remain in the tissues in a
latent or hidden form proliferating and producing clinical disease
when the host resistance is lowered.
14. INSECTS
• Blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, mites, flies, and
lice may transmit pathogens to human beings and diseases so
caused are called arthropod borne diseases.
• Insects that transmit infections are called vectors
Mechanical vector:
Biological vectors:
15.
16. MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF
INFECTION
Transmission is the process by which a
pathogen spreads from one host to another. Diseases or
infections are transmitted in many ways. It may be directly
transmitted from one person to another, or by certain bacteria,
viruses, protozoa, or fungi.
There are two different modes of transmission of diseases:
17. 1. Direct Transmission– This occurs when the pathogen is
transmitted directly from an infected person. For eg:- if an open
wound comes in contact with the blood of a Hepatitis B infected
patient, the wounded person might contract the disease.
2. Indirect Transmission- When the pathogens are not transmitted
directly from the infected person but through vectors such as flies,
mosquitoes, ticks, dogs, etc., it is known as indirect transmission.
18. Direct Transmission
1. Person to Person
When an infected person comes in contact with or exchanges body fluids
with a non-infected person. A mother can transmit infections to the unborn
child via the placenta.
2. Droplet Transmission
The droplets spread during sneezing, speaking, and coughing by an infected
person can spread infections. The infections can also spread by touching the
nose and mouth with the hands contaminated with infectious droplets. The
droplets are so minute that they travel only a short distance before falling.
The people nearby might contract infections.
19. 3. Spread by skin
There are a few infections such as chickenpox, conjunctivitis,
head lice, ringworm, etc., which spread when the skin of an
infected person comes in contact with the skin of the other person.
4. Spread through body fluids or blood
A few diseases spread when the body fluids or blood of an
infected person come in contact with the mucous membrane or
bloodstream of an uninfected person. Diseases such as hepatitis,
HIV, cytomegalovirus infections, etc. spread through semen and
vaginal fluids, saliva, breastmilk, urine, etc.
20. Indirect Transmission
1. Airborne Transmission
Some infectious agents remain suspended in the air for a long
period of time. These pathogens might attack the immune system of
a person in contact. E.g. if you enter a room that was initially
occupied by a patient of measles.
21. 2. Contaminated Objects
The objects around us carry pathogens. Touching the infected objects
which were initially used by a diseased person might render us diseased.
Contaminated blood and medical supplies can also spread infections.
3. Vector-Borne Diseases
Some infectious agents are transmitted by the blood-sucking insects. The
insects feed on hosts such as birds, animals, and humans and carry
infectious agents from them. These infections are transmitted to some
new host. Malaria and Lyme disease are the two vector-borne diseases.
22. 4.Food and Drinking Water
Improperly canned and undercooked food is the main source of
infections. Water also carries various pathogens from rivers and
lakes. It should be boiled or filtered before use. E.coli is transmitted
through contaminated food which causes various stomach
problems. Botulism is caused by the consumption of improperly
canned food. Cholera is one water-borne disease which has affected
millions of people consuming contaminated water.
23. 5.Transmission through Animals
When an infected animal bites or scratches against a person, it transfers the
infectious agents to the person. These agents can also be transmitted through
animal waste. When diseases are transferred from animals to people, zoonosis
occurs. Anthrax (sheep), rabies (dogs), plague (rodents) are some of the diseases
transmitted from animals to humans. Pregnant women and people with weak
immune systems are more prone to infections.
6.Environmental Factors
The infectious agents are present in soil, water and plants as well. These agents
can be transmitted to people and may cause diseases. For eg., Hookworm is
transmitted through contaminated soil.
24.
25. Different Modes of Transmission of Diseases
Disease Transmission Modes of Disease
Transmission
Diseases Caused
Direct Transmission Spread Through droplets Cold, cough
Spread by skin Conjunctivitis, chickenpox
Spread through blood or body
fluids HIV, Hepatitis
Person to person Gonorrhoea
Indirect Transmission Airborne transmission Measles, Influenza
Contaminated objects Cold, syphilis
Vector-borne transmission Malaria, Lyme disease
Transmission through food and
water Cholera, diarrhoea
Transmission through animals Rabies, anthrax