Chapter 10 of 'Database Principles' discusses the database development process, emphasizing the significance of integrating database design within the larger information system framework. It outlines the systems development life cycle (SDLC) and the database life cycle (DBLC), detailing the phases from planning to maintenance, and highlights the importance of database security and administration. Additionally, it covers database design strategies, potential security threats, and necessary measures for data protection.

1. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Database Principles
Fundamentals of Design,
Implementation, and Management
Carlos Coronel, Steven Morris,
Keeley Crockett, Craig Blewett
CHAPTER 10
DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS

2. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
In this chapter, you will learn:
• That successful database design must reflect
the information system of which the
database is a part
• That successful information systems are
developed within a framework known as the
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

3. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
In this chapter, you will learn (continued):
• That within the information system, the most
successful databases are subject to frequent
evaluation and revision within a framework
known as the Database Life Cycle (DBLC)
• How to conduct evaluation and revision within
the SDLC and DBLC frameworks
• About database design strategies: top-down
vs. bottom-up design and centralised vs.
decentralised design

4. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
In this chapter, you will learn (continued):
• Common threats to the security of the data
and what security measures could be put in
place
• The importance of the database
administration in an organisation
• The technical and managerial roles of the
database administrator (DBA)

5. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Information System
• Provides for data collection, storage, and
retrieval
• Composed of people, hardware, software,
database(s), application programs, and
procedures
• Systems analysis
– Process that establishes need for and extent of
information system
• Systems development
– Process of creating information system

6. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Information System (continued)
• Applications
– Transform data into information that forms basis
for decision making
– Usually produce the following:
• Formal report
• Tabulations
• Graphic displays
– Composed of following two parts:
• Data
• Code by which data are transformed into information

7. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Information System (continued)

8. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Information System (continued)
• Information system performance depends on triad of
factors:
– Database design and implementation
– Application design and implementation
– Administrative procedures
• Database development
– Process of database design and implementation
– Primary objective is to create complete, normalised, non-
redundant (to the extent possible), and fully integrated
conceptual, logical, and physical database models

9. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
• The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is
a general framework through which you can
track and come to understand the activities
required to develop and maintain information
systems.
• Provides “big picture” within which database
design and application development can be
mapped out and evaluated

10. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (continued)
• Divided into following five phases:
– Planning
– Analysis
– Detailed systems design
– Implementation
– Maintenance
• Iterative rather than sequential process

11. The Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (continued)

12. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Planning
• Yields general overview of company and its
objectives
• Initial assessment made of information-flow-
and-extent requirements
• Must begin to study and evaluate alternate
solutions
– Technical aspects of hardware and software
requirements
– System cost

13. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Analysis
• Problems defined during planning phase are
examined in greater detail during analysis
• Thorough audit of user requirements
• Existing hardware and software systems are
studied
• Goal is better understanding of system’s
functional areas, actual and potential
problems, and opportunities

14. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Analysis (continued)
• Includes creation of logical system design
– Must specify appropriate conceptual data model, inputs,
processes, and expected output requirements
– Might use tools such as data flow diagrams (DFDs),
hierarchical input process output (HIPO) diagrams, and
entity relationship (ER) diagrams
– Yields functional descriptions of system’s components
(modules) for each process within database environment

15. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Detailed Systems Design
• Designer completes design of system’s
processes
• Includes all necessary technical specifications
• Steps are laid out for conversion from old to
new system
• Training principles and methodologies are also
planned

16. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Implementation
• Hardware, DBMS software, and application
programs are installed, and database design is
implemented
• Cycle of coding, testing, and debugging
continues until database is ready to be
delivered
• Database is created and system is customised
by creation of tables and views, and user
authorisations

17. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Maintenance
• Maintenance activities group into three types:
– Corrective maintenance in response to systems errors
– Adaptive maintenance due to changes in business environment
– Perfective maintenance to enhance system
• Computer-assisted systems engineering
– Make it possible to produce better systems within reasonable
amount of time and at reasonable cost

18. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Database Life Cycle (DBLC)

19. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Database Initial Study
• Overall purpose:
– Analyse company situation
– Define problems and constraints
– Define objectives
– Define scope and boundaries
• Interactive and iterative processes required to
complete first phase of DBLC successfully

20. The Database Initial Study (continued)

21. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Analyse the Company Situation
• Analysis–To break up any whole into its parts so as to find
out their nature, function, and so on
• Company situation
– General conditions in which company operates, its
organisational structure, and its mission
• Analyse company situation
– Discover what company’s operational components are, how
they function, and how they interact

22. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Define Problems and Constraints
• Managerial view of company’s operation is often
different from that of end users
• Designer must continue to carefully probe to generate
additional information that will help define problems
within larger framework of company operations
• Finding precise answers is important
• Defining problems does not always lead to perfect
solution

23. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Define Objectives
• Designer must ensure that database system objectives
correspond to those envisioned by end user(s)
• Designer must begin to address following questions:
– What is proposed system’s initial objective?
– Will system interface with other existing or future systems in the
company?
– Will system share data with other systems or users?

24. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Define Scope and Boundaries
• Scope
– Defines extent of design according to operational requirements
– Helps define required data structures, type and number of
entities, and physical size of database
• Boundaries
– Limits external to system
– Often imposed by existing hardware and software

25. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Database Design
• Necessary to concentrate on data
• Characteristics required to build database
model
• Two views of data within system:
– Business view of data as information source
– Designer’s view of data structure, its access, and
activities required to transform data into
information

26. Database Design (continued)

27. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Database Design (continued)
• Loosely related to analysis and design of larger system
• Systems analysts or systems programmers are in charge of
designing other system components
– Their activities create procedures that will help transform data within
database into useful information
• Does not constitute sequential process
– Iterative process that provides continuous feedback designed to trace
previous steps

28. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Database Design (continued)

29. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
I. Conceptual Design Overview
• Data modeling used to create an abstract
database structure that represents real-world
objects in most realistic way possible
• Must embody clear understanding of business
and its functional areas
• Ensure that all data needed are in model, and
that all data in model are needed

30. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
I. Conceptual Design Overview
(continued)
• Requires four steps
– Data analysis and requirements
– Entity relationship modeling and normalisation
– Data model verification
– Distributed database design

31. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
II. DBMS Software Selection
• Critical to information system’s smooth
operation
• Advantages and disadvantages should be
carefully studied
• Factors affecting purchasing decisions include:
– Cost, DBMS Features and Tools, underlying Model,
Portability and Hard ware requirements.

32. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
III. Logical Design Overview
• Used to translate conceptual design into
internal model for selected database
management system
• Logical design is software-dependent
• Requires that all objects in model be
mapped to specific constructs used by
selected database software

33. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
III. Logical Design Overview
(continued)
The logical design stage consists of the
following phases:
1. Creating the logical data model.
2. Validating the logical data model using
normalisation.

34. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
III. Logical Design Overview
(continued)
4. Assigning and validating integrity
constraints.
5. Merging logical models constructed for
different parts for the database together.
6. Reviewing the logical data model with the
use

35. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
IV. Physical Design Overview
• Process of selecting data storage and data access
characteristics of database
• Storage characteristics are function of device types supported
by hardware, type of data access methods supported by
system, and DBMS
• Particularly important in older hierarchical and network
models
• Becomes more complex when data are distributed at different
locations

36. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
IV. Physical Design Overview
(continued)
Physical database design can be broken down
into a number of stages:
1. Analyse data volume and database usage.
2. Translate each relation identified in the logical
data model into tables.
3. Determine a suitable file organisation.

37. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
IV. Physical Design Overview
(continued)
4. Define indexes.
5. Define user views.
6. Estimate data storage requirements.
7. Determine database security for users.

38. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Implementation and Loading
• New database implementation requires
creation of special storage-related constructs
to house end-user tables

39. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Implementation and Loading (continued)

40. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Performance
• One of most important factors in certain
database implementations
• Not all DBMSs have performance-monitoring
and fine-tuning tools embedded in their
software
• There is no standard measurement for
database performance
• Not only (nor even main) factor

41. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Backup and Recovery
• Database can be subject to data loss through
unintended data deletion and power outages
• Data backup and recovery procedures
– Create safety valve
• Allow database administrator to ensure availability of
consistent data

42. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Integrity
• Enforced through proper use of primary and
foreign key rules

43. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Database Security
• Data must be protected from access by unauthorised users
• Establish security goals
– What are we trying to protect the database from?
– What security related problems are we trying to prevent?
• The most common security goals relate to the integrity,
confidentiality and the availability of data.

44. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Threats to Security
• Threats are any set of circumstances that have
the potential to cause loss, misuse or harm to
the system and/or its data.
• Threats can cause:
• The loss of the integrity of data through
unauthorised modification.
– For example a person gaining unauthorised access
to a bank account and removing some money
from the account.

45. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Threats to Security
• The loss of availability of the data.
– For example some adversary causes the database system from being
operational which stops authorised users of the data from accessing it.
• The loss of confidentiality of the data (also referred to as the
privacy of data).
– This could be caused by a person gaining access to private information
such as a password or a bank account balance.

46. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Examples of Threats
• Theft and fraud of data.
• Human error which causes accidental loss of
data.
• Electronic infections
– Viruses
– Email Viruses
– Worms
– Trojan Horses

47. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Examples of Threats (continued)
• The occurrence of natural disasters such as
hurricanes, fires or floods.
• Unauthorised access and modification of data.
• Employee sabotage is concerned with the
deliberate acts of malice against the
organisation.
• Poor database administration.

48. Examples of Threats (continued)

49. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Data Security Measures
• Physical security allows only authorised
personnel physical access to specific areas.
• User authentication is a way of identifying the
user and verifying that the user is allowed to
access some restricted data or application.
– achieved through the use of passwords and access
rights.
• Audit trails are usually provided by the DBMS
to check for access violations.

50. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Data Security Measures (continued)
• Data encryption
– Aim for Zero Trust Policy
• User-defined policies and procedures
• Backup and recovery strategies
• Antivirus software
• Firewalls

51. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Testing and Evaluation
• Occurs in parallel with applications programming
• Database tools used to prototype applications
• If implementation fails to meet some of system’s
evaluation criteria:
– Fine-tune specific system and DBMS configuration parameters
– Modify physical design
– Modify logical design
– Upgrade or change DBMS software and/or hardware platform

52. Common Sources for Database Failure

53. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Database Backups
• Database backups can be performed at
different levels:
– Full backup or dump
– Differential backup
– Transaction log backup

54. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Database Recovery
• The type and extent of the required recovery are
first determined
• If the entire database needs to be recovered to a
consistent state, the recovery uses the most
recent backup copy of the database in a known
consistent state.
• If the database needs to be recovered but the
committed portion of the database is still usable,
the recovery process uses the transaction log to
‘undo’ all of the transactions that were not
committed

55. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Operation
• Once database has passed evaluation stage, it
is considered operational
• Beginning of operational phase starts process
of system evolution

56. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Maintenance and Evolution
• Required periodic maintenance:
– Preventive maintenance (backup)
– Corrective maintenance (recovery)
– Adaptive maintenance
– Assignment of access permissions and their
maintenance for new and old users
– Generation of database access statistics
– Periodic security audits
– Periodic system-usage summaries

57. Parallel Activities in the DBLC and the
SDLC

58. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Database Design Strategies
Two classical approaches to database design:
– Top-down design
• Identifies data sets
• Defines data elements for each of those sets
– Bottom-up design
• Identifies data elements (items)
• Groups them together in data sets

59. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Database Design Strategies
Top-down vs. bottom-up design sequencing

60. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Centralised vs. Decentralised Design
• Database design may be based on two very different
design philosophies:
– Centralised design
• Productive when data component is composed of
relatively small number of objects and procedures
– Decentralised design
• Used when data component of system has considerable
number of entities and complex relations on which very
complex operations are performed

61. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Centralised vs. Decentralised Design
Centralised Design

62. Decentralised Design

63. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Centralised vs. Decentralised Design
(continued)
• Aggregation process
– Requires designer to create single model in which
various aggregation problems must be addressed:
• Synonyms and homonyms
• Entity and entity subtypes
• Conflicting object definitions

64. Centralised vs. Decentralised Design
Summary of aggregation problems

65. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Database Administration
• Data management is a complex job
• Led to the development of the database
administration function.
• The person responsible for the control of
thecentralised and shared database is the
database administrator (DBA).

66. The placement of the DBA function

67. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
DBA Activities
• Database planning, including the definition of
standards, procedures and enforcement.
• Database requirements gathering and
conceptual design.
• Database logical design and transaction
design.

68. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
DBA Activities (continued)
• Database physical design and implementation.
• Database testing and debugging.
• Database operations and maintenance,
including installation, conversion and
migration.
• Database training and support.

69. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The DBA in the Organisation

70. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Multiple DBA in an Organisation

71. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
DBA Skills

72. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Managerial Role of the DBA

73. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Managerial Role of the DBA
(continued)
• End-User Support
– Gathering user requirements
– Building end-user confidence.
– Resolving conflicts and problems.
– Finding solutions to information needs.
– Ensuring quality and integrity of applications
and data.
– Managing the training and support of DBMS
users.

74. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Managerial Role of the DBA
(continued)
• Policies, Procedures and Standards
– Policies are general statements of direction or
action that communicate and support DBA goals.
– Standards are more detailed and specific than
policies and describe the minimum requirements
of a given DBA activity.
– Procedures are written instructions that describe
a series of steps to be followed during the
performance of a given activity.

75. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Managerial Role of the DBA
(continued)
• Data Security, Privacy and Integrity
– Protecting the security and privacy of the data in
the database is a function of authorisation
management.
– Authorisation management defines procedures to
protect and guarantee database security and
integrity.
– Includes: user access management, view
definition, DBMS access control and DBMS usage
monitoring.

76. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Managerial Role of the DBA
(continued)
• Data Backup and Recovery
– Many DBA departments have created a position staffed by the
database security officer (DSO).
– The DSO’s activities are often classified as disaster management.
– Disaster management includes all of the DBA activities designed to
secure data availability following a physical disaster or a database
integrity failure.
– Disaster management includes all planning, organising and testing of
database contingency plans and recovery procedures.

77. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
The Managerial Role of the DBA
(continued)
• Data Distribution and Use
– The DBA is responsible for ensuring that the data
are distributed to the right people, at the right
time and in the right format.

78. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
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The Technical Role of the DBA
• Evaluating, selecting and installing the DBMS and related
utilities.
• Designing and implementing databases and applications.
• Testing and evaluating databases and applications.
• Operating the DBMS, utilities and applications.
• Training and supporting users.
• Maintaining the DBMS, utilities and applications.

79. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
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Evaluating, Selecting and Installing the
DBMS and Utilities (DBA)
• Covers the selection of the database
management system, utility software and
supporting hardware for use in the
organisation.
• Must be based primarily on the organisation’s
needs
• The DBA would be wise to develop a checklist
of desired DBMS features.

80. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Designing and Implementing
Databases and Applications (DBA)
• Covers data modelling and design services to
the end-user community
• Determine and enforce standards and
procedures to be used.
• DBA then provides the necessary assistance
and support during the design of the database
at the conceptual, logical and physical levels

81. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Testing and Evaluating Databases and
Applications (DBA)
• The DBA must also provide testing and evaluation services for
all of the database and end-user applications.
• Those services are the logical extension of the design,
development and implementation services.
• Testing procedures and standards must already be in place
before any application program can be approved for use in
the company.

82. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Operating the DBMS, Utilities and
Applications
(DBA)
• DBMS operations can be divided into four
main areas:
– System support.
– Performance monitoring and tuning.
– Backup and recovery.
– Security auditing and monitoring.

83. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Training and Supporting Users (DBA)
• Training people to use the DBMS and its tools
is included in the DBA’s technical activities.
• The DBA also provides or secures technical
training in the use of the DBMS and its utilities
for the applications programmers.

84. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Maintaining the DBMS, Utilities and
Applications (DBA)
• The maintenance activities of the DBA are an
extension of the operational activities.
• Maintenance activities are dedicated to the
preservation of the DBMS environment.

85. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Developing a Data
Administration Strategy
• Critical step for any organisation is to ensure
its information system supports strategic plans
for each of the company’s business areas
• Database administration strategy must not
conflict with information systems plans

86. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Developing a Database
Administration Strategy (continued)
• Information engineering
– Translates strategic company’s strategic goals into
data and applications that will help company
achieve those goals
– Output of IE process is information systems
architecture that serves as basis for planning,
development, and control of future information
systems

87. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
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Forces affecting the development of the
ISA

88. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Summary
• Information system is designed to facilitate
transformation of data into information and to
manage both data and information
• SDLC traces history (life cycle) of an
application within the information system

89. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Summary (continued)
• DBLC describes history of database within the
information system
• Database design and implementation process
moves through series of well-defined stages
• Conceptual portion of design may be subject
to several variations, based on two design
philosophies

90. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Summary (continued)
• Threats to database security include the loss
of integrity, confidentiality and availability of
data.
• The database administrator (DBA) is
responsible for managing the corporate
database.
• The development of the data administration
strategy is closely related to the company’s
mission and objectives.

91. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Summary (continued)
• The DA and the DBA functions tend to overlap.
• The managerial services of the DBA function
include at least:
– Supporting the end-user community
– Defining and enforcing policies, procedures and
standards for the database function
– Ensuring data security, privacy and integrity
– Providing data backup and recovery services
– Monitoring the distribution and use of the data in the
database

92. Database Principles 3rd Ed., Coronel, Morris, Crockett, Blewett
©2020 Cengage EMEA
Summary (continued)
• The technical role requires the DBA to be
involved in at least these activities:
– Evaluating, selecting and installing the DBMS
– Designing and implementing databases and
applications
– Testing and evaluating databases and applications
– Operating the DBMS, utilities and applications
– Training and supporting users
– Maintaining the DBMS, utilities and applications