The document provides an overview of individual psychotherapies. It discusses several approaches to psychotherapy including cognitive behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and psychoanalytic therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy aims to change problematic behaviors, feelings, and thoughts by identifying and modifying dysfunctional beliefs and cognitive distortions. It involves 12-20 sessions over several months. Psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapies focus more on unconscious motivations and aims to bring repressed content into conscious awareness through techniques like free association and dream analysis in order to gain insight.
Psychodynamic approach to counselling JerryJames34
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Psychodynamic counseling is based on Freud's theory that understanding the unconscious mind is key to helping clients. It focuses on uncovering repressed emotions from childhood that influence present problems. The counselor helps clients gain insight into patterns and relationships to resolve issues like depression and anxiety. Techniques include exploring dreams, transference, and early experiences to understand how the past affects the present. While criticized as unscientific, proponents argue psychodynamic therapy provides deep emotional insight to help free clients from the past.
The psychodynamic perspective aims to help clients gain insight into long-standing conflicts from their past that influence their present-day problems and behaviors. Therapists use techniques like free association and dream analysis to help clients uncover patterns in their emotions, thoughts, and beliefs that originated from early life experiences and childhood. Key aspects of this perspective include a focus on the unconscious mind, interpretation of mental processes rather than observable behaviors, and belief that childhood experiences strongly influence adult personality and functioning.
Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Depressive Disorder.docxsmile790243
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Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology: Depressive Disorder
INTRODUCTION
An approach in psychology is a method that is used in diagnosis and treatment of mental health problems and disorders. In Clinical Psychology, there are four major approaches; Psychodynamic, Cognitive Behavioral, Humanistic, and the Family Systems approach. Each approach is used to assess, diagnose and treat a wide array of mental health disorders. This presentation aims to provide a meaningful explanation of each approach, how the approach is used, and the effectiveness the approach, statically speaking.
Psychodynamic Approach
Philosophical Origins
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Erick Erikson
Alder
Goals
Awareness of emotions and unconscious thoughts
Awareness of unresolved issues and how they influence mood
Coping mechanisms
The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality. Freudâs psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes all theories that were based on his ideas of psychologists and philosophers , Jung, Erikson and Alder. The psychodynamic theory suggest that early significant relationships have a major influence on who we develop into as an adult, and how we function, behave and deal with emotions. Freud believed that our motives, decisions and feelings are powered by our past experiences that are stored in the unconscious mind (Simplypsychology.org, 2017) .
The goal of psychodynamic therapy is designed to help patients become aware of, and in touch with, the full range of their emotions. By integrating the unconscious elements of their life as a part of their present experience, Psychodynamic therapy helps people understand how their behavior and mood are affected by unresolved issues and unconscious feelings. Once the patient becomes aware of the underlying factors, they have the opportunity to change future thoughts and emotions. This type of therapy is especially helpful to the depressed person, as underlying issues come to light and the psychologists may then apply techniques that promote the development of useful coping mechanisms that help with emotional healing and positive change (Simplypsychology.org, 2017).
3
Psychodynamic Approach Cont.
Techniques/Strategies
Affects of Treatment Strategies
Effectiveness
Cognitive Behavioral Approach
Philosophical Origins
Goals
Cognitive Behavioral Approach Cont.âŚ
Techniques/Strategies
Affects of Treatment Strategies
Effectiveness
Humanistic Approach
Philosophical Origins
Goals
Humanistic Approach Cont.âŚ
Techniques/Strategies
Affects of Treatment Strategies
Effectiveness
Family Systems Approach
Philosophical Origins
Goals
Family Systems Approach Cont.
Techniques/Strategies
Affects of Treatment Stra ...
Individual therapy is a psychotherapy process where a trained therapist works one-on-one with a client to address problems, explore feelings and behaviors, and set personal goals. The document outlines several types of individual therapy including psychoanalysis, hypnosis, abreaction, reality therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The goal of individual therapy is for clients to gain insight into themselves, develop coping strategies, rearrange priorities, and focus on their strengths and meaningful pursuits.
Relationship Between Counselling And PsychotherapyKelly Ratkovic
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This document discusses the differences between counselling and psychotherapy. Counselling aims to help individuals understand problems in a short term manner to inspire behaviour modification. Psychotherapy helps with long-standing psychological problems by understanding thought processes and history. Both use techniques like transference, where past relationships influence present ones, and interpretation to gain understanding of issues.
This document provides an overview of psychotherapy. It begins by defining psychotherapy and tracing its origins back to the 1800s. Sigmund Freud is noted as developing one of the early forms of psychotherapy, psychoanalysis. The document then discusses various aspects of psychotherapy like definitions, goals, stages, techniques, types according to depth/number of patients/purpose, indications, contraindications, limitations, and requirements of a psychotherapist. It also covers individual psychotherapy in detail including its definition, aims, modes, types, techniques, indications, benefits, and disadvantages. The document concludes with a brief discussion of group therapy including its definition, types, models, selection of clients, group size, session duration/frequency, and benefits.
This document outlines various psychotherapy techniques including psychoanalysis, milieu therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. It discusses Sigmund Freud's development of psychoanalysis and its focus on unconscious mental conflicts. Key techniques in psychoanalysis include free association, dream analysis, hypnosis, catharsis, and abreaction therapy. Milieu therapy aims to structure the treatment environment to promote behavioral changes. Cognitive behavioral therapy teaches patients to identify and change unhelpful thought and behavior patterns related to their problems.
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious
Psychodynamic approach to counselling JerryJames34
Â
Psychodynamic counseling is based on Freud's theory that understanding the unconscious mind is key to helping clients. It focuses on uncovering repressed emotions from childhood that influence present problems. The counselor helps clients gain insight into patterns and relationships to resolve issues like depression and anxiety. Techniques include exploring dreams, transference, and early experiences to understand how the past affects the present. While criticized as unscientific, proponents argue psychodynamic therapy provides deep emotional insight to help free clients from the past.
The psychodynamic perspective aims to help clients gain insight into long-standing conflicts from their past that influence their present-day problems and behaviors. Therapists use techniques like free association and dream analysis to help clients uncover patterns in their emotions, thoughts, and beliefs that originated from early life experiences and childhood. Key aspects of this perspective include a focus on the unconscious mind, interpretation of mental processes rather than observable behaviors, and belief that childhood experiences strongly influence adult personality and functioning.
Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Depressive Disorder.docxsmile790243
Â
Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology: Depressive Disorder
INTRODUCTION
An approach in psychology is a method that is used in diagnosis and treatment of mental health problems and disorders. In Clinical Psychology, there are four major approaches; Psychodynamic, Cognitive Behavioral, Humanistic, and the Family Systems approach. Each approach is used to assess, diagnose and treat a wide array of mental health disorders. This presentation aims to provide a meaningful explanation of each approach, how the approach is used, and the effectiveness the approach, statically speaking.
Psychodynamic Approach
Philosophical Origins
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Erick Erikson
Alder
Goals
Awareness of emotions and unconscious thoughts
Awareness of unresolved issues and how they influence mood
Coping mechanisms
The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality. Freudâs psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes all theories that were based on his ideas of psychologists and philosophers , Jung, Erikson and Alder. The psychodynamic theory suggest that early significant relationships have a major influence on who we develop into as an adult, and how we function, behave and deal with emotions. Freud believed that our motives, decisions and feelings are powered by our past experiences that are stored in the unconscious mind (Simplypsychology.org, 2017) .
The goal of psychodynamic therapy is designed to help patients become aware of, and in touch with, the full range of their emotions. By integrating the unconscious elements of their life as a part of their present experience, Psychodynamic therapy helps people understand how their behavior and mood are affected by unresolved issues and unconscious feelings. Once the patient becomes aware of the underlying factors, they have the opportunity to change future thoughts and emotions. This type of therapy is especially helpful to the depressed person, as underlying issues come to light and the psychologists may then apply techniques that promote the development of useful coping mechanisms that help with emotional healing and positive change (Simplypsychology.org, 2017).
3
Psychodynamic Approach Cont.
Techniques/Strategies
Affects of Treatment Strategies
Effectiveness
Cognitive Behavioral Approach
Philosophical Origins
Goals
Cognitive Behavioral Approach Cont.âŚ
Techniques/Strategies
Affects of Treatment Strategies
Effectiveness
Humanistic Approach
Philosophical Origins
Goals
Humanistic Approach Cont.âŚ
Techniques/Strategies
Affects of Treatment Strategies
Effectiveness
Family Systems Approach
Philosophical Origins
Goals
Family Systems Approach Cont.
Techniques/Strategies
Affects of Treatment Stra ...
Individual therapy is a psychotherapy process where a trained therapist works one-on-one with a client to address problems, explore feelings and behaviors, and set personal goals. The document outlines several types of individual therapy including psychoanalysis, hypnosis, abreaction, reality therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The goal of individual therapy is for clients to gain insight into themselves, develop coping strategies, rearrange priorities, and focus on their strengths and meaningful pursuits.
Relationship Between Counselling And PsychotherapyKelly Ratkovic
Â
This document discusses the differences between counselling and psychotherapy. Counselling aims to help individuals understand problems in a short term manner to inspire behaviour modification. Psychotherapy helps with long-standing psychological problems by understanding thought processes and history. Both use techniques like transference, where past relationships influence present ones, and interpretation to gain understanding of issues.
This document provides an overview of psychotherapy. It begins by defining psychotherapy and tracing its origins back to the 1800s. Sigmund Freud is noted as developing one of the early forms of psychotherapy, psychoanalysis. The document then discusses various aspects of psychotherapy like definitions, goals, stages, techniques, types according to depth/number of patients/purpose, indications, contraindications, limitations, and requirements of a psychotherapist. It also covers individual psychotherapy in detail including its definition, aims, modes, types, techniques, indications, benefits, and disadvantages. The document concludes with a brief discussion of group therapy including its definition, types, models, selection of clients, group size, session duration/frequency, and benefits.
This document outlines various psychotherapy techniques including psychoanalysis, milieu therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. It discusses Sigmund Freud's development of psychoanalysis and its focus on unconscious mental conflicts. Key techniques in psychoanalysis include free association, dream analysis, hypnosis, catharsis, and abreaction therapy. Milieu therapy aims to structure the treatment environment to promote behavioral changes. Cognitive behavioral therapy teaches patients to identify and change unhelpful thought and behavior patterns related to their problems.
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious
The document summarizes four main types of psychological treatment: psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive therapy. It describes the founding psychiatrist of psychoanalysis as Sigmund Freud and explains that psychoanalysis focuses on exploration of unconscious thoughts and patterns through therapist neutrality and interpretation. Humanistic therapy emphasizes self-actualization and freedom of choice. Behavior therapy aims to change behavior to alter feelings using techniques like self-monitoring and behavior modification. Cognitive therapy is a structured seven-step approach where patients identify negative thoughts and distortions and substitute rational responses.
The document discusses various psychological therapies including psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies, behavior therapies, cognitive therapies, group/family therapies, and biomedical therapies. It provides details on different approaches like psychoanalysis, person-centered therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and evaluates the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Psychoanalytic counseling is based on Sigmund Freud's theories of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences shaping adult behaviors. Therapists listen to patients talk in order to understand patterns influencing current difficulties. Through long-term intensive treatment, patients can gain insight into unconscious forces. Gestalt counseling focuses on present-state awareness, respect for clients, and creative experiments to help clients acknowledge feelings and develop self-awareness. Both aim to treat conditions like depression and anxiety by addressing unconscious influences through discussion and insight.
UNDERSTANDING YOUR MIND đ§ delve deeper into the fascinating world of the mind.Counsel India
Â
Introducing "Understanding Your Mind," an e-book devoted to assisting you in discovering and comprehending the complex mechanisms of your mind.
We will explore many facets of mental awareness on this journey, offering you insights to help you comprehend and take care of your mental health. Mental awareness is the foundation upon which a fulfilling and balanced life is built. It encompasses being attuned to your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, and understanding how they shape your experiences and interactions with the world around you.
Visit our website to get more psychology and mental well-being-related content and free e-books
https://www.counselindia.com/
;
Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freudâs therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patientâs free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferencesâand the therapistâs interpretations of themâreleased previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self -insight.
This document summarizes different counseling settings and approaches. It describes settings in government, private sectors, civil society, schools, and communities. It then outlines several major counseling approaches: psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious, behaviorism on conditioning, and humanism on free will and growth. Specific approaches discussed include Adlerian, existential, person-centered, gestalt, transactional analysis, behavior, rational-emotive, and reality therapy.
Humanistic psychology rose in response to limitations of psychoanalysis and behaviorism. It focuses on individuals' subjective experiences, feelings, and perceptions rather than external causes of behavior. Key figures included Maslow, who proposed a hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers. Rogers developed client-centered therapy, which centers on core therapist qualities of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence to facilitate client self-actualization and problem-solving. The approach focuses on helping clients fully understand themselves in a non-judgmental environment.
The document discusses the history and types of therapy. It describes how maltreatment of the mentally ill led to the humane movements started by Pinel and Dix. The major types discussed are psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies like person-centered therapy, behavioral therapies using techniques like exposure therapy and systematic desensitization, cognitive therapy, and group/family therapies. Effectiveness is difficult to measure but research finds therapy more helpful than no therapy.
This document discusses various approaches to psychotherapy and evaluating their effectiveness. It covers psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies, behavior therapies, cognitive therapies, group/family therapies, and biomedical therapies. It examines the relative effectiveness of different therapies for treating specific disorders. While some alternative therapies like light therapy for SAD have shown promise, others like EMDR have not proven effective under scientific scrutiny. Overall, outcome research finds that the vast majority of patients benefit more from psychotherapy than receiving no treatment.
This document provides an overview of modern psychotherapies, including traditional therapies from the past as well as current approaches used in Pakistan. It discusses Muslim spiritual healing methods, rituals of black magic, and various modern psychotherapy techniques including psychodynamic therapy, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, family therapy, group therapy, and humanistic approaches. Key aspects like transference, countertransference, exposure therapy, and ethical issues are summarized.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
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TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Â
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
The document summarizes four main types of psychological treatment: psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive therapy. It describes the founding psychiatrist of psychoanalysis as Sigmund Freud and explains that psychoanalysis focuses on exploration of unconscious thoughts and patterns through therapist neutrality and interpretation. Humanistic therapy emphasizes self-actualization and freedom of choice. Behavior therapy aims to change behavior to alter feelings using techniques like self-monitoring and behavior modification. Cognitive therapy is a structured seven-step approach where patients identify negative thoughts and distortions and substitute rational responses.
The document discusses various psychological therapies including psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies, behavior therapies, cognitive therapies, group/family therapies, and biomedical therapies. It provides details on different approaches like psychoanalysis, person-centered therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and evaluates the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Psychoanalytic counseling is based on Sigmund Freud's theories of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences shaping adult behaviors. Therapists listen to patients talk in order to understand patterns influencing current difficulties. Through long-term intensive treatment, patients can gain insight into unconscious forces. Gestalt counseling focuses on present-state awareness, respect for clients, and creative experiments to help clients acknowledge feelings and develop self-awareness. Both aim to treat conditions like depression and anxiety by addressing unconscious influences through discussion and insight.
UNDERSTANDING YOUR MIND đ§ delve deeper into the fascinating world of the mind.Counsel India
Â
Introducing "Understanding Your Mind," an e-book devoted to assisting you in discovering and comprehending the complex mechanisms of your mind.
We will explore many facets of mental awareness on this journey, offering you insights to help you comprehend and take care of your mental health. Mental awareness is the foundation upon which a fulfilling and balanced life is built. It encompasses being attuned to your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, and understanding how they shape your experiences and interactions with the world around you.
Visit our website to get more psychology and mental well-being-related content and free e-books
https://www.counselindia.com/
;
Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freudâs therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patientâs free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferencesâand the therapistâs interpretations of themâreleased previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self -insight.
This document summarizes different counseling settings and approaches. It describes settings in government, private sectors, civil society, schools, and communities. It then outlines several major counseling approaches: psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious, behaviorism on conditioning, and humanism on free will and growth. Specific approaches discussed include Adlerian, existential, person-centered, gestalt, transactional analysis, behavior, rational-emotive, and reality therapy.
Humanistic psychology rose in response to limitations of psychoanalysis and behaviorism. It focuses on individuals' subjective experiences, feelings, and perceptions rather than external causes of behavior. Key figures included Maslow, who proposed a hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers. Rogers developed client-centered therapy, which centers on core therapist qualities of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence to facilitate client self-actualization and problem-solving. The approach focuses on helping clients fully understand themselves in a non-judgmental environment.
The document discusses the history and types of therapy. It describes how maltreatment of the mentally ill led to the humane movements started by Pinel and Dix. The major types discussed are psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies like person-centered therapy, behavioral therapies using techniques like exposure therapy and systematic desensitization, cognitive therapy, and group/family therapies. Effectiveness is difficult to measure but research finds therapy more helpful than no therapy.
This document discusses various approaches to psychotherapy and evaluating their effectiveness. It covers psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies, behavior therapies, cognitive therapies, group/family therapies, and biomedical therapies. It examines the relative effectiveness of different therapies for treating specific disorders. While some alternative therapies like light therapy for SAD have shown promise, others like EMDR have not proven effective under scientific scrutiny. Overall, outcome research finds that the vast majority of patients benefit more from psychotherapy than receiving no treatment.
This document provides an overview of modern psychotherapies, including traditional therapies from the past as well as current approaches used in Pakistan. It discusses Muslim spiritual healing methods, rituals of black magic, and various modern psychotherapy techniques including psychodynamic therapy, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, family therapy, group therapy, and humanistic approaches. Key aspects like transference, countertransference, exposure therapy, and ethical issues are summarized.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
Â
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Â
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7Âą1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years â 50.4%, 20 years â 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6Âą1723.6 days), 22 â more than 10 years (LS=5571Âą1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9Âą344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
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Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinsonâs Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinsonâs care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
2. INTRODUCTION
In general, Psychotherapy is the mode of treating mental disorders by psychological
rather than pharmacology.
Therapists apply scientifically validated procedures to help people develop healthier,
more effective habits.
There are several approaches to psychotherapy â including cognitive behavioral,
interpersonal and other kinds of talk therapy â that help individuals work through
their problems
It can also be a supportive process when going through a difficult period or under
increased stress, such as starting a new career or going through a divorce
CHRI,2019 2
3. HISTORY OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
Ancient
Philosophers
Spiritual
practitioners
1. 19th century
PINEL
MORAL
TREATMENT
1853
WALTER COOPER
DENDY
PSYCHO-
THERAPEIA
LATE 1800s
SIGMUND FREUD
FATHER OF
PSYCHOTHERAPY
PSYCHOANALYSIS
2. 1920
Behaviorism and
Behavior therapies
3. 1950
Humanistic ,
existential
approaches
4. 1970s
Family â centered
approaches
IPT
2000s
Need for HOLISTIC
approaches
CHRI,2019 3
4. DEFINITIONS
âPsychotherapyâ was defined as every means and every possible agency
which primarily affects the psychical rather than the physical organization
of the patient in a curative direction.
Client is a person who is receiving services from a mental health
professional or a therapist. (term â Carl Rogers)
Therapist is a professional who is trained and often licensed to provide a
necessary psychotherapy and rehabilitation for their clients.
CHRI,2019 4
5. ď Rapport is the spontaneous, conscious feeling of harmonious responsiveness that promotes the development
of a constructive therapeutic alliance.
ď Empathy is the capacity of a person to put himself into the psychological frame of reference of another and
thereby understand his thinking, feeling, orbehavior
ď Active Listening is listening to a person and responding to them using techniques like paraphrases.
1. Bylooking at the patient and adopting anappropriate posture
2. Byindicating that you understand what is happening to him.
3. Being able to laugh in response to a humorous content.
4. Responsive to a patientâs initiatives.
CHRI,2019 5
6. Psychotherapies provide..
ďźA working alliance between patient and therapist
ďźAn emotionally safe setting where the patient can feel accepted, supported,
uncriticized.
ďźA therapeutic approach that may either be strictly adhered to or modified
according to patient needs
ďźConfidentiality as integral to therapeutic relationship except with safety
issues
CHRI,2019 6
8. ⢠Focuses on changing problematic behaviors, feelings, and
thoughts by discovering their unconscious meanings and
motivations
⢠Sigmund Freud
PSYCHOANALYTIC
⢠Modification of psychoanalytic school
PSYCHODYNAMIC
⢠Its dysfunctional thinking that leads to dysfunctional emotions or
behaviors.
⢠By changing their thoughts, people can change how they feel and what
they do.
⢠Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck.
COGNITIVE
CHRI,2019 8
9. ⢠Based on learning theories
⢠CLASSICAL CONDITIONING , REINFORCEMENT AND
PUNISHMENT
⢠Ivan Pavlov , E.L Thorndike, B.F. Skinner
BEHAVIOR
⢠Emphasizes people's capacity to make rational choices and
develop to their maximum potential.
⢠Client-centered therapy - therapists help clients change by
emphasizing their concern, care and interest. (Carl Roger)
⢠Gestalt therapy - the importance of being aware of the here
and now and accepting responsibility for yourself. (Frederick
S. Perls)
⢠Existential therapy - focuses on free will, self-determination
and the search for meaning.(Victor Frankyl)
HUMANISTIC
CHRI,2019 9
11. As per CARL ROGERS,
Therapist must have four basic conditions
⌠Unconditional Positive Regard: Unshakable acceptance of another person, regardless of
what they tell the therapist or how they feel
⌠Empathy: Ability to feel what another person is feeling; capacity to take another personâs
point of view
⌠Authenticity: Ability of a therapist to be genuine and honest about his or her feelings
⌠Reflection: Rephrasing or repeating thoughts and feelings of the clientsâ; helps clients
become aware of what they are saying
CHRI,2019 11
15. PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
As given by Freud , Psychoanalysis has different types
of meanings
1. Method of investigating the mind.
2. Explains both normal and abnormal human behavior.
3. Specific treatment method designed initially to treat
neuroses, such as hysteria and obsessive-compulsive
symptoms, but later used for many other disorders.
CHRI,2019 15
16. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Intra-psychic determinism
Childhood sets the stage for lifelong adjustment
Assessment, treatment and research focused on intra-psychic
factors, often not directly accessible
Psychoanalysis is based on overcoming the desires and negative
influences of the unconscious mind. It encourages patients to use free
association as a way to come to insights about unresolved issues from
the past that are resulting in emotional or behavioral problems in the
present.
CHRI,2019 16
18. Specific terms used in Psychoanalysis
Transference: Unconscious redirection of feelings for one person to another
(including the therapist)
Counter Transference: Redirection of therapistâs feelings for the patient
Resistance: Ideas unacceptable to conscious; prevents therapy from
proceeding
Free Association: Allow the patient to express even the most irrelevant,
unpleasant, or trivial material - Clues to unconscious
CHRI,2019 18
20. TECHNIQUES USED IN PSYCHOANALYSIS
a. Maintaining an analytic framework
b. Free association
c. Interpretation
d. Dream analysis
e. Analysis of resistance
f. Analysis of transference
CHRI,2019 20
22. FREE ASSOCIATION
ďThe clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to their mind, regardless of how
painful, silly, trivial, illogical, or irrelevant it may be.
ďIt is used to open the doors to unconscious wishes, fantasies, conflicts and
motivations.
ďRecollection of past experiences and also a release of intense feelings (catharsis).
ďThe therapist interprets the material to the clients guiding them toward increased
insight into the underlying dynamics.
ďNot only the surface content is listened to, but also the hidden meaning.
CHRI,2019 22
23. INTERPRETATION
Includes identifying, clarifying and translating the clientâs material.
1. The analyst should interpret material that the client has not seen yet; but is
capable of tolerating it and incorporating it.
2. Always start from surface and should only go as deep as the client can go.
3. Best to point out a defense/ resistance before interpreting the emotion/
conflict behind it
CHRI,2019 23
24. DREAM ANALYSIS
ď§Royal roads to the unconsciousâ (Freud).
ď§Latent content: hidden, symbolic, unconscious motives,
wishes, fears.
ď§Manifest content: the dream as it appears to the dreamer.
ď§Dream Symbols: Images in dreams that have personal or
emotional meanings
ď§Dreams help clients to understand repressed material and
also to see the present functioning.
During session, therapist may ask clients to free associate to
some aspect of the manifest content of a dream for the
purpose of uncovering the latent meanings.
CHRI,2019 24
25. ANALYSIS OF RESISTANCE
ď§During free association or association to dreams, client may show an
unwillingness to relate to thoughts, feelings and experiences.
ď§Freud viewed resistance as an unconscious dynamic that people use to defend
against the intolerable anxiety and pain that would arise if they were to become
aware of their repressed impulses and feelings.
ď§Therapists must point out resistance to the clients and they should confront it if
they hope to deal with conflicts realistically.
ď§Therapists should respect the resistances of the clients and assist them to work
therapeutically with their defenses.
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26. ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE
ď§Through the relationship with therapist, the clients express feelings,
beliefs, and desires that they have buried in their unconscious.
ď§Through appropriate interpretations and working through of these
current expressions of early feelings, clients are able to become
aware of and gradually change some of their long-standing patterns
of Behaviour.
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28. INSTINCT OR DRIVE THEORY
Essence of Freudâs theory is that sexual and aggressive energies originating in the id (or unconscious)
are modulated by the ego, which is a set of functions that moderates between the id and external reality.
Defense mechanisms are constructions
of the ego that operate to minimize pain
and to maintain psychic equilibrium.
INSTINCT
Source: The part of the body from which the instinct arises.
Impetus : Amount of force or intensity associated with the instinct.
Aim : Any action directed toward tension discharge or satisfaction.
Object: The target (person) for this action
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29. VARIOUS INSTINCTS
Libido:
The force by which the sexual instinct is represented in
the mind.
Ego :
Remaining nonsexual components are called ego instincts.
Aggression :
Part of sexual instinct
Narcissism:
An individualâs libido invested in the ego itself rather than
in other persons
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30. OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY
Melanie Klein & D.W Winnicott
Humans are primarily motivated by the need for contact with othersâthe
need to form relationships
âObjectsâ - significant others with whom an individual relates, sometimes part
of an individual or mental representations as well (External / Internal)
Importance of early family interactions â Mother-Child relationship
1. "My mother is good because she feeds me when I am hungry" (representation of the object).
2. "The fact that she takes care of me must mean that I am good" (representation of the self in
relation to the object).
3. "I love my mother" (representation of the relationship).
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31. OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY
Object relation involves mental representations of:
⌠Object as perceived by the self
⌠The self in relation to the object
⌠The relationship between self and object
To help an individual in therapy uncover early mental images that may
contribute to any present difficulties in oneâs relationships with others
and adjust them in ways that may improve interpersonal functioning.
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32. EGO PSYCHOLOGY
Anna Freud focused her attention on the ego's unconscious, defensive operations
and introduced many important theoretical and clinical considerations.
Ego was predisposed to supervise, regulate, and oppose the id through a variety of
defenses.
Psychoanalyst's attention should always be on the defensive functions of the ego,
which could be observed in the manifest presentation of the patient's associations.
Stresses the individualâs capacity for defense, adaptation, and reality testing.
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33. SELF PSYCHOLOGY
Heinz Kohut believed that a parent's failure to
empathize with child was the root of nearly every
psychological problem.
The therapist makes the effort to understand the
client from within the clientâs own subjective
experience and viewpoint.
The self forms the central focus of this theory,
and is understood as the vital, cohesive, feeling of
ongoingness and self-worth.
Developed Self Psychology which consisted of
four main components
⌠Nuclear Self(what babies are born with)
⌠Virtual Self(image of baby retained by parents)
⌠Cohesive self(combination of nuclear and virtual)
⌠Grandiose self(egocentric form of self)
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34. PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
(EXPRESSIVE / INSIGHT- ORIENTED)
First introduced by Ernst Wilhelm von BrĂźcke (suggested all living organisms are
energy systems and operate on energy conservation )
Form of psychoanalysis which relies on the interpersonal relationship between
client and therapist
Less focus on transference and dynamics
Interpretation, encouragement to elaborate, affirmation and empathy important
1 â 2 sessions/week; open-ended duration
Limited goals
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36. PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
Requires daily visits Once a week (twice/thrice for unstable or
highly motivated clients)
Analysand lies on a couch with the analyst
sitting out of sight and behind
Client and therapist sit face to face
Silent Analyst and FREE ASSOCIATION by
analysand
The psychotherapist usually talks quite a
lot
Not a very interactive process Highly interactive process
Takes several years to be effective Generally 1-12/20 sessions (Brief) to more
than 50 sessions/several years (Long-term)
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37. CONTRAINDICATIONS
According to Wallerstein , 1978 Psychoanalysis should be avoided in these
individuals
1. Active psychosis
2. Perversion
3. Psychopathy (Narcissistic and anti-social personality disorders)
Others include those with limited intelligence
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40. ⢠Developed by Aaron T Beck
⢠Initially for Depression
⢠12 - 20 sessions , 1 -2 sessions
per week initially, later 1 session
/ week
Goals:
1. Reduce the symptomatology
by breaking the vicious cycle
mentioned .
2. To reduce vulnerability and
decrease the frequency (or at
least the intensity) of future
episodes.
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42. Core beliefs
Most fundamental
level of belief
Global, rigid, and
overgeneralized
Absolute truthsâjust
the way things âareâ-
often unarticulated
Helplessness /
Unlovability /
worthlessness
Intermediate beliefs
Attitudes, Rules, and
Assumptions
Developed from core
beliefs
Often unarticulated
Attitude: âItâs terrible to
fail.â
Rule: âGive up if a
challenge seems too
great.â
Assumptions: âIf I try to
do something difficult, Iâll
fail. If I avoid doing it, Iâll
be okay.â
Negative Automatic
Thoughts
Automatic [i.e. not arising
from reasoning]
Autonomous/Involuntary
Situation-specific
Habitual ,Plausible,
Distorted
Subjective Idiosyncratic
Rapid/Fleeting
Closest to Consciousness
and modified first
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43. Typical session in CBT
ď§Check in
ď§Set agenda
ď§Review home work
ď§ Work the agenda
ď§Periodic summaries
ď§Set Home work
ď§Feed back
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44. ďIn BPAD, preferred as treatment modality in continuation or maintenance
phase. Mansell et al. (2007) emphasize the role of interpretations of internal
events and beliefs about affect regulation as factors that contribute to the
triggering of depressive, manic, or mixed episodes.
ďIndividuals with GAD hold both positive and negative beliefs about the
worry process.
⌠Positive beliefs : worry is helpful, prepares one for danger, and shows that one is being
conscientious.. Because most worries do not come true, the belief that worry is helpful
and can prevent catastrophe is maintained.
⌠Negative beliefs : preoccupation with worry and reduces their capacity to think
positively.
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45. In OCD , intrusive thoughts, images, or urges develop into obsessions when they
are given excessive negative importance. When beliefs about intrusions are
activated, individuals experience intense negative emotion and their beliefs
about rituals or compulsions become activated as well
Allen and associates (2001) showed that CBT helped patients with somatization
disorder (SD) significantly reduce their physical discomfort, anxiety, and
depression, as well as increase their physical functioning.
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47. BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
Basis: Maladaptive behaviors are acquired through learning, according to the
same principles that govern the learning of adaptive behavior
Help clients to understand how changes in behavior can lead to changes in how
they feel.
It focuses on increasing the person's engagement in positive or socially
reinforcing activities.
Goal - To replace undesirable behaviors with desirable ones
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50. VARIOUS TYPES
OPERANT CONDITIONING
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION Anxiety spectrum disorders , Sexual aversion
AVERSION THERAPY Substance use disorders , Impulse control disorders
TOKEN ECONOMY ADHD , Autism
ROLE PLAY Depression
ACTIVITY SCHEDULING Depression , Anxiety
EXPOSURE AND RESPONSE
PREVENTION
OCD
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51. OTHERS
â˘Social skill Training
â˘Problem solving techniques
â˘Time out
â˘Modelling
â˘Shaping
â˘Assertiveness training
Eye contact with others during conversation
Smiling when greeting people
Shaking hands when meeting someone
Using the right tone and volume of voice
Expressing opinions to others
Perceiving how others are feeling and showing
empathy
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52. Areas
Addressed
Interpersonal
Deficits
Role
Transition
Interpersonal
Disputes
Grief
ďStructured , individual time limited Psychotherapy.
ď12-20 sessions lasting for 5 months.
ďIt is based on the work of Harry Stack Sullivan
(1953) who considered that â Psychiatry includes
the scientific study of people and processes
between them rather than focusing exclusively on
mind , brain and society .â
ďUnlike other therapies , it mainly focuses on the
patients interpersonal relationship issues at present
INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
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53. First phase
⢠1-3 sessions
⢠Diagnostic evaluation and Psychiatric history
⢠Sets frame work for the treatment
Middle
phase
⢠Strategies specific to the chosen interpersonal area
Final phase
⢠last few weeks of treatment.
⢠supports the patient's newly regained sense of independence and competence by recognizing and
consolidating therapeutic gains.
⢠helps the patient to anticipate and develop ways to identify and counter depressive symptoms if they arise
in the future.
PHASES :
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54. INDICATIONS
A systematic review by Madelon L et al (2013) on the effectiveness of individual
IPT as treatment modality for Depression concluded that Psychotherapeutic
treatments such as IPT and CBT, and/or pharmacotherapy are recommended as
first-line treatments for depressed adult outpatients.
A review on outcome of IPT for anxiety disorders found that IPT lowered
anxiety symptoms, was well tolerated than CBT ( non-significant) .
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55. Bipolar Disorder : IPSRT was found superior to the comparison condition in
delaying recurrence of depressive and manic episodes for acutely ill bipolar
patients (Frank et al., 2005)
Bulimia Nervosa: IPT(18 weeks) has benefits comparable to those of CBT and
superior to those of the psychoeducation or supportive counselling alone (Agras
et al. 2000)
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56. OTHER CONDITIONS
Recurrent depression
Postpartum depression
Dysthymia
Binge-eating disorder
Affective disorders in special population (as combination therapy)
Comorbid medical conditions
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57. DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Designed by Marsha Linehan and her colleagues (1993)
It was originally applied for borderline personality disorder patients to
reduce the suicidality and self-harm behavior.
Dialectical means working with the opposite (self-acceptance and
change in order to bring about positive changes in the patient)
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60. INDICATIONS
Borderline Personality Disorder
Eating Disorders (emotional dysregulation)
Comorbid substance use disorder in BPD
ADHD
Forensic settings ( to reduce life threatening behavior and
impulsivity)
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61. ďMINDFULNESS is defined as âthe awareness that emerges through paying
attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally to the
unfolding of experiences, moment by moment.â
ďMindfulness therapy was developed by Dr. Jon Kabat Zin
ďMBCT integrates elements of cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based
meditative practices.
ď 8 session program with 50 minutes per session
a) attention
b) emotional regulation
c) thinking pattern
MINDFULNESS BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY
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64. INDICATIONS
Depression - 8 session program (each session for around 2-2.5 hr. with 45 min homework)
followed by 4 sessions (2 hr. each) per year Post MBCT sessions for maintenance .
Randomized trail by Fjorback LO .et al. (2013) had demonstrated significant positive
outcome and sustained symptomatic improvement in patients with Somatoform disorders
following Mindfulness techniques.
Sharma et.al (2016) found that mindfulness helps to predict and control dissociation by
improving awareness of dissociative processes
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66. WESTERN VIEW EASTERN VIEW
Aids ânormalâ individuals to reach their
maximum psychological potential
All are in need of âtherapyâ since few of us are
functioning free from the influence of
delusions, projections, or uncurbed desires.
Less related to religion Close relation between religion, Philosophy
Other modalities are not tried Other modalities are trusted (Yoga ;Meditation)
Tends to draw sharp contrast between
opposites
Tends to see harmony between opposites
Focused on individual self concept Focused on collectivistic self-concept
Needs to prove something Understands Polarities of the situation
EGO - Central to identity and personality EGO - Social fiction
Believes in nature
,
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67. TAKE HOME POINTS
ďąIndividual Psychotherapy is effective in treating a wide variety of psychiatric
diagnoses
ďąThere are many schools of thought in psychotherapy and there is no one
ârightâ approach
ďąMultiple âpatient factorsâ when recommending psychotherapy
ďąCombination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy have better results .
CHRI,2019 67
68. REFERENCES
ďź Corey, Gerald (2009). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotheraphy. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
ďź Wallerstein, R. S. (1978). Perspectives on psychoanalytic training around the world. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 59: 477-503
ďź MuĂąoz, R. F., and Miranda, J. (1986). Group Therapy Manual for Cognitive-behavioral Treatment of Depression.
ďź Markowitz JC, Svartberg M, Swartz HA. Is IPT time-limited psychodynamic psychotherapy? J Psychother Pract Res. 1998;7:185â195.
ďź Markowitz JC, Lipsitz J, Milrod BL. Critical review of outcome research on interpersonal psychotherapy for anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety.
2014;31(4):316â325.
ďź van Hees, Madelon & Rotter, Thomas & Ellermann, Tim & Evers, Silvia. (2013). The effectiveness of individual interpersonal psychotherapy as a treatment
for major depressive disorder in adult outpatients: A systematic review. BMC psychiatry. 13. 22.
ďź Chapman AL. Dialectical behavior therapy: current indications and unique elements. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2006;3(9):62â68.
ďź Piet, J., & Hougaard , E. (2011). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of relapse in recurrent major depressive disorder: A
systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1032â1040.
ďź Williams, MW.; Teasdale, JD.; Segal, Z., et al. Freeing yourself from chronic unhappiness. New York: Guilford Press; 2007. The mindful way through
depression.
ďź Fjorback LO, Carstensen T, Arendt M, Ornbol E, Walach H, et al. (2013) Mindfulness therapy for somatization disorder and functional somatic syndromes:
analysis of economic consequences alongside a randomized trial. J Psychosom Res 74: 41â48Sharma T, Sinha VK, Sayeed N. Role of mindfulness in
dissociative disorders among adolescents. Indian J Psychiatry 2016;58:326-8.
ďź Castonguay, L.G., & Beutler, L.E. (Eds.) (2006). Principles of therapeutic change that work. New York: Oxford Press
ďź Sadock, Benjamin J. Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 10th Edition. Wolters Kluwer Health
ďź Gabbard, G. O., Beck, J. S., & Holmes, J. (Eds.). (2005). Oxford textbook of psychotherapy. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
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Ancient --- heal people.
moral therapy that Pinel developed in the 18th century included not only the unchaining of patients ;; but also involved establishing safe and comforting relationships at both a personal and institutional level
Rogers used âclientâ to equalize therapist-client relationship and de-emphasize doctor-patient concept
Topographical model
Unconscious â resp for the problems
Libido : It refers specifically to the mental manifestations of the sexual instinct.
It forms a dual instinct theory, which connects both instincts with self-preservation.
The analyst needed to be attuned to the moment-by-moment process of what the patient talked about in order to identify, label, and explore defenses as they appeared.
Also called âexpressiveâ and âinsight-oriented
Brucke
A:
5.MuĂąoz, R. F., and Miranda, J. (1986). Group Therapy Manual for Cognitive-behavioral Treatment of Depression.
cognitive triad: negative beliefs about oneself, oneâs life experience (and the world in general), and oneâs future
While worry may be initiated by positive beliefs, negative beliefs may follow. Patients may see worry as harmful and uncontrollable; they may fear worry will lead them to go crazy or lose control. They may then try to suppress their worries, which only serve to increase the frequency of their anxious thoughts, reinforcing the belief that they cannot control their worry. Behaviorally, they engage in âsafety behaviors,â coping strategies to ward off anxiety, such as avoidance of situations in which they feel vulnerable; reassurance seeking (from other people and the Internet), and excessive checking. These strategies only serve to maintain a preoccupation with worry and prevent individuals from being exposed to situations that would have demonstrated to them that worry is harmless and at least partially controllable.
Acceptance & commitment therapy
Anxiety â phobia PTSD
Eating â weekly checking weight / group meals / group psychotherapy about wt/
our ambitions, beliefs, desires, expectations, preconceptions, and views of the nature of reality are illusory. Since we think and act in accordance with these illusions, we invariably suffer