In practical terms, mathematics has played an important role in all the civilizations of the world. It would not be an exaggeration to say that civilization and mathematics are two sides of the same coin. No behavior in the universe is possible without mathematics and numbers are the breath of mathematics. Without numbers we cannot even imagine mathematics. In this research paper, we will discuss in detail the history and writing method of numbers and numbers. Dinesh Mohan Joshi | Girish Bhatt B "Indian Numeral and Number System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50364.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sanskrit/50364/indian-numeral-and-number-system/dinesh-mohan-joshi
The Presentation is an outcome of the Research done on Akhand Jyoti's. It covers may truths and current facts related to Yug Parivartan, the declarations made by Gurudev, its timeline and the parallel work being done by other organizations and scientists. With proper references.
Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana -Samachar-February -2018
In Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana, we publish a monthly Hindi news bulletin as "Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana SamacharтАЭ.
This month's edition covers about, Smart Girl workshops during the month of January, other Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana activities, Minority Awareness Workshops , Upcoming matrimonial meets and our special article " Manthan" on тАЬBeti bachao- Beti padhaoтАЭ.
When we are asked what you learned in maths in school, often the formula 2pr, r2 etc. comes in our mind. There is no discussion on what is in these sutras, only the values of or 3.14 are given. is the sixteenth letter of the Greek language. Dinesh Mohan Joshi | Girishbhat B "╧А Evolution of in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50621.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/other/50621/╧А-evolution-of-in-india/dinesh-mohan-joshi
The Presentation is an outcome of the Research done on Akhand Jyoti's. It covers may truths and current facts related to Yug Parivartan, the declarations made by Gurudev, its timeline and the parallel work being done by other organizations and scientists. With proper references.
Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana -Samachar-February -2018
In Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana, we publish a monthly Hindi news bulletin as "Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana SamacharтАЭ.
This month's edition covers about, Smart Girl workshops during the month of January, other Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana activities, Minority Awareness Workshops , Upcoming matrimonial meets and our special article " Manthan" on тАЬBeti bachao- Beti padhaoтАЭ.
When we are asked what you learned in maths in school, often the formula 2pr, r2 etc. comes in our mind. There is no discussion on what is in these sutras, only the values of or 3.14 are given. is the sixteenth letter of the Greek language. Dinesh Mohan Joshi | Girishbhat B "╧А Evolution of in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50621.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/other/50621/╧А-evolution-of-in-india/dinesh-mohan-joshi
New Media is an interactive form of communication in which we interact using the Internet, podcasts, RSS feeds, social networks Facebook, MySpace, Twitter , blogs, wikis, text messaging, etc. establish communication. This communication medium takes the form of a multi communication dialogue in which the reader viewer listener can immediately share their comments not only with the author publisher, but others can also give their comments on the published broadcast communicated content. Sonia Kumari | Dr. Manoj Kumar "Role and Characteristics of New Media" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52643.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/52643/role-and-characteristics-of-new-media/sonia-kumari
тАШSix Sigma TechniqueтАЩ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
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The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in todayтАЩs competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper тАШSix Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its ImplementationтАЩ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "тАШSix Sigma TechniqueтАЩ: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/тАШsix-sigma-techniqueтАЩ-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
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Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
New Media is an interactive form of communication in which we interact using the Internet, podcasts, RSS feeds, social networks Facebook, MySpace, Twitter , blogs, wikis, text messaging, etc. establish communication. This communication medium takes the form of a multi communication dialogue in which the reader viewer listener can immediately share their comments not only with the author publisher, but others can also give their comments on the published broadcast communicated content. Sonia Kumari | Dr. Manoj Kumar "Role and Characteristics of New Media" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52643.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/52643/role-and-characteristics-of-new-media/sonia-kumari
тАШSix Sigma TechniqueтАЩ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
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The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in todayтАЩs competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper тАШSix Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its ImplementationтАЩ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "тАШSix Sigma TechniqueтАЩ: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/тАШsix-sigma-techniqueтАЩ-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
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Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
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Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
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Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
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The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
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This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
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Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
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Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
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This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a masterтАЩs degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacherтАЩs knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
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тАЬOne Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the wayтАЭ Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
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This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learnersтАЩ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachersтАЩ confidence in teaching and improving studentsтАЩ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachersтАЩ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on studentsтАЩ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
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This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
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Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. тАЬCarbon capture and storageтАЭ can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
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This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
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The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
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Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
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In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
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The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
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The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
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Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID тАУ IJTSRD50364 | Volume тАУ 6 | Issue тАУ 4 | May-June 2022 Page 1692
рдЙ рд╛рдирдВ реБрддрдЪреВрддрд╡реГ рдордерд╡рд╛ рдкрд╛рдереЛрд┐рд╡рд╣реАрдирдВ рд╕рд░рдГ ред
рдпреЛрд┐рд╖ реЛрд┐рд╖рддрдиреВрддрдирд┐ рдпрддрдорд╛ рдп рднрд╛ реБ рдХреИ рдГ
реЛрд┐рддрдГ рд╢рд╛ рд┐рдорджрдВ рддрдереИрд╡ рд┐рд╡рдмреБрдзрд╛рдГ рд╕ рд╛ рд╣реАрдирдореН рдЬрдЧреБрдГ рее3
рд╕ рд╛ рдЧ рдгрдд рдХреЛ рдЬреЛ реЛрд┐рддрд╖реА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирддрд╛ рд╡рд╣ рднрд┐ рдкрд░ рдмрдирд╛рдпреЗ рдЧрдпреЗ рдЪ , рдХрд╛ рд╕реЗ рдмрдирд╛рдпреЗ рдЧрдпреЗ рдЧрдЬрдирд╛рд╣реАрди рд╕рдВрд╣ рддрдерд╛ рдкрд┐ рд░рд┐рд╣рдд
рд╣рд╛рдереА, рдЕ рд╡ рд┐рдмрдирд╛ рдШреЛрдбреЛрдВ рдПрд╡рдВ рд╕реЗрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛, рд┐рдмрдирд╛ рдЖрдо рдХреЗ рд╡реГ реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдиреАрд░рд╕ рдЙ рд╛рди, рдЬрд▓ рд┐рд╡рд╣реАрди рддрд╛рд▓рд╛рдм, рдпреМрд╡рдирд╛ реА рдХреЗ рдкрд░рджреЗрд╢ рдЧрдпрд╛
рдЖ рдкрд┐рдд рдХрд╛ рд┐рд╡рдпреЛрдЧ рдЬрд╕ рдХрд╛рд░ рд╢реЛрднрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдкрд╛рддреЗ рдЙрд╕реА рдХрд╛рд░ рдпрд╣ рдЬрдЧрдд рднреА реЛрд┐рддрд╖ рд╢рд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕ рд╛ (рдЧ рдгрдд) рд╕реЗ рд┐рд╡рд╣реАрди рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдкрд░
рдХрд╛ рд╢рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рдЕрдерд╛рддреН рд╢реЛрднрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдкрд╛рддрд╛ ред ( реЛрд┐рддрд╖) рд╣ рдЧ рдгрдд рд╕ рд╛ рд╕реЗ рд░рд┐рд╣рдд реЛрд┐рддрд╖реА рдХ рднреА рдПрд╕реА рд╣реА рд┐рдд рдХрд╣реА рдЧрдИ
рд╣реИ ред
рдЧ рдгрдд рдХ рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛
рдЧ рдгрдд рд╢ рд╕реЗ рдЕ рдн рд╛рдп ''рдЧрдгрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рд┐рд╡ рд╛рди'' рд╕реЗ рд╣реИ ред рдЧрдгреЗрд╢рджреИрд╡ рдиреЗ рд▓реАрд▓рд╛рд╡рддреА (1150 A. D) рдкрд░ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рднрд╛ рдмреБрд┐ рд┐рд╡рд▓рд╛ рд╕рдиреА
(1540 A. D) рдо рдо рд▓рд╛рдЪрд░рдг рдХ рд╛ рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕ рдЧрдд рдЧ рдгрдд рдХреЛ рдЗрд╕ рдХрд╛рд░ рдк рд░рднрд╛рд┐рд╖рдд рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ-
рдЧреБ рддреЗ рд╕ рд╛рдпрддреЗ рддрджреН рдЧ рдгрддрдореН ред рдд рд┐рддрдкрд╛рджрдХ реЗрди рдд рдВ рдВ рд╢рд╛ рдореБ рддреЗ ред
рдмреМ рд╕рд╛рд┐рд╣ рдо рдЧ рдгрдд рдХреЛ рддреАрди рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рдо рд┐рд╡рдн рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдорд╢рдГ рдореБ рд╛, рдЧрдгрдирд╛ рдПрд╡рдВ рд╕ рд╛ рдирд╛рдо рд╕реЗ рд╕ рд╣ ред рдЗрдирдХ
рдЪрдЪрд╛ рдзреАрдЧрд┐рдирдХрд╛рдп, рд┐рд╡рдирдпрдкрд┐рдЯрдХ, рд┐рдж рд╛рд╡рджрд╛рди рдПрд╡рдВ рд┐рдо рд▓ рдкрд╛ реЛ рдо рдХ рдЧрдИ рд╣реИ ред рд╕ рд╛ рд╢ рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧ рдЧ рдгрдд рдХреЗ рдЕрде рдо рдн рдмрд╛ рдиреЗ
рднреА рдпреЛрдЧ рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ ред
рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡ рдк рд┐рдд (Decimal place value system)
рдЧ рдгрдд рд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд▓рдпреЗ рд╕ рд╛рдУрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╛рди рдкрд░рдорд╛рд╡ рдХ рд╣реИ, рд╕ рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрднрд╛рд╡ рдо рд╣рдо рдЧ рдгрдд рдХ рдХ рдирд╛ рд╣реА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣ ред
рд╕ рд╛ рдЧ рдгрдд рдХрд╛ рдкрдпрд╛рдп рд╣реИ ред рдкрд╛рдЯреАрдЧ рдгрдд (arithmetic) рд┐рд╡рд╢реЗрд╖ рдк рд╕реЗ рдЕ реЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд╣реА рдЖрдзрд╛ рд░рдд рд╣реИ ред рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХрд╛ рдЧ рдгрдд рдХреЗ реЗ рдо
рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡ рдПрд╡рдВ рд╢реВ рдХрд╛ рдЕрд┐рд╡ рд╛рд░ рдПрдХ рдм рдд рдмрдбреА рдЙрдкрд▓ рд╣реИ ред рд╡рддрдорд╛рди рд╕рдордп рдо рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рд╕ рдЕ рдк рд┐рдд рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡ рдк рд┐рдд рд╣реИ ред
рдЗрд╕ рдк рд┐рдд рдХ рд┐рд╡рд╢реЗрд╖рддрд╛ 1 рд╕реЗ рд▓реЗрдХрд░ 9 рдЕ рдПрд╡рдВ 0 рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рддреЗ рдпреЗ рдкреВрдгрд╛ реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╛рди рд┐рдирдзрд╛рд░рдг (place value) рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╣реИ ред
рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡ рдк рд┐рдд рд┐рди рдкрдг рд╕реЗ рдкреВрд╡ рдЧ рдгрдд рдо рдЕ реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдж рд╢рдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдм рдд рдХрд┐рдарди рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рдерд╛ рдкрд░ реБ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдордиреАрд┐рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд┐рд╡рд╡реЗрдХ рд╕реЗ
рдЧ рдгрдд рдХреЛ рдПрдХ рдирдИ рд┐рджрд╢рд╛ рд┐рдорд▓реА ред рд╕рд╡ рдердо рд╕ рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рд╢ реЛрдВ рдо рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рдерд╛ ред рдЗрд╕рдХрд╛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рд╛рдЪреАрди рдЙрджрд╛рд╣рд░рдг рдЛ реЗрдж рд╕реЗ рд╣реИ-
реА рдг рд╢рддрд╛ реАрд╕рд╣ рд╛ рд┐ рдВ рд┐ рдВрд╢ рджреЗрд╡рд╛ рди рдЪрд╛рд╕рдкрдпрдиреН ред рдФ рдиреН рдШреГрддреИрд░рд╕реГрдгрдиреН рдмрд┐рд╣рд░ рд╛ -------4
рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗ рд╣рдо 3339 рд╕ рд╛ рд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ ред рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡ рдк рд┐рдд рдХреЗ рд╕рдВ реГ рдд рд╕рд╛рд┐рд╣ рдо рдкрдпрд╛ рдорд╛рдг рдЙрдкрд▓ рд╣ ред рдЕ рдзрдХрддрд░ рдЧ рдгрдд
рдПрд╡рдВ рдЗрд┐рддрд╣рд╛рд╕рдХрд╛рд░ рдЗрд╕ рдмрд╛рдд рд╕реЗ рд╕рд╣рдордд рд╣ рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡ рдк рд┐рдд рдПрд╡рдВ рд╢реВ (zero) рдХ рдЬ рднреВрд┐рдо рднрд╛рд░рдд рд╣ рдПрд╡рдВ рд╕рдордп рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЗрдирдХрд╛ рдЪрд╛рд░
рд┐рд╡ рдХреЗ рдЕ рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рдо рдЖ ред рдЬрд╛рдЬ рд╕рд╛рдЯрди (George Sarton) рдХреЗ рд╢ реЛрдВ рдо
Our numerals and the use of zero were invented by the Hindus and transmitted to us by
the Arabs (hence the name Arabic numerals which we often give them.)5
рдкрд░ реБ рдХрд┐рддрдкрдп рд┐рд╡ рд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд┐рд╡рдЪрд╛рд░ рдЬрд╛рдЬ рд╕рд╛рдЯрди рдХреЗ рд┐рд╡рдЪрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдн рд╣ ред рдЗрдирдо George R. Kaye рдПрд╡рдВ Neugebauer рдореБрдЦ рд╣
ред Neugebauer рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдкреБ рдХ The Exact Sciences in Antiquity рдо рд▓рдЦрд╛ рд╣реИ рд┐рдХ ''рдмреИрд┐рдмрд▓рд╛рди (Babylon)
3 рд╕ рд╛ рд╢рд░реЛрдо рдг, рдо рдорд╛ рдзрдХрд╛рд░, реЛрдХ 7b-8
4 рдЛ реЗрдж, 3.9.9
5 Sarton, G. The Appreciation of Ancient and Medieval Science during the Renaissance (1450-1600),
Philadelphia Univ., p. 151. 1955.
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID тАУ IJTSRD50364 | Volume тАУ 6 | Issue тАУ 4 | May-June 2022 Page 1693
(1600 B. C) рдо рд╕ рд╛ рд╛рди (place value) рдо 60 рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ (sexagesimal) рдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рдерд╛ рдФрд░ рдпрд╣реА рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдмрд╛рдж рдо
реАрдХ рдФрд░ рд┐рд╣ реБрдУрдВ рдиреЗ рдорд╛рдирд╛ ред рдЕ рдо рдЗ реАрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧ рд╕реЗ рд╕ рд╛ рд╛рди рдк рд┐рдд рдХрд╛ рдЙрджрдп рдЖ'' ред Neugebauer рдХреЗ рд╢ реЛрдВ рдо -
Thus the "sexagesimal" order eventually became the main numerical system and with it the
place value writing derived from the use of bigger and smaller signs. The decimal
substratum, however, always remained visible for all numbers up to 60. Similarly, other
systems of units were never completely extinguished. Only the purely mathematical texts,
which we find well represented about 1500 years after the beginning of writing, have fully
utilized the great advantage of a consistent sexagesimal place value notation. Again 1000
years later, this method became the essential tool in the development of a mathematical
astronomy, whence it spread to the Greeks and then to the Hindus, who contributed the
final step, namely, the use of the place value notation also for the smaller decimal units. It is
this system that we use today.6
рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡ рдк рд┐рдд рдХреЛ рд╕рдордЭрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рдпреЗ рдЙрджрд╛рд╣рд░рдг рдк рд╕ рд╛ 42 рдХреЛ рд▓реЗрддреЗ рд╣ ред рдЗрд╕рдо 4, 4 X 10 рджрд╢рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ ред рдЕрд░рдм рдХреЗ рд▓реЛрдЧ
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдо рд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд▓рдпреЗ рдЖрддреЗ рдереЗ рдЕрддрдГ рд╡рд╣ рднреА рдЗрд╕реА рдЕ рдк рд┐рдд рдХрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд░рдг рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд▓рдЧреЗ рдЗрд╕реА рд▓рдпреЗ рдЗрд╕ рдк рд┐рдд рдХреЛ рд┐рд╣ реБ-рдЕрд░рдмреА рдЕ
рдк рд┐рдд рдХреЗ рдирд╛рдо рд╕реЗ рднреА рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ ред рдЗрд╕ рдк рд┐рдд рдиреЗ рдЧ рдгрдд рдХреЗ реЗ рдо рдм рдд рдмрдбреА рд╛ рдкреИрджрд╛ рдХрд░ рджреА, рдлрд▓ рдк рдзрди, рдЛрдг,
рдЧреБрдгрди, рднрд╛рдЧ рдЗ рд╛рд┐рдж рд╕рд░рд▓ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпреЗ ред рд┐рд╣ реБ-рдЕрд░рдмреА рдЕ рдк рд┐рдд рдо 105, 104, 103, 102, 10, 1 рдПрд╕реЗ рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ ред рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡
рдк рд┐рдд рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ 434 рдХреЛ (4 X 102 ) + (3 X 10) + (4 X 1) рдПрд╕реЗ рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ ред рдпрд╣реА рдк рд┐рдд рдЖрдЬ рдкреВрд░реЗ рд┐рд╡ рдо
реАрдХреГ рдд рд╣реИ ред рдиреАрдЪреЗ рд╕рд╛ рд░рдгреА 1 рдо рдХреБ рдЫ рдорд╣ рдкреВрдг рд╡реИрд┐рджрдХ реЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡ рдк рд┐рдд рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд╕ рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдЙ реГрдд рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ ред
реЗрдХ рд╕ рд╛ рдорд╢рдГ рджрд╢ рдЧреБ рдгрдд рд╣реЛрддреА рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИ, рдЗрд╕реА рдХреЛ рднрд╛ рд░рд╛рдЪрд╛рдп рд┐ рддреАрдп рдиреЗ ''рджрд╢рдЧреБрдгреЛ рд░ рд╕рдВ рд╛'' рдХрд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ ред
рд╕ рд╛ рдпрдЬреБрд╡рджрд╕рдВрд┐рд╣рддрд╛7 рддреИрд┐ рд░реАрдпрд╕рдВрд┐рд╣рддрд╛8 рдореИ рд╛рдпрдгреА рд╕рдВрд┐рд╣рддрд╛9 рдк рд┐рд╡рдВрд╢ рд╛ рдг
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
рдПрдХ
рджрд╢
рд╢рдд
рд╕рд╣
рдЕрдпреБрдд
рд┐рдирдпреБрдд
рдпреБрдд
рдЕрдмреБрдж
рдмреБрдж
рд╕рдореБ
рдо
рдЕ
рдкрд░рд╛рдз
рдПрдХ
рджрд╢
рд╢рдд
рд╕рд╣
рдЕрдпреБрдд
рд┐рдирдпреБрдд
рдпреБрдд
рдЕрдмреБрдж
рдмреБрдж
рд╕рдореБ
рдо
рдЕ
рдкрд░рд╛рдз
рдПрдХ
рджрд╢
рд╢рдд
рд╕рд╣
рдЕрдпреБрдд
рд┐рдирдпреБрдд
рдпреБрдд
рдЕрдмреБрдж
рдмреБрдж
рд╕рдореБ
рдо
рдЕ
рдкрд░рд╛рдз
рдПрдХ
рджрд╢
рд╢рдд
рд╕рд╣
рдЕрдпреБрдд
рд┐рдирдпреБрдд
рдпреБрдд
рдЕрдмреБрдж
рдмреБрдж
рд╕рдореБ
рдо
рдЕ
рдкрд░рд╛рдз
Table 1: рд┐рд╡рд┐рд╡рдз рд╡реИрд┐рджрдХ реЛрдВ рдо рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡ рдк рд┐рдд
6
Neugebauer. O. The exact Science in Antiquity, p. 19-20, 1952.
7
xvii, 2.
8
iv, 40. 11.4.
9
Ii, 8. 14.
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рд╛ реА рдФрд░ реЛ реА рдХрд╛ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдерд╛ рдпрд╣ рдЕрд╢реЛрдХ рдХреЗ рд╢рд▓рд╛рд▓реЗрдЦреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╛рдд рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ ред рдиреАрдЪреЗ рд╣рдо реЛ реА рдПрд╡рдВ рд╛ реА рдЕ реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдВ реЗрдк рдо рд┐рд╡рд╡рд░рдг
реБрдд рдХрд░ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣ ред
реЛ реА рдЕ
реЛ реА рдХреЛ рджрд╛рдп рд╕реЗ рдмрд╛рдп рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рдерд╛ ред рдпрд╣ рдк рд┐рдд рдЧрд╛ рд╛рд░ рдПрд╡рдВ рдк рд╛рдм рдЗ рд╛рд┐рдж реЗ реЛрдВ рдо рдЕ рдзрдХ рдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реЛрддреА рдереА ред рдЗрд┐рддрд╣рд╛рд╕рдХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ
рдХрд╛ рдорд╛рдирдирд╛ рд╣реИ рд┐рдХ рдЗрд╕рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧ 400 B. C рд╕реЗ рд▓реЗрдХрд░ 300 A. D рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ ред рдЕрд╢реЛрдХ рдХреЗ рд╢рд▓рд╛рд▓реЗрдЦреЛрдВ рдо реЛ реА рдХреЗ 1, 2,
3, 4 рддрдХ рдХреЗ рдЕ реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧ рдЖ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдЗрд╕ рдХрд╛рд░ рд╣ тАУ
рдЗрд╕ рдк рд┐рдд рдХрд╛ рд┐рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рд╢рдХреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╢рд▓рд╛рд▓реЗрдЦреЛрдВ (100 B. C) рдо рд┐рджрдЦрд╛рдИ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИ ред рдЬреЛ рдЗрд╕ рдХрд╛рд░ рд╣реИ (image khroshti
complete) рдЗрд╕рдо 9 рдХреЗ рдЕ рдХреЗ рд▓рдпреЗ рдХреБ рдЫ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд┐рджрдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ ред рдЗрд┐рддрд╣рд╛рд╕рдХрд╛рд░ рдпрд╣ рднреА рдорд╛рдирддреЗ рд╣ рд┐рдХ реЛ реА рдПрдХ рд┐рд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рд▓рд┐рдк рд╣реИ
рдЬрд╕рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рд▓рд╛ рд░ рдо рднрд╛рд░рдд рдо рдЪрд╛рд░ рдЖ ред
рд╛ реА рдЕ
рдЗрд╕ рдЕ рдк рд┐рдд рдХрд╛ рдЪрд╛рд░ рд╕ реВрдг рднрд╛рд░рддрд╡рд╖ рдо рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ ред рдпрд╣ рд╢реБ рдк рд╕реЗ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдореВрд▓ рдХ рдЕ рдк рд┐рдд рд╣реИ ред рд╕рд╛ реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрднрд╛рд╡ рдо
рдпрд╣ рд┐рди рдд рддреМрд░ рдкрд░ рдХрд╣ рдкрд╛рдирд╛ рдм рдд рдХрд┐рдарди рд╣реИ рд┐рдХ рд╛ реА рдЕ реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рд╛ рд╣реИ рдкрд░ реБ рдЗрд╕ рдЕ рдк рд┐рдд рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧ рд╕рд╡ рдердо рдЕрд╢реЛрдХ
(300 B. C) рдХреЗ рд╢рд▓рд╛рд▓реЗрдЦреЛрдВ рдо рдкрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ ред рд╛ реА рдЕ реЛрдВ рдо рдЕрдиреБрдирд╛ рд╕рдХ, рдЕрдиреБ рд╛рд░ рдПрд╡рдВ рдЙрдк рд╛рдиреАрдп рдХрд╛ рдм рд╢рдГ рдпреЛрдЧ рдЖ рд╣реИ
рдЕрддрдГ рдпрд╣ рд╕реАрдзрд╛ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдореВрд▓ рдХ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдорд╛рдг рд╣реИ реВрдВрд┐рдХ рдпрд╣ рд╕рднреА рдЪ рд╕рдВ реГ рдд рдо рдкрд╛рдпреЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣ ред
рдирд╛рдирд╛рдШрд╛рдЯ рдЕ
рдирд╛рдирд╛рдШрд╛рдЯ рдХ рдЧреБрдлрд╛рдУрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╛ рдЕ рдк рд┐рдд рднреА рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдореВрд▓ рдХ рд╣реА рд╣реИ, рдЗрди рдЧреБрдлрд╛рдУрдВ рдХрд╛ рд┐рдирдорд╛рдг рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рд╡реЗрджреА реА рдиреЗ рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ рдЬреЛ рдЗрд╕
рдХрд╛рд░ рд╣реИ28-
рдПрд╕рд╛ рдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд┐рдХ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдо рдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА реЗрдХ рд▓рд┐рдк рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ рдЕ рдПрдХ рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рд╕реЗ рдн рд╣реИ рдкрд░ реБ рд╕рдмрдХрд╛ реЛрдд рд╛ реА рд▓рд┐рдк
рд╣реА рд╣реИ ред рдЕрд▓ рдмреИ рдиреА (Al-B─лr┼лn─л) рдХреЗ рд╢ реЛрдВ рдо тАУ
As in difference parts of India, the letters have different shapes the numerical signs, too,
which is call aс╣Еka, differ.29
28 тАЬOn Ancient N─Бgari Numeration from an inscription at N─Бn─Бgh─Бt'', Journ. of the Bombay Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, 1876, vol. XII, p. 404.
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рд╡рддрдорд╛рди рдЕ рдк рд┐рдд
рд╡рддрдорд╛рди рдо рднрд╛рд░рдд рдо рдпреБ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдЕ рдк рд┐рдд рдХрд╛ рдирд╛рдо ''рдирд╛рдЧрд░реА'' рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рд┐рдХ рдиреАрдЪреЗ рдж рд╕рд╛ рд░рдгреА 7 рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд╣реИ-
рдХрд┐рддрдкрдп рд┐рд╡ рд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕ рд╕ реА рдордд
рдЧ рдгрдд рдПрд╡рдВ рдЦрдЧреЛрд▓рд┐рд╡рджреН Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827 A. D) рдиреЗ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХ рдВрд╢рд╕рд╛ рдХрд░рддреЗ рдпреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ-
The idea of expressing all numbers by the ten digits whereby is imparted to them
both an absolute and a positional value is so simple that very simplicity is the reason
for our not being sufficiently aware how much admiration it deserves. It is India that
gave us this ingenious method.
рд┐рдмрднреВрд┐рддрднреВрд╖рдг рдж рд╛ рдХреЗ рд╢ реЛрдВ рдо30 -
The Hindus adopted decimal system very early. The numerical language of no other
notation is so scientific and attained as high a state of perfection as that of Ancient
Indians. In symbolism they succeeded with ten digits to express any number most
elegantly and simply. It is the beauty of Hindu numerical notation which attracted
the attention of all civilized people of the world and charm them to adopt it.
Prof. J. Ginsburg рдХреЗ рд╢ реЛрдВ рдо31 -
Hindu notation was carried to Arabia about 770 A. D by Hindu scholar Kanka who
was invited from Ujjain to the famous court of Baghdad by Abbaside Khalif Ali-
Mansur. Kanka taught Hindu Astronomy and Mathematics to Arab scholars and with
his help, they translated `Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta' of Brahmagupta.
рдЕрд░рдм рдХреЗ рдЗрд┐рддрд╣рд╛рд╕рдХрд╛рд░ Abul Hassan Al-Mas┼лdi (943 A. D) рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣-
A Congress of Sages at the command of creator Brahma invented the nine digits and
also their astronomy and other sciences.
рдЕрд▓-рдмреИ рдиреА (Al-Bir┼лni) рдПрдХ рд╕ рдкрд╛рд░рд╕реА рд▓реЗрдЦрдХ рдереЗ рдЬреЛ рд┐рдХ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдо рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 13 рд╡рд╖ (1017-1030 A. D) рддрдХ рд░рд╣реЗ рдПрд╡рдВ
рдЙ реЛрдВрдиреЗ ''рддрд╛ рд░рдХ рдЕрд▓рд┐рд╣ '' (Chronical of India) рдирд╛рдо рдХ рдкреБ рдХ рд▓рдЦреА ред рдЙрд╕рдо рдЕрд▓-рдмреИ рдиреА рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣-
The numerical signs which we use are derived from the finest forms of Hindu digits. I
have composed a treatise showing how far possibly, the Hindus are ahead of us in this
subject.
рд┐рди рд╖
рд╕реГ рд╛рд┐рдж рд╕реЗ рд╣реА рдЧ рдгрдд рд┐рдХрд╕реА рди рд┐рдХрд╕реА рдк рдо рдорд╛рдирд╡ рдЬреАрд╡рди рдо рд┐рд╡ рдорд╛рди рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ реВрдВрд┐рдХ рдХреЛрдИ рднреА рд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдЧ рдгрдд рдХреЗ рдЕрднрд╛рд╡ рдо рд╕ рд╡
рдирд╣реАрдВ ред рдЗрд╕реА рдмрд╛рдд рдХреЛ рд╛рди рдо рд░рдЦрддреЗ рдпреЗ рдорд╣рд╛рд╡реАрд░рд╛рдЪрд╛рдп рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЧ рдгрддрд╕рд╛рд░рд╕ рд╣ рдо рдмрдбреЗ рд╕реБ рд░ рд╢ реЛрдВ рдо рдЧ рдгрдд рдХреЗ рдорд╣ рдХреЛ
29 AlberuniтАЩs Indian, I, p. 74
30 Indian Historical Society, vol. 3, pp. 530-540.
31 New light on our numbers, Bulletin of American Mathematical Society, vol. 23, pp. 366-369.
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реБрдд рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ ред рд╣рдордиреЗ рдЗрд╕ рд╢реЛрдз рдк рдо рдЕ реЛрдВ рдХ рдЙ рд┐ рд╕ реА рдд реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рд╕ рдн рдо рд┐рддрдкрд╛рд┐рджрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдпрд╛рд╕ рд┐рдХрдпрд╛
рдПрд╡рдВ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдо рд╕рдордп рд╕рдордп рдкрд░ рд┐рд╡ рдорд╛рди рд╕ рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рд▓рдЦрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдк рд┐рддрдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рдгрди рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ ред рджрд╢рдорд▓рд╡ рдк рд┐рдд рдПрд╡рдВ рд╢реВ рдХреЗ
рдЕрдиреБрд╕ рд╛рди рдЗ рд╛рд┐рдж рд┐рд╡рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд┐рд╡рд╢реЗрд╖ рдЪрдЪрд╛ рдХ рдЧрдИ ред рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рддрдХ рдХреЛ рдкреБ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рдпреЗ рдкрд╛ рд╛ рдЗрд┐рддрд╣рд╛рд╕рдХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдПрд╡рдВ рдЧ рдгрдд реЛрдВ рдХреЗ
рдорддреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рднреА рдпрдерд╛ рд╛рди реБрдд рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ ред
рд╕ рдн
[1] ─Аryabhaс╣н─лya of ─Аryabhaс╣нa (499 A. D): Ed. and Tr. by K. S. Shukla and K. V. Sarma,
Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi 1976.
[2] ─Аryabhaс╣н─лya of ─Аryabhaс╣нa with the commentary of Bh─Бskara I and Some┼Ыvara, ed. by K.
S. Shukla, INSA, New Delhi 1976.
[3] ─Аryabhaс╣н─лya of ─Аryabhaс╣н─Бc─Бrya with the Mah─Бbh─Бс╣гya of N─лlakaс╣Зс╣нha Somasutvan, Part I,
Gaс╣Зitap─Бda, ed. by S─Бmba┼Ыiva ┼Ъ─Бstr─л, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series 101, Trivandrum 1930.
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16. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID тАУ IJTSRD50364 | Volume тАУ 6 | Issue тАУ 4 | May-June 2022 Page 1705
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