The Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, increased the size of the central and provincial legislative councils in British India. It retained an official majority for the central council but allowed nonofficial majorities in the provincial councils. It also expanded the roles and powers of the legislative councils. For the first time, it provided for Indian participation in the executive councils of the Viceroy and governors. It introduced a system of separate electorates for Muslims through communal representation.
The 1909 Indian Councils Act, also known as the Minto-Morely Reforms, increased representation of Indians in the legislative councils and made changes to the electoral system. It enlarged the size of the central and provincial legislative councils, increasing the number of non-official Indian members. It introduced separate electorates based on religion and other groupings. Finally, it expanded the powers of legislative councils to discuss more issues, though the president retained final approval over resolutions.
The Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, aimed to increase Indian representation in British government by expanding legislative councils and introducing elections. However, the British did not consider the councils true parliaments and did not intend for India to progress toward self-government. Key aspects included establishing separate electorates for Muslims, expanding council sizes, and creating executive councils in some provinces. While nationalists welcomed greater representation, they were unhappy with restrictions that still left British in control.
The document summarizes the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India Act of 1919. It introduced diarchy and limited self-government in British India. Key points included setting up a central legislature with elected Indian representation, establishing provincial ministries responsible for transferred subjects like agriculture, establishing a public service commission, and introducing a limited franchise with a high property qualification. However, it had many limitations like an extremely small franchise, the governor's power to override ministers, and defects in the diarchy system.
The Round Table Conferences from 1930-1932 aimed to settle India's constitutional future but achieved little consensus. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 saw Gandhi agree to suspend civil disobedience in exchange for prisoner releases. However, Gandhi's claims at the second conference that Congress alone represented India irritated other representatives. The conferences ended without agreement, disappointing Gandhi and leaving Britain firmly in control of India.
The Government of India Act of 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and increased self-government in India. It divided powers between the central and provincial governments through three lists and established a federation, though the princely states did not join. The Act introduced bicameral legislatures in some provinces and extended voting rights, though it maintained separate electorates. It established institutions like the Reserve Bank of India and public service commissions. However, the federal provisions did not come into effect and the Act was replaced after independence.
The Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, increased the size of the central and provincial legislative councils in British India. It retained an official majority for the central council but allowed nonofficial majorities in the provincial councils. It also expanded the roles and powers of the legislative councils. For the first time, it provided for Indian participation in the executive councils of the Viceroy and governors. It introduced a system of separate electorates for Muslims through communal representation.
The 1909 Indian Councils Act, also known as the Minto-Morely Reforms, increased representation of Indians in the legislative councils and made changes to the electoral system. It enlarged the size of the central and provincial legislative councils, increasing the number of non-official Indian members. It introduced separate electorates based on religion and other groupings. Finally, it expanded the powers of legislative councils to discuss more issues, though the president retained final approval over resolutions.
The Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, aimed to increase Indian representation in British government by expanding legislative councils and introducing elections. However, the British did not consider the councils true parliaments and did not intend for India to progress toward self-government. Key aspects included establishing separate electorates for Muslims, expanding council sizes, and creating executive councils in some provinces. While nationalists welcomed greater representation, they were unhappy with restrictions that still left British in control.
The document summarizes the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India Act of 1919. It introduced diarchy and limited self-government in British India. Key points included setting up a central legislature with elected Indian representation, establishing provincial ministries responsible for transferred subjects like agriculture, establishing a public service commission, and introducing a limited franchise with a high property qualification. However, it had many limitations like an extremely small franchise, the governor's power to override ministers, and defects in the diarchy system.
The Round Table Conferences from 1930-1932 aimed to settle India's constitutional future but achieved little consensus. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 saw Gandhi agree to suspend civil disobedience in exchange for prisoner releases. However, Gandhi's claims at the second conference that Congress alone represented India irritated other representatives. The conferences ended without agreement, disappointing Gandhi and leaving Britain firmly in control of India.
The Government of India Act of 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and increased self-government in India. It divided powers between the central and provincial governments through three lists and established a federation, though the princely states did not join. The Act introduced bicameral legislatures in some provinces and extended voting rights, though it maintained separate electorates. It established institutions like the Reserve Bank of India and public service commissions. However, the federal provisions did not come into effect and the Act was replaced after independence.
The Government of India Act of 1919, also known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, introduced several reforms with the aim of gradually establishing self-government in India. It established a diarchal provincial government with divided responsibilities between elected ministers and governors. It also introduced a bicameral central legislature with indirect elections. However, communal representation and separate electorates for religious communities were retained and expanded. The Act led to the establishment of the Simon Commission to evaluate its implementation, which Indian political parties boycotted in protest of its all-British composition.
The document summarizes the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 in India. Key points:
- The reforms aimed to increase representation and expand legislative councils in response to unrest against British rule.
- Provisions included increasing seats in the Imperial Legislative Council, expanding provincial councils, and introducing communal representation with separate Muslim constituencies.
- However, the franchise was still limited and discriminatory, official members still held majority, and real power remained with the British. The reforms failed to satisfy demands and sowed seeds of conflict between Hindus and Muslims.
The Government of India Act 1935 established an All India Federation with a bicameral legislature. The provinces automatically joined the Federation while princely states had the option. The Federal Legislature consisted of a Federal Assembly and Council of State. Representatives were nominated from Indian states and elected from provinces. Federal powers were restricted and divided into Federal, Provincial, and Concurrent lists. Diarchy was introduced at the center with some subjects reserved for the Governor General. The Act established a Federal Court and reduced the role and authority of the Secretary of State for India.
The Indian Independence Act of 1947 officially declared independence for India and partitioned British India into two separate independent dominions - India and Pakistan. The Act established the dominions with legislative supremacy and freedom from British rule. It took effect on August 15, 1947, bringing the British period in India to an end after over 300 years and establishing India's status as an independent and sovereign republic within the Commonwealth.
The 1919 Indian Councils Act established a new bicameral central legislature and expanded provincial legislatures. It divided government administration into central, provincial, reserved, and transferred subjects. The central legislature consisted of a Council of State and Central Legislative Assembly. Provincial governments were divided between ministers responsible for transferred subjects and governors administering reserved subjects with executive councils. However, this system of diarchy proved problematic due to lack of cooperation between ministers and executive councils, as well as ministers' limited powers over personnel and finances.
The Simon Commission was appointed in 1927 by the British government to review the working of the 1919 Government of India Act and propose constitutional reforms. It was boycotted by the Indian National Congress and Muslim League as it did not include any Indian representatives. The commission submitted its report in 1930 which rejected responsible government and did not satisfy Indian political demands. This led to the civil disobedience movement launched by Gandhi and further negotiations through the Round Table Conferences in the 1930s.
The cripps mission & general electionssaifkhankakar
The document summarizes the British government's proposals for India in 1942 known as the Stafford Cripps Mission. The key points were:
1) A constituent assembly would be established at the end of World War II to draft a constitution.
2) The assembly would be elected by the lower houses of provincial legislative assemblies.
3) Any province would be free to remain independent of the union.
4) Britain would sign a treaty with India on important subjects.
5) States would have the power to revise treaty arrangements.
The British government appointed the Simon Commission in 1927 to evaluate India's political conditions and propose constitutional reforms, as had been promised. However, the commission lacked Indian representation, so the Indian National Congress and some Muslims boycotted it. There were large protests against the commission wherever it went in India. Despite the boycott, the commission submitted a report with recommendations like reducing central/governor power and introducing federalism, but extending voting rights only modestly. The report was rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League.
Government of india act of 1919 OR Montagu Chelmsford ReformsManagement
The Government of India Act of 1919 introduced several reforms to decentralize authority and increase self-governance in India. It separated central and provincial subjects to relax central control over provinces. It established a system of dyarchy, dividing provincial subjects into matters administered by governors with ministerial responsibility and those administered without. It also introduced bicameral legislatures with some elected representation and required some members of the Viceroy's executive council to be Indian. However, the act met with limited success and autonomy remained constrained.
Making of the indian constitution by madhavi mahajanMadhavi Mahajan
The document summarizes the process of drafting and adopting the Constitution of India. It describes how the Constituent Assembly was formed through elections in British India in 1946. Key people involved in drafting the Constitution are mentioned, such as B.R. Ambedkar who chaired the Drafting Committee. The document also provides details on the structure of the Constitution, including the inclusion of Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, and the Preamble. It notes the Constitution was formally adopted on November 26, 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.
Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and was advancing through Southeast Asia towards India. To gain India's cooperation in fighting Japan, Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India in March 1942 with a proposal that offered India dominion status after the war like Canada and Australia, a constituent assembly to finalize the constitution, and allowing princely states to join India or remain independent. However, the proposal was rejected because it did not give a time limit for dominion status, allowed provinces to separate from India, and nominated representatives from princely states rather than electing them. Gandhi criticized it as a "post-dated check on a failing bank" and the Muslim League rejected it for not clearly stating partition and a Muslim state.
The document summarizes the key events in the making of the Indian constitution after independence from British rule. It outlines that the British ruled India for 200 years before leaving after a long independence struggle. This led to the formation of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 to frame a constitution for independent India. Key leaders like Nehru, Patel, and Ambedkar were involved. The drafting committee prepared a draft constitution that was influenced by other countries' constitutions. After public debate and revisions, the constitution was finally adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950, marking the start of India as a sovereign, democratic republic.
The 1892 Indian Councils Act increased the number of additional members in the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils in India and expanded their functions to include discussing legislative proposals and budgets. It also empowered the Governor-General to invite representative bodies to elect non-official members and allowed members to put questions on internal matters.
The document summarizes the formation and objectives of the Muslim League in India in 1906. It discusses several factors that led to its establishment, including British policies that discriminated against Muslims and sowed communal divisions. The key objectives of the Muslim League were to politically represent Muslim interests, maintain separate electoral constituencies for Muslims, and support the British government in exchange for rewards. Over time, some members of the League began criticizing British rule and eventually demanded a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.
Cabinet mission plan and simla conferencesaifkhankakar
The document summarizes the Cabinet Mission that was sent to India in 1946 to discuss Indian independence and constitution. The Mission held talks from April to May with political leaders like Jinnah, Gandhi, and Azad. Jinnah demanded a separate Pakistan, while Congress supported a united India. The Mission proposed a three-tier federal structure with provinces grouped by religion. This was initially accepted but then rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League. The talks ultimately failed to achieve an agreement.
Quit India Movement was started on 9th August 1942.The Quit India Movement was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Gandhi’s call for immediate independence. The All India Congress Committee proclaimed a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "an orderly British withdrawal" from India. The call for determined, but passive resistance appears in his call to Do or Die, issued on 9th August at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Mumbai in the year 1942.
The document outlines the formation and objectives of the Indian National Congress party, including its role in fighting for India's independence and representing Hinduism. It analyzes the party's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats both internally and externally in a neutral, unbiased manner.
The 1861 Indian Councils Act made several changes to the central and provincial governments in British India. It enlarged the Governor General's Executive Council to 5 members including 3 ordinary members, 1 law member, and 1 finance member. It also empowered the Governor General to appoint 6 to 12 additional members to the new Central Legislative Council, at least half of whom had to be non-official Indians. The act also restored legislative powers to the provincial legislatures of Bombay and Madras by enlarging their executive councils by 4 to 8 members for 2-year terms, though their lawmaking was subject to the Governor General's sanction.
The constitutional development_of_pakistSarkarBasit1
This document provides a summary of Pakistan's constitutional development from pre-partition to 1973. It discusses the various colonial-era Acts that established frameworks for governance in British India and the constitutional processes after independence. The key events summarized are:
- The Objectives Resolution was passed in 1949 to outline principles for the future constitution, but faced criticism for not being sufficiently Islamic.
- The Basic Principles Committee drafted two reports for the constitution - the first in 1950 was heavily criticized for weak provincial representation and powers given to the head of state.
- The second report in 1952 addressed some criticisms by allocating seats in the national assembly proportionately between East and West Pakistan and making the cabinet responsible to the assembly.
Constitutional development in India from 1773 to 1947 involved increasing Indian representation in government. Key acts included the Regulating Act of 1773, establishing the Governor-General role; the Charter Acts of 1833 and 1853 expanding legislative councils; the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892 increasing Indian membership; and the Government of India Acts of 1909, 1919 and 1935 continuing to expand representation and move toward self-government, though communal divisions were also introduced. Independence was achieved in 1947.
The Government of India Act of 1919, also known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, introduced several reforms with the aim of gradually establishing self-government in India. It established a diarchal provincial government with divided responsibilities between elected ministers and governors. It also introduced a bicameral central legislature with indirect elections. However, communal representation and separate electorates for religious communities were retained and expanded. The Act led to the establishment of the Simon Commission to evaluate its implementation, which Indian political parties boycotted in protest of its all-British composition.
The document summarizes the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 in India. Key points:
- The reforms aimed to increase representation and expand legislative councils in response to unrest against British rule.
- Provisions included increasing seats in the Imperial Legislative Council, expanding provincial councils, and introducing communal representation with separate Muslim constituencies.
- However, the franchise was still limited and discriminatory, official members still held majority, and real power remained with the British. The reforms failed to satisfy demands and sowed seeds of conflict between Hindus and Muslims.
The Government of India Act 1935 established an All India Federation with a bicameral legislature. The provinces automatically joined the Federation while princely states had the option. The Federal Legislature consisted of a Federal Assembly and Council of State. Representatives were nominated from Indian states and elected from provinces. Federal powers were restricted and divided into Federal, Provincial, and Concurrent lists. Diarchy was introduced at the center with some subjects reserved for the Governor General. The Act established a Federal Court and reduced the role and authority of the Secretary of State for India.
The Indian Independence Act of 1947 officially declared independence for India and partitioned British India into two separate independent dominions - India and Pakistan. The Act established the dominions with legislative supremacy and freedom from British rule. It took effect on August 15, 1947, bringing the British period in India to an end after over 300 years and establishing India's status as an independent and sovereign republic within the Commonwealth.
The 1919 Indian Councils Act established a new bicameral central legislature and expanded provincial legislatures. It divided government administration into central, provincial, reserved, and transferred subjects. The central legislature consisted of a Council of State and Central Legislative Assembly. Provincial governments were divided between ministers responsible for transferred subjects and governors administering reserved subjects with executive councils. However, this system of diarchy proved problematic due to lack of cooperation between ministers and executive councils, as well as ministers' limited powers over personnel and finances.
The Simon Commission was appointed in 1927 by the British government to review the working of the 1919 Government of India Act and propose constitutional reforms. It was boycotted by the Indian National Congress and Muslim League as it did not include any Indian representatives. The commission submitted its report in 1930 which rejected responsible government and did not satisfy Indian political demands. This led to the civil disobedience movement launched by Gandhi and further negotiations through the Round Table Conferences in the 1930s.
The cripps mission & general electionssaifkhankakar
The document summarizes the British government's proposals for India in 1942 known as the Stafford Cripps Mission. The key points were:
1) A constituent assembly would be established at the end of World War II to draft a constitution.
2) The assembly would be elected by the lower houses of provincial legislative assemblies.
3) Any province would be free to remain independent of the union.
4) Britain would sign a treaty with India on important subjects.
5) States would have the power to revise treaty arrangements.
The British government appointed the Simon Commission in 1927 to evaluate India's political conditions and propose constitutional reforms, as had been promised. However, the commission lacked Indian representation, so the Indian National Congress and some Muslims boycotted it. There were large protests against the commission wherever it went in India. Despite the boycott, the commission submitted a report with recommendations like reducing central/governor power and introducing federalism, but extending voting rights only modestly. The report was rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League.
Government of india act of 1919 OR Montagu Chelmsford ReformsManagement
The Government of India Act of 1919 introduced several reforms to decentralize authority and increase self-governance in India. It separated central and provincial subjects to relax central control over provinces. It established a system of dyarchy, dividing provincial subjects into matters administered by governors with ministerial responsibility and those administered without. It also introduced bicameral legislatures with some elected representation and required some members of the Viceroy's executive council to be Indian. However, the act met with limited success and autonomy remained constrained.
Making of the indian constitution by madhavi mahajanMadhavi Mahajan
The document summarizes the process of drafting and adopting the Constitution of India. It describes how the Constituent Assembly was formed through elections in British India in 1946. Key people involved in drafting the Constitution are mentioned, such as B.R. Ambedkar who chaired the Drafting Committee. The document also provides details on the structure of the Constitution, including the inclusion of Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, and the Preamble. It notes the Constitution was formally adopted on November 26, 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.
Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and was advancing through Southeast Asia towards India. To gain India's cooperation in fighting Japan, Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India in March 1942 with a proposal that offered India dominion status after the war like Canada and Australia, a constituent assembly to finalize the constitution, and allowing princely states to join India or remain independent. However, the proposal was rejected because it did not give a time limit for dominion status, allowed provinces to separate from India, and nominated representatives from princely states rather than electing them. Gandhi criticized it as a "post-dated check on a failing bank" and the Muslim League rejected it for not clearly stating partition and a Muslim state.
The document summarizes the key events in the making of the Indian constitution after independence from British rule. It outlines that the British ruled India for 200 years before leaving after a long independence struggle. This led to the formation of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 to frame a constitution for independent India. Key leaders like Nehru, Patel, and Ambedkar were involved. The drafting committee prepared a draft constitution that was influenced by other countries' constitutions. After public debate and revisions, the constitution was finally adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950, marking the start of India as a sovereign, democratic republic.
The 1892 Indian Councils Act increased the number of additional members in the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils in India and expanded their functions to include discussing legislative proposals and budgets. It also empowered the Governor-General to invite representative bodies to elect non-official members and allowed members to put questions on internal matters.
The document summarizes the formation and objectives of the Muslim League in India in 1906. It discusses several factors that led to its establishment, including British policies that discriminated against Muslims and sowed communal divisions. The key objectives of the Muslim League were to politically represent Muslim interests, maintain separate electoral constituencies for Muslims, and support the British government in exchange for rewards. Over time, some members of the League began criticizing British rule and eventually demanded a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.
Cabinet mission plan and simla conferencesaifkhankakar
The document summarizes the Cabinet Mission that was sent to India in 1946 to discuss Indian independence and constitution. The Mission held talks from April to May with political leaders like Jinnah, Gandhi, and Azad. Jinnah demanded a separate Pakistan, while Congress supported a united India. The Mission proposed a three-tier federal structure with provinces grouped by religion. This was initially accepted but then rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League. The talks ultimately failed to achieve an agreement.
Quit India Movement was started on 9th August 1942.The Quit India Movement was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Gandhi’s call for immediate independence. The All India Congress Committee proclaimed a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "an orderly British withdrawal" from India. The call for determined, but passive resistance appears in his call to Do or Die, issued on 9th August at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Mumbai in the year 1942.
The document outlines the formation and objectives of the Indian National Congress party, including its role in fighting for India's independence and representing Hinduism. It analyzes the party's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats both internally and externally in a neutral, unbiased manner.
The 1861 Indian Councils Act made several changes to the central and provincial governments in British India. It enlarged the Governor General's Executive Council to 5 members including 3 ordinary members, 1 law member, and 1 finance member. It also empowered the Governor General to appoint 6 to 12 additional members to the new Central Legislative Council, at least half of whom had to be non-official Indians. The act also restored legislative powers to the provincial legislatures of Bombay and Madras by enlarging their executive councils by 4 to 8 members for 2-year terms, though their lawmaking was subject to the Governor General's sanction.
The constitutional development_of_pakistSarkarBasit1
This document provides a summary of Pakistan's constitutional development from pre-partition to 1973. It discusses the various colonial-era Acts that established frameworks for governance in British India and the constitutional processes after independence. The key events summarized are:
- The Objectives Resolution was passed in 1949 to outline principles for the future constitution, but faced criticism for not being sufficiently Islamic.
- The Basic Principles Committee drafted two reports for the constitution - the first in 1950 was heavily criticized for weak provincial representation and powers given to the head of state.
- The second report in 1952 addressed some criticisms by allocating seats in the national assembly proportionately between East and West Pakistan and making the cabinet responsible to the assembly.
Constitutional development in India from 1773 to 1947 involved increasing Indian representation in government. Key acts included the Regulating Act of 1773, establishing the Governor-General role; the Charter Acts of 1833 and 1853 expanding legislative councils; the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892 increasing Indian membership; and the Government of India Acts of 1909, 1919 and 1935 continuing to expand representation and move toward self-government, though communal divisions were also introduced. Independence was achieved in 1947.
The document summarizes the key developments in the constitutional history of India under British rule from 1773 to 1947. It discusses acts and reforms that gradually increased Indian representation and self-governance, such as the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784, Charter Act of 1833, Government of India Acts of 1858, 1909, 1919 and 1935, and finally the India Independence Act of 1947 which ended British rule. It also provides details on the composition and functioning of the Constituent Assembly established in 1946 to draft the Constitution of independent India.
The document summarizes several British acts and reforms between 1858-1947 that impacted the governance of India:
- The Government of India Act of 1858 transferred control of India from the East India Company to the British Crown and established the position of Viceroy.
- The Government of India Acts of 1861 and 1892 gradually increased Indian representation and introduced more Indians to legislative councils.
- The Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 expanded legislative councils and introduced separate electorates for religious communities, though did not establish full responsibility of the executive to the legislature.
- The Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 continued to expand Indian self-governance and representation, with the 1935 act establishing a fed
The document summarizes several British acts and reforms between 1858-1947 that impacted the governance of India:
- The Government of India Act of 1858 transferred control of India from the East India Company to the British Crown and established the position of Viceroy.
- The Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 expanded legislative councils, introduced separate electorates for religious communities, and began implementing a parliamentary system while still limiting self-governance.
- The Government of India Act of 1935 established a federal structure for India, divided powers between central and provincial governments, and expanded provincial autonomy while maintaining separate electorates.
- The Indian Independence Act of 1947 granted independence and established India and Pakistan as
The document summarizes several British acts and reforms between 1858-1947 that impacted the governance of India:
- The Government of India Act of 1858 transferred control of India from the East India Company to the British Crown and established the position of Viceroy.
- The Government of India Acts of 1861 and 1892 gradually increased Indian representation and introduced more Indians to legislative councils.
- The Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 expanded legislative councils and introduced separate electorates for religious communities, though did not establish full responsibility of the executive to the legislature.
- The Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 continued to expand Indian self-governance and representation, with the 1935 act establishing a fed
Day 1 quick_revision_polity_120 days upsc perlims 2021_10_pointerramsingh342
Clear UPSC Prelims 2021 by following our 120 Days Planner Revision Series for IAS Exam. It includes NCERT's, Mock tests, map based questions, CSAT questions, UPSC current affairs questions. revision through MCQs
120 Days Planner for Prelims 2021 By 10Pointer
This document outlines the key constitutional developments in British India from the establishment of the East India Company in 1600 through Indian independence in 1947. It discusses the major Acts passed by the British Parliament that increasingly centralized authority over India, such as the Regulating Act of 1773, which created the role of Governor-General. It also summarizes the establishment of representative institutions through acts like the Government of India Act 1919, which introduced diarchy and separated central and provincial subjects. The document provides context for India's eventual independence by discussing the failure of constitutional reforms like the 1919 Act to satisfy demands for self-government.
This document provides an overview of the constitutional framework in India, outlining the historical background and key developments. It summarizes the establishment of British East India Company rule in India from 1600-1858. It then discusses the constitutional reforms under British Crown rule from 1858-1947, including the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitts India Act of 1784, Charter Acts of 1833 and 1853, Government of India Acts of 1858, 1861, 1892, 1909 and 1919. It also covers the Simon Commission, Round Table Conferences and Communal Award of 1932. The document comprehensively outlines the gradual development of government and administration in India under British rule over centuries.
The document provides historical background on the development of the Indian constitution. It details several acts passed by the British to regulate and control India prior to independence in 1947, including the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784, Charter Acts of 1813, 1833, and 1853, the Government of India Acts of 1858 and 1935, and the Indian Independence Act of 1947. It also discusses the key features and provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 and the drafting of the preamble to the Indian constitution by Jawaharlal Nehru.
The document outlines the key aspects of the Government of India Act 1919, which was introduced based on recommendations from the Montague-Chelmsford reforms. The Act divided subjects between central and provincial governments, introduced dyarchy with reserved and transferred subjects, and expanded representation through an elected bicameral legislature. While it increased self-governance and political participation, the Act was also criticized for maintaining colonial control and having an imbalanced division of powers.
The document provides a summary of the key acts and developments in India's constitutional history under British rule and after independence. It discusses acts like the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784, the Charter Acts of 1833 and 1853, the Government of India Acts of 1858, 1861, 1909, 1919 and 1935. It also discusses the Simon Commission of 1927, the Communal Award of 1932, the Poona Pact, and finally the Indian Independence Act of 1947 which led to the creation of independent India and Pakistan on August 15, 1947. The constitutional developments laid the foundation for India's post-independence democratic constitution and political system.
Unit I Introduction to Indian constitutions Kumaravel
The document provides historical background on the development of the Indian constitution. It discusses how British rule in India evolved from the East India Company's control to direct rule by the British Crown. A series of acts between 1773-1935 established institutions of governance and gradually increased Indian representation. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 made India a sovereign democratic state. The Constituent Assembly first met in December 1946 to draft a constitution, with the key principles of sovereignty, secularism, and fundamental rights and duties. The constitution was finally adopted in 1950.
This document provides a historical overview of the constitutional development of British India from the establishment of East India Company rule in the 18th century until independence in 1947. It summarizes key Acts passed by the British Parliament that established frameworks for governance and administration in India under Company rule from 1773-1858 and Crown rule from 1858-1947. These Acts gradually increased centralization, British control and limited Indian representation in government.
The document summarizes the Government of India Act of 1919, which aimed to expand Indian participation in government. It introduced dyarchy, or dual administration, dividing provincial subjects between elected ministers and appointed executives. While increasing self-government, the Act had limitations like limited voting rights and power concentrated in the Governor-General. It began establishing responsible government and federalism in India.
The document summarizes the Government of India Act of 1919, which aimed to expand Indian participation in government. It introduced dyarchy, or dual administration, dividing provincial subjects between elected ministers and appointed executives. While increasing self-government, the Act had limitations like limited voting rights and power concentrated in the Governor-General. It began establishing responsible government and federalism in India.
The document summarizes the Government of India Act of 1919, which aimed to expand Indian participation in government. It introduced dyarchy, or dual administration, dividing provincial subjects between elected ministers and appointed executives. While increasing self-government, the Act had limitations like limited voting rights and power concentrated in the Governor-General. It began establishing responsible government and federalism in India.
The document provides an overview of the Government of India Act of 1919, which aimed to expand Indian participation in government. It introduced dyarchy, or dual administration, at the provincial level with some subjects controlled by elected ministers and others reserved for the governor. While it expanded representation and self-government, the act faced criticism for its limited franchise, divided authority between central and provincial governments, and the governor's extensive powers that undermined the legislature. The act helped increase political awareness in India but was seen as a flawed reform that did not satisfy demands for self-rule.
The document provides an overview of the Government of India Act of 1919, which aimed to expand Indian participation in government. It introduced dyarchy, or dual government, at the provincial level with some subjects controlled by elected ministers and others reserved for the governor. While it expanded representation and self-government, the act faced criticism for its limited franchise and the governor's extensive powers that undermined the legislature. Overall, it was an attempt at reform but fell short of fully representative government for India.
The document summarizes the Government of India Act of 1919, which aimed to expand Indian participation in government. It introduced dyarchy, or dual administration, dividing provincial subjects between elected ministers and appointed executives. While increasing self-government, the Act had limitations like limited voting rights and power concentrated in the Governor-General. It began the process of constitutional reform and responsible government in India.
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Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower has been partially revoked and amended several times, with the latest amendment made through Law Number 6 of 2023. Attention is drawn to a specific part of the Manpower Law concerning severance pay. This aspect is undoubtedly one of the most crucial parts regulated by the Manpower Law. It is essential for both employers and employees to abide by the law, fulfill their obligations, and retain their rights regarding this matter.
2. About the title:-
👉THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT,1909 WAS AN ACT
OF THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT THAT
INTRODUCED A FEW REFORMS IN THE
LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS AND INCREASED THE
INVOLVEMENT OF INDIAN (LIMITED) IN THE
GOVERNANCE OF BRITISH INDIA.
👉 IT WAS MOST COMMONLY CALLED THE
MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS AFTER THE
SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA,JOHN
MORLEY AND VICEROY OF INDIA,
3. 👉The main intention
behind Morley -Minto
reforms was to make a
limited increase In the
involvement of Indians In
the central and provincial
administration.
👉 The concept for
seperate electorate was
introduced in this reform.
5. SEPERATE
ELECTORATES:-
:)If there are 10 members in
a constituencies.In which 5
Members are from muslim
community and other are
from other community.Then
only that 5 Members which
are from the muslim
Community can only stand in
an election and the members
from the muslim community
can only vote in an election
And the members from other
community had no voting
rights nor they can
participate in election.
6. MUSLIM LEAGUE PUT ON 2
MAJOR DEMANDS IN FRONT OF
BRITISH GOVERNMENT:-
a) seperate electorate.
B) there should be 2 Indians in
viceroy ‘s executive council.in
which one should belong to
muslim community and one
from any other community.
7. CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT
THE CONTROL OF GOI WAS STILL IN THE
HAND OF SECRETARY OF STATE WHO
WAS RESIDING IN BRITAIN BUT WITH THE
HELP OF VICEROY IN INDIA HE WAS
REGULATING INDIA TOO.
8. CHANGES IN THE ADMINISTRATION:
-
-FROM YEAR 1861 THERE WAS 6
MEMBERS IN THE EXECUTIVE
COUNCIL.THE POWER TO ISSUE
ORDINANCES WAS ALSO INTRODUCED
IN ICA,1861 WHICH WAS VALID UPTO 6
MONTHS.THIS WAS SAME TILL
ICA,1892. BUT THERE WAS CHANGE IN
ICA,,1909 ONE NEW MEMBER WAS
ADDED IN THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
WHO WAS AN INDIAN.
9. INDIAN COUNCIL
ACT,1909 ALLOWED
INDIANS TO JOIN
VICEROY’S
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.
First Indian member
To became a member
of viceroy executive
council._satyendra
prasanna sinha.
10. In ICA,1892 CENTRAL
LEGISLATURE CONSISTS OF
EXECUTIVE+ADDITIONAL
MEMBERS IN WHICH THERE
WERE 6 MEMBERS IN
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL AND IN
WHICH ADDITIONAL MEMBERS
WAS FROM 10 TO 16 IN WHICH
SIX WHERE OFFICIALS
(NOMINATED BY VICEROY) AND
10 WHERE NON-OFFICIALS IN
WHICH :-
5- nominated by viceroy.
1- nominated by chambers of
commerce in calcutta.
4- nominated by provincial
assembly of Bengal,Bombay
and Madras.
11. But in ICA,1909 the additional member was
increased from 16 to 60 in which the official was
increased from 6 to 28 which was nominated by
viceroy. And non-officials from10 to 32 members.
_now the non- official members were not nominated
they were been elected.
_5 members are same as nominated by the viceroy.
-now two members are there and they are been
elected by the Chambers of commerce in calcutta
+Bombay.
-12 members are elected by the provincial
assemblies of Bengal, Bombay and madras.
_13 members are from the seperate electorate.
👉5 are muslims.
👉 6 are zamindars
👉2 are buisness man.
13. In which from
madras,Bombay,
Bengal and United
province the
additional members
can be 50 and from
Punjab,Burma and
Assam there can be 30
additional members.