This document discusses the demographic, occupational, and infrastructure conditions in India on the eve of independence. It notes that the demographic transition refers to the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as an economy develops. The document outlines India's social indicators like literacy rates, mortality rates, and infant mortality rates at the time. It describes the country's occupational structure as being primarily agricultural with some manufacturing and services. Finally, it discusses the infrastructure developed under British rule like railways and canals, noting they primarily served colonial economic interests rather than local needs.

1. (C) All rights reserved 2020, SSS Loka Seva Gurukulam, a unit of Prashanthi Bala Mandira Trust.
I PUC (COMMERCE & ARTS)
ECONOMICS - II
INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE
OF INDEPENDENCE
Demography, Occupational Structure & Infrastructure
Part 4 of 4
Instructor: Sri Harsha Vardhan
Lesson ID: 687

2. Revision
Industrial Sector and Foreign trade:
• Two fold motive of deindustrialization of India
• Export raw materials – extract resources from India
• Importer of finished goods – Turn India in to buyers of finished
goods of England.
• Traditional handicraft industries were destroyed
• Restrictions on import and export through high tariff
• Lack of capital goods industries
• Suez canal helped increase in trade with India
• British maintained the monopoly of trade

3. Learning outcome
 Demographic Condition :
•What is Demography?
•What is Demographic transition ?
•What is mortality rate?
•What is infant mortality rate?
 Occupational Structure :
•Three sectors : Primary , Secondary and Tertiary Sectors
 Infrastructure:
•Development of basic infrastructure : Railways, Ports, Water
transport, post and telegraph
•Motive behind the Infrastructure development

4. DEMOGRAPHIC CONDITION
• Demography is the statistical study of populations.
• Example: age, gender, household status, literacy, income,
religion , caste etc.
• First census in 1881
• A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring
& recording information about the members of a given
population. Example: Census of India- every 10 years
Demographic transition : It is a phenomenon and theory
which refers to the historical shift from high birth
rates and high death rates in societies to low birth rates
and low death rates in societies as the economy develops.

5. Social Indicators
• Social Indicators are the statistical data which signal the Social wellbeing of
the human beings.
• Birth Rate : The total number of live births per 1,000 population.It is also
called Crude birth rate (CBR)
• Mortality rate or death rate: The total number of deaths per 1,000
population. It is also called Crude death rate ( CDR)
• Infant mortality rate (IMR): It is the number of deaths per 1,000 live births
of children under one year of age.
• Literacy rate: It is the percentage of people in a certain population that have
the ability to read and write.

7. Social development indicators
• Total literacy level was less than 16 %
• Female literacy level was 7 %
Public health facilities grossly Inadequate :
• Water and air-borne diseases: High mortality rate
• High Infant mortality rate - about 218 per thousand
• Low life expectancy - 44years

8. OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
• It is the distribution of working persons across different sectors
75%
15%
10%
Agriculture Manufacturing sector Service Sector

9. Change in workforce: Sectoral shift
Parts of Madras Presidency : TN, AP , KARNATAKA
• Decline in dependence on agriculture
• Increase in the manufacturing and service sector
Orissa, Rajasthan and Punjab:
• Increase of workforce in Agriculture sector

10. INFRASTRUCTURE
• Basic Infrastructure: Railways, ports, water transport, posts and telegraph
• Real motive infrastructure development : to serve the colonial interests
• Roads :
• Mobilizing the army within India and
• drawing out raw materials from the countryside to the nearest railway
station or the port to be taken away to England
• Inadequate :
• Shortage of all weather roads connecting rural areas
• Suffered during natural calamities and famines.

11. Railways : Economic loss and Social benefit
British introduced the railways in India in 1850
Change in Structure of the Indian economy in two important ways:
• Commercialization of Indian agriculture which adversely affected the
self-sufficiency of the village economies in India.
• Enabled long distance travel & broke geographical and cultural barriers

12. RAILWAY MAP (1909)
Parallel Inland
Waterways:
Canals were built at a huge
cost, failed to compete
with railways
Major port cities
during the British rule

13. ASSIGNMENT
1. What is Demographic Transition ?
2. What is Infant mortality rate ?
3. Were there any positive contributions made by the
British rule in India? Discuss

14. (C) All rights reserved 2020, SSS Loka Seva Gurukulam, a unit of Prashanthi Bala Mandira Trust.
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