This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of government interventions on small scale enterprises in Mubi North local government area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that small scale enterprise operators lacked awareness of available government intervention programs and that accessing these interventions was difficult. As a result, operators did not feel the interventions were relevant. The study recommends that the government improve awareness of interventions through sensitization and reduce requirements to access support to improve the impact on small scale enterprises.
This document discusses small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. It begins by defining SMEs according to various Nigerian institutions, noting definitions around employee numbers, asset bases, and annual turnover. It then outlines common SME characteristics like subjective decision making, small capital requirements, and difficulties attracting expansion funds. The document traces the historical development of SMEs in Nigeria back to 1946 and highlights various government development support programs established since the 1970s. It also details the roles and significance of SMEs in contributing to GDP, employment, exports, and more. In closing, the document outlines developmental attributes and impediments facing SMEs in Nigeria.
This study empirically evaluates the performance of Nigeria's Small and Medium Enterprises Equity Investment Scheme (SMEEIS) using data from Benue and Nassarawa States from 1993 to 2008. The study found that there was no significant difference in bank loans to SMEs before and after the introduction of SMEEIS, and that the conditions for accessing SMEEIS funds were beyond the reach of most SMEs in Nigeria. This indicates that SMEEIS has not significantly impacted SME growth in Nigeria. The study recommends establishing a credit guarantee scheme with risk-sharing between the government and banks to encourage greater bank lending to SMEs and support their growth, development, and Nigeria's national economic
The document provides an overview of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India. Some key points:
- MSMEs are a major contributor to employment, production, and exports in India. They promote entrepreneurship.
- The number of MSMEs in India increased almost threefold from 2001 to 2011, reaching over 311 lakh units. Employment in the sector also increased almost threefold in this period to over 732 lakh people.
- The Government of India has implemented various policies and schemes to promote the MSME sector through improved access to finance, technology, and markets. This has positively impacted growth in the number of MSMEs and jobs.
Full thesis patrick onuorah - the role of small and medium sized enterprise...Jarchin Raj
This document summarizes a study on the role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in economic growth in Nigeria. The study surveyed 200 SMEs in Matori, Lagos state to understand their profitability, impact on employment and infrastructure, and relationship with financial institutions and technology. The results found that while SMEs are profitable, issues like inconsistent policies and poor infrastructure undermine their potential. SMEs employ many people but need more support to hire more. Financial institutions are attracted to areas with SMEs but loans have high interest rates. The study confirms SMEs' role in economic growth and recommends the government provide more support through infrastructure, financing, policies and technology to help SMEs maximize their
An assessment of the constraints of implementing technological innovative ent...Alexander Decker
This study examined the constraints to implementing technological entrepreneurship development programs in Nigeria. A survey was conducted of 160 small business owners. The results showed that accessibility to the programs (28.1%) and finance (24.2%) were the major limiting factors. Lack of awareness was the least constraining factor at 3.8%. In general, the study concluded that accessibility and finance are the primary constraints hindering the implementation of entrepreneurial development programs in Nigeria.
Funding of small scale development agencies in nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document discusses funding of Industrial Development Centres (IDCs) in Nigeria. IDCs were established by the Federal Government to provide assistance to small-scale businesses. The study assessed whether 12 selected IDCs across Nigeria's four zones received adequate funding to carry out their roles from 1990-1999. The results showed that each IDC received less than 50% of its required funding during this period. For example, in the North Central/Western zone, the three IDCs combined received 54.21% of their total funding requirement. To address inadequate funding, the document recommends IDCs diversify their sources of funding.
This document discusses small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. It begins by defining SMEs according to various Nigerian institutions, noting definitions around employee numbers, asset bases, and annual turnover. It then outlines common SME characteristics like subjective decision making, small capital requirements, and difficulties attracting expansion funds. The document traces the historical development of SMEs in Nigeria back to 1946 and highlights various government development support programs established since the 1970s. It also details the roles and significance of SMEs in contributing to GDP, employment, exports, and more. In closing, the document outlines developmental attributes and impediments facing SMEs in Nigeria.
This study empirically evaluates the performance of Nigeria's Small and Medium Enterprises Equity Investment Scheme (SMEEIS) using data from Benue and Nassarawa States from 1993 to 2008. The study found that there was no significant difference in bank loans to SMEs before and after the introduction of SMEEIS, and that the conditions for accessing SMEEIS funds were beyond the reach of most SMEs in Nigeria. This indicates that SMEEIS has not significantly impacted SME growth in Nigeria. The study recommends establishing a credit guarantee scheme with risk-sharing between the government and banks to encourage greater bank lending to SMEs and support their growth, development, and Nigeria's national economic
The document provides an overview of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India. Some key points:
- MSMEs are a major contributor to employment, production, and exports in India. They promote entrepreneurship.
- The number of MSMEs in India increased almost threefold from 2001 to 2011, reaching over 311 lakh units. Employment in the sector also increased almost threefold in this period to over 732 lakh people.
- The Government of India has implemented various policies and schemes to promote the MSME sector through improved access to finance, technology, and markets. This has positively impacted growth in the number of MSMEs and jobs.
Full thesis patrick onuorah - the role of small and medium sized enterprise...Jarchin Raj
This document summarizes a study on the role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in economic growth in Nigeria. The study surveyed 200 SMEs in Matori, Lagos state to understand their profitability, impact on employment and infrastructure, and relationship with financial institutions and technology. The results found that while SMEs are profitable, issues like inconsistent policies and poor infrastructure undermine their potential. SMEs employ many people but need more support to hire more. Financial institutions are attracted to areas with SMEs but loans have high interest rates. The study confirms SMEs' role in economic growth and recommends the government provide more support through infrastructure, financing, policies and technology to help SMEs maximize their
An assessment of the constraints of implementing technological innovative ent...Alexander Decker
This study examined the constraints to implementing technological entrepreneurship development programs in Nigeria. A survey was conducted of 160 small business owners. The results showed that accessibility to the programs (28.1%) and finance (24.2%) were the major limiting factors. Lack of awareness was the least constraining factor at 3.8%. In general, the study concluded that accessibility and finance are the primary constraints hindering the implementation of entrepreneurial development programs in Nigeria.
Funding of small scale development agencies in nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document discusses funding of Industrial Development Centres (IDCs) in Nigeria. IDCs were established by the Federal Government to provide assistance to small-scale businesses. The study assessed whether 12 selected IDCs across Nigeria's four zones received adequate funding to carry out their roles from 1990-1999. The results showed that each IDC received less than 50% of its required funding during this period. For example, in the North Central/Western zone, the three IDCs combined received 54.21% of their total funding requirement. To address inadequate funding, the document recommends IDCs diversify their sources of funding.
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in regional economic growth and development. The study found that MSMEs had a significant effect on economic growth rates, with MSMEs contributing 90.1% to GDP. Specifically, micro enterprises, small enterprises, and medium enterprises were all found to have partially significant effects on economic growth when analyzed individually. When analyzed together, micro, small, and medium enterprises were also found to have a simultaneous significant effect on economic growth.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
An Assessment of the role of Financial literacy on Performance of Small and M...World-Academic Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of a financial literacy education program on the performance of small and micro enterprises in Njoro District, Kenya. The program was implemented by Equity Group Foundation since 2011. The study found that the program emphasized important skills like budgeting, financial analysis, credit management and bookkeeping. There was a significant improvement in business performance, as measured by increased revenue, for enterprises whose managers participated in the financial literacy training. The training also helped participants better manage loans and minimize interest expenses, which enhanced performance. Budgeting skills played a key role in growing sales, profits and ensuring smooth business operations. Overall, the study concluded that the financial literacy program had a positive impact on business performance.
An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship: Three level analysis for developing E...Dr.Nasir Ahmad
The study was intended to recommend guidelines for developing entrepreneurship
policy in Pakistan. For this purpose An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship was used as
theoretical frame work to analyze empirical research studies and available reports at
three different levels. At micro level, low literacy rate was found to be foremost
requirement for developing entrepreneurship. Lack of knowledge based economic
system was found to be the center of problem at meso level. At macro level, core of the
problem is that policy makers need to understand the spirit of entrepreneurship to plan
economic policy accordingly. It was recommended that efforts may be made to: raise
education level and entrepreneurial orientation of the people; reshaping to knowledge
based economic system; and entrepreneurship may be designated as major pillar of
economic policy
An examination of the effect of funds provided by cooperative thrift and cred...Alexander Decker
This study examined how funding from Cooperative Thrift and Credit Societies (CTCS) has affected the
performance of small-scale businesses in Nigeria. The results showed that CTCS funding had a positive impact on
key performance indicators of small businesses including current liabilities, fixed assets, and current assets. The
study concluded that membership in CTCS by entrepreneurs positively impacted the performance of small-scale
businesses in Nigeria.
Local Government Grants And Sme Performance, Evidence From Surakarta City, In...inventionjournals
This study analyzes effects of government direct spending to Small and Medium Entreprises (SME). Some scholars and policy makers belief that government should issues several industrial policies to strengthen SME performance. This study analyzes those policies in Surakarta city. In this study, we assess the effect of local government direct spending to SME such as, capital grants and low rate loan to their business performance. We conduct survey which involved 500 SME in manufacturing. Our resuls shows that capital grants and loan policy by local government in Surakarta has positive effect to SME assets, capital and turnover. This study shows that capital grant is more effective compare to other government assistance such as equipment grants and loan to increase SME’s business performance. In this study, industrial policy for SME is not limited to business regulation but it also include direct assistance from local government for these business organizations.
This document discusses entrepreneurs as the creative force in the economy and how governments can help or hinder them. It defines entrepreneurship and notes that entrepreneurs drive innovation and economic growth. However, they face challenges from business environment factors like government policies. The document examines how the Nigerian government has implemented programs to support entrepreneurs through training and loans to foster job creation and economic development, but still presents hindrances such as high interest rates and lack of basic infrastructure. It concludes that while support is given, more must be done to reduce barriers facing entrepreneurs.
The Indian MSME sector is the backbone of the national economic structure and has unremittingly acted as the bulwark for the Indian economy, providing it resilience to ward off global economic shocks and adversities. With around 48.8 million units throughout the geographical expanse of the country, MSMEs contribute around 7% of the manufacturing GDP and 31% of the GDP from service activities as well as 37% of India s manufacturing output and 40% of the overall exports.
Economic role of government in Indian BusinessGeorge V James
The document discusses the economic role of the Indian government in business. It outlines several key roles: regulator, promoter, entrepreneur, and planner. It also discusses factors that influence the government's role like the economy's development stage. Additionally, it examines issues the government aims to address like poverty, unemployment, and infrastructure development through various policies and programs. The government strives to balance economic growth with social welfare objectives.
FICCI reacted to RBI's monetary policy statement, noting that half of recent interest rate cuts have been transmitted by banks. FICCI urged full transmission to support economic growth and demand. FICCI's quarterly manufacturing survey found weaker growth expectations for Q3 compared to Q2 due to exports and domestic factors. FICCI signed an MOU with UN Women to advance gender equality in business and welcomed the Paris climate agreement.
Micro Small and Medium Enterprise Funding - Opportunities and ChallengesResurgent India
What are MSMEs, Why are they Important, What is their role in the Economy and What are the Opportunities and Challenges related to Funding in the Sector? This Research Report from Resurgent India highlights the Opportunities and Challenges along with Suggestions for MSME Funding.
This document analyzes Sainsbury's opportunity to enter the Malaysian market. It conducts a PEST analysis of Malaysia, finding a stable economy and supportive political environment. It then discusses various market entry modes and recommends direct foreign investment for Sainsbury. This mode allows control while Malaysia's multicultural population and competitive business environment mitigate risk. Direct investment is justified as laws are similar to the UK, foreign investment is appreciated, and the stable economy offers opportunities for Sainsbury to succeed.
The document provides an overview of the key features of the Indian Union Budget for 2015-2016. It discusses the state of the Indian economy, challenges, and the government's plans and targets in areas such as fiscal policy, agriculture, infrastructure, financial markets, taxation, and social programs. The budget aims to achieve high economic growth of 8-8.5%, implement important reforms like GST and financial inclusion programs, boost investment in infrastructure, and address issues in sectors like agriculture, education and healthcare.
Problems Of Funding Small And Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeriaiosrjce
The document summarizes problems with funding small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. It identifies inadequate capital/finance as the greatest challenge facing SMEs. SMEs struggle to raise start-up capital and attract credit from banks due to high interest rates and collateral requirements. Other issues include poor record keeping, taxation, and corruption from government agencies. While funding sources exist, many SME owners lack awareness of financing opportunities and financial discipline to use funds productively. The document recommends the government create a supportive environment, reform education to foster entrepreneurship, and discipline corrupt officials extorting SMEs.
The Impact on of Entrepreneurial and small business on Economic Growth of Ni...adeyinka adekunle
This document is a project submitted by Odebunmi Adekunle Timothy to the National Open University of Nigeria in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Entrepreneurial and Business Management. The project examines the impact of entrepreneurship and small businesses on Nigeria's economic growth.
It begins with an introduction and statement of the problem. It then reviews relevant literature on entrepreneurship, small businesses, and their role in economic development. The study uses primary data collected through questionnaires and interviews with small business owners in Ibadan. Statistical analysis is conducted to test various hypotheses about the relationship between entrepreneurship, small businesses, and economic growth in Nigeria. The findings suggest that small businesses play an
Blue Economy and Sagarmala have all the ingredients of overoptimism and overcomplexity, poor execution, weakness in organizational design and capabilities, and challenges and potential bankruptcy. Most importantly, what could obviously derail the project is lack of participation of the communities who know their oceans the best.
Financial Analysis of the Blue Economy: Sagarmala’s Case in Point by Dr Himanshu Damle of Public Finance Public Accountability Collective, New Delhi
The Centre for Financial Accountability aims to strengthen and improve financial accountability within India by engaging in critical analysis, monitoring and critique of the role of financial institutions – national and international, and their impact on development, human rights and the environment, amongst other areas. For more information visit http://www.cenfa.org Get in touch with us at info@cenfa.org
We also publish Finance Matters, a weekly newsletter on the development finance. Archive can be accessed at http://www.cenfa.org/newsletter-archive/
To subscribe, email us at newsletter@cenfa.org
MSMEs play a significant role in economies worldwide. They account for over 455 million businesses globally and contribute substantially to GDP and employment. In developing countries, MSMEs contribute upwards of 60% to GDP and 70% of total employment. While large businesses are important, MSMEs have a greater impact on job creation due to their need for more employees relative to their size. MSMEs also tend to be more innovative than large businesses and help develop entrepreneurship skills. Nationally, MSMEs boost Indonesia's economic growth and development by generating jobs and income that reduce poverty and unemployment.
Module 6 3 private sector, ssi and industry analysisIndependent
The document discusses the growth of the private sector in India and analyzes small-scale industries and industrial sectors. It notes that trade and investment policies have encouraged growth in telecom, transport, and energy sectors. It also outlines some problems private players face, like focusing only on profitable sectors. Small-scale industries are noted as playing a vital role by generating employment and utilizing local resources. Porter's Five Forces model for industry analysis is introduced as assessing the threat of new entrants, bargaining powers of suppliers and customers, threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of a financial literacy education program on the performance of small and micro enterprises in Njoro District, Kenya. The program was implemented by Equity Group Foundation since 2011. The study found that the program emphasized important skills like budgeting, financial analysis, credit management and bookkeeping. There was a significant improvement in business performance, as measured by increased revenue, for enterprises whose managers participated in the program. Credit management and budgeting skills helped businesses acquire financing, manage loans to minimize costs, and ensure smooth operations. The impact provides evidence that mainstreaming financial literacy training can enhance business performance nationwide.
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in regional economic growth and development. The study found that MSMEs had a significant effect on economic growth rates, with MSMEs contributing 90.1% to GDP. Specifically, micro enterprises, small enterprises, and medium enterprises were all found to have partially significant effects on economic growth when analyzed individually. When analyzed together, micro, small, and medium enterprises were also found to have a simultaneous significant effect on economic growth.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
An Assessment of the role of Financial literacy on Performance of Small and M...World-Academic Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of a financial literacy education program on the performance of small and micro enterprises in Njoro District, Kenya. The program was implemented by Equity Group Foundation since 2011. The study found that the program emphasized important skills like budgeting, financial analysis, credit management and bookkeeping. There was a significant improvement in business performance, as measured by increased revenue, for enterprises whose managers participated in the financial literacy training. The training also helped participants better manage loans and minimize interest expenses, which enhanced performance. Budgeting skills played a key role in growing sales, profits and ensuring smooth business operations. Overall, the study concluded that the financial literacy program had a positive impact on business performance.
An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship: Three level analysis for developing E...Dr.Nasir Ahmad
The study was intended to recommend guidelines for developing entrepreneurship
policy in Pakistan. For this purpose An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship was used as
theoretical frame work to analyze empirical research studies and available reports at
three different levels. At micro level, low literacy rate was found to be foremost
requirement for developing entrepreneurship. Lack of knowledge based economic
system was found to be the center of problem at meso level. At macro level, core of the
problem is that policy makers need to understand the spirit of entrepreneurship to plan
economic policy accordingly. It was recommended that efforts may be made to: raise
education level and entrepreneurial orientation of the people; reshaping to knowledge
based economic system; and entrepreneurship may be designated as major pillar of
economic policy
An examination of the effect of funds provided by cooperative thrift and cred...Alexander Decker
This study examined how funding from Cooperative Thrift and Credit Societies (CTCS) has affected the
performance of small-scale businesses in Nigeria. The results showed that CTCS funding had a positive impact on
key performance indicators of small businesses including current liabilities, fixed assets, and current assets. The
study concluded that membership in CTCS by entrepreneurs positively impacted the performance of small-scale
businesses in Nigeria.
Local Government Grants And Sme Performance, Evidence From Surakarta City, In...inventionjournals
This study analyzes effects of government direct spending to Small and Medium Entreprises (SME). Some scholars and policy makers belief that government should issues several industrial policies to strengthen SME performance. This study analyzes those policies in Surakarta city. In this study, we assess the effect of local government direct spending to SME such as, capital grants and low rate loan to their business performance. We conduct survey which involved 500 SME in manufacturing. Our resuls shows that capital grants and loan policy by local government in Surakarta has positive effect to SME assets, capital and turnover. This study shows that capital grant is more effective compare to other government assistance such as equipment grants and loan to increase SME’s business performance. In this study, industrial policy for SME is not limited to business regulation but it also include direct assistance from local government for these business organizations.
This document discusses entrepreneurs as the creative force in the economy and how governments can help or hinder them. It defines entrepreneurship and notes that entrepreneurs drive innovation and economic growth. However, they face challenges from business environment factors like government policies. The document examines how the Nigerian government has implemented programs to support entrepreneurs through training and loans to foster job creation and economic development, but still presents hindrances such as high interest rates and lack of basic infrastructure. It concludes that while support is given, more must be done to reduce barriers facing entrepreneurs.
The Indian MSME sector is the backbone of the national economic structure and has unremittingly acted as the bulwark for the Indian economy, providing it resilience to ward off global economic shocks and adversities. With around 48.8 million units throughout the geographical expanse of the country, MSMEs contribute around 7% of the manufacturing GDP and 31% of the GDP from service activities as well as 37% of India s manufacturing output and 40% of the overall exports.
Economic role of government in Indian BusinessGeorge V James
The document discusses the economic role of the Indian government in business. It outlines several key roles: regulator, promoter, entrepreneur, and planner. It also discusses factors that influence the government's role like the economy's development stage. Additionally, it examines issues the government aims to address like poverty, unemployment, and infrastructure development through various policies and programs. The government strives to balance economic growth with social welfare objectives.
FICCI reacted to RBI's monetary policy statement, noting that half of recent interest rate cuts have been transmitted by banks. FICCI urged full transmission to support economic growth and demand. FICCI's quarterly manufacturing survey found weaker growth expectations for Q3 compared to Q2 due to exports and domestic factors. FICCI signed an MOU with UN Women to advance gender equality in business and welcomed the Paris climate agreement.
Micro Small and Medium Enterprise Funding - Opportunities and ChallengesResurgent India
What are MSMEs, Why are they Important, What is their role in the Economy and What are the Opportunities and Challenges related to Funding in the Sector? This Research Report from Resurgent India highlights the Opportunities and Challenges along with Suggestions for MSME Funding.
This document analyzes Sainsbury's opportunity to enter the Malaysian market. It conducts a PEST analysis of Malaysia, finding a stable economy and supportive political environment. It then discusses various market entry modes and recommends direct foreign investment for Sainsbury. This mode allows control while Malaysia's multicultural population and competitive business environment mitigate risk. Direct investment is justified as laws are similar to the UK, foreign investment is appreciated, and the stable economy offers opportunities for Sainsbury to succeed.
The document provides an overview of the key features of the Indian Union Budget for 2015-2016. It discusses the state of the Indian economy, challenges, and the government's plans and targets in areas such as fiscal policy, agriculture, infrastructure, financial markets, taxation, and social programs. The budget aims to achieve high economic growth of 8-8.5%, implement important reforms like GST and financial inclusion programs, boost investment in infrastructure, and address issues in sectors like agriculture, education and healthcare.
Problems Of Funding Small And Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeriaiosrjce
The document summarizes problems with funding small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. It identifies inadequate capital/finance as the greatest challenge facing SMEs. SMEs struggle to raise start-up capital and attract credit from banks due to high interest rates and collateral requirements. Other issues include poor record keeping, taxation, and corruption from government agencies. While funding sources exist, many SME owners lack awareness of financing opportunities and financial discipline to use funds productively. The document recommends the government create a supportive environment, reform education to foster entrepreneurship, and discipline corrupt officials extorting SMEs.
The Impact on of Entrepreneurial and small business on Economic Growth of Ni...adeyinka adekunle
This document is a project submitted by Odebunmi Adekunle Timothy to the National Open University of Nigeria in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Entrepreneurial and Business Management. The project examines the impact of entrepreneurship and small businesses on Nigeria's economic growth.
It begins with an introduction and statement of the problem. It then reviews relevant literature on entrepreneurship, small businesses, and their role in economic development. The study uses primary data collected through questionnaires and interviews with small business owners in Ibadan. Statistical analysis is conducted to test various hypotheses about the relationship between entrepreneurship, small businesses, and economic growth in Nigeria. The findings suggest that small businesses play an
Blue Economy and Sagarmala have all the ingredients of overoptimism and overcomplexity, poor execution, weakness in organizational design and capabilities, and challenges and potential bankruptcy. Most importantly, what could obviously derail the project is lack of participation of the communities who know their oceans the best.
Financial Analysis of the Blue Economy: Sagarmala’s Case in Point by Dr Himanshu Damle of Public Finance Public Accountability Collective, New Delhi
The Centre for Financial Accountability aims to strengthen and improve financial accountability within India by engaging in critical analysis, monitoring and critique of the role of financial institutions – national and international, and their impact on development, human rights and the environment, amongst other areas. For more information visit http://www.cenfa.org Get in touch with us at info@cenfa.org
We also publish Finance Matters, a weekly newsletter on the development finance. Archive can be accessed at http://www.cenfa.org/newsletter-archive/
To subscribe, email us at newsletter@cenfa.org
MSMEs play a significant role in economies worldwide. They account for over 455 million businesses globally and contribute substantially to GDP and employment. In developing countries, MSMEs contribute upwards of 60% to GDP and 70% of total employment. While large businesses are important, MSMEs have a greater impact on job creation due to their need for more employees relative to their size. MSMEs also tend to be more innovative than large businesses and help develop entrepreneurship skills. Nationally, MSMEs boost Indonesia's economic growth and development by generating jobs and income that reduce poverty and unemployment.
Module 6 3 private sector, ssi and industry analysisIndependent
The document discusses the growth of the private sector in India and analyzes small-scale industries and industrial sectors. It notes that trade and investment policies have encouraged growth in telecom, transport, and energy sectors. It also outlines some problems private players face, like focusing only on profitable sectors. Small-scale industries are noted as playing a vital role by generating employment and utilizing local resources. Porter's Five Forces model for industry analysis is introduced as assessing the threat of new entrants, bargaining powers of suppliers and customers, threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of a financial literacy education program on the performance of small and micro enterprises in Njoro District, Kenya. The program was implemented by Equity Group Foundation since 2011. The study found that the program emphasized important skills like budgeting, financial analysis, credit management and bookkeeping. There was a significant improvement in business performance, as measured by increased revenue, for enterprises whose managers participated in the program. Credit management and budgeting skills helped businesses acquire financing, manage loans to minimize costs, and ensure smooth operations. The impact provides evidence that mainstreaming financial literacy training can enhance business performance nationwide.
Microfinance Banking and Development of Small Business in Emerging Economy: N...iosrjce
The research study examines the Microfinance Banking and Development of Small Business in
emerging economy: Nigerian Approach. The Microfinance Banks (MFBs) serve as an engine through which
economic industrial development subsists in Nigeria. MFBs have been involved in the promotion, growth and
development of the informal sector and remains heralded strategy for industrial development in emerging
economies including Nigeria. The primary source of data was adopted via questionnaire and oral interview. A
simple regression was used to address the responses of the respondents gathered though the questionnaire in
order to derive logical conclusion for the study. It was however established that MFBs have the capacity to
boost economic development in Nigeria through the support of government agency (CBN) to keep them tracked
and to be focused on the objectives for which they were established. Also, the reviewing and refining of the
National Microfinance development Strategy Policy for MFBs in Nigeria is remarkable and commendable. The
paper further recommends that MFBs’ operations should be continuously be monitored by the regulatory
agency (CBN) in order to adequately address the gap in terms of credit, savings and other financial services
required by the micro entrepreneurs. The latent capacity of the poor for entrepreneurship would be significantly
enhanced through the provision of microfinance services to enable them engage in economic activities and be
more self-reliant, increase employment opportunities, enhanced household income,create wealth etc.
The paper assesses the effectiveness of commercial bank loans as sources of funding Small and Medium Enterprises
(SMEs) in Southeast, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey method wherein structured questionnaire was used to collect
data was adopted. A sample of 500 respondents was randomly selected from the five industrial hubs in the five states
of Southeast, namely Nnewi, Aba, Enugu, Abakiliki, and Owerri. With the aid of pecking order theory
(POT)/hypothesis of Lending, percentage formula, and SPSS version 20.0 tools, the data generated from the
respondents were analysed. Among others, the results of the analysis reveal that SMEs and commercial banks are
highly indifferent to the loans facilities; strict collateral requirements, high interest rates, and the nature of
requirements for guarantors dissuade SMEs from accessing loans; and government interventions provided palliative
measures but failed to address the problems associated with the loans. Therefore, this paper recommends policy
reforms to reduce interest rate, collateral and guarantor requirements. Further research on how to modernise and
harmonise other external sources of SME funding such as „daily contribution‟ and „Isusu‟ systems is required.
This study investigates specifically the impact of Oil and Non-Oil Products on Nigeria Gross Domestic Product
(GDP). Data were collected for period 1981-2016 Descriptive Statistics and Multiple Linear Regression Approach
was used, defining Oil, and Non-Oil Products as independent variables and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as
dependent variable. From the analysis, Oil, and Non-Oil Products contributes immensely to the Nigeria Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Contrary, the Oil Product is positively and insignificant on economic growth of Nigeria
(GDP) and the Non-Oil Product has positively and significant on economic growth of Nigeria (GDP). This study
therefore recommends that Nigeria should enhance her export promotion strategies and diversify her economy far
away from Crude oil.
Microfinance and the Challenge of Financial Inclusion for Sme’s Development i...IOSRJBM
This paper examined microfinance and the challenge of financial inclusion for SMEs development in Nigeria. The study adopted two separate econometrics models for capturing and testing for significance in the stated objectives between 2005 and 2015. The first model determined whether financial inclusion improve the financial well-being of low-income savers in the study period. The second investigated the impact that micro finance has on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises. Each of the models was subjected to the Ordinary Least Square regression to determine the appropriateness of models estimated. Findings from the empirical results in model one (1) and two (2) indicated relationship between financial inclusion in Nigeria, microfinance, and small business enterprises over 10 years period of study. The study found out that there is a significant relationship between financial inclusion and financial well – being of the low income earners. Empirical finding that examines the relationship between microfinance and small business in Nigeria indicates that there is a negative significant relationship between loan to small enterprises and loan to rural areas in Nigeria in the period under study. The study suggests therefore that financial inclusion will have a positive significant impact on the development of small business if the plan to include everyone works in Nigeria.
This document provides a literature review on strategies for entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh by unleashing the potential of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It discusses how SMEs play an important role in employment generation and economic growth. While SMEs in Bangladesh employ many workers, they have not fulfilled their potential to foster entrepreneurship and industrialization. The document reviews global evidence on the relationship between SME development and GDP, and how SMEs can contribute to poverty alleviation. However, SMEs in Bangladesh have performed poorly in terms of growth, diversity and market expansion. The document suggests analyzing successful entrepreneurs and policies to provide recommendations for developing the SME sector in Bangladesh.
The Importance of Entrepreneurship and Information Technology for SMEs Strate...ijtsrd
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Impact of government interventions on small scale entreprises in mubi north local government area, adamawa state, nigeria
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
Impact of Government Interventions on Small Scale Entreprises
in Mubi North Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Aliyu Alhaji Jibrilla
Department of economics, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria.
Email: aliyumaiha@gmail.com
Abstract
This study examined the impact of government interventions on Small Scale enterprise in Mubi North local
government Area. The study has become imperative because of an increasing inability of Small Scale enterprises
to live up to expected target as the engine for economic growth and development, despite government
encouragement in this direction. This study focused its empirical verification on three key areas which are very
fundamental to the study, viz: perception of SSEs operators about government interventions the relevance of
these interventions to them, and the accessibility of these interventions. Data were collected through interviews
and questionnaire. Percentage and Chi - square techniques were used to describe and analysed the results
obtained from the field. However, the available data indicates that government intervention
schemes/programmes aimed at elevating the SSEs to the expected targets in the area, lacks the awareness of the
SSEs operators. Again, the available data shows that accessibility to the intervention by SSEs operators is not
easy. As a result SSEs operators do not feel the relevance of these interventions. Finally, based on the findings of
the study the following recommendations are made: government should embark on the sensitization/awareness
creation and also reduce the conditions to be met before accessing the interventions.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Until the early 1960s, many economists regarded the continuous existence of small-scale industries in less
developed countries as justified by inadequacy of capital and administrative capability. It was often argued that
with economic growth, the small, traditional type of enterprise would, in one sector after another, be succeeded
by modern forms of large-scale production. In order to ensure an orderly switch, small scale enterprises were
appreciated to deserve getting support, but mainly in areas where modern techniques could not be applied
straightaway (Ekpenyong and Nyong, 1992).
According to Ouguiya ( 2004), since independence, promoting small and medium scale enterprises as the
foundation of economic progress has been recognized in Nigeria by every regime (SME, 2004). This is because
of its perceived relevance in ensuring sustained increase in per-capita income and output, as well as, employment
generation and promotion of effective utilization of available resource (s).
Small Scale Enterprises (SSEs) have attracted considerable attention of both public and private sectors in more
than two decades ago chiefly in most of the less developed nations. In a considerable number of such countries,
government makes provisions for policies that are deemed promoting in their development plans, policies and
programmes for the promotion of small scale enterprises because of their perceived benefit to economic
development. For instance, these perceived ideal benefits include: employment generation especially for people
in rural areas, transformation of traditional to modern technology, stimulation of indigenous entrepreneurship,
reversal of urban-rural migration, greater utilization of raw materials, promotion of local technology,
mobilization of local savings, linkage balance by spreading investment more evenly, ability to operate profitably
in very narrow markets with low purchasing power, among others. The extent of resources allocated to each
sector varies considerably from country to Country. Previously, incentives were provided to favour large-scale
enterprises, small scale enterprises were usually relegated to the background (FMST, 1992).
Driven by these, several financial institutions in charge of microcredit and policy instruments such as Nigeria
Agricultural Co-operative and Rural Development Bank (NACRDB), Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry
(NBCI), National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND), Bank of Industry (BI) among others were
established to facilitate growth of small scale enterprises. And of recent Small and Medium Enterprises Equity
Investment Scheme (SMEEIS), Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency (SMEDA) and other
policy oriented institutions like Entrepreneurship Development Policy (EDP) run by the National Directorate of
Employment (NDE), Industrial Development Centres (IDC) among others were introduced to offer technical and
financial assistance to small scale enterprises.
In spite of these interventions undertaken by successive governments to improve the performance of SSEs,
judging by SME performance, not much progress seems to have been achieved, This study examines survey data
in order to evaluate the relevance of government interventions on SMEs; their effectiveness and the sensitization
of the SSEs operators on their existence and importance and to determine why these interventions may not have
achieved their goals in relation to the growth performance of SSE in Nigeria.
121
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
The objectives of this paper are to ascertain the perception of small scale enterprises operators about government
interventions and it’s relevant to the growth of small scale enterprises in the study area; to ascertain the general
constraints faced by small scale enterprises operators and to point out strategies that should be adopted in order
to overcome these constraints.
Following this introduction the remaining part of the paper is structured as follows, section two presents the
literature review, section three discusses the methodology, section four presents’ results of the data analysis and
section five comprised summary conclusion and some policy recommendations.
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Universally, there is no generally accepted definition of a small scale business because the classification of
businesses into large-scale or small-scale is a subjective term and has qualitative judgment. In countries such as
the USA, Britain, and Canada, small-scale business is defined in terms of annual income and employment level
by the businesses. This definition also varies with what is obtainable in Britain (Ekpenyong and Nyong, 1992).
In Japan, small-scale industry is defined according to the type of industry, start-up capital and number of
business employees. Accordingly, small and medium-scale enterprises are defined as: those in manufacturing
with at least 100 million yen paid-up capital and at least 300 employees, those in wholesale trade with at least 30
million yen paid-up capital and 100 employees, and those in the retail and service trades with at least 10 million
yen paid-up capital and at least 50 employees (Ekpenyong and Nyong, 1992).
In Nigeria, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), for the purpose of credit guideline to financial institutions
classifies as small scale enterprises those enterprises with an annual turnover between the range of N100, 000.00
to N150, 000.00; with less than 50 employees; with asset base (excluding real estate) of not less than 1 million
(CBN, 1989). This almost coincide with the report of the Federal Government Small Scale Business
Development Programme (SBDP) sees a small scale enterprise as any manufacturing, process or service firm
with investment a capital not exceeding N150, 000.00 in machinery and equipment and employing not more than
50 workers (Osuala, 2004).
Recognizing the beneficial effect of SSEs, emerging economies across the world , put in policies that are
made to favor small scale enterprises as springboard for sustainable economic development (Osadebe, 2007).
Driven by this, government in Nigeria put in many policies which favoured among others the establishment of a
Small Industries Development Programme, in 1971, to provide technical and financial support for SMEs. This
led to the setting up of the Small Industries Credit Committee (SICC) to manage the Small lndustries Credit
Fund (SICF) throughout the nation. The scheme, which operated as a matching grant between the federal and
state governments was designed to make credit available in liberal terms to SMEs and was managed by the
states' ministries of Industry, Trade and Co-operatives through the loan management committees (LMCs)(CBN,
2003). The Nigeria Bank for Commerce and Industry (NBCI) on its part was set up in 1973 to provide among
other financial services to the indigenous business community, particularly SMEs
The NBCl operated as a head financial body for the SMEs and also administers their Loan Scheme. The
NBCI however suffered from operational problems, terminating in a state of insolvency from 1989. It is now part
of the newly established Bank of Industry (CBN, 2003). However, the establishment of the Rural Banking
Scheme (RBS) in 1977 seems to mark new era in the history of SMEs in Nigeria. The Scheme was
fundamentally designed to confront the problems of inadequacy of credit to the agricultural sector and
underdevelopment of the rural based small-scale enterprises. For objective impact the scheme mandated
establishment of commercial banks branches in the rural areas in Nigeria. And by 1989, there were about 756
new rural bank branches across the country with total deposits in all the rural branches amounting to about N5.7
billion (that is, about N7.5 million per branch) (CBN, 2003).
In addition, the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1986 was part of Government
effort, to come up with policies that would enhance industrialization in the country, which lead to even opening
up of doors for foreign investors to inject fund to SMEs and other investment opportunities in the country
(FMST, 1992). This effort also saw the formal commissioning of the Peoples Bank of Nigeria (PBN in October
1989 with the objective of meeting the credit needs of the SMEs. And by 1993, in the attempt to attain a target of
170 branches, the activities of the bank which administered groups loans to beneficiaries had extended to all the
states in the country (CBN, 2003).
However, the resulting devaluation of naira associated with the implementation of SAP, force many small and
medium scale enterprises fall short of finance. This in turn, had force the federal government set up the National
Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND), in January, 1990, aimed at providing relatively long term loans to
small and medium scale enterprises operators that would span for five to ten years at low interest rates, so as to
smooth their development process. However, the credit extension activities of NERFUND was not free from
setback emanated from devaluation of the national currency that inevitable affects loan servicing by the
beneficiaries. This force merger of NERFUND merged with some other Financial institutions meant for SMEs
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development to form the Bank of Industry in 2001 The establishment of National Directorate of Employment
(NDE) in 1986 to generate self-employment in Agriculture, Youth Employment and Vocational skills
Development, and small scale business among others was another commitment by the national government to
enhance the exploitation of small scale enterprises to their full potential (FGN, 2003).
Covet, (1980), observed that several small scale enterprises operators are highly proficient in their technical
field but are less well experienced in managerial competence. This may be part of the reasons for the longevity
in their backwardness. It has however been observe that insufficient capital is still the bottle neck face by the
small scale operators in Nigeria (Ogechukwu, 2011). Others, argued that SMEs failure in the country is partly
caused by inability of the SMEs operators to lending rules (SMEDA, 2004) and deliberate divert of loans to
ostentatious spending and refusal to pay back the capital and interest when time is due because of the financial
indiscipline (Ogujiuba (2004; Osadebe, 2007) as well as inconsistency of government policies directed to
enhancing business environment in the country (Njoku, 2002). It has also been argued an inaccessible collateral
requirement by SMEs operators was also responsible for their ill performances (Isern, et al, 2009).
In order to obstruct further setback on the development of SMEs in Nigeria, the Small and Medium
Enterprises Development Agency (SMEDA) was established by the SMEDAN act of 2003 to promote the
development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector of the economy. An important objective
of SMEDAN is to establish a structured and efficient MSME sector that will enhance sustainable economic
development of the country through stimulating, monitoring and coordinating the development MSME (SMEDA,
2005).
2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study recognized that one major feature of investment in developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa
(SSA) is the high import content of capital goods. This buttresses the contention in the two gap model (Chenery
and Bruno, 1962 and Bacha, 1982), that the lack of foreign exchange may constitute a major constraint to sustain
high rates of investment and growth in developing economies. Therefore in countries like Nigeria where both
private and public sectors are highly complementary, the lack of government in economic activities will always
constitute an impediment to growth. In other word, government intervention is a crucial determinant factor in the
growth of Small Scale enterprises in Nigeria. This is a serious issue when viewed from the perspective of this
study.
Therefore, the Keynesian theory is considered to be more appropriate in this study. This theory offers useful
insight to the understanding of the effect of government interventions on small scale enterprises. The major
advantage of this theory is its ability to provide the important of government involvement in economic activities.
The Keynesian economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic
outcomes and therefore advocates active policy responses by the public sector. Keynesian economics advocates a
mixed economy, predominantly private sector, but with a large role of government and public sector.
3.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS
The paper is designed to determine the impact of government interventions on SSES in Mubi north local
government area of Adamawa State. Due to the above assertion, this study makes use primary sources of data
collection, which was collected by the use of questionnaire/interview and observation.
The population of the study include all officially recognized small scale enterprises which are located in Mubi
north local government that are categorized as ;one-man business; partnership and family business. From this a
sample size is drawn.
Throughout the study, 115 business operations were selected in some related types of enterprises. The sample
size lies within what can effectively be manage given the time and resources available. The distribution cover the
following categories of enterprises: barbing profession, carpentering, welding, Tailoring, Computer services and
shoe shining.
Simple random sampling was used during the data collection that cut across the areas where SSEs are
predominantly located in the local government area.
Two instruments of data collection were used: the questionnaire and interviews. However, while the
questionnaire was the major instrument, the interview complemented it. The interview was used to extract
information from the small scale enterprises operators who are responsible for the running of the day to day
administration of the enterprises in the study area in order to have relevant on the impact of government
interventions on the growth of small scale enterprises in the area.
Data collected from the issuance of questionnaire and interviews were presented (in figure using percentages)
and analysed using Chi- Square analysis.
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4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
ION
This section contains the analysis of the data resulting from the fieldwork of the study. The data was derived
from both the questionnaire and interviews. Out of one hundred and fifteen (115) questionnaires distributed, one
hundred and five were returned after all possible efforts by the researcher. This is because some of the
nd
respondents claimed they have either no time or have loss the instrument.
The questionnaire return rate is 91.3%. Ten questionnaire representing 8.7% were not returned.
As a result, the analysis is based on the one hundred and five (105) completed questionnaires and the findings
(105)-completed
from the interviews. These, I believe are adequate for the statistical manipulation involved in the study.
4.1: Knowledge of respondents on government Interventions, its relevance and accessibility
ts
In order to ascertain the perception of respondents on government interventions on SSEs, participants were
asked to indicate their awareness on the position of government intervention, the degree of its relevance and
the
accessibility in the area. Their responses in this regard are shown in the figure 1.
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
82
63
58
36
Positive response
32
15
13
6
Negative response
10
Indifferent
Perception of government
Relevance of the
interventions on SSEs government interventions
to SSEs operators
Accessibility of the
interventions by SSEs
operators
Figure 1: percentage of small scale operators on their perception, relevance and accessibility of government
interventions on SSEs (2011)
Figure 1 shows the responses of SSEs operators of their perception on government interventions on the SSEs.
The figure shows that 60% of the respondents are not aware of the existence of government interventions, which
is a serious setback in assessing the scheme. With the above figure, it shows that the number of respondents that
sing
are unaware is far above those that are aware.
With regard to the degree of relevance the interventions to SSEs operators, when asked “how relevant are
these interventions on your business”? As indicated in figure 1, 31% of the respondents indicated that they are
ntions
relevant. Greater number of the respondents, representing 55.2% opined that the interventions are irrelevant
while 14.3% were indifferent. This shows that the government interventions to SSEs have not been felt. This
the
might be as a result of the fact that majority of the SSEs operators are not aware of the existence of government
intervention. Again, this can also be attributed to poor perception of the scheme by SSES operators. This finding
is in agreement with the findings from the interview with the SSES operators. This is so because, 70% of those
interviewed are of the opinion that the interventions are of no relevance to them, simply because of the fact tha
that
they have not benefited from it.
As an effort to determine the how accessible the interventions are, figure 1, reports responses of SSEs
operators, revealing that the highest number, which constitutes 78.1% of the respondents indicated difficulty if
possible in accessing the interventions. However, insignificant number of the respondents, representing12.4%
regarded the interventions as inaccessible, while 9.5% were indifferent. This findings show that operators have
no easy access to the interventions.
4.2: Constraints Encountered by SSEs Operators
The study further tried to determine the reasons for the inaccessibility of these interventions by SSEs
operators because a good number of respondents as shown in figure 1 opined that the intervent
interventions are not
accessible. As a result, the study tried to find out why the interventions are inaccessible? And majority of the
SSEs operators considered in the study attributed failure of the interventions to heavy collateral attached to the
available loans; insufficient access and lack of awareness about the interventions. This suggests that chief reason
;
for the intervention’s failure is the heavy collateral that is attached to the available loan opportunities for those
that are aware of the interventions.
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Knowledge of the respondents about the constraints encountered
encountered
6%
7%
7%
87%
not encountered
Indifferent
Figure 1: percentage of small scale operators based on the constraints encountered during their business
operations (2011)
When asked, do you encounter constraints”? Majority of the respondent 87% said that they encounter
constraints, 6% said they do not encounter constraints, while 7% were indifferent. The study tried further to
determine those constraints which SSEs operators encounter in their operations. In addition, a considerable
number of SSEs operators considered during the study indicated that apart from inaccessibility of government
interventions, they also encounter other constraints such as inadequate capital/finance, poor government policies,
problem of bad road conditions and power interruption, as well as, disturbances from local authorities This
shows that financial capital is the major problem encounter by SSEs operators in the area.
4.3 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
The chi-square test is used to test the hypothesis. The significance level chosen for the test is 5% (0.05) using
the formula.
Where:
2
χ
χ2 = ∑
∑
( f o − fe )
fe
Measurement of discrepancy existing between the observed and expected
frequencies.
2
fo
Observed frequencies
fe
Expected frequencies
Summation
χ
2
The decision rule is, where the computed value of
exceeds its critical (or figure) value, then the null
hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted and when the computed value of
χ
2
is equal to or less than the critical (or figure) value, the null hypothesis is accepted.
This hypothesis has been chosen by the researcher for this study.
Ho: the difference between the respondents opinion does not implies that government interventions have no
significant impact on SSES in the area.
H1: the difference between the respondents opinion implies that government interventions have no significant
impact on SSES in the area.
4.4 Test of Hypothesis
Degree of freedom (DF) = (R-1)(C-1)
(3-1)(3-1) = 2(2) = 4
χ
fe =
2
0.05 (critical
value) = 9.49
(Row)(column)
Total
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4.5 The relation between respondents opinion on the impact of government interventions on SSEs in the
study area.
f
Table 1: Observed frequency ( o ) of the respondents
Opinion
Perception of government Relevance
of
the
interventions
government interventions
Positive
36
32
response
Negative
63
58
response
Indifferent
06
15
105
105
Total
Accessibility of
interventions
13
the
Total
81
82
203
10
105
31
315
f
Table 2: Expected frequency ( e ) of the respondents opinion.
Opinion
Perception of government Relevance
of
the
interventions
government interventions
yes
27
27
No
67.7
67.7
Indifferent
10.3
10.3
105
105
Total
Accessibility of the
interventions
27
67.7
10.3
105
Total
81
203
31
315
Table 3: Computed Chi - Square
f
o
36
32
13
63
58
82
6
15
10
Total
f
27
27
27
67.7
67.7
67.7
10.3
10.3
10.3
( f − fe )
χ =∑ o
fe
e
fo − fe
9
9
9
-4.7
-9.7
14.3
-4.3
4.7
0.3
( fo − fe )2
81
81
81
22.09
94.09
204.49
18.49
22.09
0.09
( fo − fe )2
fe
3
3
3
0.33
1.39
3.02
1.80
2.14
0.009
17.69
2
2
= 17.69
Reading from figure χ2 figure at 5% level of significance for DF = 4
χ20.05 (critical value) = 9.49 (tabulated)
4.6 Decision rule
As could be observed, the computed value (17.69) is greater than the critical or figure value of (9.49). Going
by the decision rule, we accept the alternative hypothesis (H1) which says “the difference between the
respondents opinion implies that government interventions have no significant impact on SSES in the area”.
It could be deduced from the above result that, there is no evidence to show that government interventions have
significant impact on SSES in Mubi north local government area.
5.1: SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS
The focal point of this study has been to examine the impact of government interventions on small enterprises
in Mubi north local government. The study also appraised the perception, accessibility and relevance of these
interventions by SSEs operators. The study achieved its objectives through responses from the respondents that
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the perception is poor, accessibility is not easy and the intervention has less impact.
The result also show that only very few SSEs operators access these interventions, while the majority do not
have good perception and access to it. As a result, it was suggested that combined efforts need to be made in
order to create awareness on the existence of government interventions so that its purpose would be achieved.
Moreover, it was also observed that SSEs operators encounter constraints that militate against their growth,
which according to them include lack of finance/capital, bad/inaccessible roads and constant power failure.
Solutions to these effects were also suggested.
5.2: CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
As pointed out above, the inference drawn from the study is that the majority of SSEs operators do not know
that such interventions exist in the study area. It is strongly suggested that in order to improve the effectiveness
of government interventions, concerted efforts should be made in the areas of sensitization and awareness
creation. Furthermore, more assistance in the area of training should be given to existing SSEs operators so as to
enhance their effectiveness. Also access to the existing interventions should be improved and encouraged. This
can be done by revisiting the conditions or criteria to be met before accessing the scheme.
To ensure the impact of government interventions on SSEs in the study area, along side removal of heavy
collateral, creating awareness and ensuring equal opportunity to all the SSEs operators as indicated by the
respondents, there is also need for proper sensitization of the scheme so as to accomplish the purpose for setting
it/them; encouragement of the power Holdings of Nigeria (PHCN) and other power distributors to considerably
improve the provision of adequate and constant power supply which is vital for successful enterprising; taking
adequate measures by the government and other relevant stakeholders to bring the roads to a level they could be
considered adequate for easy transportation; more efforts on the side of micro credit institutions, and other
relevant agencies and financial institutions to pay the expected leading role in making provisions for capital
back-up to SSEs operators; finally, there is need for more assistance in term of finance, training, , improved
equipment and public utilities, and security, as well as, improved technical support not only from government
but, other non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Acknowledgment
The author would like to thank Professor Garba I. Sheka, Dr. Shehu Mohammad, Tijjani and Dr. Mohammad
Inuwa Dauda for their helpful comments and suggestions.
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