AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

1. RUNGTA COLLAGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURG (C.G)
(AFFILAITED TO HEMCHAND UNIVERSITY ,DURG (C.G)
DEPARTMENT OF BIO-TECHONOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY.
SEMINAR PRESENTATION
SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
ON
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
Session : 2022-23
Guided by:- Submitted by:-
Miss.shilpa mam. Name_ Himanshimajumdar.
Class _ MSC 1ST
sem (
microbiology)

2. Contents of this template
. Introduction.
.Discovery.
. characteristics of autoimmune
Diseases.
.causes of autoimmune Diseases.
.pathogenesis of autoimmune
Diseases.
. classification of autoimmune
Diseases.
.commeon autoimmune Diseases.

3. Contents of this template
• pernicious
• Thrombocyhopenia
•Rheumatoid arthritis
• Lupus exythematosus
• Graves Disease
• Myasthenia gravis
.Diagnosis of autoimmune
Diseases
. T
reatment of autoimmune
Diseases
. Conclusion
. Refrences.

4. INTRODUCTION
Autoimmune disease occurs
when the immune system
attacks self-molecules as a
result of a breakdown of
immunologic tolerance to
autoreactive immune cells.
Many autoimmune disorders
have been strongly associated
with genetic, infectious, or
environmental predisposing
factors.

5. Autoimmunity was first observed by
metalinkoff in 1900 in guinea pigs he
injected guinea pigs with their own
spermatozoa the guinea pigs produced
sperm immobilising antibodise.
DISCOVERY

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
1. Autoimmune disease are caused by autoimmune respons
2. The autoantigen which produces autoimmune disease in
one individual ,will cause antigen is injected.
3. In autoimmune disease an elevated amount of
immunoglobulin is produced.
4. lymphocyte and plasma cells accumulate at the sites of
Lesions.

7. CAUSES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
Sequestered antigens.
Neoantigens.
Cross-reacting antigens.
Cessation of tolerance.
Loss of immunoregulation.

8. 1.SEQUESTERED ANTIGEN
sequestered antigen theory refers to the. situation in which some
antigens are. hidden from cells of the immune system.
2.NEOANATIGENS
Neoantigens are generated from peptides encoded by gene
alterations that are exclusively present in tumor but not normal
tissue and therefore fulfill criteria as highly promising vaccine
immunogens.

9. 3.CROSS _ REACTING ANTIGENS
Cross-reactivity, in a general sense, is the reactivity of an
observed agent which initiates reactions outside the main reaction
expected.
4.CESSATION OF TOLERANCE
Autoimmune response may resultwhen tolerance to a self antigen is
abrogated.

10. 5.LOSS OF IMMUNOREGULATION
Immunoregulatory molecules are master regulators of inflammation
during the immune response.
PATHOGENESIS OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
In autoimmune diseases ones own tissues are damaged the tissu
damage is caused by the activity of autoantibodies ,cytotoxic or
lymphokine producing T_cells K_cells and complement.

11. CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
The autoimmune diseases are broodly classified into 3 group they
are:
• Haemolytic autoimmune disease.
• Localised autoimmune disease.
•Systemic autoimmune disease.

12. •Hamolytic autoimmune disease._
Haemolytic autoimmune
disease is a clinical disorder result in the destruction of the
componemts of blood here autoantibodies are formed aganest ones
own RBCS or platelets or leucocytes. Eg haemdytic acaemia
leuctopenia , thromobocytopenia etc .
•Localised autoimmune disease._
In localised autoimmune disease a
particular organ is affected due to autoimmune disease Eg.thyrotoxic
osis addisons disease myasthenia gravis, etc.

13. •Systemic autoimmune disease. _
systemic autoimmune disease
Eglufects the whole body or many organs . Hence it is also called
non_ organ specific autoimmune diseases. Eg.Lupus erythematosus
rheumatoid arthritis etc.
COMMON AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES _
The following are the commeon
autoimmune disea ses:
• pericious anaemia.
• Thrombocylopenia.
• Rhematoid.

14. • Lupus erythematosus.
• Graves Disease.
• Myastheni gravis.
• Hashimatos thyroiditis.
•PERICIOUS ANAEMIA_
Pericious anaemia is an autoimmune
disease characterized by low levels or RBC and haemaglobin.
•OCCUMENCE _
It is common in adult people of 60 years.

15. • CAUSES _
•Deticiency of vitamin B12 - cyanocobalamine.
•This is due to the inability to absorb vitamin B from the stomach.
•Formation of large , fragile megalo blastic erythrocytes.
•SYMPTOMS _
• low blood pressure.
• memori loss.
• jaundice.
•dark circle around eyes.

16. Diagnosis _
• large megaloblastic erythrocytes.
• atrophic gastritis.
• Thrombocytopenia _
1.It is an autoimmune diseases charact
0erized by low platelet count.
2.It is an antibody _mediated autoimmune disease.
T
reatment _
• Injection of B12 once in a month.
• blood transfusion.

17. •Rheumatoid arthritis_
• It is a systemic autoimmune disease.
•It is an immune complex associated
autoimmune disease.
Causes _
The immune complexes are deposited in the space around
synovium they activate the complement croscade .

18. SYMPTOMS_
• Exophthalmic goitre.
•Hyperthyroodism.
TREATMENT_
Thyrotoxicosis can be treated with antithyroid
drug.
DIAGNOSIS OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES _
The autoimmun
diseases are dignosed by clinical symptoms . However the clinical
symptoms are confirmed by detecting the autoantibodies in the
serum of the patients.

19. TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES_
The autoimmune
diseases can be treated by the following methods.
1. Thyrotoxicosis_ thyrotoxicosis can be treated with
antithyroid drugs.
2.Haemolytic anaemia _
Anaemia can be treated with vitamin
B12.
3. Myasthenia Gravis _
This disease can be treated with choline
esterase inhibitors.

20. 4. Rheumatoid Arthritis _
this disease can be treated with
antiinflammatory drugs.
Conclusion _
As autoimmune diseases are not rare .every effort
has to be done to elucidate their pathophysiology and
epidemiology.
REFRENCE_
Thanas j.kindt ,richard .A goldsby , kuby janis pg.
janis pg.janis pg.no _552, immunology 6th edition , W.H.
freeman publication pg no_455_ 510.

21. THANKYOU