1. Intraconal masses can present with axial proptosis, optic nerve compression, and diplopia. Imaging with thin slice CT or MRI with fat suppression is useful for evaluation.
2. Common intraconal tumors include optic nerve glioma, optic nerve sheath meningioma, cavernous hemangioma, and schwannoma. Optic nerve glioma appears as fusiform enlargement of the optic nerve and often enhances with contrast.
3. Other possible intraconal lesions include lymphoma, which appears isointense to muscle on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI, and lymphangioma, which has a characteristic appearance of fluid levels. Metastasis is
Spinal cord lesions and its radiological imaging finding.Navneet Ranjan
1. The document discusses imaging approaches for evaluating intramedullary spinal cord lesions. It outlines a systematic approach including assessing the lesion length, extent of cord involvement, location within the cord, cord swelling, and enhancement characteristics.
2. Differential diagnoses discussed include demyelinating diseases, tumors, vascular causes, and infections. Specific conditions like multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, transverse myelitis, and various tumor types are described.
3. Imaging features of different pathologies are provided to help differentiate between conditions like ependymoma, astrocytoma, ganglioglioma, and hemangioblastoma.
This document provides an overview of approaches to spinal tumors. It begins by discussing how location, clinical presentation, age and gender are important for differential diagnosis. Spinal tumors are classified as intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, or extradural. The approach involves first examining the spinal cord and CSF spaces for expansion or compression. Common intramedullary tumors discussed include ependymomas, astrocytomas, gangliogliomas, and hemangioblastomas. Intradural extramedullary tumors include meningiomas, nerve sheath tumors, and myxopapillary ependymomas. Imaging features that help characterize different tumors are also summarized.
A 40-year-old female presented with a single grand mal seizure. MRI images showed a parasagittal meningioma that was hypointense on T1 images, surrounded by CSF, and causing mild mass effect and edema. Based on the hyperintensity on T2 images and lack of calcification, the meningioma was diagnosed as a syncytial subtype. Meningiomas are common, often located in the parasagittal region, and can cause symptoms by compressing brain structures. Histological subtypes include fibroblastic, transitional, and syncytial, which were determined based on imaging and pathology in this case.
The document discusses various orbital tumors categorized by their location within the orbit. Retinoblastoma and malignant uveal melanoma occur in the globe. Optic nerve glioma and optic nerve sheath meningioma originate in the optic nerve sheath complex. Cavernous hemangioma is the most common tumor found in the intraconal compartment. Dermoids are typically located extraconally. Benign mixed tumor and adenoid cystic carcinoma can arise from the lacrimal gland. Rhabdomyosarcoma occurs in the extraconal compartment. Lymphoma and fibrous dysplasia involve the bone and sinus compartment. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and staging of these orbital tumors.
The document discusses meninges and related tumors. It begins by describing the three layers of meninges - the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater, and inner pia mater - that cover and protect the brain. It then discusses different types of primary meningeal tumors, focusing on meningiomas. Meningiomas are the most common type of meningeal tumor in adults. The document outlines various subtypes of meningiomas, genetic factors involved in their development and malignant progression, typical locations, clinical features, microscopic appearance and distinguishing characteristics of different histological subtypes.
The document discusses several types of tumors that can occur in the head and neck region of children. Lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and neuroblastoma are some of the tumors mentioned. For lymphoma, the most common presentation is cervical lymphadenopathy, while rhabdomyosarcoma often presents with pain and swelling in locations like the orbit or paranasal sinuses. Diagnosis involves biopsy along with imaging and lab tests. Treatment depends on the specific tumor but may involve chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. All childhood cancer cases should be referred to a specialist center.
This document discusses radiological imaging of meningiomas. It begins by providing background on meningiomas, including that they are the most common primary brain tumor and usually occur in women aged 40-60. On CT scans, meningiomas typically appear dense with calcification and enhance strongly with contrast. On MRI, characteristics vary depending on the histological subtype, with syncytial and angioblastic subtypes more likely to exhibit cysts or increased signal intensity. Location of meningiomas also provides clues to symptoms. The document discusses imaging features of different histological subtypes and common meningioma locations in the brain and spine.
Spinal cord lesions and its radiological imaging finding.Navneet Ranjan
1. The document discusses imaging approaches for evaluating intramedullary spinal cord lesions. It outlines a systematic approach including assessing the lesion length, extent of cord involvement, location within the cord, cord swelling, and enhancement characteristics.
2. Differential diagnoses discussed include demyelinating diseases, tumors, vascular causes, and infections. Specific conditions like multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, transverse myelitis, and various tumor types are described.
3. Imaging features of different pathologies are provided to help differentiate between conditions like ependymoma, astrocytoma, ganglioglioma, and hemangioblastoma.
This document provides an overview of approaches to spinal tumors. It begins by discussing how location, clinical presentation, age and gender are important for differential diagnosis. Spinal tumors are classified as intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, or extradural. The approach involves first examining the spinal cord and CSF spaces for expansion or compression. Common intramedullary tumors discussed include ependymomas, astrocytomas, gangliogliomas, and hemangioblastomas. Intradural extramedullary tumors include meningiomas, nerve sheath tumors, and myxopapillary ependymomas. Imaging features that help characterize different tumors are also summarized.
A 40-year-old female presented with a single grand mal seizure. MRI images showed a parasagittal meningioma that was hypointense on T1 images, surrounded by CSF, and causing mild mass effect and edema. Based on the hyperintensity on T2 images and lack of calcification, the meningioma was diagnosed as a syncytial subtype. Meningiomas are common, often located in the parasagittal region, and can cause symptoms by compressing brain structures. Histological subtypes include fibroblastic, transitional, and syncytial, which were determined based on imaging and pathology in this case.
The document discusses various orbital tumors categorized by their location within the orbit. Retinoblastoma and malignant uveal melanoma occur in the globe. Optic nerve glioma and optic nerve sheath meningioma originate in the optic nerve sheath complex. Cavernous hemangioma is the most common tumor found in the intraconal compartment. Dermoids are typically located extraconally. Benign mixed tumor and adenoid cystic carcinoma can arise from the lacrimal gland. Rhabdomyosarcoma occurs in the extraconal compartment. Lymphoma and fibrous dysplasia involve the bone and sinus compartment. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and staging of these orbital tumors.
The document discusses meninges and related tumors. It begins by describing the three layers of meninges - the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater, and inner pia mater - that cover and protect the brain. It then discusses different types of primary meningeal tumors, focusing on meningiomas. Meningiomas are the most common type of meningeal tumor in adults. The document outlines various subtypes of meningiomas, genetic factors involved in their development and malignant progression, typical locations, clinical features, microscopic appearance and distinguishing characteristics of different histological subtypes.
The document discusses several types of tumors that can occur in the head and neck region of children. Lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and neuroblastoma are some of the tumors mentioned. For lymphoma, the most common presentation is cervical lymphadenopathy, while rhabdomyosarcoma often presents with pain and swelling in locations like the orbit or paranasal sinuses. Diagnosis involves biopsy along with imaging and lab tests. Treatment depends on the specific tumor but may involve chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. All childhood cancer cases should be referred to a specialist center.
This document discusses radiological imaging of meningiomas. It begins by providing background on meningiomas, including that they are the most common primary brain tumor and usually occur in women aged 40-60. On CT scans, meningiomas typically appear dense with calcification and enhance strongly with contrast. On MRI, characteristics vary depending on the histological subtype, with syncytial and angioblastic subtypes more likely to exhibit cysts or increased signal intensity. Location of meningiomas also provides clues to symptoms. The document discusses imaging features of different histological subtypes and common meningioma locations in the brain and spine.
This document discusses spinal tumors, including:
1. Spinal tumors can be primary or secondary, extradural or intradural. The most common symptoms are pain and neurological deficits.
2. Common primary tumors include hemangiomas, aneurysmal bone cysts, and chordomas. Metastatic tumors are most frequently from breast, prostate and lung cancers.
3. Imaging like CT, MRI and bone scans are used to identify the location and extent of tumors. Tissue biopsy is needed to confirm diagnosis.
4. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and steroid/medical management. The goal of surgery is wide or en bloc resection with spinal reconstruction and stabilization
This document summarizes the case of a 67-year-old woman presenting with chronic headache and right-sided weakness. Imaging revealed a heterogeneous mass centered in the splenium of the corpus callosum, with significant edema. The differential diagnosis includes glioblastoma, lymphoma, metastasis, demyelination, and toxoplasmosis. Histopathology found features consistent with glioblastoma such as cellular atypia, necrosis, endothelial proliferation, and GFAP positivity.
The document discusses medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumor in children. MB originates in the cerebellum and projects into the fourth ventricle. It is thought to arise from primitive neuroepithelial cells. On imaging, MB typically appears as a large lobulated mass in the posterior fossa that compresses the fourth ventricle and causes hydrocephalus. Molecular analysis has classified MB into four subgroups: SHH, WNT, Group III, and Group IV, which have different characteristics and prognoses. Prognostic factors include age at diagnosis, extent of disease, extent of resection, histology, and biological markers.
A 32-year-old male presented with a single grand mal seizure. CT scans showed extradural masses in the left parietal and frontal regions, compressing the brain and ventricles. Surgery revealed nodular dural thickening without brain infiltration. Biopsy diagnosed non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma. Further staging found extensive extraneural disease, though the CNS manifestations were the initial presentation. The patient was referred for oncology management for epidural secondary CNS lymphoma.
This document summarizes various pathologies that can present as pineal region masses. It describes signs and symptoms such as Parinaud syndrome, precocious puberty, and hydrocephalus. It then discusses tumors of pineal parenchymal origin including pineocytoma, pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation, and pineoblastoma. It also covers germ cell tumors, pineal cysts, astrocytoma, meningioma, and metastasis that can occur in the pineal region. Imaging findings for each condition are provided with examples.
This document summarizes various pathologies that can present as pineal region masses. It describes signs and symptoms such as Parinaud syndrome, hydrocephalus, precocious puberty, and pineal apoplexy. It then discusses tumors of pineal parenchymal origin including pineocytoma, pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation, and pineoblastoma. It also covers germ cell tumors, pineal cysts, astrocytoma, and meningioma that can occur in the pineal region. Imaging findings for each condition are provided with examples.
The document discusses butterfly tumors, which are tumors that extend bilaterally around the ventricular system like butterfly wings. These tumors can be formed by primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas or diffuse astrocytomas. Primary CNS lymphomas start in the subependymal microvascular system and spread centrifugally along blood vessels, while astrocytomas start focally and infiltrate locally between fibers, eventually crossing hemispheres. The document focuses on the radiological pathology of these tumors, how they progress and spread to form characteristic butterfly shapes seen on imaging. Key signs on imaging include hyperdense lesions on CT and hypointense lesions on T2-weighted MRI that enhance strongly after contrast.
A 40-year-old female patient presented with a history of migraines. MRI scans revealed two meningioma tumors, one in the parasellar region and one in the cerebellopontine angle. The tumors appeared hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI and showed dense contrast enhancement. Based on the MRI characteristics and location of the tumors, they were diagnosed as multiple syncytial meningiomas. Syncytial meningiomas tend to appear hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI due to high cell count and microcysts.
Meningiomas are the most common non-glial tumors of the central nervous system. They are typically benign, slow-growing tumors that appear as well-circumscribed masses attached to the dura on imaging. CT often shows hyperattenuation and enhancement, while MRI demonstrates isointensity to gray matter and enhancement. Typical features include calcification, hyperostosis, and dural tail sign. Atypical features like cysts, hemorrhage or edema are less common. Advanced MRI techniques may help differentiate aggressive from non-aggressive meningiomas. Differential diagnosis includes other dural-based lesions.
This document discusses various pathologies that can cause damage to the spinal cord as seen on MRI. It focuses on diseases that appear as high signal on T2-weighted imaging. The most common etiologies are degenerative compressive myelopathy, inflammatory disorders, and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Imaging is important for determining the location, extent, and severity of abnormalities in order to accurately diagnose the underlying cause and guide treatment.
The document discusses various masses that can occur in the third and lateral ventricles. It describes 10 types of anterior third ventricular masses including astrocytomas, ependymomas, germinomas, metastatic tumors, epidermoid tumors, craniopharyngiomas, colloid cysts, pituitary tumors, and others. It also describes 7 types of posterior third ventricular masses and 8 types of lateral ventricle masses. For each mass, it provides information on symptoms, imaging appearance, diagnosis, and treatment options.
The document discusses various masses that can occur in the third and lateral ventricles. It describes 10 types of anterior third ventricular masses including astrocytomas, ependymomas, germinomas, metastatic tumors, epidermoid tumors, craniopharyngiomas, colloid cysts, pituitary tumors, and others. It also describes 7 types of posterior third ventricular masses and 8 types of lateral ventricle masses. For each mass, it provides information on symptoms, imaging appearance, diagnosis, and treatment options.
The document provides information on neuroblastoma, including its origin from neural crest cells, sites of occurrence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging systems, prognostic factors, and management. It notes that neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and occurs most often in children under 5 years old. The diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT/MRI to identify the primary tumor and metastases, biopsy for histopathological examination, and urine and bone marrow tests. Staging systems include the International Neuroblastoma Staging System and International Neuroblastoma Risk Group system. Prognostic factors include the child's age, tumor biology markers like MYCN amplification, and response to initial treatment. Management involves surgery, chemotherapy,
Dr. Brijesh Maheshwari presented on neuroblastoma. Key points:
1. Neuroblastoma originates from neural crest cells and most commonly affects children under 5, often presenting with abdominal pain or mass.
2. Staging systems include International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) and International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) system. Over half of cases present with metastatic disease.
3. Prognostic factors include age at diagnosis, tumor biology like MYCN amplification, and response to initial treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is used including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy.
This document summarizes several neurocutaneous syndromes including von Hippel-Lindau disease, neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis complex, Sturge-Weber syndrome, and Bourneville's disease. It describes the characteristic clinical features of each syndrome such as café au lait spots, tumors, hamartomas and visual or neurological disturbances. Diagnosis is based on the presence of specific lesions and symptoms. Screening recommendations are provided for early detection and treatment of complications.
The document discusses several pathologies that can cause proptosis (forward displacement) of the eye including orbital pseudotumor, Graves' ophthalmopathy, optic neuritis, and lymphoproliferative lesions of the orbit. Orbital pseudotumor is a non-granulomatous inflammatory process that can involve any orbital structure. Graves' ophthalmopathy is associated with thyroid dysfunction and causes enlargement of the extraocular muscles. Optic neuritis typically causes enlargement and enhancement of the optic nerve. Lymphoproliferative lesions include benign lymphoid hyperplasia and lymphomas, appearing as enhancing masses or infiltrative lesions.
The document summarizes various tumors and lesions that can occur in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). The most common tumors are acoustic neuromas (schwannomas), which arise from the vestibular nerve. Other lesions include meningiomas, metastases, epidermoid tumors, dermoid cysts and lipomas. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment depends on the type and size of the lesion.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
This document discusses spinal tumors, including:
1. Spinal tumors can be primary or secondary, extradural or intradural. The most common symptoms are pain and neurological deficits.
2. Common primary tumors include hemangiomas, aneurysmal bone cysts, and chordomas. Metastatic tumors are most frequently from breast, prostate and lung cancers.
3. Imaging like CT, MRI and bone scans are used to identify the location and extent of tumors. Tissue biopsy is needed to confirm diagnosis.
4. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and steroid/medical management. The goal of surgery is wide or en bloc resection with spinal reconstruction and stabilization
This document summarizes the case of a 67-year-old woman presenting with chronic headache and right-sided weakness. Imaging revealed a heterogeneous mass centered in the splenium of the corpus callosum, with significant edema. The differential diagnosis includes glioblastoma, lymphoma, metastasis, demyelination, and toxoplasmosis. Histopathology found features consistent with glioblastoma such as cellular atypia, necrosis, endothelial proliferation, and GFAP positivity.
The document discusses medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumor in children. MB originates in the cerebellum and projects into the fourth ventricle. It is thought to arise from primitive neuroepithelial cells. On imaging, MB typically appears as a large lobulated mass in the posterior fossa that compresses the fourth ventricle and causes hydrocephalus. Molecular analysis has classified MB into four subgroups: SHH, WNT, Group III, and Group IV, which have different characteristics and prognoses. Prognostic factors include age at diagnosis, extent of disease, extent of resection, histology, and biological markers.
A 32-year-old male presented with a single grand mal seizure. CT scans showed extradural masses in the left parietal and frontal regions, compressing the brain and ventricles. Surgery revealed nodular dural thickening without brain infiltration. Biopsy diagnosed non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma. Further staging found extensive extraneural disease, though the CNS manifestations were the initial presentation. The patient was referred for oncology management for epidural secondary CNS lymphoma.
This document summarizes various pathologies that can present as pineal region masses. It describes signs and symptoms such as Parinaud syndrome, precocious puberty, and hydrocephalus. It then discusses tumors of pineal parenchymal origin including pineocytoma, pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation, and pineoblastoma. It also covers germ cell tumors, pineal cysts, astrocytoma, meningioma, and metastasis that can occur in the pineal region. Imaging findings for each condition are provided with examples.
This document summarizes various pathologies that can present as pineal region masses. It describes signs and symptoms such as Parinaud syndrome, hydrocephalus, precocious puberty, and pineal apoplexy. It then discusses tumors of pineal parenchymal origin including pineocytoma, pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation, and pineoblastoma. It also covers germ cell tumors, pineal cysts, astrocytoma, and meningioma that can occur in the pineal region. Imaging findings for each condition are provided with examples.
The document discusses butterfly tumors, which are tumors that extend bilaterally around the ventricular system like butterfly wings. These tumors can be formed by primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas or diffuse astrocytomas. Primary CNS lymphomas start in the subependymal microvascular system and spread centrifugally along blood vessels, while astrocytomas start focally and infiltrate locally between fibers, eventually crossing hemispheres. The document focuses on the radiological pathology of these tumors, how they progress and spread to form characteristic butterfly shapes seen on imaging. Key signs on imaging include hyperdense lesions on CT and hypointense lesions on T2-weighted MRI that enhance strongly after contrast.
A 40-year-old female patient presented with a history of migraines. MRI scans revealed two meningioma tumors, one in the parasellar region and one in the cerebellopontine angle. The tumors appeared hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI and showed dense contrast enhancement. Based on the MRI characteristics and location of the tumors, they were diagnosed as multiple syncytial meningiomas. Syncytial meningiomas tend to appear hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI due to high cell count and microcysts.
Meningiomas are the most common non-glial tumors of the central nervous system. They are typically benign, slow-growing tumors that appear as well-circumscribed masses attached to the dura on imaging. CT often shows hyperattenuation and enhancement, while MRI demonstrates isointensity to gray matter and enhancement. Typical features include calcification, hyperostosis, and dural tail sign. Atypical features like cysts, hemorrhage or edema are less common. Advanced MRI techniques may help differentiate aggressive from non-aggressive meningiomas. Differential diagnosis includes other dural-based lesions.
This document discusses various pathologies that can cause damage to the spinal cord as seen on MRI. It focuses on diseases that appear as high signal on T2-weighted imaging. The most common etiologies are degenerative compressive myelopathy, inflammatory disorders, and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Imaging is important for determining the location, extent, and severity of abnormalities in order to accurately diagnose the underlying cause and guide treatment.
The document discusses various masses that can occur in the third and lateral ventricles. It describes 10 types of anterior third ventricular masses including astrocytomas, ependymomas, germinomas, metastatic tumors, epidermoid tumors, craniopharyngiomas, colloid cysts, pituitary tumors, and others. It also describes 7 types of posterior third ventricular masses and 8 types of lateral ventricle masses. For each mass, it provides information on symptoms, imaging appearance, diagnosis, and treatment options.
The document discusses various masses that can occur in the third and lateral ventricles. It describes 10 types of anterior third ventricular masses including astrocytomas, ependymomas, germinomas, metastatic tumors, epidermoid tumors, craniopharyngiomas, colloid cysts, pituitary tumors, and others. It also describes 7 types of posterior third ventricular masses and 8 types of lateral ventricle masses. For each mass, it provides information on symptoms, imaging appearance, diagnosis, and treatment options.
The document provides information on neuroblastoma, including its origin from neural crest cells, sites of occurrence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging systems, prognostic factors, and management. It notes that neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and occurs most often in children under 5 years old. The diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT/MRI to identify the primary tumor and metastases, biopsy for histopathological examination, and urine and bone marrow tests. Staging systems include the International Neuroblastoma Staging System and International Neuroblastoma Risk Group system. Prognostic factors include the child's age, tumor biology markers like MYCN amplification, and response to initial treatment. Management involves surgery, chemotherapy,
Dr. Brijesh Maheshwari presented on neuroblastoma. Key points:
1. Neuroblastoma originates from neural crest cells and most commonly affects children under 5, often presenting with abdominal pain or mass.
2. Staging systems include International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) and International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) system. Over half of cases present with metastatic disease.
3. Prognostic factors include age at diagnosis, tumor biology like MYCN amplification, and response to initial treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is used including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy.
This document summarizes several neurocutaneous syndromes including von Hippel-Lindau disease, neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis complex, Sturge-Weber syndrome, and Bourneville's disease. It describes the characteristic clinical features of each syndrome such as café au lait spots, tumors, hamartomas and visual or neurological disturbances. Diagnosis is based on the presence of specific lesions and symptoms. Screening recommendations are provided for early detection and treatment of complications.
The document discusses several pathologies that can cause proptosis (forward displacement) of the eye including orbital pseudotumor, Graves' ophthalmopathy, optic neuritis, and lymphoproliferative lesions of the orbit. Orbital pseudotumor is a non-granulomatous inflammatory process that can involve any orbital structure. Graves' ophthalmopathy is associated with thyroid dysfunction and causes enlargement of the extraocular muscles. Optic neuritis typically causes enlargement and enhancement of the optic nerve. Lymphoproliferative lesions include benign lymphoid hyperplasia and lymphomas, appearing as enhancing masses or infiltrative lesions.
The document summarizes various tumors and lesions that can occur in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). The most common tumors are acoustic neuromas (schwannomas), which arise from the vestibular nerve. Other lesions include meningiomas, metastases, epidermoid tumors, dermoid cysts and lipomas. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment depends on the type and size of the lesion.
Similar to imaging of itraconal mass EOS 2015.pptx (20)
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Imaging of intraconal lesions
Slice thickness
Resolution of a CT depends on slice thickness.
The thinner the slice, the higher the resolution.
2mm cuts are optimal for the eye and orbit.
In evaluation of the orbital apex, thinner slices of
1mm can be more informative.
5. Tissue
window
Soft-tissue window is best for evaluating orbital soft tissue
lesions.
Fractures and bony details are better seen with bone window
settings .
6. MRI with Fat-suppressed
images
Bright signal from intraorbital fat can mask the
signal and enhancement of pathology.
This problem can be overcome by suppressing
the signal of fat by special fat suppression
sequences.
7. Common intraconal tumors
1. Optic nerve lesions:
a. Optic nerve glioma.
b. Optic nerve sheath meningioma.
2. Well-defined intraconal tumors:
a. Cavernous hemangioma.
b. Schwannoma.
c. Solitary neurofibroma.
d. Hemangiopericytoma.
e. Fibrous histocytoma.
3. ILL-defined intraconal tumors:
a. Lymphoma.
b. Lymphangioma.
c. Metastasis.
8. Optic nerve glioma
* 80% less than 10 years, M less than F .Uncommon and sporadic
in adult
* Malignant gliomas (glioblastoma) are rare & almost always occur
in adult males with a very poor prognosis.
* Associated with NF1 in 50-85% of childern
* low grade spindle shaped pilocytic (hair like) astrocytes & glial
filaments
* Slowly progressive drop of V/A and slowly progressive proptosis
* CT: fusiform enlargement of the optic nerve, enhancing , may
extend to optic tract
9. Optic nerve lesions
Optic nerve has a blood-brain barrier
So, normally No enhancement
Optic nerve enhancement:
. Normal caliber Neuritis
.Enlarged optic nerve Glioma
. Outside optic nerve Meningioma
10. fusiform enlargement with sharp delineation from the surrounding
tissue .They are isodense, with enhancement with contrast
11. Appearance of optic nerve gliomas:
(a)In a patient without neurofibromatosis
(b)In a patient with neurofibromatosis
A B
12. T2 imaging in a similar coronal
plane reveals hyperintense
signaling of the mass that is
contained within the dura of the
optic nerve.
This axial, post-contrast MRI
demonstrates enhancement of
the fusiform, kinked shaped
optic nerve tumor.
18. Optic nerve sheath meningioma
A benign tumor arising from arachnoid cells
lining the dura.
Presents 10-30% of orbital meningioma,
however, majority of cases from intracranial
extension.
Middle age females are more affected.
If present in childhood it is more aggressive.
Mostly sporadic, if associated with NF2 may
be bilateral.
.
Slowly progressive drop of V/A and proptosis
19. Optic nerve sheath meningioma
They tend to be hyperdense to the optic
nerve,
More consistent contrast enhancement.
Calcification within the optic nerve
shadow
CT and MR imaging;
Prominent focal or segmental enlargement of
the dural arachnoid sheath around the optic
nerve .
24. Cavernous Hemangioma
Most common benign tumor of the orbit.
Peak between 20-40 years.
Slowly growing proptosis.
Hamartomas contained within a fibrous capsule with
large vascular channels, but no definite feeding
vessels.
They are almost always intraconal (80%).
Well defined mass and may enlarge with a Valsalva
maneuvre or during pregnancy
25. CT and MR imaging:
May be located anywhere in the orbit occur
within the retrobulbar muscle cone.
Uncommonly, an intramuscular
hemangioma may occur.
Well-defined masses.
Variable contrast enhancement.
Always respect the contour of the globe.
Orbital bone modeling is not uncommon.
29. Hemangiopericytoma
. 1-3% of all biopsied orbital lesions.
. Mostly superior in the orbit but may be
intraconal.
. Highly vascular with marked
enhancement.
. Proliferation of pericytes and stg-
horn.
30. Schwannoma
Arising from schwan cells of any nerve within
the orbit – most common V1.
Account for 1-6% of all orbital masses.
Slow growing, well circumscribed, ovoid
with homogenous enhancement.
The optic nerve is always displaced.
31. Well-defined mass , hyperintense on T2-weighted
images and enhance. Similar to cavernous
hemangioma.
On dynamic scanning cavernous hemangiomas
begin with a central spot of enhancement,
which spreads peripherally.
Whereas, orbital schwannomas usually enhance
initially on the periphery.
Both may remodel adjacent bone.
33. Neurofibroma
Neurofibromas is a benign tumor originating
from Schwann cells that occur in the orbit
as isolated lesions or in association with
plexiform neurofibromatosis.
Differs from schwannoma in
. Invade the adjacent nerve
. Contain fibrous tissue in addition to schwann
cells
. Soft uncapsulated
Malignant peripheral nerve tumors (malignant
schwannoma, neurofibrosarcoma) are
extremely rare in the orbit.
34. Neurofibroma
◦
A, Postcontrast axial CT scan demonstrating a well-enhanced intraconal neurofibroma .
◦
◦
B, Axial T1WI scan of a neurofibroma A. Tumor is isointense to brain and hypointense to orbital fat.
◦
◦
C, Axial fat-suppressed T1-weighted MR image of the tumor with marked contrast enhancement of
neurofibroma.
38. Fibrous histiocytoma
. Most common primary mesenchymal orbital
tumor in adults.
. Malignant transformation may occur
. Orbital radiation may cause malignant
transformation.
. Mixture of fibroblasts and histiocytes
39. lymphoma
Lymphoproliferative disease includes a
spectrum of disorders ranging from benign
(lymphoid hyperplasia) to malignant
disease (lymphoma).
Immunohistochemical and molecular
biological studies have been reliable to
differentiate these entities.
more commonly in the 5th–7th decades of life
with a slight female predominance.
.
Intraconal space is involved in 11%
40.
41. Staging
National Cancer
Institute Working Formulation of
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
Low-Grade Lymphomas
Small lymphocytic
Follicular, predominantly small cleaved cell
Follicular, mixed, small cleaved cell and large
cell
Intermediate-Grade Lymphomas
Follicular, predominantly large cell
Diffuse, mixed, small and large cell
Diffuse, large cell (cleaved and noncleaved)
High-Grade Lymphomas
Diffuse large cell, immunoblastic
Lymphoblastic (convoluted and non-convoluted)
Small noncleaved cell (Burkitt’s and
non-Burkitt’s)
42. Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid
Neoplasms (REAL)
Indolent Lymphomas
Follicular lymphoma
B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small
lymphocytic lymphoma
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
Marginal zone lymphoma (nodal, extranodal,
splenic)
T-cell/natural killer large cell granular
lymphocyte leukemia
T-chronic lymphocytic leukemia/
prolymphocytic leukemia
Aggressive Lymphomas
Mantle cell lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (unspecified)
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (angioimmunoblastic,
angiocentric)
T-cell/natural killer cell, hepatosplenic,
intestinal T-cell lymphoma
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Highly Aggressive Lymphomas
Precursor T or B lymphoblastic leukemia/
lymphoma
Burkitt’s and Burkitt’s-like lymphoma
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
43. Imaging of lymphoma
A mass with distinct margins, which shows an
isointense signal on T1-weighted images and
iso-hyperintense on T2-weighted images.
Spiral computed tomography (CT) using a dual-
phase contrast-enhancement protocol report
that lymphomas have a decrease in density on
delayed images, as opposed to orbital
pseudotumours, whose density increases on
delayed images
44. CT imaging:
On non-contrast CT, the mass is usually homogeneous in
density, either isodense or slightly hyperdense when
compared to the extraocular muscles .
mild to moderate enhancement is seen, similar again to the
extraocular muscles
47. The origin of lymphangioma = controversial.
The lesion is unencapsulated.
Consisting mostly of bloodless vascular and lymph
channels.
lymphangioma( venous lymphatic
malformation)
48. Worsening of proptosis when the child has an upper
respiratory tract infection.
Either continuous with the venous circulation or
associated with an arteriovenous malformation
Spontaneous or traumatic hemorrhage within the
lesion is common, resulting in a chocolate cyst.
Typically diffuse and not well encapsulated
Usually multilobular.
49. CT:
Poorly circumscribed, heterogeneous masses of increased
density. Bony remodeling may be present. Calcification is
rare. Minimal contrast enhancement may be present
MRI:
Relatively hypointense or hyperintense to brain on T1WI.
Very hyperintense on T2WI. Fluid-fluid levels related to
hemorrhages of various ages are characteristic of
lymphangioma.
Axial CT with left orbital
lymphangioma
Axial CT with left choclate cyst
51. Metastasis to the Orbit
Accounts for approximately 10% of all orbital neoplasms.
(5% hematogenous, 5% from adjacent structures).
What is the most common tumor to spread to
the orbit?
Breast Cancer (42%).
Lung Carcinoma (11%).
Unknown Primary Cancer (11%).
Prostate (8%).
Melanoma (5%). Average survival after dx is 9 months.
52. Bilateral orbital metastases from a carcinoma of the breast.
Axial postcontrast CT demonstrates a homogeneous mass in the retrobulbar
space of the left orbit.