Image processing using python

2. 2

5. https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/supplements/pit/features/articles/27234
5

6. 6
0
255
2^8=256
2 8 255

7. 7https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=nuctom&logNo=220329983932&proxyReferer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F

8. 8https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdeRzKoNyvw

9. 9https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdeRzKoNyvw

11. 11

13. 13 https://pixlr.com/e

14. 14

15. 15

16. 16

17. 17
from PIL import Image
img = Image.open('draw.jpg').convert('L')
print(img.size)
(800, 600)

18. 18
img_array = np.asarray(img)
img_array.shape
(600, 800)
img_array
array([[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
...,
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255]], dtype=uint8)

19. 19
img_array[:5, :5]
array([[255, 255, 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, 255, 255]], dtype=uint8)

20. 20
img_array[300:320, 200:210]
array([[155, 184, 202, 208, 210, 206, 203, 201, 199, 198],
[141, 172, 191, 203, 205, 201, 200, 198, 198, 197],
[127, 157, 181, 196, 200, 198, 198, 196, 196, 196],
[114, 149, 172, 191, 197, 197, 198, 196, 196, 196],
[ 98, 133, 160, 184, 194, 197, 194, 197, 195, 195],
[ 84, 120, 150, 177, 190, 195, 196, 194, 195, 195],
[ 72, 104, 140, 163, 185, 195, 195, 195, 196, 195],
[ 64, 93, 123, 152, 174, 190, 195, 195, 194, 195],
[ 54, 81, 112, 140, 162, 180, 191, 195, 195, 195],
[ 40, 67, 98, 126, 153, 174, 187, 192, 195, 195],
[ 34, 57, 85, 113, 139, 162, 181, 189, 194, 196],
[ 26, 44, 68, 100, 128, 153, 169, 184, 191, 195],
[ 22, 36, 55, 80, 113, 139, 162, 177, 189, 194],
[ 14, 25, 44, 63, 92, 119, 147, 165, 182, 192],
[ 12, 19, 34, 50, 74, 101, 126, 153, 174, 186],
[ 8, 14, 24, 38, 57, 83, 111, 136, 158, 177],
[ 6, 10, 16, 28, 46, 70, 95, 115, 144, 164],
[ 3, 7, 11, 19, 34, 52, 79, 102, 131, 150],
[ 3, 5, 9, 15, 25, 40, 59, 85, 113, 141],
[ 2, 3, 6, 10, 19, 31, 47, 70, 96, 124]], dtype=uint8)

21. 21
plt.imshow(img_array, cmap='gray')

22. 22
img_array[300:320, 200:210]
array([[155, 184, 202, 208, 210, 206, 203, 201, 199, 198],
[141, 172, 191, 203, 205, 201, 200, 198, 198, 197],
[127, 157, 181, 196, 200, 198, 198, 196, 196, 196],
[114, 149, 172, 191, 197, 197, 198, 196, 196, 196],
[ 98, 133, 160, 184, 194, 197, 194, 197, 195, 195],
[ 84, 120, 150, 177, 190, 195, 196, 194, 195, 195],
[ 72, 104, 140, 163, 185, 195, 195, 195, 196, 195],
[ 64, 93, 123, 152, 174, 190, 195, 195, 194, 195],
[ 54, 81, 112, 140, 162, 180, 191, 195, 195, 195],
[ 40, 67, 98, 126, 153, 174, 187, 192, 195, 195],
[ 34, 57, 85, 113, 139, 162, 181, 189, 194, 196],
[ 26, 44, 68, 100, 128, 153, 169, 184, 191, 195],
[ 22, 36, 55, 80, 113, 139, 162, 177, 189, 194],
[ 14, 25, 44, 63, 92, 119, 147, 165, 182, 192],
[ 12, 19, 34, 50, 74, 101, 126, 153, 174, 186],
[ 8, 14, 24, 38, 57, 83, 111, 136, 158, 177],
[ 6, 10, 16, 28, 46, 70, 95, 115, 144, 164],
[ 3, 7, 11, 19, 34, 52, 79, 102, 131, 150],
[ 3, 5, 9, 15, 25, 40, 59, 85, 113, 141],
[ 2, 3, 6, 10, 19, 31, 47, 70, 96, 124]], dtype=uint8)

23. 23
img_array[300:320, 200:210]
array([[155, 184, 202, 208, 210, 206, 203, 201, 199, 198],
[141, 172, 191, 203, 205, 201, 200, 198, 198, 197],
[127, 157, 181, 196, 200, 198, 198, 196, 196, 196],
[114, 149, 172, 191, 197, 197, 198, 196, 196, 196],
[ 98, 133, 160, 184, 194, 197, 194, 197, 195, 195],
[ 84, 120, 150, 177, 190, 195, 196, 194, 195, 195],
[ 72, 104, 140, 163, 185, 195, 195, 195, 196, 195],
[ 64, 93, 123, 152, 174, 190, 195, 195, 194, 195],
[ 54, 81, 112, 140, 162, 180, 191, 195, 195, 195],
[ 40, 67, 98, 126, 153, 174, 187, 192, 195, 195],
[ 34, 57, 85, 113, 139, 162, 181, 189, 194, 196],
[ 26, 44, 68, 100, 128, 153, 169, 184, 191, 195],
[ 22, 36, 55, 80, 113, 139, 162, 177, 189, 194],
[ 14, 25, 44, 63, 92, 119, 147, 165, 182, 192],
[ 12, 19, 34, 50, 74, 101, 126, 153, 174, 186],
[ 8, 14, 24, 38, 57, 83, 111, 136, 158, 177],
[ 6, 10, 16, 28, 46, 70, 95, 115, 144, 164],
[ 3, 7, 11, 19, 34, 52, 79, 102, 131, 150],
[ 3, 5, 9, 15, 25, 40, 59, 85, 113, 141],
[ 2, 3, 6, 10, 19, 31, 47, 70, 96, 124]], dtype=uint8)
plt.imshow(img_array[300:320, 200:210], cmap='gray')

24. 24
img_array
array([[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
...,
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255]], dtype=uint8)

25. 25
img_array - 1
array([[254, 254, 254, ..., 254, 254, 254],
[254, 254, 254, ..., 254, 254, 254],
[254, 254, 254, ..., 254, 254, 254],
...,
[254, 254, 254, ..., 254, 254, 254],
[254, 254, 254, ..., 254, 254, 254],
[254, 254, 254, ..., 254, 254, 254]], dtype=uint8)

26. 26
img_array - 200
array([[55, 55, 55, ..., 55, 55, 55],
[55, 55, 55, ..., 55, 55, 55],
[55, 55, 55, ..., 55, 55, 55],
...,
[55, 55, 55, ..., 55, 55, 55],
[55, 55, 55, ..., 55, 55, 55],
[55, 55, 55, ..., 55, 55, 55]], dtype=uint8)

27. 27
img_array
array([[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
...,
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255]], dtype=uint8)

28. 28
img_array + 1
array([[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
...,
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)

29. 29
plt.imshow( img_array + 1 , cmap='gray')

30. 30
plt.imshow( img_array + 1 , cmap='gray')
array([[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
...,
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)

31. 31
import copy
test1 = copy.copy(img_array)
test1
array([[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
...,
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255]], dtype=uint8)

32. 32
test1 > 254
array([[ True, True, True, ..., True, True, True],
[ True, True, True, ..., True, True, True],
[ True, True, True, ..., True, True, True],
...,
[ True, True, True, ..., True, True, True],
[ True, True, True, ..., True, True, True],
[ True, True, True, ..., True, True, True]])

33. 33
test1[ test1 > 0 ]
array([255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255], dtype=uint8)

34. 34
test1[ test1 > 0 ]
test1[ test1 > 0 ] = 255
array([255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255], dtype=uint8)

35. 35
plt.imshow(test1, cmap='gray')

36. 36
test2 = copy.copy(img_array)
test2[ test2 > 100 ] = 255
plt.imshow(test2, cmap='gray')

37. 37
test3 = copy.copy(img_array)
test3[ test3 > 195 ] = 255
plt.imshow(test3, cmap='gray')

38. 38
test4 = copy.copy(img_array)
test4[ test4 < 254 ] = 0
plt.imshow(test4, cmap='gray')

39. 39
test5 = copy.copy(img_array)
test5[ test5 < 254 ] = 255
plt.imshow(test5, cmap='gray')

40. 40
test6 = copy.copy(img_array)
test6[ test6 < 210 ] = 255
plt.imshow(test6, cmap='gray')

41. 41
test7 = copy.copy(img_array)
test7[ test7 < 100 ] = 255
plt.imshow(test7, cmap='gray')

43. a = [
[ 0, 0, 255, 0, 0],
[ 0, 200, 0, 200, 0],
[150, 0, 0, 0, 150],
[ 0, 100, 0, 100, 0],
[ 0, 0, 50, 0, 0]
]
43

44. a = [
[ 0, 0, 255, 0, 0],
[ 0, 200, 0, 200, 0],
[150, 0, 0, 0, 150],
[ 0, 100, 0, 100, 0],
[ 0, 0, 50, 0, 0]
]
plt.imshow(a, cmap='gray')
44

45. 45
a - 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-e1b46a2f7183> in <module>
----> 1 a - 1
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'list' and 'int'

46. 46
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-e1b46a2f7183> in <module>
----> 1 a - 1
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'list' and 'int'
a - 1
a = np.array(a)
a - 1
array([[ -1, -1, 254, -1, -1],
[ -1, 199, -1, 199, -1],
[149, -1, -1, -1, 149],
[ -1, 99, -1, 99, -1],
[ -1, -1, 49, -1, -1]])

47. 47
a = np.array(a, dtype=uint8)
a - 1
array([[255, 255, 254, 255, 255],
[255, 199, 255, 199, 255],
[149, 255, 255, 255, 149],
[255, 99, 255, 99, 255],
[255, 255, 49, 255, 255]], dtype=uint8)

48. 48
plt.imshow(a-1, cmap='gray')

49. 49
plt.imshow(a**2, cmap='gray')
a2
array([[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
[ 0, 64, 0, 64, 0],
[228, 0, 0, 0, 228],
[ 0, 16, 0, 16, 0],
[ 0, 0, 196, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)
array([[ 0, 0, 255, 0, 0],
[ 0, 200, 0, 200, 0],
[150, 0, 0, 0, 150],
[ 0, 100, 0, 100, 0],
[ 0, 0, 50, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)
(255**2)%256
1

50. 50
plt.imshow(np.sqrt(a), cmap='gray')
p
a
array([[ 0. , 0. , 15.97, 0. , 0. ],
[ 0. , 14.14, 0. , 14.14, 0. ],
[12.25, 0. , 0. , 0. , 12.25],
[ 0. , 10. , 0. , 10. , 0. ],
[ 0. , 0. , 7.07, 0. , 0. ]], dtype=float16)
array([[ 0, 0, 255, 0, 0],
[ 0, 200, 0, 200, 0],
[150, 0, 0, 0, 150],
[ 0, 100, 0, 100, 0],
[ 0, 0, 50, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)
array([[ 0, 0, 15, 0, 0],
[ 0, 14, 0, 14, 0],
[12, 0, 0, 0, 12],
[ 0, 10, 0, 10, 0],
[ 0, 0, 7, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)

51. 51
plt.imshow(np.array(np.sqrt(a), dtype=uint8), cmap='gray',
vmin=0, vmax=255)
p
a
array([[ 0. , 0. , 15.97, 0. , 0. ],
[ 0. , 14.14, 0. , 14.14, 0. ],
[12.25, 0. , 0. , 0. , 12.25],
[ 0. , 10. , 0. , 10. , 0. ],
[ 0. , 0. , 7.07, 0. , 0. ]], dtype=float16)
array([[ 0, 0, 255, 0, 0],
[ 0, 200, 0, 200, 0],
[150, 0, 0, 0, 150],
[ 0, 100, 0, 100, 0],
[ 0, 0, 50, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)
array([[ 0, 0, 15, 0, 0],
[ 0, 14, 0, 14, 0],
[12, 0, 0, 0, 12],
[ 0, 10, 0, 10, 0],
[ 0, 0, 7, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)

52. 52
plt.imshow(np.array(np.log(a), dtype=uint8), cmap='gray',
vmin=0, vmax=255) log a
array([[ 0, 0, 255, 0, 0],
[ 0, 200, 0, 200, 0],
[150, 0, 0, 0, 150],
[ 0, 100, 0, 100, 0],
[ 0, 0, 50, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)
array([[ -inf, -inf, 5.543, -inf, -inf],
[ -inf, 5.297, -inf, 5.297, -inf],
[5.01 , -inf, -inf, -inf, 5.01 ],
[ -inf, 4.605, -inf, 4.605, -inf],
[ -inf, -inf, 3.912, -inf, -inf]], dtype=float16)
array([[0, 0, 5, 0, 0],
[0, 5, 0, 5, 0],
[5, 0, 0, 0, 5],
[0, 4, 0, 4, 0],
[0, 0, 3, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)

53. 53
plt.imshow(np.array(np.exp(a), dtype=uint8), cmap='gray',
vmin=0, vmax=255)
array([[ 0, 0, 255, 0, 0],
[ 0, 200, 0, 200, 0],
[150, 0, 0, 0, 150],
[ 0, 100, 0, 100, 0],
[ 0, 0, 50, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)
array([[ 1., 1., inf, 1., 1.],
[ 1., inf, 1., inf, 1.],
[inf, 1., 1., 1., inf],
[ 1., inf, 1., inf, 1.],
[ 1., 1., inf, 1., 1.]], dtype=float16)
array([[1, 1, 0, 1, 1],
[1, 0, 1, 0, 1],
[0, 1, 1, 1, 0],
[1, 0, 1, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 0, 1, 1]], dtype=uint8)
ea

54. 54https://wikidocs.net/1153

55. 55
b = np.ones((5, 5))*255
b[3, 3] = 255
b[1:4, 1:4] = 0
plt.imshow(np.array(a+b, dtype=uint8), cmap='gray')

56. 56
array([[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
...,
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255],
[255, 255, 255, ..., 255, 255, 255]], dtype=uint8)
a = [
[ 0, 0, 255, 0, 0],
[ 0, 200, 0, 200, 0],
[150, 0, 0, 0, 150],
[ 0, 100, 0, 100, 0],
[ 0, 0, 50, 0, 0]
]

58. 58

59. 59 https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_%EA%B0%80%EC%82%B0%ED%98%BC%ED%95%A9

60. 60
pip install scikit-image
import skimage.io as io
# Read
img = io.imread('kakao.jpg')
# Split
red = img[:, :, 0]
green = img[:, :, 1]
blue = img[:, :, 2]

61. 61
red
array([[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136],
[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136],
[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136],
...,
[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136],
[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136],
[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136]], dtype=uint8)

62. 62
# Plot
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2,2,figsize=(30, 25))
cax_00 = axs[0,0].imshow(img)
axs[0,0].xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter()) # kill xlabels
axs[0,0].yaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter()) # kill ylabels
cax_01 = axs[0,1].imshow(red, cmap='Reds')
fig.colorbar(cax_01, ax=axs[0,1])
axs[0,1].xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter())
axs[0,1].yaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter())
cax_10 = axs[1,0].imshow(green, cmap='Greens')
fig.colorbar(cax_10, ax=axs[1,0])
axs[1,0].xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter())
axs[1,0].yaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter())
cax_11 = axs[1,1].imshow(blue, cmap='Blues')
fig.colorbar(cax_11, ax=axs[1,1])
axs[1,1].xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter())
axs[1,1].yaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter())
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39885178/how-can-i-see-the-rgb-channels-of-a-given-image-with-python

63. 63 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39885178/how-can-i-see-the-rgb-channels-of-a-given-image-with-python

64. 64
array([[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136],
[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136],
[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136],
...,
[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136],
[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136],
[136, 136, 136, ..., 136, 136, 136]], dtype=uint8)
array([[204, 204, 204, ..., 204, 204, 204],
[204, 204, 204, ..., 204, 204, 204],
[204, 204, 204, ..., 204, 204, 204],
...,
[204, 204, 204, ..., 204, 204, 204],
[204, 204, 204, ..., 204, 204, 204],
[204, 204, 204, ..., 204, 204, 204]], dtype=uint8)
array([[167, 167, 167, ..., 167, 167, 167],
[167, 167, 167, ..., 167, 167, 167],
[167, 167, 167, ..., 167, 167, 167],
...,
[167, 167, 167, ..., 167, 167, 167],
[167, 167, 167, ..., 167, 167, 167],
[167, 167, 167, ..., 167, 167, 167]], dtype=uint8)

65. 65
# Plot histograms
fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, sharex=True, sharey=True)
axs[0].hist(red.ravel(), bins=10)
axs[0].set_title('Red')
axs[1].hist(green.ravel(), bins=10)
axs[1].set_title('Green')
axs[2].hist(blue.ravel(), bins=10)
axs[2].set_title('Blue')
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39885178/how-can-i-see-the-rgb-channels-of-a-given-image-with-python

66. 66 https://opencv-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/doc/20.imageHistogramEqualization/imageHistogramEqualization.html

67. 67 https://towardsdatascience.com/histogram-equalization-5d1013626e64

68. 68
import cv2
import numpy as np
import skimage.io as io
image = io.imread('hyunjin.jpg')
hist, bins = np.histogram(image.flatten(), 256,[0,256])
cdf = hist.cumsum()
cdf_m = np.ma.masked_equal(cdf,0)
# History Equalization
cdf_m = (cdf_m - cdf_m.min())*255/(cdf_m.max()-cdf_m.min())
# Mask 0
cdf = np.ma.filled(cdf_m,0).astype('uint8')
img2 = cdf[image]
plt.figure(figsize=(15, 10))
plt.subplot(121),plt.imshow(image),plt.title('Original')
plt.subplot(122),plt.imshow(img2),plt.title('Equalization')
plt.show()
https://opencv-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/doc/20.imageHistogramEqualization/imageHistogramEqualization.html

69. 69 https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20160527122600033

70. https://scikit-image.org/70

71. 71 https://scikit-image.org/docs/stable/auto_examples/index.html

72. 72 https://scikit-image.org/docs/stable/auto_examples/features_detection/plot_hog.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-features-detection-plot-hog-py

73. 73 https://scikit-image.org/docs/stable/auto_examples/features_detection/plot_hog.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-features-detection-plot-hog-py

74. 74 https://scikit-image.org/docs/stable/auto_examples/features_detection/plot_hog.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-features-detection-plot-hog-py

75. 75 https://scikit-image.org/docs/stable/auto_examples/features_detection/plot_hog.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-features-detection-plot-hog-py
https://donghwa-kim.github.io/hog.html

76. 76

77. 77

78. 78

79. 79

80. 80

81. 81

82. 82

83. 83

84. 84

85. http://waifu2x.udp.jp/index.ko.html
85

86. http://waifu2x.udp.jp/index.ko.html
86

87. 87 https://www.clien.net/service/board/park/14305059

88. 88 https://www.clien.net/service/board/park/14305059

89. 89 https://www.clien.net/service/board/park/14305059

90. https://github.com/hbd730/quadcopter-simulation90