Francisco Webber offers a critical overview of current approaches to artificial intelligence using "brute force" (aka big data machine learning) as well as a practical demonstration of Semantic Folding, an alternative approach based on computational principles found in the human neocortex. Inspired by the ground-breaking work of Jeff Hawkins from Numenta, Cortical.io has developed the Semantic Folding Engine which is based on a statistics-free processing model that uses similarity as a foundation for intelligence. Semantic Folding is not just a research prototype; it is a production-grade enterprise technology.
ONTOLOGICAL MODEL FOR CHARACTER RECOGNITION BASED ON SPATIAL RELATIONSsipij
In this paper, we present a set of spatial relations between concepts describing an ontological model for a
new process of character recognition. Our main idea is based on the construction of the domain ontology
modelling the Latin script. This ontology is composed by a set of concepts and a set of relations. The
concepts represent the graphemes extracted by segmenting the manipulated document and the relations are
of two types, is-a relations and spatial relations. In this paper we are interested by description of second
type of relations and their implementation by java code.
A Natural Logic for Artificial Intelligence, and its Risks and Benefits gerogepatton
This paper is a multidisciplinary project proposal, submitted in the hopes that it may garner enough interest to launch it with members of the AI research community along with linguists
and philosophers of mind and language interested in constructing a semantics for a natural logic for AI. The paper outlines some of the major hurdles in the way of “semantics-driven” natural language processing based on standard predicate logic and sketches out the steps to be
taken toward a “natural logic”, a semantic system explicitly defined on a well-regimented (but indefinitely expandable) fragment of a natural language that can, therefore, be “intelligently” processed by computers, using the semantic representations of the phrases of the fragment.
ONTOLOGICAL MODEL FOR CHARACTER RECOGNITION BASED ON SPATIAL RELATIONSsipij
In this paper, we present a set of spatial relations between concepts describing an ontological model for a
new process of character recognition. Our main idea is based on the construction of the domain ontology
modelling the Latin script. This ontology is composed by a set of concepts and a set of relations. The
concepts represent the graphemes extracted by segmenting the manipulated document and the relations are
of two types, is-a relations and spatial relations. In this paper we are interested by description of second
type of relations and their implementation by java code.
A Natural Logic for Artificial Intelligence, and its Risks and Benefits gerogepatton
This paper is a multidisciplinary project proposal, submitted in the hopes that it may garner enough interest to launch it with members of the AI research community along with linguists
and philosophers of mind and language interested in constructing a semantics for a natural logic for AI. The paper outlines some of the major hurdles in the way of “semantics-driven” natural language processing based on standard predicate logic and sketches out the steps to be
taken toward a “natural logic”, a semantic system explicitly defined on a well-regimented (but indefinitely expandable) fragment of a natural language that can, therefore, be “intelligently” processed by computers, using the semantic representations of the phrases of the fragment.
Deep misconceptions and the myth of data driven NLUWalid Saba
Early efforts to find theoretically elegant formal models for various linguistic phenomena did not result in any noticeable progress, despite nearly three decades of intensive research (late 1950’s through the late 1980’s ). As the various formal (and in most cases mere symbol manipulation) systems seemed to reach a deadlock, disillusionment in the brittle logical approach to language processing grew larger, and a number of researchers and practitioners in natural language processing (NLP) started to abandon theoretical elegance in favor of attaining some quick results using empirical (data-driven) approaches.
All seemed natural and expected. In the absence of theoretically elegant models that can explain a number of NL phenomena, it was quite reasonable to find researchers shifting their efforts to finding practical solutions for urgent problems using empirical methods. By the mid 1990’s, a data-driven statistical revolution that was already brewing over took the field of NLP by a storm, putting aside all efforts that were rooted in over 200 years of work in logic, metaphysics, grammars and formal semantics.
We believe, however, that this trend has overstepped the noble cause of using empirical methods to find reasonably working solutions for practical problems. In fact, the data-driven approach to NLP is now believed by many to be a plausible approach to building systems that can truly understand ordinary spoken language. This is not only a misguided trend, but is a very damaging development that will hinder significant progress in the field. In this regard, we hope this study will help start a sane, and an overdue, semantic (counter) revolution.
The main thesis here is this: (i) The Data-Driven approach to NLU is utterly fallacious; (ii) Logical Semantics has been seriously misguided; and (iii) logical semantics can be rectified, and here we suggest how this can be done and how to go forward, again
March 20, 2004: “Notational Systems and Abstractions”. Presented at the Capital Science 2005 Conference, sponsored by the Washington Academy of Sciences.
Association Rule Mining Based Extraction of Semantic Relations Using Markov L...IJwest
Ontology may be a conceptualization of a website into a human understandable, however machine-readable format consisting of entities, attributes, relationships and axioms. Ontologies formalize the intentional aspects of a site, whereas the denotative part is provided by a mental object that contains assertions about instances of concepts and relations. Semantic relation it might be potential to extract the whole family-tree of a outstanding personality employing a resource like Wikipedia. In a way, relations describe the linguistics relationships among the entities involve that is beneficial for a higher understanding of human language. The relation can be identified from the result of concept hierarchy extraction. The existing ontology learning process only produces the result of concept hierarchy extraction. It does not produce the semantic relation between the concepts. Here, we have to do the process of constructing the predicates and also first order logic formula. Here, also find the inference and learning weights using Markov Logic Network. To improve the relation of every input and also improve the relation between the contents we have to propose the concept of ARSRE. This method can find the frequent items between concepts and converting the extensibility of existing lightweight ontologies to formal one. The experimental results can produce the good extraction of semantic relations compared to state-of-art method.
Formal and Computational Representations
The Semantics of First-Order Logic
Event Representations
Description Logics & the Web Ontology Language
Compositionality
Lamba calculus
Corpus-based approaches:
Latent Semantic Analysis
Topic models
Distributional Semantics
Ontology has its roots as a field of philosophical study that is focused on the nature of existence. However, today's ontology (aka knowledge graph) can incorporate computable descriptions that can bring insight in a wide set of compelling applications including more precise knowledge capture, semantic data integration, sophisticated query answering, and powerful association mining - thereby delivering key value for health care and the life sciences. In this webinar, I will introduce the idea of computable ontologies and describe how they can be used with automated reasoners to perform classification, to reveal inconsistencies, and to precisely answer questions. Participants will learn about the tools of the trade to design, find, and reuse ontologies. Finally, I will discuss applications of ontologies in the fields of diagnosis and drug discovery.
Bio:
Dr. Michel Dumontier is an Associate Professor of Medicine (Biomedical Informatics) at Stanford University. His research focuses on the development of methods to integrate, mine, and make sense of large, complex, and heterogeneous biological and biomedical data. His current research interests include (1) using genetic, proteomic, and phenotypic data to find new uses for existing drugs, (2) elucidating the mechanism of single and multi-drug side effects, and (3) finding and optimizing combination drug therapies. Dr. Dumontier is the Stanford University Advisory Committee Representative for the World Wide Web Consortium, the co-Chair for the W3C Semantic Web for Health Care and the Life Sciences Interest Group, scientific advisor for the EBI-EMBL Chemistry Services Division, and the Scientific Director for Bio2RDF, an open source project to create Linked Data for the Life Sciences. He is also the founder and Editor-in-Chief for a Data Science, a new IOS Press journal featuring open access, open review, and semantic publishing.
The increased potential of the ontologies to reduce the human interference has wide range of applications. This paper identifies requirements for an ontology development platform to innovate artificially intelligent web. To facilitate this process, RDF and OWL have been developed as standard formats for the sharing and integration of data and knowledge. The knowledge in the form of rich conceptual schemas called ontologies. Based on the framework, an architectural paradigm is put forward in view of ontology engineering and development of ontology applications and a development portal designed to support ontology engineering, content authoring and application development with a view to maximal scalability in size and complexity of semantic knowledge and flexible reuse of ontology models and ontology application processes in a distributed and collaborative engineering environment.
A Semi-Automatic Ontology Extension Method for Semantic Web ServicesIDES Editor
this paper provides a novel semi-automatic ontology
extension method for Semantic Web Services (SWS). This is
significant since ontology extension methods those existing
in literature mostly deal with semantic description of static
Web resources such as text documents. Hence, there is a need
for methods that can serve dynamic Web resources such as
SWS. The developed method in this paper avoids redundancy
and respects consistency so as to assure high quality of the
resulting shared ontologies.
Plato (428/427 or 424/423–348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece. He is considered an essential figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition, and he founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his teacher Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2002). Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato" (Whitehead, 1978).
Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His lasting themes include Platonic love, the theory of forms, the five regimes, and innate knowledge, among others. His theory of forms launched a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts (Irwin, 2011).
3 53Socrates, PlatoThus the soul, since it is immort.docxgilbertkpeters11344
3 5
3
Socrates, Plato
Thus the soul, since it is immortal and has been born many times, and has
seen all things both here and in the other world, has learned everything
that is. — Plato, Meno
Love [is] between the mortal and the immortal. . . . [It is] a grand spirit which
brings together the sensible world and the eternal world and merges them
into one great whole. — Diotima in Plato’s Symposium, 202e
I [Socrates] affirm that the good is the beautiful. — Plato’s Lysis, 216d
f you have heard of only one philosopher, it is probably one of the big three:
Socrates, Plato, or Aristotle. These three were the most important philosophers
of ancient Greece and in some respects the most important, period. Plato was the
pupil of Socrates, and Aristotle was the pupil of Plato.This chapter covers Socrates
and Plato; the following chapter, Aristotle.
SOCR ATES
In the fifth century B.C.E., the center of Western civilization was Athens, a city-state
and a democracy. This period of time was some three centuries after the first
Olympic Games and the start of alphabetic writing, and approximately one cen-
tury before Alexander the Great demonstrated that it is possible to conquer the
world or what passed for it then. Fifty thousand citizens of Athens governed the
city and the city’s empire. Athenians did not settle disputes by brawling but rather
I
3 6 Part One • Metaphysics and Epistemology: Existence and Knowledge
by discussion and debate. Power was not achieved through wealth or physical
strength or skill with weapons; it was achieved through words. Rhetoricians, men
and women with sublime skill in debate, created plausible arguments for almost
any assertion and, for a fee, taught others to do it too.
These rhetoricians, the Western world’s first professors, were the Sophists.
They were interested in practical things, and few had patience with metaphysical
speculation. They demonstrated their rhetorical abilities by “proving” the seem-
ingly unprovable — that is, by attacking commonly held views. The net effect was
an examination and a critique of accepted standards of behavior within Athenian
society. In this way, moral philosophy began. We will return to this topic in
Chapter 10.
At the same time in the fifth century B.C.E., there also lived a stonemason with
a muscular build and a keen mind, Socrates [SOK-ruh-teez] (470–399 B.C.E.).
He wrote nothing, but we know quite a bit about him from Plato’s famous dia-
logues, in which Socrates almost always stars. (Plato’s later dialogues reflect
Plato’s own views, even though “Socrates” is doing the speaking in them. But we
are able to extract a reasonably detailed picture of Socrates from the earlier
dialogues.)
Given the spirit of the times, it is not surprising that Socrates shared some of
the philosophical interests and practices of the Sophists. We must imagine him
wandering about the city, engaging citizens in discussion and argument. He was a
brilliant debater, and he was idolized by.
353Socrates, PlatoThus the soul, since it is immorta.docxgilbertkpeters11344
35
3
Socrates, Plato
Thus the soul, since it is immortal and has been born many times, and has
seen all things both here and in the other world, has learned everything
that is. —Plato, Meno
Love [is] between the mortal and the immortal. . . . [It is] a grand spirit which
brings together the sensible world and the eternal world and merges them
into one great whole. —Diotima in Plato’s Symposium, 202e
I [Socrates] affirm that the good is the beautiful. —Plato’s Lysis, 216d
f you have heard of only one philosopher, it is probably one of the big three:
Socrates, Plato, or Aristotle.These three were the most important philosophers
of ancient Greece and in some respects the most important, period. Plato was the
pupil of Socrates, and Aristotle was the pupil of Plato.This chapter covers Socrates
and Plato; the following chapter, Aristotle.
SOCRATES
In the fifth century B.C.E., the center of Western civilization was Athens, a city-state
and a democracy. This period of time was some three centuries after the first
Olympic Games and the start of alphabetic writing, and approximately one cen-
tury before Alexander the Great demonstrated that it is possible to conquer the
world or what passed for it then. Fifty thousand citizens of Athens governed the
city and the city’s empire. Athenians did not settle disputes by brawling but rather
I
36 Part One • Metaphysics and Epistemology: Existence and Knowledge
by discussion and debate. Power was not achieved through wealth or physical
strength or skill with weapons; it was achieved through words. Rhetoricians, men
and women with sublime skill in debate, created plausible arguments for almost
any assertion and, for a fee, taught others to do it too.
These rhetoricians, the Western world’s first professors, were the Sophists.
They were interested in practical things, and few had patience with metaphysical
speculation. They demonstrated their rhetorical abilities by “proving” the seem-
ingly unprovable—that is, by attacking commonly held views.The net effect was
an examination and a critique of accepted standards of behavior within Athenian
society. In this way, moral philosophy began. We will return to this topic in
Chapter 10.
At the same time in the fifth century B.C.E., there also lived a stonemason with
a muscular build and a keen mind, Socrates [SOK-ruh-teez] (470–399 B.C.E.).
He wrote nothing, but we know quite a bit about him from Plato’s famous dia-
logues, in which Socrates almost always stars. (Plato’s later dialogues reflect
Plato’s own views, even though “Socrates” is doing the speaking in them. But we
are able to extract a reasonably detailed picture of Socrates from the earlier
dialogues.)
Given the spirit of the times, it is not surprising that Socrates shared some of
the philosophical interests and practices of the Sophists. We must imagine him
wandering about the city, engaging citizens in discussion and argument. He was a
brilliant debater, and he was idolized by many youn.
Deep misconceptions and the myth of data driven NLUWalid Saba
Early efforts to find theoretically elegant formal models for various linguistic phenomena did not result in any noticeable progress, despite nearly three decades of intensive research (late 1950’s through the late 1980’s ). As the various formal (and in most cases mere symbol manipulation) systems seemed to reach a deadlock, disillusionment in the brittle logical approach to language processing grew larger, and a number of researchers and practitioners in natural language processing (NLP) started to abandon theoretical elegance in favor of attaining some quick results using empirical (data-driven) approaches.
All seemed natural and expected. In the absence of theoretically elegant models that can explain a number of NL phenomena, it was quite reasonable to find researchers shifting their efforts to finding practical solutions for urgent problems using empirical methods. By the mid 1990’s, a data-driven statistical revolution that was already brewing over took the field of NLP by a storm, putting aside all efforts that were rooted in over 200 years of work in logic, metaphysics, grammars and formal semantics.
We believe, however, that this trend has overstepped the noble cause of using empirical methods to find reasonably working solutions for practical problems. In fact, the data-driven approach to NLP is now believed by many to be a plausible approach to building systems that can truly understand ordinary spoken language. This is not only a misguided trend, but is a very damaging development that will hinder significant progress in the field. In this regard, we hope this study will help start a sane, and an overdue, semantic (counter) revolution.
The main thesis here is this: (i) The Data-Driven approach to NLU is utterly fallacious; (ii) Logical Semantics has been seriously misguided; and (iii) logical semantics can be rectified, and here we suggest how this can be done and how to go forward, again
March 20, 2004: “Notational Systems and Abstractions”. Presented at the Capital Science 2005 Conference, sponsored by the Washington Academy of Sciences.
Association Rule Mining Based Extraction of Semantic Relations Using Markov L...IJwest
Ontology may be a conceptualization of a website into a human understandable, however machine-readable format consisting of entities, attributes, relationships and axioms. Ontologies formalize the intentional aspects of a site, whereas the denotative part is provided by a mental object that contains assertions about instances of concepts and relations. Semantic relation it might be potential to extract the whole family-tree of a outstanding personality employing a resource like Wikipedia. In a way, relations describe the linguistics relationships among the entities involve that is beneficial for a higher understanding of human language. The relation can be identified from the result of concept hierarchy extraction. The existing ontology learning process only produces the result of concept hierarchy extraction. It does not produce the semantic relation between the concepts. Here, we have to do the process of constructing the predicates and also first order logic formula. Here, also find the inference and learning weights using Markov Logic Network. To improve the relation of every input and also improve the relation between the contents we have to propose the concept of ARSRE. This method can find the frequent items between concepts and converting the extensibility of existing lightweight ontologies to formal one. The experimental results can produce the good extraction of semantic relations compared to state-of-art method.
Formal and Computational Representations
The Semantics of First-Order Logic
Event Representations
Description Logics & the Web Ontology Language
Compositionality
Lamba calculus
Corpus-based approaches:
Latent Semantic Analysis
Topic models
Distributional Semantics
Ontology has its roots as a field of philosophical study that is focused on the nature of existence. However, today's ontology (aka knowledge graph) can incorporate computable descriptions that can bring insight in a wide set of compelling applications including more precise knowledge capture, semantic data integration, sophisticated query answering, and powerful association mining - thereby delivering key value for health care and the life sciences. In this webinar, I will introduce the idea of computable ontologies and describe how they can be used with automated reasoners to perform classification, to reveal inconsistencies, and to precisely answer questions. Participants will learn about the tools of the trade to design, find, and reuse ontologies. Finally, I will discuss applications of ontologies in the fields of diagnosis and drug discovery.
Bio:
Dr. Michel Dumontier is an Associate Professor of Medicine (Biomedical Informatics) at Stanford University. His research focuses on the development of methods to integrate, mine, and make sense of large, complex, and heterogeneous biological and biomedical data. His current research interests include (1) using genetic, proteomic, and phenotypic data to find new uses for existing drugs, (2) elucidating the mechanism of single and multi-drug side effects, and (3) finding and optimizing combination drug therapies. Dr. Dumontier is the Stanford University Advisory Committee Representative for the World Wide Web Consortium, the co-Chair for the W3C Semantic Web for Health Care and the Life Sciences Interest Group, scientific advisor for the EBI-EMBL Chemistry Services Division, and the Scientific Director for Bio2RDF, an open source project to create Linked Data for the Life Sciences. He is also the founder and Editor-in-Chief for a Data Science, a new IOS Press journal featuring open access, open review, and semantic publishing.
The increased potential of the ontologies to reduce the human interference has wide range of applications. This paper identifies requirements for an ontology development platform to innovate artificially intelligent web. To facilitate this process, RDF and OWL have been developed as standard formats for the sharing and integration of data and knowledge. The knowledge in the form of rich conceptual schemas called ontologies. Based on the framework, an architectural paradigm is put forward in view of ontology engineering and development of ontology applications and a development portal designed to support ontology engineering, content authoring and application development with a view to maximal scalability in size and complexity of semantic knowledge and flexible reuse of ontology models and ontology application processes in a distributed and collaborative engineering environment.
A Semi-Automatic Ontology Extension Method for Semantic Web ServicesIDES Editor
this paper provides a novel semi-automatic ontology
extension method for Semantic Web Services (SWS). This is
significant since ontology extension methods those existing
in literature mostly deal with semantic description of static
Web resources such as text documents. Hence, there is a need
for methods that can serve dynamic Web resources such as
SWS. The developed method in this paper avoids redundancy
and respects consistency so as to assure high quality of the
resulting shared ontologies.
Plato (428/427 or 424/423–348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece. He is considered an essential figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition, and he founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his teacher Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2002). Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato" (Whitehead, 1978).
Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His lasting themes include Platonic love, the theory of forms, the five regimes, and innate knowledge, among others. His theory of forms launched a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts (Irwin, 2011).
3 53Socrates, PlatoThus the soul, since it is immort.docxgilbertkpeters11344
3 5
3
Socrates, Plato
Thus the soul, since it is immortal and has been born many times, and has
seen all things both here and in the other world, has learned everything
that is. — Plato, Meno
Love [is] between the mortal and the immortal. . . . [It is] a grand spirit which
brings together the sensible world and the eternal world and merges them
into one great whole. — Diotima in Plato’s Symposium, 202e
I [Socrates] affirm that the good is the beautiful. — Plato’s Lysis, 216d
f you have heard of only one philosopher, it is probably one of the big three:
Socrates, Plato, or Aristotle. These three were the most important philosophers
of ancient Greece and in some respects the most important, period. Plato was the
pupil of Socrates, and Aristotle was the pupil of Plato.This chapter covers Socrates
and Plato; the following chapter, Aristotle.
SOCR ATES
In the fifth century B.C.E., the center of Western civilization was Athens, a city-state
and a democracy. This period of time was some three centuries after the first
Olympic Games and the start of alphabetic writing, and approximately one cen-
tury before Alexander the Great demonstrated that it is possible to conquer the
world or what passed for it then. Fifty thousand citizens of Athens governed the
city and the city’s empire. Athenians did not settle disputes by brawling but rather
I
3 6 Part One • Metaphysics and Epistemology: Existence and Knowledge
by discussion and debate. Power was not achieved through wealth or physical
strength or skill with weapons; it was achieved through words. Rhetoricians, men
and women with sublime skill in debate, created plausible arguments for almost
any assertion and, for a fee, taught others to do it too.
These rhetoricians, the Western world’s first professors, were the Sophists.
They were interested in practical things, and few had patience with metaphysical
speculation. They demonstrated their rhetorical abilities by “proving” the seem-
ingly unprovable — that is, by attacking commonly held views. The net effect was
an examination and a critique of accepted standards of behavior within Athenian
society. In this way, moral philosophy began. We will return to this topic in
Chapter 10.
At the same time in the fifth century B.C.E., there also lived a stonemason with
a muscular build and a keen mind, Socrates [SOK-ruh-teez] (470–399 B.C.E.).
He wrote nothing, but we know quite a bit about him from Plato’s famous dia-
logues, in which Socrates almost always stars. (Plato’s later dialogues reflect
Plato’s own views, even though “Socrates” is doing the speaking in them. But we
are able to extract a reasonably detailed picture of Socrates from the earlier
dialogues.)
Given the spirit of the times, it is not surprising that Socrates shared some of
the philosophical interests and practices of the Sophists. We must imagine him
wandering about the city, engaging citizens in discussion and argument. He was a
brilliant debater, and he was idolized by.
353Socrates, PlatoThus the soul, since it is immorta.docxgilbertkpeters11344
35
3
Socrates, Plato
Thus the soul, since it is immortal and has been born many times, and has
seen all things both here and in the other world, has learned everything
that is. —Plato, Meno
Love [is] between the mortal and the immortal. . . . [It is] a grand spirit which
brings together the sensible world and the eternal world and merges them
into one great whole. —Diotima in Plato’s Symposium, 202e
I [Socrates] affirm that the good is the beautiful. —Plato’s Lysis, 216d
f you have heard of only one philosopher, it is probably one of the big three:
Socrates, Plato, or Aristotle.These three were the most important philosophers
of ancient Greece and in some respects the most important, period. Plato was the
pupil of Socrates, and Aristotle was the pupil of Plato.This chapter covers Socrates
and Plato; the following chapter, Aristotle.
SOCRATES
In the fifth century B.C.E., the center of Western civilization was Athens, a city-state
and a democracy. This period of time was some three centuries after the first
Olympic Games and the start of alphabetic writing, and approximately one cen-
tury before Alexander the Great demonstrated that it is possible to conquer the
world or what passed for it then. Fifty thousand citizens of Athens governed the
city and the city’s empire. Athenians did not settle disputes by brawling but rather
I
36 Part One • Metaphysics and Epistemology: Existence and Knowledge
by discussion and debate. Power was not achieved through wealth or physical
strength or skill with weapons; it was achieved through words. Rhetoricians, men
and women with sublime skill in debate, created plausible arguments for almost
any assertion and, for a fee, taught others to do it too.
These rhetoricians, the Western world’s first professors, were the Sophists.
They were interested in practical things, and few had patience with metaphysical
speculation. They demonstrated their rhetorical abilities by “proving” the seem-
ingly unprovable—that is, by attacking commonly held views.The net effect was
an examination and a critique of accepted standards of behavior within Athenian
society. In this way, moral philosophy began. We will return to this topic in
Chapter 10.
At the same time in the fifth century B.C.E., there also lived a stonemason with
a muscular build and a keen mind, Socrates [SOK-ruh-teez] (470–399 B.C.E.).
He wrote nothing, but we know quite a bit about him from Plato’s famous dia-
logues, in which Socrates almost always stars. (Plato’s later dialogues reflect
Plato’s own views, even though “Socrates” is doing the speaking in them. But we
are able to extract a reasonably detailed picture of Socrates from the earlier
dialogues.)
Given the spirit of the times, it is not surprising that Socrates shared some of
the philosophical interests and practices of the Sophists. We must imagine him
wandering about the city, engaging citizens in discussion and argument. He was a
brilliant debater, and he was idolized by many youn.
Notational systems and cognitive evolutionJeff Long
October 29, 2005: “Notational Systems and Cognitive Evolution”. Presented at the 2005
Annual Conference of the American Society for Cybernetics. Paper published in conference proceedings.
The Skepticism and the Dialectic as Instruments of Apprehension of Knowledge:...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The rationalist aspect of philosophy has in Plato and Descartes two of its main exponents. These are two distant thinkers about twenty centuries in time, but they have several possibilities of theoretical approaches, especially when used as guiding the study of his works the epistemological issues related to the dialectic (platonic) and the logical skepticism (Cartesian). Among these multiple possibilities of understanding of philosophy (and, more precisely, the epistemological perspective) of these philosophers, i will look for in the lines bellow to develop a brief essay regarding the role of dialog and doubt methodical as possibilities of research in epistemological work of these authors that became classics of human knowledge.
A NATURAL LOGIC FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AND ITS RISKS AND BENEFITSijwscjournal
This paper is a multidisciplinary project proposal, submitted in the hopes that it may garner
enough interest to launch it with members of the AI research community along with linguists
and philosophers of mind and language interested in constructing a semantics for a natural
logic for AI. The paper outlines some of the major hurdles in the way of “semantics-driven”
natural language processing based on standard predicate logic and sketches out the steps to be
taken toward a “natural logic”, a semantic system explicitly defined on a well-regimented (but
indefinitely expandable) fragment of a natural language that can, therefore, be “intelligently”
processed by computers, using the semantic representations of the phrases of the fragment.
A NATURAL LOGIC FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AND ITS RISKS AND BENEFITSijasuc
This paper is a multidisciplinary project proposal, submitted in the hopes that it may garner
enough interest to launch it with members of the AI research community along with linguists
and philosophers of mind and language interested in constructing a semantics for a natural
logic for AI. The paper outlines some of the major hurdles in the way of “semantics-driven”
natural language processing based on standard predicate logic and sketches out the steps to be
taken toward a “natural logic”, a semantic system explicitly defined on a well-regimented (but
indefinitely expandable) fragment of a natural language that can, therefore, be “intelligently”
processed by computers, using the semantic representations of the phrases of the fragment.
Theoretical Issues In Pragmatics And Discourse AnalysisLouis de Saussure
2006. Keynote speech at the first conference on Critical approaches to discourse analysis accross disciplines, University of East Anglia, Norwich, June 2006. Louis de Saussure
evted Perspectives on Ergodic Literature Espen J. AarsetBetseyCalderon89
evted
Perspectives on Ergodic Literature
Espen J. Aarseth
T H E J O H N S H O P K I N S U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S •==• B A L T I M O R E A N D L O N O O N
<C> 1 997 The Johns Hopkins University Press
All rights reseNed. Published 1 997
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
987654 32
The Johns Hopkins University Press
2715 North Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363
www.press.jhu.edu
Library of Congress Ca1aloging-in-Publication Data will be found
at the end of this book.
A catalog record for 1his book is available from the British Library.
ISSN 0-8018-5578-0
ISBN 0-8018-5579-9 (pbk.)
Title page illustration: The design is the 811 th generation of the stairstep
hexomino, which was automatically evolved using Andrew Trevorrow's
program Lifelab (with the 3-4 rule) from the initial state 'I:,.
A World Wide Web site for this book can be found at
http://www.hf.uib.no/cybertexV
It contains links to many of the texts and computer programs discussed,
as well as pointers to other relevant resources.
Literature is a combinatorial game that pursues the
possibilities implicit in its own material, independent
of the personality of the poet, but it is a game that at
a certain point is invested with an unexpected mean
ing, a meaning that is not patent on the linguistic
plane on which we were working but has slipped
in from another level, activating something that on
that second level is of great concern to the author or
his society. The literature machine can perform all
the permutations possible on a given material, but
the poetic result will be the particular effect of one
of these permutations on a man endowed with a con
sciousness and an unconscious, that is, an empirical
and historical man. It will be the shock that occurs
only if the writing machine is surrounded by the
hidden ghosts of the individual and his society.
T A 0 C A V N 0
ene
Introduction:
Ergodic Literature
The Book and the Labyrinth
A few words on the two neoteric terms, cybertext and ergodic, are
in order. Cybertext is a neologism derived from Norbert Wiener's
book (and discipline) called Cybernetics, and subtitled Control and
Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948). Wiener laid
an important foundation for the development of digital computers,
but his scope is not limited to the mechanical world of transistors
and, later, of microchips. As the subtitle indicates, Wiener's perspec
tive includes both organic and inorganic systems; that is, any system
that contains an information feedback loop. Likewise, the concept of
cybertext does not limit itself to the study of computer-driven (or
"electronic") textuality; that would be an arbitrary and unhistorical
limitation, perhaps comparable to a study of literature that would
only acknowledge texts in paper-printed form. While there might
be sociological reasons for such a study, we would not be able to
claim a ...
George rossolatos post doctoral application march 2014: For a semiotic model ...//disruptiVesemiOtics//
George rossolatos post doctoral application march 2014: For a semiotic model of cultural branding and the dynamic management of a brandosphere in the face of User Generated Advertising
AI-SDV 2022: Creation and updating of large Knowledge Graphs through NLP Anal...Dr. Haxel Consult
Knowledge Graphs are an increasingly relevant approach to store detailed knowledge in many domains. Recent advances in NLP allow to enrich Knowledge Graphs through automated analysis of large volumes of literature, reducing a lot the efforts in traditional manual information capturing. In our presentation we report the approach taken in a project with partner Fraunhofer SCAI in the life sciences where a knowledge graph organising detailed facts about psychiatric diseases has been computed.
Information of cause-effect relations between proteins, genes, drugs and diseases has been encoded in the BEL (Biological Expression Language) and imported into a Graph database to approach an indication-wide Knowledge Graph for the selected therapeutic area. Ultimately, updating the graph will amount to just rerunning the analysis on the newly published literature.
AI-SDV 2022: The race to net zero: Tracking the green industrial revolution t...Dr. Haxel Consult
In 2019 the UK was the first major economy to embrace a legal obligation to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050. More broadly, the 2021 UK Innovation Strategy sets out the UK government’s vision to make the UK a global hub for innovation by 2035 with a target of increasing public and private sector R&D expenditure to 2.4% of GDP to support the UK being a science superpower with a world-class research and innovation system.
IP rights create an incentive for R&D which ultimately leads to innovation. Analysis and insights from IP data can therefore help provide a better understanding of how the IP system is being used and where and what innovation is taking place. Research and analysis of IP data is a key input to the ongoing work of the UKIPO’s Green Tech Working Group which seeks to:
further the UK’s status as a global leader by making the UK’s IP environment the best for innovating green technology;
develop and deliver IP policies to support government’s ambition on climate change and green technologies; and
to help innovators best protect and commercialise their green tech innovations both at home and internationally.
The UKIPO has been developing a broad portfolio of ‘green’ IP analytics research. A series of patent analytics reports have been published looking at green technologies, and analysis of how the UK’s Green Channel scheme for accelerated processing of green patent applications has been conducted. Patents have been used to identify technological comparative advantage within different green technologies at a country level, and new insights uncovered by mapping green technology patents to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Trade mark data provides a timeliness and closeness to market factor that patent data does not, and complementary trade mark analysis of UK ‘green’ trade marks, identified using a machine learning algorithm, provides a commercialisation angle to our research.
AI-SDV 2022: Accommodating the Deep Learning Revolution by a Development Proc...Dr. Haxel Consult
Word embeddings, deep learning, transformer models and other pre-trained neural language models (sometimes recently referred to as "foundational models") have fundamentally changed the way state-of-the-art systems for natural language processing and information access are built today. The "Data-to-Value" process methodology (Leidner 2013; Leidner 2022a,b) has been devised to embody best practices for the construction of natural language engineering solutions; it can assist practitioners and has also been used to transfer industrial insights into the university classroom. This talk recaps how the methodology supports engineers in building systems more consistently and then outlines the changes in the methodology to adapt it to the deep learning age. The cost and energy implications will also be discussed.
AI-SDV 2022: Domain Knowledge makes Artificial Intelligence Smart Linda Ander...Dr. Haxel Consult
In the patent domain, all types of issues, from very specific search requirements to the linguistic characteristics of the text domain, are accentuated. Consequently, to develop patent text mining tools for scientists and patent experts, we need to understand their daily work tasks, as well as the linguistic character of the text genre (i.e., patentese). Patent text is a mixture of legal and domain-specific terms. In processing technical English texts, a multi-word unit method is often deployed as a word-formation strategy to expand the working vocabulary, i.e., introducing a new concept without the invention of an entirely new word. This productive word formation is a well-known challenge for traditional natural language processing tools utilizing supervised machine learning algorithms due to limited domain-specific training data. Deep learning technologies have been introduced to overcome the reduction in performance of traditional NLP tools. In the Artificial Researcher technologies, we have integrated explicit and implicit linguistic knowledge into the deep learning algorithms, essential for domain-specific text mining tools. In this talk, we will present a step-by-step process of how we have developed the mentioned text mining tools. For the final outline, we will also demonstrate how these tools can be integrated in a cross-genre passage retrieval system, based on a technology from 2016 that still holds the state-of-the-art within the patent text mining research community in 2022.
AI-SDV 2022: Embedding-based Search Vs. Relevancy Search: comparing the new w...Dr. Haxel Consult
In 2013 we witnessed an evolutionary change in the NLP field evolved thanks to the introduction of space embeddings that, with the use of deep learning architectures, achieved human-level performances in many NLP tasks. With the introduction of the Attention mechanism in 2017 the results were further improved and, as result, embeddings are quickly becoming the de facto standards in solving many NLP problems. In this presentation, you will learn how generate and use space embedding for search purposes and provide comparison metrics to more traditional relevance-based search engines. Moreover, I will provide some initial results on a paper currently under review that provides an insight on hyperparameter tuning during the generation of embeddings.
AI-SDV 2022: Rolling out web crawling at Boehringer Ingelheim - 10 years of e...Dr. Haxel Consult
10 years in the making. How real-world business cases have driven the development of CCC's deep search solutions, leading to the capabilities for web-crawling and delivery of targeted intelligence that helps R&D; intensive companies gain a competitive advantage.
AI-SDV 2022: Machine learning based patent categorization: A success story in...Dr. Haxel Consult
Machine learning based patent categorization: A success story in monitoring a complex technology with high patenting activity
Susanne Tropf (Syngenta, Switzerland)
Kornel Marko (Averbis, Germany)
AI-SDV 2022: Machine learning based patent categorization: A success story in...Dr. Haxel Consult
Machine learning based patent categorization: A success story in monitoring a complex technology with high patenting activity
Susanne Tropf (Syngenta, Switzerland)
Kornel Marko (Averbis, Germany)
AI-SDV 2022: Finding the WHAT – Will AI help? Nils Newman (Search Technology,...Dr. Haxel Consult
It is relatively easy for a human to read a document and quickly figure out which concepts are important. However, this task is a difficult challenge for a machine. During the past few decades, there have been two main approaches for concept identification: Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning. During the early part of this century, Machine Learning made great strides as new techniques came into wider use (SVM’s, Topic Modeling, etc..). Sensing the competition, Natural Language Processing responded with deployment of new emerging techniques (sematic networks, finite state automata, etc..). Neither approach has completely solved the WHAT problem. Advances in Artificial Intelligence have the potential to significantly improve the situation. Where AI is making the most impact is as an enhancement to make Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing work better and, more importantly, work together. This presentation looks at some of this history and what might happen in the future when we blend the interpretation of language with pattern prediction.
AI-SDV 2022: New Insights from Trademarks with Natural Language Processing Al...Dr. Haxel Consult
Trademarks serve as key leading indicators for innovation and economic growth. As the vanguards of new and expanding enterprises, trademarks can be used to study entrepreneurship and shifting market demands in response to varying economic factors. This responsiveness has been seen as recently as the COVID-19 pandemic, where trademark research revealed key insights about business reaction to the global upheaval.
At CIPO, we have been delving more deeply than ever before into trademark analysis by leveraging cutting-edge natural language processing (NLP) tools to derive actionable business intelligence from trademark data. In this presentation, we present a survey of NLP in use at CIPO and the insights we have learned applying them. These insights include COVID-19 responses, line-of-business trends based on firm characteristics, and more.
We also discuss ongoing and future trademark research projects at CIPO. These projects include emerging technology detection methods and high-resolution trademark classification systems. We conclude that artificial intelligence-enhanced tools like NLP are key components of future exploitation of trademark data for business and economic intelligence.
AI-SDV 2022: Extracting information from tables in documents Holger Keibel (K...Dr. Haxel Consult
In our customer projects involving automated document processing, we often encounter document types providing crucial data in the form of tables. While established text analytics algorithms are usually optimized to operate on running text, they tend to produce rather poor results on tables as they do not capture the non-sequential relations inside them (e.g. interpret the content of a table cell relative to its column title, interpret line breaks inside a cell differently from line breaks between cells or rows). While there are elaborate information extraction products in the market for a few highly specific types of tabular documents, there is no general approach out there. The main cause for this is the fact that table structures can be encoded by a heterogenous range of layout means (e.g. column boundaries can be signaled by lines vs. aligned text vs. white space). In this talk, we will illustrate several solutions that we have developed for a range of challenges occurring in this context, both for scanned and digitally generated documents.
AI-SDV 2022: Scientific publishing in the age of data mining and artificial i...Dr. Haxel Consult
Most scientific journals request, that the complete set of research data is published simultaneously with the peer-reviewed paper. The publication of the research data usually is carried out as so-called "Supplementary Material", attached to the original paper, or on a "Research Data Repository". Both forms have in common, that the data is published usually unstructured and not in an uniform machine processable format. This makes its further use in electronic tools for AI or data mining unnecessarily difficult or even impossible. A concept is presented, in which the data is digitally recorded, following the principle of FAIR data, as part of the publication process. This digital capture makes the data available to the scientific community for easy use in data mining and AI tools. The data in the repository contains links to the publication to document its origin. The concept is applicable for preprints, peer-review papers, diploma and doctoral theses and is particularly suitable for open access publications. Moreover, the presentation highlights correspondent activities, which were released in scientific publications recently.
AI-SDV 2022: Where’s the one about…? Looney Tunes® Revisited Jay Ven Eman (CE...Dr. Haxel Consult
How do you find video when you only have sparse data? While you can wander the stacks (if you can still find open stacks) for inspiration, video either physical or digital, is difficult to discover. Wandering the virtual stacks is, well, virtually impossible. Discovery platforms on the whole have not replicated the inspirational experience of wandering the stacks.
More companies are using archivable video for internal communication of the various research projects, product developments, test results, and more that are being considered, in progress, or completed. Showing how an experiment was conducted can convey considerably more information that is very difficult to communicate via text. How do you find a company video that might be helpful for your project?
A case study is presented of the problems and the solutions that were implemented by a large, multinational chemical company. A suite of content discovery technologies was used including a video to text to tagging system connected to their documents database and automatically indexed using several chemical as well as conceptual systems (rule-based, NLP, inference engine). To build the system and support the manuscript and video submission there is a metadata extraction program which pulls and inserts the metadata into the submission forms so the author can move quickly through that process.
Copyright Clearance Center
A pioneer in voluntary collective licensing, CCC (Copyright Clearance Center) helps organizations integrate, access, and share information through licensing, content, software, and professional services. With expertise in copyright and information management, CCC and its subsidiary RightsDirect collaborate with stakeholders to design and deliver innovative information solutions that power decision-making by helping people integrate and navigate data sources and content assets. CCC recently acquired the assets and technology of Deep SEARCH 9 (DS9), a knowledge management platform that leverages machine learning to help customers perform semantic search, tag content, and discover new insights.
Lighthouse IP is the world’s leading provider of intellectual property content. The core business of Lighthouse IP is sourcing and creating content from the world’s most challenging authorities. Specialized in IP data, Lighthouse IP provides over 160 countries coverage for patents, over 200 authorities for trademarks and over 90 authorities for designs. Lighthouse IP data is available via several partners. The company is headquartered in Schiphol-Rijk in the Netherlands and has offices in the United States, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Egypt, Indonesia and Belarus. Globally a team of 150 experts works on the creation of this unique data collection.
CENTREDOC was created in 1964 as the technical information center of the swiss watchmaking industry. Building on a strong team of engineers, CENTREDOC now offers a complete range of services and solutions for the monitoring of strategic, technological and competitive information. CENTREDOC is also a leader in the research of patent, technical and business intelligence, and offers consulting expertise in the implementation of monitoring solutions.
AI-SDV 2022: Possibilities and limitations of AI-boosted multi-categorization...Dr. Haxel Consult
The everyday use of AI-driven algorithms for data search, analysis and synthesis comes with important time savings, but also reveals the need to understand and accept the limitations of the technology. Practical deployments on concrete topics are inevitable to assess and manage the challenges of neuronal network based AI. A workshop report.
AI-SDV 2022: Big data analytics platform at Bayer – Turning bits into insight...Dr. Haxel Consult
What if there was a platform where literature, conference abstracts, patents, clinical trials, news, grants and other sources were fully integrated? What if the data would be harmonized, enriched with standardized concepts and ready for analysis? After building our patent analytics platform we didn’t stop dreaming and built our big data analytics platform by semantically integrating text-rich, scientific sources. In my presentation I will talk about what we built and why we built it. And, of course, I will also address the challenges and hurdles along the way. Was it worth it and what comes next? Let’s talk about it!
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
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Italy Agriculture Equipment Market Outlook to 2027harveenkaur52
Agriculture and Animal Care
Ken Research has an expertise in Agriculture and Animal Care sector and offer vast collection of information related to all major aspects such as Agriculture equipment, Crop Protection, Seed, Agriculture Chemical, Fertilizers, Protected Cultivators, Palm Oil, Hybrid Seed, Animal Feed additives and many more.
Our continuous study and findings in agriculture sector provide better insights to companies dealing with related product and services, government and agriculture associations, researchers and students to well understand the present and expected scenario.
Our Animal care category provides solutions on Animal Healthcare and related products and services, including, animal feed additives, vaccination
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
Meet up Milano 14 _ Axpo Italia_ Migration from Mule3 (On-prem) to.pdfFlorence Consulting
Quattordicesimo Meetup di Milano, tenutosi a Milano il 23 Maggio 2024 dalle ore 17:00 alle ore 18:30 in presenza e da remoto.
Abbiamo parlato di come Axpo Italia S.p.A. ha ridotto il technical debt migrando le proprie APIs da Mule 3.9 a Mule 4.4 passando anche da on-premises a CloudHub 1.0.