Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. TDMNS College, T. Kallikulam
Department of M.Sc. Chemistry
III-Internal Test- November-2022
II-M.Sc Chemistry ZCHM 31- Organic Chemistry-III
Maximum Marks: 20 Time: 1 hour
Part A (2x1= 2 marks)
1. Define nitrogen rule in Mass spectra.
2. Write the Demjanov reaction (no mechanism).
Part B (5x2 = 10 marks)
3. (a) Write the short note on Von – Richter and Sommelet-Hauser
rearrangement.
Or
(b) Define the term Base peak, Molecular ion peak, Metastable
ions, Isotopic peak, and daughter ions with example.
4. (a) Write the rules for fragmentation pattern in Mass spectra of
alcohols, aldehyde, acids, phenols, and nitro compounds,
Or
(b) Discuss in short on the Mc–Lafferty rearrangement and give
the mass fragmentation pattern of acyclic compounds, ethers, and
ketones.
Part C (1 x 8 = 8 marks)
5. (a) Elaborate the Carbon to Nitrogen migration reaction with
mechanism.
Or
(b) Explain the following with mechanism
(i) Pinacol – Pinacolone,
(ii) Arndt – Eistert synthesis
Good Luck
TDMNS College, T. Kallikulam
Department of M.Sc. Chemistry
III-Internal Test- November-2022
II-M.Sc Chemistry ZCHM 31- Organic Chemistry-III
Maximum Marks: 20 Time: 1 hour
Part A (2x1= 2 marks)
1. Define nitrogen rule in Mass spectra.
2. Write the Demjanov reaction (no mechanism).
Part B (5x2 = 10 marks)
3. (a) Write the short note on Von – Richter and Sommelet-Hauser
rearrangement.
Or
(b) Define the term Base peak, Molecular ion peak, Metastable
ions, Isotopic peak, and daughter ions with example.
4. (a) Write the rules for fragmentation pattern in Mass spectra of
alcohols, aldehyde, acids, phenols, and nitro compounds,
Or
(b) Discuss in short on the Mc–Lafferty rearrangement and give the
mass fragmentation pattern of acyclic compounds, ethers, and
ketones.
Part C (1 x 8 = 8 marks)
5. (a) Elaborate the Carbon to Nitrogen migration reaction with
mechanism.
Or
(b) Explain the following with mechanism
(i) Pinacol – Pinacolone,
(ii) Arndt – Eistert synthesis
Good Luck
