This document discusses different research methodologies including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Quantitative methodology uses methods like surveys and statistical analysis to collect numerical data. Qualitative methodology uses methods like interviews and observations to understand peoples' experiences and perspectives through descriptive data. Mixed methods combines both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Choosing a methodology depends on factors like the research question and whether the focus is on statistics, meanings, or both.
Introduction to research methodology.pptxahmedmcjdu
Introduction to research methodology. Research methodology is a structured and scientific approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative or qualitative data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. A research methodology is like a plan for carrying out research and helps keep researchers on track by limiting the scope of the research. Several aspects must be considered before selecting an appropriate research methodology, such as research limitations and ethical concerns that may affect your research.
The research methodology section in a scientific paper describes the different methodological choices made, such as the data collection and analysis methods, and why these choices were selected. The reasons should explain why the methods chosen are the most appropriate to answer the research question. A good research methodology also helps ensure the reliability and validity of the research findings. There are three types of research methodology—quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method, which can be chosen based on the research objectives.
Moreover, A research methodology describes the techniques and procedures used to identify and analyze information regarding a specific research topic. It is a process by which researchers design their study so that they can achieve their objectives using the selected research instruments. It includes all the important aspects of research, including research design, data collection methods, data analysis methods, and the overall framework within which the research is conducted. While these points can help you understand what is research methodology, you also need to know why it is important to pick the right methodology.
Dr Calzada delivered a lecture regarding Mixed Methods and Triangulation as a complex way in which research combines qualitative and quantitative sequential or concurrent approach.
Introduction to research methodology.pptxahmedmcjdu
Introduction to research methodology. Research methodology is a structured and scientific approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative or qualitative data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. A research methodology is like a plan for carrying out research and helps keep researchers on track by limiting the scope of the research. Several aspects must be considered before selecting an appropriate research methodology, such as research limitations and ethical concerns that may affect your research.
The research methodology section in a scientific paper describes the different methodological choices made, such as the data collection and analysis methods, and why these choices were selected. The reasons should explain why the methods chosen are the most appropriate to answer the research question. A good research methodology also helps ensure the reliability and validity of the research findings. There are three types of research methodology—quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method, which can be chosen based on the research objectives.
Moreover, A research methodology describes the techniques and procedures used to identify and analyze information regarding a specific research topic. It is a process by which researchers design their study so that they can achieve their objectives using the selected research instruments. It includes all the important aspects of research, including research design, data collection methods, data analysis methods, and the overall framework within which the research is conducted. While these points can help you understand what is research methodology, you also need to know why it is important to pick the right methodology.
Dr Calzada delivered a lecture regarding Mixed Methods and Triangulation as a complex way in which research combines qualitative and quantitative sequential or concurrent approach.
ACTIVITY 1
Chosen Research Design: Qualitative
Why do you think this design is appropriate to your research interest?
Based on my understanding of qualitative research, I believe it can be appropriate for certain types of research questions. In my view, qualitative research is particularly useful for exploring complex phenomena, gaining insights into people's experiences and perspectives, and developing theory. I also recognize that it can be valuable in applied settings, such as healthcare or social work, where understanding people's experiences is crucial for improving practice.
Guide Questions
1. Did you remember the research design listed in the table?
YES, I have remembered all the research design listed in the table.
2. What other research designs did you recall which is/ are not listed in the table?
Longitudinal Study
Cross-sectional Study
Survey Research
Action Research
Participatory Action Research
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic Research
3. Was it easy or hard to determine the research design to be used in your selected topic or interest?
For me, it is easy because in the first place I already have an idea where to start. I believe when you select a topic, you already considered what design you will use.
4. What are the factors that you consider in selecting a research design for your study?
As a researcher, I must consider various factors when selecting a qualitative research design for my study. These include the research question, the purpose of the study, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the available resources and time frame. Additionally, I must reflect on my own philosophical and theoretical perspectives to ensure that the chosen design aligns with my worldview and research goals.
Reflection
How does research design make your study colorful/ interesting?
As a researcher, I have come to appreciate how qualitative research design can add color and interest to a study. By using methods such as open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis, I can capture the rich and complex experiences, perspectives, and contexts of the participants. This type of research allows me to delve deeper into the phenomenon being studied and gain a more nuanced understanding of it.
One of the benefits of using qualitative research is the ability to create vivid descriptions, quotes, and narratives that add depth and meaning to the study. It's fascinating to see how the data can come to life and offer a unique perspective on the topic. Additionally, I've found that unexpected findings often emerge during qualitative research, which can add to the intrigue and interest of the study.
Overall, I believe that qualitative research design offers a powerful way to explore the intricacies and nuances of human experience. It enables me to create a study that is more compelling and engaging, as well as provides insights that cannot be obtained through other research methods.
ACTIVITY 2: TELL ME THE QUANTITY
Directions: Read the qu
ACTIVITY 1
Chosen Research Design: Qualitative
Why do you think this design is appropriate to your research interest?
Based on my understanding of qualitative research, I believe it can be appropriate for certain types of research questions. In my view, qualitative research is particularly useful for exploring complex phenomena, gaining insights into people's experiences and perspectives, and developing theory. I also recognize that it can be valuable in applied settings, such as healthcare or social work, where understanding people's experiences is crucial for improving practice.
Guide Questions
1. Did you remember the research design listed in the table?
YES, I have remembered all the research design listed in the table.
2. What other research designs did you recall which is/ are not listed in the table?
Longitudinal Study
Cross-sectional Study
Survey Research
Action Research
Participatory Action Research
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic Research
3. Was it easy or hard to determine the research design to be used in your selected topic or interest?
For me, it is easy because in the first place I already have an idea where to start. I believe when you select a topic, you already considered what design you will use.
4. What are the factors that you consider in selecting a research design for your study?
As a researcher, I must consider various factors when selecting a qualitative research design for my study. These include the research question, the purpose of the study, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the available resources and time frame. Additionally, I must reflect on my own philosophical and theoretical perspectives to ensure that the chosen design aligns with my worldview and research goals.
Reflection
How does research design make your study colorful/ interesting?
As a researcher, I have come to appreciate how qualitative research design can add color and interest to a study. By using methods such as open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis, I can capture the rich and complex experiences, perspectives, and contexts of the participants. This type of research allows me to delve deeper into the phenomenon being studied and gain a more nuanced understanding of it.
One of the benefits of using qualitative research is the ability to create vivid descriptions, quotes, and narratives that add depth and meaning to the study. It's fascinating to see how the data can come to life and offer a unique perspective on the topic. Additionally, I've found that unexpected findings often emerge during qualitative research, which can add to the intrigue and interest of the study.
Overall, I believe that qualitative research design offers a powerful way to explore the intricacies and nuances of human experience. It enables me to create a study that is more compelling and engaging, as well as provides insights that cannot be obtained through other research methods.
ACTIVITY 2: TELL ME THE QUANTITY
Directions: Read the qu
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. Why do we study and discuss research strategies?
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Image source: Freepixel.com on freepik
• Studying research methodologies and methods
introduces you to some of the choices that you as a
researcher have for exploring a topic of interest.
• It provides you with an understanding of how to
collect and analyse data.
• Studying research processes and strategies shows how
the overall process of researching a topic works – from
choosing a research question, to writing up your
findings.
• It trains you in recognising the difference between
high quality and poor quality research.
4. To keep in mind
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Social science does not take place
in a vacuum – there are several
factors that shape it.
For example:
Existing knowledge of the researcher
As a researcher, you need to be aware of the
developments in your field, and what other
researchers discovered. You must become
familiar with the existing literature on the
topic you are exploring.
Existing experience of the researcher
Your life experiences affect the topics and
questions that you are interested in and how you
research them. For example, if you come from a
place affected by natural disasters, you may be
interested in the effects this has on human
geography and migration trends.
Theoretical approach of the researcher
The questions that you choose to explore will be
shaped and influenced by your existing
understanding of the world. For example, if you
were interested in researching inequality and why
it occurs in society, it might be due to your
conviction of theories that focus on tensions in
society.
Researcher’s philosophical views
Different assumptions about our reality
(=ontology), knowledge and truth (epistemology)
also affect the type of questions we ask. For
example, different researchers might have
different ideas about what we can really know
about the social world, and how predictable
human behaviour can be.
5. Method vs Methodology
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Method
• The procedure, system or way of doing something systematically.
• Answers the question: What and how you are doing?
Methodology
• The logos (logic, theory, philosophy, discussion, explanation, justifications) of the method(s)
being chosen and used.
• Discusses questions like: Why is the method the right one to use? What dilemmas and
problems does this choice entail? How can these problems be mitigated?
6. What are methods?
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• Research methods refer to techniques, procedures and tools for finding, collecting, analysing
and interpreting data.
• There are numerous methods that can be used in research, such as experiments, focus groups,
interviews, observations, questionnaires and statistical analysis.
• When designing research, your methodology will set and determine the framework for your
project. You will have to make several decisions as you devise your plan, depending on what
data you need to answer your research question. You may have to answer the following
questions:
– Will your data take the form of words or numbers? (Qualitative or quantitative?)
– Will you collect original data yourself? Will you use existing data?
– Will you perform an experiment, ask questions or describe an existing thing?
– How will you analyse the collected data?
7. What is methodology?
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• Methodology is the explanation and justification of the methods used to gain knowledge for a
research project.
• Methodology can also be described as the strategy a researcher uses to gather data and find
answers to the research questions she has posed.
• Methodologies should be judged by their ability to credibly answer the research questions.
• Three most common methodologies are: quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods
methodologies.
Remember:
Methodology focuses on the reasons for the choice of methods, and so it should not be confused with the
actual methods of research themselves. The methods we use to gain knowledge will be guided by the
methodology.
8. Quantitative methodology
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• Quantitative methodologies entail using methods for
collecting data through measuring and quantifying things.
• The data is then analysed through statistical inference and
comparison of numbers.
• There are many tools that can be used to achieve this,
including surveys, questionnaires and structured interviews.
• Quantitative methodology follows the scientific method in its
attempts to discover and measure facts about society and
social behaviour.
• The scientific method is a logical process for the gaining
objective knowledge. It is intended to be an unbiased way of
discovering truth.
– If the scientific method is followed, then the results of
observation should be accurate.
– It does not matter who’s making the observation.
Image source: mindandi on Freepik
9. The scientific method
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Obsv
• Observation
• Observation and description of phenomena
Hypo
• Hypothesis
• Develop a hypothesis to explain the phenomena
Pred
• Prediction
• Use the hypothesis to predict other phenomena or results of future observations
Test
• Testing
• Test the predictions using observations and experiments
10. Quantitative study: Example
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What is the effect of crime on the educational performance of children and
young adults aged 14-18?
What is the relationship between rates of belief in a god and levels of
violence in society?
Does an active social media campaign influence candidate popularity in the
elections?
Possible methodology: Quantitative
Possible method: Statistical analysis
11. Qualitative methodology
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• Qualitative research tends to view social life in terms of
processes and is used to explore people’s beliefs,
experiences, attitudes, interpretations and interactions. It
tends to assume that how we feel, imagine and explain
our experiences is the key to our behaviour.
• Qualitative researchers start their research by asking
broad questions and tend to have at least some flexibility
in terms of the direction of their research.
• Qualitative methodologies use methods that can explore
the interpretations, experiences, perceptions and
perspectives of different aspects of social life.
• Qualitative methods generate insights and are expressed
by words, not numbers.
• Examples of qualitative methods include interviews, focus
groups and observations. The types of data generated
includes field notes, audio and video recordings and
transcripts.
Image source: pressfoto on Freepik
12. Qualitative methodology: Example
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How do residents of high crime rate areas perceive their environment?
What does god, religious worship and prayer mean to people?
What impact does active social media presence have on self-
confidence and self-perception of teenagers?
Possible methodology: Qualitative
Possible method: participant observation, open-ended interviews, focus groups
14. Qualitative or Quantitative?
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Image source: UX Design
Key characteristics
Focus on numbers
Focus on statistics
Researchers view
Research distant/removed
Theory testing
Static
Structured
Macro
Hard data
Generalisation
Key characteristics
Focus on words
Participants’ experience
Research close/immersed
Theory emergent
Dynamic
Unstructured/Flexible
Micro
Rich and deep data
Meaning
Contextual understanding
15. Mixed methods methodology
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• Mixed methods research design combines and integrates qualitative and quantitative methods in the same
study.
• There are several potential reasons for adopting a mixed methods methodology, for example:
– Mixing methods allows for a close-up illustration of a single case, when research focus is on a bigger picture, or
the opposite – for exploring the background of a single case study.
– It can allow for more accurate measurement (triangulation).
• Mixed methods is more complicated and expensive, and not necessarily better or more suitable.
Example
Does the American public think Joe Biden is doing a job as President?
– Phase 1 – Quantitative: large-scale, population wide survey;
– Phase 2 – Qualitative: focus groups and interviews to focus on particular social groups for more in-depth
information.
17. Summary
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• Social research does not take place in vacuum – researcher’s experience, skills, knowledge and
philosophical outlook shape it.
• Methodology is the explanation and justification of the methods used to gain knowledge for a research
project. It is the strategy a researcher uses to gather data and find answers to the research questions she
has posed.
• Quantitative methodologies entail using methods for collecting data through measuring things. Its focused
on numerical data and statistical analysis.
• Qualitative research tends to view social life in terms of processes and is used to explore people’s beliefs,
experiences, attitudes, behaviour and interactions. Its focused on words, descriptions and narratives.
• Mixed methods research design combines and integrates qualitative and quantitative methods in the same
study.
