This document provides a psychoanalytic perspective on identity, choice, and consumer freedom in contemporary society. It argues that identity and choice can be seen as "wish fulfillments" or "fantasies" that emerge from unconscious desires and anxieties. Similarly, the notion of consumer freedom is proposed as an "illusion" that functions like an "opiate of the people" by offering consolation and compensation for societal discontents. Specifically, the illusion of freedom disciplines individuals, offers therapeutic relief, and fulfills narcissistic desires, just as religion has in the past. The fundamental desire behind this illusion is suggested to be the desire to feel unique and in control, while the main anxiety it defends against is feeling ordinary or lacking control
How Blockchain Technology is Reshaping Personal IdentityMelanie Swan
A multidisciplinary summary of personal identity, the individual, and subjectivation in the fields of biology, psychology/sociology, philosophy, evolutionary biology, and blockchain technology. In short, there are no grounds for these concepts beyond their use as convenient human constructs. Philosopher Derek Parfit vociferously contested the notion of personal identity (Reasons and Persons), claiming that "personal identity is not required for the survival of the person." Hume, Derrida, Deleuze, and Simondon agree. What is especially interesting and relevant is the status of the individual and personal identity as we progress into new eras of digital reality, and the evolutionary biological case for personal identity in humans. Personal identity may have evolved to bring adaptive fitness to humans, but there is evidence that the adaptation may no longer be serving as well, and could be different in the future per the new connected world computing paradigm and blockchain technology.
Personal Identity: A Multidisciplinary InquiryMelanie Swan
Overview of personal identity from a philosophical perspective as conceived traditionally and disputed by Derek Parfit (Reasons and Persons; ‘personal identity is not required for the survival of the person’). An account of personal identity per philosophers Hume, Derrida, Deleuze, and Simondon. The evolutionary biological case for personal identity in humans. There is a large literature on the ability of members of many animal species (wasps for example) to distinguish specific individual others. I consider why and how personal identity might have evolved to bring adaptive fitness to humans, if the adaptation is still serving, and what forces might cause this to be different in the future.
Mysticism Meets Life Styles: Elizabeth Gilbertpaulussilas
1. The document examines how postmodernism has influenced individuals and society, focusing on identity formation and consumption patterns.
2. It uses Elizabeth Gilbert, the main character from the movie "Eat Pray Love" as a case study to analyze how postmodern consumers relate to mystical experiences and the New Age trend.
3. The key aspects of postmodern individuals discussed are that they focus on experiential consumption rather than material goods, seek to enrich their lives with mystical experiences, and consider the New Age trend a tool to do so.
The Relationship Between Superstitions Metaphors and the Discipline of Advert...paulussilas
This document discusses superstitions and their relationship to marketing and advertising. It begins by defining superstitions as beliefs that are inconsistent with reality and can have different meanings across cultures. Though people may deny them, superstitions still play a role in people's daily lives and psyches. Common Turkish superstitions like the evil eye are discussed. The document then explores how superstitions and their associated products form a market, and how mystical symbols like the blue bead, which wards off the evil eye, are used in advertising messages and codes in Turkey.
1) The document discusses the importance of developing a pluralistic identity that integrates the three levels of human identity - unique individual identity, shared ethnic/cultural identity, and common human identity.
2) It argues that a pluralistic identity is necessary for social harmony in a diverse democratic society, as it allows individuals to understand different perspectives and find common ground.
3) The document proposes that educational institutions should aim to cultivate a pluralistic identity in students, as it constitutes an important skill for democratic living. It discusses theories of self-transcendence that could provide a foundation for developing such an educational philosophy.
Identity is the awareness of oneself as a separate individual. It involves the feeling of "I-am-I" which allows one to make decisions and be aware of oneself and others. Identity normally forms through separating oneself from others like one's mother, and realizing oneself as distinct. It involves both how one sees oneself from within through one's conscious activity, as well as how one is seen by others through relationships and social roles. Modern society has challenged traditional identities by increasing individualism, consumerism, and unstable social roles, making identity more fluid and fragmented. However, humans still have a deep need for stable relationships and community to develop a coherent sense of self.
The lives of Bobby Sands and Stephen Lawrence illustrate social injustice and conflict in British society, according to sociological concepts of conflict and ideology. Bobby Sands died on a hunger strike while protesting oppression of Catholics in Northern Ireland. Stephen Lawrence was murdered by a white gang, and police bias led to a poorly handled investigation. These stories suggest British society is based more on social conflict than cohesion, with oppression and inequality denying some basic human rights.
[Group 2] representation and the construction of social realityDuy Đức
This document provides an outline and summaries of several approaches to analyzing advertising, including semiotic and discursive approaches. It discusses Ferdinand de Saussure's structuralist semiotic approach which views language as a system of signs. It also summarizes Michel Foucault's discursive approach, which examines how discourse produces forms of knowledge that differ based on historical context. Several articles are summarized that discuss how advertising appeals to human needs and emotions, the role of sales language, portrayals of women in advertising, and debates around the informational versus manipulative nature of advertising.
How Blockchain Technology is Reshaping Personal IdentityMelanie Swan
A multidisciplinary summary of personal identity, the individual, and subjectivation in the fields of biology, psychology/sociology, philosophy, evolutionary biology, and blockchain technology. In short, there are no grounds for these concepts beyond their use as convenient human constructs. Philosopher Derek Parfit vociferously contested the notion of personal identity (Reasons and Persons), claiming that "personal identity is not required for the survival of the person." Hume, Derrida, Deleuze, and Simondon agree. What is especially interesting and relevant is the status of the individual and personal identity as we progress into new eras of digital reality, and the evolutionary biological case for personal identity in humans. Personal identity may have evolved to bring adaptive fitness to humans, but there is evidence that the adaptation may no longer be serving as well, and could be different in the future per the new connected world computing paradigm and blockchain technology.
Personal Identity: A Multidisciplinary InquiryMelanie Swan
Overview of personal identity from a philosophical perspective as conceived traditionally and disputed by Derek Parfit (Reasons and Persons; ‘personal identity is not required for the survival of the person’). An account of personal identity per philosophers Hume, Derrida, Deleuze, and Simondon. The evolutionary biological case for personal identity in humans. There is a large literature on the ability of members of many animal species (wasps for example) to distinguish specific individual others. I consider why and how personal identity might have evolved to bring adaptive fitness to humans, if the adaptation is still serving, and what forces might cause this to be different in the future.
Mysticism Meets Life Styles: Elizabeth Gilbertpaulussilas
1. The document examines how postmodernism has influenced individuals and society, focusing on identity formation and consumption patterns.
2. It uses Elizabeth Gilbert, the main character from the movie "Eat Pray Love" as a case study to analyze how postmodern consumers relate to mystical experiences and the New Age trend.
3. The key aspects of postmodern individuals discussed are that they focus on experiential consumption rather than material goods, seek to enrich their lives with mystical experiences, and consider the New Age trend a tool to do so.
The Relationship Between Superstitions Metaphors and the Discipline of Advert...paulussilas
This document discusses superstitions and their relationship to marketing and advertising. It begins by defining superstitions as beliefs that are inconsistent with reality and can have different meanings across cultures. Though people may deny them, superstitions still play a role in people's daily lives and psyches. Common Turkish superstitions like the evil eye are discussed. The document then explores how superstitions and their associated products form a market, and how mystical symbols like the blue bead, which wards off the evil eye, are used in advertising messages and codes in Turkey.
1) The document discusses the importance of developing a pluralistic identity that integrates the three levels of human identity - unique individual identity, shared ethnic/cultural identity, and common human identity.
2) It argues that a pluralistic identity is necessary for social harmony in a diverse democratic society, as it allows individuals to understand different perspectives and find common ground.
3) The document proposes that educational institutions should aim to cultivate a pluralistic identity in students, as it constitutes an important skill for democratic living. It discusses theories of self-transcendence that could provide a foundation for developing such an educational philosophy.
Identity is the awareness of oneself as a separate individual. It involves the feeling of "I-am-I" which allows one to make decisions and be aware of oneself and others. Identity normally forms through separating oneself from others like one's mother, and realizing oneself as distinct. It involves both how one sees oneself from within through one's conscious activity, as well as how one is seen by others through relationships and social roles. Modern society has challenged traditional identities by increasing individualism, consumerism, and unstable social roles, making identity more fluid and fragmented. However, humans still have a deep need for stable relationships and community to develop a coherent sense of self.
The lives of Bobby Sands and Stephen Lawrence illustrate social injustice and conflict in British society, according to sociological concepts of conflict and ideology. Bobby Sands died on a hunger strike while protesting oppression of Catholics in Northern Ireland. Stephen Lawrence was murdered by a white gang, and police bias led to a poorly handled investigation. These stories suggest British society is based more on social conflict than cohesion, with oppression and inequality denying some basic human rights.
[Group 2] representation and the construction of social realityDuy Đức
This document provides an outline and summaries of several approaches to analyzing advertising, including semiotic and discursive approaches. It discusses Ferdinand de Saussure's structuralist semiotic approach which views language as a system of signs. It also summarizes Michel Foucault's discursive approach, which examines how discourse produces forms of knowledge that differ based on historical context. Several articles are summarized that discuss how advertising appeals to human needs and emotions, the role of sales language, portrayals of women in advertising, and debates around the informational versus manipulative nature of advertising.
TODO LO QUE NECESITAS SABER DEL AUTOMOVILISMO dmcorreag9
Historia del automóvil
La historia del automóvil empieza con los vehículos autopropulsados por vapor del siglo XVIII. En 1885 se crea el primer vehículo automóvil por motor de combustión interna con gasolina. Se divide en una serie de etapas marcadas por los principales hitos tecnológicos.
Uno de los inventos más característicos del siglo XX ha sido sin duda el automóvil. Los primeros prototipos se crearon a finales del XIX, pero no fue hasta alguna década después cuando estos vehículos empezaron a ser vistos como algo "útil".
El intento de obtener una fuerza motriz que sustituyera a los caballos se remonta al siglo XVII. El automóvil recorre las tres fases de los grandes medios de propulsión: vapor, electricidad y gasolina.
Joan E. Healey, Research Specialist, AG, presented this information at the AAHGS Utah Chapter research series on February 28, 2015. This presentation focuses on
The collection of plantation records contains unique records of the plantation owner and often his descendants that may connect an individual to his or her family. Joan's presentation focuses on "Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution through the Civil War" by University Publications of America. The Family History Library has acquired this collection which consists of 1213 microfilm reels and includes records organized in series (A-N) of finding aid of microfiche edition of the same name. Joan teaches that research foundation must be built on research and documentation of the African American individual and his or her extended family from the present back to 1870, and the slave owner name and the place where the slave and the owner lived.
The given document does not contain any meaningful words or sentences. It consists only of repeated special characters that do not convey any information. Therefore, no useful summary can be generated from this document.
El documento describe tres redes sociales populares: Qzone, la red social más popular en China que ofrece servicios de compartir fotos y escuchar música; Tuenti, una red social española con más de 15 millones de usuarios que permite crear perfiles y comunicarse con amigos; y Habbo, una de las mayores redes sociales a nivel mundial orientada a adolescentes donde los usuarios interactúan a través de avatares virtuales en hoteles personalizados.
La seguridad informática se refiere a las características y condiciones de los sistemas de procesamiento y almacenamiento de datos para garantizar su confidencialidad, integridad y disponibilidad. Proteger nuestra información requiere acceder a programas de seguridad para enfrentar amenazas internas y externas.
I) A Petrobras apresentou prejuízo de R$21,6 bilhões em 2014 devido principalmente a perdas por desvalorização de ativos, baixas relacionadas à Operação Lava Jato e provisões para perdas com recebíveis.
II) A produção total de petróleo e gás cresceu 5% em 2014, impulsionada pela produção no pré-sal, enquanto a produção de derivados aumentou 2%.
III) A Companhia reconheceu baixas de R$6,2 bilhões relacionadas a gastos ad
El documento habla sobre conceptos básicos de mercado como compra, venta, demanda, oferta, y diferentes tipos de competencia como competencia perfecta, monopolio, oligopolio y competencia monopolística. Explica que el mercado involucra la compra y venta de bienes y servicios, y que la demanda se refiere al deseo y capacidad de comprar, mientras que la oferta es la cantidad dispuesta a venderse a cierto precio. Además, define monopolio como un único productor y oligopolio como un mercado dominado por un grupo de empresas
This document discusses the photographic memory and whether it truly exists. It begins by describing how the photographic memory is often portrayed in fiction but may have roots in reality. While commonly called a "photographic memory", the proper term is "eidetic memory". The document examines evidence that suggests the eidetic memory is real, such as the abilities of autistic artist Stephen Wiltshire and a police officer who identified criminals from memory. It argues that the eidetic memory is an innate ability that people can reactivate through techniques like "Mental Photography" to greatly enhance learning and recall.
El documento describe las principales festividades del Carnaval de Barranquilla, incluyendo los eventos de los precarnavales como la Lectura del Bando y la Guacherna. Explica que el origen del carnaval se remonta a las tradiciones medievales europeas traídas por los españoles, aunque también tiene antecedentes en las fiestas de los cabildos negros de Cartagena. Detalla las etapas del carnaval como la Batalla de Flores, la Gran Parada y el Entierro de Joselito, y describe varias danzas tradic
Este documento presenta información sobre un bloque de aprendizaje que analiza procesos históricos actuales en el contexto mundial, como la posguerra fría y el intervencionismo en Medio Oriente. Incluye objetivos de aprendizaje, competencias, actividades y preguntas para comprender mejor estos temas.
El SENA tiene la misión de ofrecer formación profesional gratuita a los trabajadores colombianos para contribuir al desarrollo social, económico y tecnológico del país. Su visión es convertirse en una organización de conocimiento que innove constantemente y se adapte a los cambios tecnológicos y las necesidades del sector empresarial y de los trabajadores para impactar positivamente la productividad y competitividad del país.
This document discusses model transformations using a Disaster Management Metamodel (DMM) to generate disaster management solution models. Key points:
- DMM was developed by analyzing 30 disaster management models to generalize concepts and relationships. It consists of four classes of concepts for mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery phases.
- Model transformations can occur vertically between abstraction levels and horizontally within the same level. Instantiation is used to create a model instance from a metamodel. The document demonstrates instantiating a preparedness model from DMM.
- A prototype decision support system called DMDSS is presented which allows users to input disaster problems and instantiate customized solution models by combining relevant concepts from DMM guided by
Powering Heap With PostgreSQL And CitusDB (PGConf Silicon Valley 2015)Dan Robinson
At Heap, we lean on PostgreSQL for all our backend heavy lifting. We support an expressive set of queries — conversion funnels with filtering and grouping, retention analysis, and behavioral cohorting to name a few — across billions of users and tens of billions of events. Results need to come back in a matter of seconds and reflect up-to-the-minute data.
This talk will discuss these challenges, with a particular focus on:
- Using CitusDB for interactive analysis across 50 terabytes of data and counting.
- PostgreSQL and Kafka: two great tastes that taste great together.
- UDFs in C and PL/pgSQL, partial indexes for pre-aggregation, and other tricks up our sleeves.
El documento resume la participación en el evento NEXOS+1, con 170 participantes y 17 expositores. Hubo 26 empresarios y embajadores reunidos con Gunter Pauli, 9 medios cubriendo el evento, 8 mesas de innovación, 34 personas midieron su huella ecológica, y 19 compromisos de empresas. El hashtag #nexosmas1 tuvo 732 tweets relacionados, más de 1.7 millones de impresiones y estuvo en el sexto lugar de tendencias en Perú, con cobertura en medios como el MINAM, El Comercio y
Sources of my IdentityIntroduction My personal identity deal.docxrafbolet0
Sources of my Identity
Introduction
My personal identity deals with the philosophical questions that arise about humans by the virtue of being individuals or people. However, this argument contrasts with any questions that entail the virtues of human beings as conscious beings or material objects. Many people will seek to understand their identity by asking the questions of what am I? When did I come to being? What will happen when I die? It is such questions that probe possible other questions that seek to have several answers regarding the indemnity of an individual. The sources of identity will mostly differ differently from one person to another, as they are influenced by a wide range of external factors throughout one’s period of growth(Payne 17).
Human beings have an unchanging need for uniqueness, and quite often, the search for this happens through the use of meaning and symbolism with the help of products and brands such as surroundings, time, and exposure to other variables. The mentioned meanings and symbolisms are at times not necessary as the brands of products, and wares may be inherent making one person to be completely different from the other in terms of behavior, thinking, or reasoning. This augment concedes with that of McCrae and Costa, which suggests that one’s cultural meanings take part in making up for one’s identity, which is the personality (Payne 17). Culture anticipates for use of symbols for identity working outwardly to construct the social world and inwardly to construct self-identity. In this way, personal identity plays a vital role when it comes to dictating one’s inner and outer circumstances. Every human is different from the others as anticipated his or her personality. This can be justified by the way people communicate socially.
The study of the psychology of personal identity has existed as organized entity since 1940s. There have been two major theories of human personality; one was dispositional or trait theory and the other one is person-situational theory. The trait theory did account for the centralist approach and internal constructs with governed behavior in a given or a particular situation derived mainly from internal characteristics of personality. In the west that is the western world, a layman’s understanding of personality is related tothe trait approach, and this laid its basis or roots from the 19th-century liberalism
The trait theory posted broad stable factors, traits, or behavioral dispositions as its fundamental units. Its primary goal was to characterize individuals in terms of a comprehensive nevertheless, preferably and finite small set of stable dispositions that have always remained invariant across situations and that were distinctive for a person determining a wide range of important behavior. In the recent years, the trait theory has been personified in the big five-model of human personality. This model reduced the large numbers of adjectives that described personal ident.
The document provides information on collective identity and how youth identity is constructed. It discusses how collective identities are expressed through cultural materials and depend on some level of acceptance from those the identity applies to. It also examines self-identity versus social identity and how youth identity is shaped by shared experiences and attributes as well as influences from peers, family, school and social environments. Theories from scholars like Giroux, Gramsci and Hall are referenced in relation to how the media and dominant culture can influence and shape youth identities.
Sujay Extended identity theory FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
1. The document proposes an "Extended Identity Theory" that builds upon the author's previous work on generic identity theory. It aims to model identity in relation to real-world data from a multicultural perspective.
2. Key concepts from previous papers are reviewed, including components of identity, theories of identity formation, and a "symbiotic approach" to sociocultural change. The author argues observations must consider multicultural viewpoints.
3. The paper proposes several extensions to identity theory and applications to real-world problems. It presents data from different world regions and aims to develop concepts that can address real issues.
TODO LO QUE NECESITAS SABER DEL AUTOMOVILISMO dmcorreag9
Historia del automóvil
La historia del automóvil empieza con los vehículos autopropulsados por vapor del siglo XVIII. En 1885 se crea el primer vehículo automóvil por motor de combustión interna con gasolina. Se divide en una serie de etapas marcadas por los principales hitos tecnológicos.
Uno de los inventos más característicos del siglo XX ha sido sin duda el automóvil. Los primeros prototipos se crearon a finales del XIX, pero no fue hasta alguna década después cuando estos vehículos empezaron a ser vistos como algo "útil".
El intento de obtener una fuerza motriz que sustituyera a los caballos se remonta al siglo XVII. El automóvil recorre las tres fases de los grandes medios de propulsión: vapor, electricidad y gasolina.
Joan E. Healey, Research Specialist, AG, presented this information at the AAHGS Utah Chapter research series on February 28, 2015. This presentation focuses on
The collection of plantation records contains unique records of the plantation owner and often his descendants that may connect an individual to his or her family. Joan's presentation focuses on "Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution through the Civil War" by University Publications of America. The Family History Library has acquired this collection which consists of 1213 microfilm reels and includes records organized in series (A-N) of finding aid of microfiche edition of the same name. Joan teaches that research foundation must be built on research and documentation of the African American individual and his or her extended family from the present back to 1870, and the slave owner name and the place where the slave and the owner lived.
The given document does not contain any meaningful words or sentences. It consists only of repeated special characters that do not convey any information. Therefore, no useful summary can be generated from this document.
El documento describe tres redes sociales populares: Qzone, la red social más popular en China que ofrece servicios de compartir fotos y escuchar música; Tuenti, una red social española con más de 15 millones de usuarios que permite crear perfiles y comunicarse con amigos; y Habbo, una de las mayores redes sociales a nivel mundial orientada a adolescentes donde los usuarios interactúan a través de avatares virtuales en hoteles personalizados.
La seguridad informática se refiere a las características y condiciones de los sistemas de procesamiento y almacenamiento de datos para garantizar su confidencialidad, integridad y disponibilidad. Proteger nuestra información requiere acceder a programas de seguridad para enfrentar amenazas internas y externas.
I) A Petrobras apresentou prejuízo de R$21,6 bilhões em 2014 devido principalmente a perdas por desvalorização de ativos, baixas relacionadas à Operação Lava Jato e provisões para perdas com recebíveis.
II) A produção total de petróleo e gás cresceu 5% em 2014, impulsionada pela produção no pré-sal, enquanto a produção de derivados aumentou 2%.
III) A Companhia reconheceu baixas de R$6,2 bilhões relacionadas a gastos ad
El documento habla sobre conceptos básicos de mercado como compra, venta, demanda, oferta, y diferentes tipos de competencia como competencia perfecta, monopolio, oligopolio y competencia monopolística. Explica que el mercado involucra la compra y venta de bienes y servicios, y que la demanda se refiere al deseo y capacidad de comprar, mientras que la oferta es la cantidad dispuesta a venderse a cierto precio. Además, define monopolio como un único productor y oligopolio como un mercado dominado por un grupo de empresas
This document discusses the photographic memory and whether it truly exists. It begins by describing how the photographic memory is often portrayed in fiction but may have roots in reality. While commonly called a "photographic memory", the proper term is "eidetic memory". The document examines evidence that suggests the eidetic memory is real, such as the abilities of autistic artist Stephen Wiltshire and a police officer who identified criminals from memory. It argues that the eidetic memory is an innate ability that people can reactivate through techniques like "Mental Photography" to greatly enhance learning and recall.
El documento describe las principales festividades del Carnaval de Barranquilla, incluyendo los eventos de los precarnavales como la Lectura del Bando y la Guacherna. Explica que el origen del carnaval se remonta a las tradiciones medievales europeas traídas por los españoles, aunque también tiene antecedentes en las fiestas de los cabildos negros de Cartagena. Detalla las etapas del carnaval como la Batalla de Flores, la Gran Parada y el Entierro de Joselito, y describe varias danzas tradic
Este documento presenta información sobre un bloque de aprendizaje que analiza procesos históricos actuales en el contexto mundial, como la posguerra fría y el intervencionismo en Medio Oriente. Incluye objetivos de aprendizaje, competencias, actividades y preguntas para comprender mejor estos temas.
El SENA tiene la misión de ofrecer formación profesional gratuita a los trabajadores colombianos para contribuir al desarrollo social, económico y tecnológico del país. Su visión es convertirse en una organización de conocimiento que innove constantemente y se adapte a los cambios tecnológicos y las necesidades del sector empresarial y de los trabajadores para impactar positivamente la productividad y competitividad del país.
This document discusses model transformations using a Disaster Management Metamodel (DMM) to generate disaster management solution models. Key points:
- DMM was developed by analyzing 30 disaster management models to generalize concepts and relationships. It consists of four classes of concepts for mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery phases.
- Model transformations can occur vertically between abstraction levels and horizontally within the same level. Instantiation is used to create a model instance from a metamodel. The document demonstrates instantiating a preparedness model from DMM.
- A prototype decision support system called DMDSS is presented which allows users to input disaster problems and instantiate customized solution models by combining relevant concepts from DMM guided by
Powering Heap With PostgreSQL And CitusDB (PGConf Silicon Valley 2015)Dan Robinson
At Heap, we lean on PostgreSQL for all our backend heavy lifting. We support an expressive set of queries — conversion funnels with filtering and grouping, retention analysis, and behavioral cohorting to name a few — across billions of users and tens of billions of events. Results need to come back in a matter of seconds and reflect up-to-the-minute data.
This talk will discuss these challenges, with a particular focus on:
- Using CitusDB for interactive analysis across 50 terabytes of data and counting.
- PostgreSQL and Kafka: two great tastes that taste great together.
- UDFs in C and PL/pgSQL, partial indexes for pre-aggregation, and other tricks up our sleeves.
El documento resume la participación en el evento NEXOS+1, con 170 participantes y 17 expositores. Hubo 26 empresarios y embajadores reunidos con Gunter Pauli, 9 medios cubriendo el evento, 8 mesas de innovación, 34 personas midieron su huella ecológica, y 19 compromisos de empresas. El hashtag #nexosmas1 tuvo 732 tweets relacionados, más de 1.7 millones de impresiones y estuvo en el sexto lugar de tendencias en Perú, con cobertura en medios como el MINAM, El Comercio y
Sources of my IdentityIntroduction My personal identity deal.docxrafbolet0
Sources of my Identity
Introduction
My personal identity deals with the philosophical questions that arise about humans by the virtue of being individuals or people. However, this argument contrasts with any questions that entail the virtues of human beings as conscious beings or material objects. Many people will seek to understand their identity by asking the questions of what am I? When did I come to being? What will happen when I die? It is such questions that probe possible other questions that seek to have several answers regarding the indemnity of an individual. The sources of identity will mostly differ differently from one person to another, as they are influenced by a wide range of external factors throughout one’s period of growth(Payne 17).
Human beings have an unchanging need for uniqueness, and quite often, the search for this happens through the use of meaning and symbolism with the help of products and brands such as surroundings, time, and exposure to other variables. The mentioned meanings and symbolisms are at times not necessary as the brands of products, and wares may be inherent making one person to be completely different from the other in terms of behavior, thinking, or reasoning. This augment concedes with that of McCrae and Costa, which suggests that one’s cultural meanings take part in making up for one’s identity, which is the personality (Payne 17). Culture anticipates for use of symbols for identity working outwardly to construct the social world and inwardly to construct self-identity. In this way, personal identity plays a vital role when it comes to dictating one’s inner and outer circumstances. Every human is different from the others as anticipated his or her personality. This can be justified by the way people communicate socially.
The study of the psychology of personal identity has existed as organized entity since 1940s. There have been two major theories of human personality; one was dispositional or trait theory and the other one is person-situational theory. The trait theory did account for the centralist approach and internal constructs with governed behavior in a given or a particular situation derived mainly from internal characteristics of personality. In the west that is the western world, a layman’s understanding of personality is related tothe trait approach, and this laid its basis or roots from the 19th-century liberalism
The trait theory posted broad stable factors, traits, or behavioral dispositions as its fundamental units. Its primary goal was to characterize individuals in terms of a comprehensive nevertheless, preferably and finite small set of stable dispositions that have always remained invariant across situations and that were distinctive for a person determining a wide range of important behavior. In the recent years, the trait theory has been personified in the big five-model of human personality. This model reduced the large numbers of adjectives that described personal ident.
The document provides information on collective identity and how youth identity is constructed. It discusses how collective identities are expressed through cultural materials and depend on some level of acceptance from those the identity applies to. It also examines self-identity versus social identity and how youth identity is shaped by shared experiences and attributes as well as influences from peers, family, school and social environments. Theories from scholars like Giroux, Gramsci and Hall are referenced in relation to how the media and dominant culture can influence and shape youth identities.
Sujay Extended identity theory FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
1. The document proposes an "Extended Identity Theory" that builds upon the author's previous work on generic identity theory. It aims to model identity in relation to real-world data from a multicultural perspective.
2. Key concepts from previous papers are reviewed, including components of identity, theories of identity formation, and a "symbiotic approach" to sociocultural change. The author argues observations must consider multicultural viewpoints.
3. The paper proposes several extensions to identity theory and applications to real-world problems. It presents data from different world regions and aims to develop concepts that can address real issues.
· Racial Identity ModelsRead pages 70-86, where the textschestnutkaitlyn
·
Racial Identity Models
Read pages 70-86, where the texts describes the various racial identity models and discuss your own identity and what influences impacted how you see yourself in relation to these models and your stage of personal cultural development. What biases and prejudices do you have yet to address or confront in order to elevate your level of professional practice and multicultural competency? Write your response in 250-300 words, supporting your comments with two references
Family & Culture
Refer to readings on pages 115 – 124 to analyze and determine the most culturally competent manner in which you might respond to a family of a different culture as a human service professional. Think of what “family” means to you and how it might be different from clients you might encounter. Discuss these topics in 250-300 words as well as any issues that might enhance or impede your effectiveness related to similarities and/or differences. Support your comments with two references
HHS320 Instructor Guidance
Week 2 Overview
Image retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/leerosetta/nais-pocc-2011-identity-development-workshop
Welcome to Week Two!
This week we will evaluate some of the cultural, racial, and ethnic identity development theories—beginning with a historical look back at some of the early theories before moving forward in time to review some of the contemporary models. We will also evaluate how individual development in its complexity impacts interactions with others both similar and different from one’s self.
In Chapter 4, you will likely find it helpful to focus your reading on the identity models that allow you to examine them in relation to your own self-identity. This information will be utilized as you share your insights in this week’s written assignment and discussions. Refer to Table 4.1 Stage of Various Cultural Identity Models (p.71) for a helpful conceptual overview of the cultural models being presented throughout the chapter. Another tip: Narrative 3.1: The Story of Timothy (p.91-2) is a great example for your assignment due this week.
In Chapter 6, focus your attention on analyzing the diverse cultural family structures and explore Exercise 6.3 Assessing my Family Background and Experience (p.124) for further understanding of your own self-concept development and community connections.
While it is no surprise that people have multiple identities as in the images below,
Image retrieved from https://yzoedesign.wordpress.com/tag/multiple-identities/
Image adapted from http://edtheory.blogspot.com/2015/02/applying-intersectionality-theory-to.html
why do you think some struggle with the concept of individuals having multiple ethnic identities? Nishime (2012) provides a case study of the term “Cablinasian” and links historical and contemporary narratives of multiethnicity. She argues that “Cablinasian” is a method of critique and explores the possibilities of an alternative and contestator ...
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on media, culture and identity. It discusses definitions of culture and examines theories of cultural essentialism versus social constructionism. It also covers concepts like identity, subjectivity, and theories of sexuality. New media and concepts like public versus private, globalization, and interactivity in new media are also summarized.
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This document provides an overview of the author's previous work on identity theory and proposes an extension of that work called "Extended Identity Theory". The previous work explored concepts of human identity formation and components of identity. This paper aims to develop new concepts, apply identity theory to real-world problems, and demonstrate that observations must consider multi-cultural perspectives rather than just a western view. It presents data from different world regions and analyzes it through the framework of extended identity theory. The document also reviews key concepts from the author's past work to provide background for readers.
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This document discusses theories of identity construction through media and technology. It begins by quoting David Buckingham who said that identity implies both uniqueness and shared attributes with social groups. Collective identity depends on acceptance by those it applies to and is expressed through cultural symbols. Self-identity forms the basis of self-esteem while social identity is constructed by others and may differ from one's own identity. Social identity theory holds that people have multiple identities corresponding to social groups. The document also discusses quotes about identity being fluid and constantly evolving through social interactions and influences from media.
Persuasive Essay Against School Uniforms.pdfChristine Love
School Uniform Persuasive Essay – Telegraph. Argumentative Essay Against School Uniforms - EssayVikings.com. 003 School Uniform Persuasive Essay Essays Against Uniforms On Violence ....
The document discusses controversial themes that may be encountered in modern school settings, focusing on death and violence as explored through children's fiction. It argues that fiction allows readers to gain understanding through vicarious experience and different perspectives, supporting cognitive development as described by Vygotsky's theories. Exposure to new ideas and experiences through social interaction can impact children's linguistic, cognitive, social, and emotional growth.
1) The document discusses building trans-cultural communities through travel experiences that help develop competencies for understanding cultural differences.
2) It presents a competence framework for educational travel developed from the author's PhD research, including cross-cultural, personal, and professional competencies.
3) The author argues that to gain ontological security in an uncertain globalized world, individuals must understand cultural differences and dynamics, coping with uncertainty, and personal development when engaging with other cultures.
Definition of perception Essay Example StudyHippo.com. Truth perception essay. Visual Perception Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 .... Formidable Perception Essay Thatsnotus. 002 Critical Thinking Essay Essays Argument Examples L Example Thatsnotus. Sensation and Perception: Phantom Limb Pain Essay Example Topics and .... Perception on the Subjectivity of Perception Essay Example StudyHippo.com. Perception essay.docx with pointers. Perception checking essays - gcisdk12.web.fc2.com. Effect of Perception in the Workplace Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Perception Essay.docx - Amiee Londono Comm200s Perception Essay .... Perception- Rashomon Essay. Perception and Critical Thinking: Five Senses of Perception - Essay .... Theories of perception 400 Words - PHDessay.com. This essay will attempt to give an accurate explanation of what .... Perception. This essay will discuss the extent to which this picture or .... visual perception essay. Perception essay revision - Ox Perception Essay Revision Compare and .... Sensation and perception essay - writinghtml.web.fc2.com. The primacy of perception : and other essays on phenomenological .... Our Perception of Others Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Is perception reality essay. On Perception. What Perception and Analysis Do: A New Kind of Science Online by .... Perception essay topics - internetupdater.web.fc2.com. Perception and Sensing of Our Everyday Environment Research Paper .... Is Introspection a Form of Perception Essay Example StudyHippo.com. Berkeleys Perception Theory Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Higher Forms of Perception and Analysis: A New Kind of Science Online .... Theories of Perception Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... The concept of perception and how it affects behavior use examples Essay Essay On Perception Essay On Perception
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Identity, choice and consumer freedom the new opiates? a psychoanalytic interrogation
1. Commentary
Identity, choice and consumer
freedom – the new opiates?
A psychoanalytic interrogation
Yiannis Gabriel
University of Lund, Sweden
Abstract
Psychoanalysis opens a variety of windows into understanding contemporary consumption and
consumerism. The psychoanalytic theory of defence and the unconscious enables us to understand
why commodities, from fast cars to luxury chocolate, so readily stand in to offer substitute gratifi-
cation for deeper repressed desires and why the meaning of such commodities is liable to become
mobile and unstable (Baudrillard, 1988 [1970]). The psychoanalytic concepts of narcissism (Freud,
1914) and the mirror stage (Lacan, 2006) provide powerful entry points into understanding our
culture’s obsession with image (Cluley and Dunne, 2012), whilst the theory of neurosis offers sig-
nificant insights into the addictive and deeply irrational qualities of contemporary consumption
(Lasch, 1980). Object relations theory (Winnicott, 1964) enables us to understand how material
objects, from early childhood attachments to teddy bears, act as bridges between our sense of self and
what we come to view as an external world deeply indifferent to our desires. Several other psy-
choanalytic concepts and ideas have proven particularly helpful in contemporary discourses on
consumption. This essay draws its inspiration from Freud’s theory of religion (Freud,1927, 1930) to
test the view that the consumer’s freedom to choose and construct an identity is an illusion in the
technical sense – a fantasy that discloses deeper desires and offers substitute gratifications for the
discontents inflicted on us by contemporary consumer culture. Like earlier illusions, the illusion of
freedom and the derivative illusions of choice and identity may provide some consolation, but,
arguably, then deepen the discontents for which they purport to offer comfort.
What bound me to Jewry was, I am ashamed to admit, neither faith nor national pride, for I have always been
an unbeliever and was brought up without any religion though not without a respect for what are called the
‘ethical’ standards of human civilization. Whenever I felt an inclination to national enthusiasm I strove to
suppress it as harmful and wrong, alarmed by the warning examples of the peoples among whom we Jews
live. But plenty of other things remained over to make the attraction of Jewry and Jews irresistible – many
obscureemotionalforces,whichwerethemorepowerfulthelessthey couldbe expressedin words,aswellas
a clear consciousness of inner identity, the safe privacy (Heimlichkeit) of a common mental construction.
Corresponding author:
Yiannis Gabriel, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, North East Somerset BA2 7AY, UK.
Email: y.gabriel@bath.ac.uk
Marketing Theory
2015, Vol. 15(1) 25–30
ª The Author(s) 2014
Reprints and permission:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/1470593114558525
mtq.sagepub.com
2. And beyond this there was a perception that it was to my Jewish nature alone that I owed two characteristics
thathadbecomeindispensabletomeinthedifficultcourseofmylife.BecauseIwasaJewIfoundmyselffree
of many prejudices which restricted others in the use of their intellect; and as a Jew I was prepared to join the
Opposition, and to do without agreement with the ‘compact majority’. (Freud, 1926: 272; Emphasis added)
This rich extract from a speech delivered to a Jewish society in Vienna is the only occasion
when Sigmund Freud used the term ‘identity’ in anything other than a matter-of-fact sense. This
may seem curious for a thinker who theorized extensively and originally on the concept of iden-
tification, but it must be born in mind, of course, that this was long before the concept of identity
had been embraced by scholars as the ‘master signifier’ (Alvesson et al., 2008) in numerous dis-
courses of work, gender, politics, culture and consumption. Yet what is striking in Freud’s descrip-
tion of identity above is its ‘modernity’. It is clearly linked to his self-perception as a Jew but is also
used to describe the link between a personal experience and the large social forces of nation and
religion. What is also revealing in Freud’s statement is an oblique but unmistakable reference to
the emotional and unconscious qualities of identity (‘many obscure emotional forces’) that often
remain ignored in contemporary discussions. Another noteworthy aspect of the statement above is
its clear suggestion of struggle (‘I strove to suppress it’), something that characterizes most current
conceptualizations of identity. The statement explicitly refers to the ‘other’ and to the opposition
from which identity stems. Finally, the statement clearly alludes to choice (‘whenever I felt
an inclination to national enthusiasm I strove to suppress it as harmful and wrong’), something that
has come to the forefront of discussions of identity construction in late modernity.
Identity and its relation to choice are the central foci of this essay, which argues that both
identity and choice can be approached, from a psychoanalytic angle, as wish fulfilments. They are,
in other words, mental constructions in which unconscious desire takes precedence over conscious
reality testing, ideas that emerge from the desires and the anxieties of the unconscious, in short
‘fantasies’. Both of these entities, it will be argued, can be viewed as psychological and social
defences uniquely attuned to some of the challenges that contemporary societies place on indi-
viduals, and, as all defences, they create anxieties and inhibitions of their own. The essay will
indicate some of the ways in which a psychoanalytic perspective contributes to a deeper under-
standing of some of the illusions and discontents that are coextensive with a consumerist society.
The concept of identity and various struggles that surround it is well attuned to the temporary, fluid
andporousqualitiesofourtimes(CouplandandBrown,2004).Manyorganizationstodayseemtomake
ambiguous or contradictory demands on their employees, which are well catered for by the concept of
identity (Alvesson, 2001). On the one hand, for example, they frequently demand that employees go
beyond the mere execution of their task by embracing their values, brand and narratives – in short, they
expect employees to identify with them (as thoughthey were religion orethnic groupings). On the other
hand, they steadfastly refuse to offer their employees the security and permanence of stable employ-
ment, by constantly looking for opportunities to downsize, to outsource and to offshore. The project of
identity describes well the plight of the individual who is frequently on the move, who is often called to
reinventhimself/herself, the individual whois free from an obligation oflifelong loyalty to an employer
but who is expected to fully identify with such an employer for indeterminate periods of time (Gabriel,
2005). The concept also serves well those interested in the ways that contemporary capitalism creates
disciplined and self-disciplined employees who, in seeking to maintain their identities, go beyond the
call of duty (Alvesson and Robertson, 2006; Clarke et al., 2009).
If identity, as a concept, has served well scholars of organizations, it has proven manna from
heaven to theorists of today’s consumer culture, where every consumer desire, whim or impulse
26 Marketing Theory 15(1)
3. can be readily viewed as a part of a self-striving towards identity. The view that material objects
are parts of a human extended self has a long and distinguished pedigree – for example, William
James (1961 [1892]: 44) noted that a man’s ‘me’ is made up of everything that he can call his,
including ‘his clothes and his house, his wife and children, his ancestors and friends, his reputation
and works, his lands and horses and yacht and bank-account’. The psychoanalyst Winnicott (1964)
noted how, in early childhood, children form intense attachments to certain objects, like Teddy
bears or pieces of soft rag. These objects, which he called ‘transitional objects’, lie halfway between
the infant’s inner and outer realities, providing bridges between the internal and external worlds.
Transitional objects are instrumental in the child’s development and may be replaced later by other
objects that have the same bridging function. Today’s consumers, however, need not create deep
emotional attachments to objects that become part of their identities. A wide range of unexceptional
objects are not so much carriers of meaning, as carriers of vivid and powerful images, enabling them
to choose them consciously or unconsciously among many options, promising to act as the raw mate-
rial out of which individual identities may be fashioned. Unlike children who form attachments to
their cuddly toys, Western consumers do not establish profound relationships with the majority of
the goods they consume. Instead, they choose them, use them (singly or in combinations) and dis-
card them in opportunistic but highly visible ways, being very conscious of the inferences which
others will draw from them, and by the ways their image will be affected by them.
Choice then is the bedrock of contemporary identity projects. A wide range of issues that
previous generations viewed as matters of birth, fate and social rank now become areas of choice.
These include choice of goods to consume, choice of occupation, choice of partner, choice of
sexual preference but also choice of gender, choice of body shape and even choice when to end
one’s life. These choices have opened up new possibilities of identity construction but also created
new burdens. The material culture both supports and undermines efforts to create and maintain
identities. On the one hand, many branded and unbranded goods become, at least temporarily, parts
of an extended self, at least temporarily boosting identity, self-image and self-esteem. In this sense,
consumer culture is tailor-made for the narcissistic strivings of contemporary society. But choice
also creates burdens and anxieties. Have we made the right choices? Have we missed out on hidden
possibilities? Can our choices be reversed, if they prove unsuccessful?
Numerous commentators (Bauman, 1988; Sennett, 1998) have offered convincing arguments
that an unprecedented degree of freedom has opened up for people, at least those living in
industrialized countries of the West. This freedom finds its epitome in the ability to choose what to
buy and consume and comes to dominate many aspects of life, including politics, education, health,
occupation and lifestyle, since in a consumerist society, many choices are modelled on consumer
choices, and many choices, no matter how trivial, become existential choices – that is, identity- and
self-defining choices. For the sake of this freedom, people are willing to endure high levels of inse-
curity and frustration. This concept of freedom is the fruit of the neo-liberal economic doctrine that
emphasizes free markets, free trade and private property. It is quite distinct from other conceptions of
freedom, such as theological and philosophical discourses of free will, political conceptions of free-
doms of speech, association, self-determination and so forth and the intellectual value of freedom of
inquiry, all of which have tended to be marginalized in public discourses, under the dominance of the
neo-liberal consumerist concept – the choice among alternatives in little-regulated markets.
Let us now consider the possibility that this concept of freedom (that underlies many others) is an
illusion and that choice and identity are derivative illusions. The word illusion is used here in a technical
sense (Freud, 1927; Gabriel, 1983) to denote a deeply held and taken-for-granted belief that acts as the
basis for numerous meaningful practices, a belief that is not susceptible to correction by appeal to reason
Gabriel 27
4. orfactualevidencebutissustainedbyawebofdesiresanddefendsagainstawebofanxieties.Illusion(or
itspolitical counterpart ideology) lies at the heart of Freud’sbut also of Marx’s critique of religion. What
I want to consider here is the possibility that the consumerist conception of freedom, with its allied
notions of choice and identity, are functioning in exactly the same way as religion (and its allied ideas
of God, the afterlife and so forth), as Marx described it in the famous passage ‘religion is the sigh of the
oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the
‘‘opium’’ of the people’ (Marx, 1972 [1843]: 12).
Let us then consider the possibility that freedom, as presented in consumer choices under the
pressing project of identity, is today’s opium of the people. Several things fall immediately in
place. First, like religion, consumer freedom has a disciplining and controlling function, as
Bauman (1992) and others have pointed out. Enjoying freedom means taking responsibility for
one’s choices and falling into line with them. Those living on state benefits are viewed as having
forfeited this freedom (they are failed consumers, in Bauman’s terms) and act as a disciplining
force for those who believe that they still have choices, no matter how unpleasant. Second, like
religion, consumer freedom has a therapeutic function, compensating for various other misfortunes
and reversals. We may not enjoy what we have, but at least we console ourselves with the belief
that we have choices and that one day we too may enjoy the happiness brought about by con-
sumerism. Consumption becomes a therapy (Rieff, 1966), compensating us when things go wrong,
rewarding us when things go well and, like opium, always creating dependency. Third, like many
religious and nationalist illusions, consumer freedom fulfils a narcissistic function, offering us
opportunities to enhance our self-image and raise us above those around us. This is an argument
explored in depth by Lasch (1980), who argued that consumerism does not merely promote narcis-
sism but is virtually coextensive with it and by Bourdieu (1984) who saw consumer choice as a
means of accumulating symbolic capital and setting oneself above others. If the therapeutic func-
tion of freedom is attained by exercising it, its narcissistic function is attained by exercising it in a
discriminating manner. It is not surprising that the psychoanalytic concept of narcissism has pro-
ven so valuable in discussions of contemporary consumption (Gabriel and Lang, 2006). Consumer-
ist ideologies appeal to people’s narcissistic desires, offering to enhance their image and
attractiveness through a wide range of beautifying accoutrements. Narcissism has also shed
insights into the aggressive and sadistic qualities of contemporary consumption (Cluley and
Dunne, 2012), which can remain oblivious to its damaging social and environmental implications,
even when it takes the moral high ground of equality, fairness and sustainability.
If freedom, choice and identity are indeed core illusions of our consumerist society, psycho-
analytically they must be seen as elements of a fantasy that seeks to reconcile desire and the forces
that oppose it. Arguing always by analogy to the psychoanalytic theory of religion, just as the belief
in an omnipotent and omniscient male deity expresses the desire for protection by a father-like fig-
ure, fantasies revolving around freedom, choice and identity must be seeking to give voice to a
deeper set of desires. A possible answer here is the desire to be or to appear to be in control of one’s
life. ‘I am free to make my own choices; I take full responsibility for the consequences’. Such an
explanation would suggest that the illusion of freedom seeks to compensate for the sense of pre-
cariousness and insecurity that pervade late modernity (Gabriel, 2005). As such, the illusion of
freedom would be highly ineffective and unlikely. If anything, freedom is a compensation for the
felt lack of control, the precarious qualities of life (‘If I cannot be in control, at least I have
choices’). Control was a major modernist desire and called for modernist illusions. If earlier gen-
erations sought to escape freedom (Fromm, 1966 [1941]) opting for the security of protective or
even authoritarian systems, ours is a time when consumerism has raised individual autonomy and
28 Marketing Theory 15(1)
5. distinctness (‘finding one’s own voice’) above all other values, viewing them as a fundamental
right of every person, even at the cost of insecurity and anxiety.
Itseemstomethatthefundamentaldesirebehindtheillusionoffreedomisthedesiretobeuniqueand
special; correspondingly, the paramount anxiety from which choice defends us is the almost unbearable
notion that we are just like everyone else. Choice is the foundation of identity. Remove identity and
choice becomes empty, remove choice and identity is reduced to destiny – I was born to people I didn’t
choose, at a time I didn’t choose, in a place I didn’t choose, in a social class, an ethnic group and many
other groupsI didn’t choose,ina bodyIdidn’tchoose,witha mindIdidn’t choose andeveninaspeciesI
didn’t choose. Enter choice and identity is magically transformed: I can be who I choose to be, I choose
the career I want, the body I want, the sexuality I want, the friends I want, the clothes I want and so forth.
Without choice, identity itself loses its controlling, its therapeutic and its narcissistic qualities.
Freedom, choice and identity can then be viewed as intertwined illusions, analogous to religion,
God and the afterlife. As such, we defend them, but they defend us. We defend our identity from
disruptions and assaults. But our identity also defends us – from other people and also from own
fears and insecurities. Identity is both something that we defend and something that we use as a
defence against other threats. It is a conscious construction that covers a variety of unconscious
wishes, and hence Freud was right in the opening excerpt to refer to the many obscure emotional
forces that support it. We do not dream identity. It is only in our waking hours that we ‘struggle’
over it. If identity and choice defend us against various anxieties by proclaiming our specialness,
they automatically spawn secondary anxieties of their own, just as all psychological defences do.
Are we making the right choices? Can we defend our identity?
The defence of specialness has been singled out as a major psychological mechanism by Irving
Yalom on the basis of his long experience of treating cancer and other seriously ill patients.
Prompted by an inspiring observation from Tolstoy (2012), Yalom notes that:
we all know that in the basic boundaries of existence we are no different from others. No one denies
that at a conscious level. Yet deep, deep down each of us believes . . . that the rule of mortality applies
to others but certainly not to ourselves. (Yalom and Yalom, 1998: 210)
Thus, many of his patients acknowledge a harsh reality ‘out there’, which rules everybody else
but not themselves. In their imagination, these patients imagine that illness, suffering and death are
for everybody else but not for themselves. They imagine themselves to be different, protected as it
were by an invisible shield that keeps them out of harm’s way. Could it be then that this shield is
precisely what we call identity? Could it be that identity is not something deep and primary but
something superficial and derivative on which consumerist culture has built its edifice?
If nothing else, this would at least explain why many generations of humans managed their lives
quite well,individuallyand collectively, without requiringthis notion. It would alsoexplain whyevery
great socialtheorist before the 1940s could very well theorize withoutrecoursetoidentity.Ifidentity is
indeed a superficial, though vital, construction, it may well be that our theories of consumption should
start probing more deeply into those ‘obscure emotional forces’ that support it, rather than the tangible
material objects and experiences that become its temporary and opportunistic carriers.
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Yiannis Gabriel is a professor of organizational theory at Bath University. He holds a doctor of philosophy in
sociology from the University of California, Berkeley. He isknown for his work in organizational storytelling and
narratives, leadership, management learning and the culture and politics of contemporary consumption. He has
also been dedicated to developing a psychoanalytic approach to the study of organizations. He is the founder and
coordinator of the Organizational Storytelling Seminar series, now in its 12th year (see http://www.organiza-
tional-storytelling.org.uk/), the author of nine books and numerous articles. His enduring fascination as a
researcher lies in what he describes as the unmanageable qualities of life in and out of organizations. Address:
School of Management, University of Bath, BathBA12 7AY, UK. [email: y.gabriel@bath.ac.uk]
30 Marketing Theory 15(1)