Earth’s magnetic field, called the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the earth’s interior out into space. When the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the sun, interacts with the earth’s magnetic field, most of them are trapped in the Van Allen radiation belt and protects the earth from the harmful charged particles and cosmic rays. The earth exhibits like a bar magnet in which the North geographic pole actually represents the South pole of the earth’s magnetic field, and conversely the South geographic pole corresponds to the North pole of the earth’s magnetic field. The scientists described the cause of the earth’s magnetism that the magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents from a mixture of molten iron and nickel in the earth’s outer core these convection currents are caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo. The circulating ions that are highly conducting in the outer core of the earth result in the formation of the current loops. These current loops are the reason behind the formation of the magnetic field. Then paleomagnetism is developed to measure the magnetism in rocks that was induced by the earth’s magnetic field. In this paper, cause of the earth’s magnetism is enlightened in a new way. The existence of molten iron and nickel in the earth’s outer core is incorrect because of this high temperature evolving in the outer core of the earth, the materials in other layers also melt. Actually the cause of the earth’s magnetism is the interaction of electric fields electric current induced by the solar wind coronal discharge and the movement of the earth including both rotations about its own axis and the sun as per Faraday and Lenz’s laws of electromagnetic induction. For this cause, all other planets and the satellites e.g., moon in the solar system are having magnetic field which obstructs the maximum high energy particles from the sun solar wind to discharge on their surfaces. Dr. Pijush Kanti Bhattacharjee "Identification Cause of Earth’s Magnetism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49534.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49534/identification-cause-of-earth’s-magnetism/dr-pijush-kanti-bhattacharjee
Please write a full essay describing the following phenomen solar and.pdfthangarajarivukadal
Please write a full essay describing the following phenomen solar and how the Sun\'s magnetic
field produces each of prominences, solar flares, CME\'s and auroras.
Solution
The sun, like the earth, generates a magnetic field that extends out into space. However, the
sun\'s magnetic field changes both its shape and intensity over the surface, and over time, much
more rapidly.In the Sun, the flows of hot plasma in the convection zone create the solar magnetic
field. The plasma is a hot gas \"soup\" with many free charged particles (electrons and protons).
The moving charges are a current, and produce magnetic fields, just like the current in coils of
wire around the nail. What\'s different in the sun? The convection current is driven by the heat
from the Sun\'s fusion, instead of a battery.
Sunspots are regions of very strong magnetic field, where the field lines get so crowded together
that they push up through the surface, bringing some of the hot plasma with them in a spectacular
arc, or loop. We see the end of the loop as a sunspot on the sun\'s visible surface, or photosphere.
This dense bundle of field lines creates huge magnetic pressures. What is magnetic pressure? We
know what pressure is in a gas: if you compress some gas, like squeezing a balloon, it tries to
push out again.
A solar flare is a magnetic storm on the Sun which appears to be a very bright spot and a gaseous
surface eruption. Solar flares release huge amounts of high-energy particles and gases and are
tremendously hot (from 3.6 million to 24 million °F). They are ejected thousands of miles from
the surface of the Sun.
A solar prominence (also known as a filament) is an arc of gas that erupts from the surface of the
Sun. Prominences can loop hundreds of thousands of miles into space. Prominences are held
above the Sun\'s surface by strong magnetic fields and can last for many months. At some time
in their existence, most prominences will erupt, spewing enormous amounts of solar material
into space.
The outer solar atmosphere, the corona, is structured by strong magnetic fields. Where these
fields are closed, often above sunspot groups, the confined solar atmosphere can suddenly and
violently release bubbles of gas and magnetic fields called coronal mass ejections. A large CME
can contain a billion tons of matter that can be accelerated to several million miles per hour in a
spectacular explosion. Solar material streams out through the interplanetary medium, impacting
any planet or spacecraft in its path. CMEs are sometimes associated with flares but can occur
independently..
This article aims to present possible strategies to save humanity from the consequences related to the cosmic rays that reach the planet Earth, especially the gamma rays emitted by supernovae, and those that threaten human beings in space travel.
Disturbances in Solar Wind Electrons during the Ascending Half of the Solar C...researchinventy
Ulysses achieved a solar orbit with an inclination of 80.200 , perihelion of 1.34 AU, aphelion of 5.4 AU and a period of 6.2 years. By comparing observations taken over nearly all heliolatitudes and two different intervals covering the same radial distances, we are able to separate the radial and latitudinal variations in the solar wind. This paper describes the detailed results of the studies devoted to the solar activity impact on the Earth’s upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The methods used in this study are based on the data driven from the Ulysses spacecraft. The primary objective of the Ulysses solar wind plasma investigation uses SWOOPS (Solar Wind Observations over the Poles of the Sun) instrument to investigate and establish bulk flow parameters and internal state conditions of the solar wind as a function of solar latitude. The electron temperature Te and the electron density Ne are found to exhibit a sharp enhancement during the ascending half of the solar cycle 23 (1996 – 2004)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Please write a full essay describing the following phenomen solar and.pdfthangarajarivukadal
Please write a full essay describing the following phenomen solar and how the Sun\'s magnetic
field produces each of prominences, solar flares, CME\'s and auroras.
Solution
The sun, like the earth, generates a magnetic field that extends out into space. However, the
sun\'s magnetic field changes both its shape and intensity over the surface, and over time, much
more rapidly.In the Sun, the flows of hot plasma in the convection zone create the solar magnetic
field. The plasma is a hot gas \"soup\" with many free charged particles (electrons and protons).
The moving charges are a current, and produce magnetic fields, just like the current in coils of
wire around the nail. What\'s different in the sun? The convection current is driven by the heat
from the Sun\'s fusion, instead of a battery.
Sunspots are regions of very strong magnetic field, where the field lines get so crowded together
that they push up through the surface, bringing some of the hot plasma with them in a spectacular
arc, or loop. We see the end of the loop as a sunspot on the sun\'s visible surface, or photosphere.
This dense bundle of field lines creates huge magnetic pressures. What is magnetic pressure? We
know what pressure is in a gas: if you compress some gas, like squeezing a balloon, it tries to
push out again.
A solar flare is a magnetic storm on the Sun which appears to be a very bright spot and a gaseous
surface eruption. Solar flares release huge amounts of high-energy particles and gases and are
tremendously hot (from 3.6 million to 24 million °F). They are ejected thousands of miles from
the surface of the Sun.
A solar prominence (also known as a filament) is an arc of gas that erupts from the surface of the
Sun. Prominences can loop hundreds of thousands of miles into space. Prominences are held
above the Sun\'s surface by strong magnetic fields and can last for many months. At some time
in their existence, most prominences will erupt, spewing enormous amounts of solar material
into space.
The outer solar atmosphere, the corona, is structured by strong magnetic fields. Where these
fields are closed, often above sunspot groups, the confined solar atmosphere can suddenly and
violently release bubbles of gas and magnetic fields called coronal mass ejections. A large CME
can contain a billion tons of matter that can be accelerated to several million miles per hour in a
spectacular explosion. Solar material streams out through the interplanetary medium, impacting
any planet or spacecraft in its path. CMEs are sometimes associated with flares but can occur
independently..
This article aims to present possible strategies to save humanity from the consequences related to the cosmic rays that reach the planet Earth, especially the gamma rays emitted by supernovae, and those that threaten human beings in space travel.
Disturbances in Solar Wind Electrons during the Ascending Half of the Solar C...researchinventy
Ulysses achieved a solar orbit with an inclination of 80.200 , perihelion of 1.34 AU, aphelion of 5.4 AU and a period of 6.2 years. By comparing observations taken over nearly all heliolatitudes and two different intervals covering the same radial distances, we are able to separate the radial and latitudinal variations in the solar wind. This paper describes the detailed results of the studies devoted to the solar activity impact on the Earth’s upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The methods used in this study are based on the data driven from the Ulysses spacecraft. The primary objective of the Ulysses solar wind plasma investigation uses SWOOPS (Solar Wind Observations over the Poles of the Sun) instrument to investigate and establish bulk flow parameters and internal state conditions of the solar wind as a function of solar latitude. The electron temperature Te and the electron density Ne are found to exhibit a sharp enhancement during the ascending half of the solar cycle 23 (1996 – 2004)
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The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
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Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49534 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2022 Page 439
transmission line, to the earth’s upper atmosphere and
ionosphere in the auroral zones near north and south
poles. The only time the solar wind is observable on
the earth is when it is strong enough to produce
phenomena such as the aurora and geomagnetic
storms.
The solar wind exerts a pressure, and if it could reach
earth’s atmosphere it would erode it. However, it is
kept away by the pressure of the earth’s magnetic
field. The magnetopause, the area where the pressures
balance, is the boundary of the magnetosphere.
Despite its name, the magnetosphere is asymmetric,
with the sunward side being about 10 Earth radii out
but the other side stretching out in a magnetotail that
extends beyond 200 Earth radii [1]. Sunward of the
magnetopause is the bow shock, the area where the
solar wind slows abruptly [2].
Inside the magnetosphere is the plasmasphere, a
donut-shaped region containing low-energy charged
particles, or plasma. This region begins at a height of
60 km, extends up to 3 or 4 earth radii, and includes
the ionosphere. This region rotates with the earth [1].
There are also two concentric tire-shaped regions,
called the Van Allen radiation belts, with high-energy
ions (energies from 0.1 to 10 million electron volts
(MeV)). The inner belt is 1-2 earth radii out while the
outer belt is at 4-7 earth radii. The plasmasphere and
Van Allen belts have partial overlap [3], with the
extent of overlap varying greatly with solar activity as
shown in Fig. 1.
Fig 1 Solar wind (high energy charged particles) trapped in Van Allen Belts.
As well as deflecting the solar wind, the earth’s
magnetic field deflects cosmic rays, high-energy
charged particles that are mostly from outside the
solar system. Many cosmic rays are kept out of the
solar system by the sun’s magnetosphere, or
heliosphere [4]. By contrast, astronauts on the moon
risk exposure to radiation. Anyone who had been on
the moon’s surface during a particularly violent solar
eruption in 2005 would have received a lethal dose
[1].
When solar material streams strike earth’s
magnetosphere, it can become trapped and held in
two donut-shaped belts around the planet called the
Van Allen Belts as shown in Fig. 1. The belts restrain
the particles to travel along earth’s magnetic field
lines, continually bouncing back and forth from pole
to pole. The innermost belt begins about 400 miles
from the surface of earth, which keeps its particle
radiation a healthy distance from earth and its orbiting
satellites.
In addition, positive ions slowly drift westward and
negative ions drift eastward, giving rise to a ring
current. This current reduces the magnetic field at the
earth’s surface [1]. Particles that penetrate the
ionosphere and collide with the atoms there give rise
to the lights of the aurorae and also emit X-rays [2].
The varying conditions in the magnetosphere, known
as space weather, are largely driven by solar activity.
If the solar wind is weak, the magnetosphere expands;
while if it is strong, it compresses the magnetosphere
and more of it gets in. Periods of particularly intense
activity, called geomagnetic storms, can occur when a
coronal mass ejection erupts above the sun and sends
a shock wave through the solar system. Such a wave
can take just two days to reach the earth.
Geomagnetic storms can cause a lot of disruption; the
“Halloween” storm of 2003 damaged more than a
third of NASA’s satellites. The largest documented
storm occurred in 1859. It induced currents strong
enough to short out telegraph lines, and aurorae were
reported as far south as Hawaii [1][5].
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49534 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2022 Page 440
2. Strength of the Earth’s Magnetic Field
The scientists said that the magnetic field is generated
by electric currents due to the motion of convection
currents of a mixture of molten iron and nickel in the
earth’s outer core; these convection currents are
caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural
process called a geodynamo, The magnitude of the
earth’s magnetic field at its surface ranges from 25 to
65 µT (0.25 to 0.65 gauss) [3]. As an approximation,
it is represented by a field of a magnetic dipole
currently tilted at an angle of about 11 degrees with
respect to earth’s rotational axis [6], as if there were
an enormous bar magnet placed at that angle through
the center of the earth. The North geographic pole
actually represents the South pole of the earth’s
magnetic field, and conversely the South geographic
pole corresponds to the North pole of Earth’s
magnetic field (because opposite magnetic poles
attract and the north end of a magnet, like a compass
needle, points toward the earth’s South magnetic
field, i.e., the Geographic North Pole) [7],[8]. In
2005, the North geomagnetic pole was located on
Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada and the South
geomagnetic pole was located near Vostak Station,
Antarctica.
While the North and South magnetic poles are usually
located near the geographic poles, they slowly and
continuously move over geological time scales, but
sufficiently slowly for ordinary compasses to remain
useful for navigation. However, at irregular intervals
averaging several hundred thousand years, the earth’s
field reverses and the North and South magnetic poles
respectively, abruptly switch places. These reversals
of the geomagnetic poles leave a record in rocks that
are of value to paleomagnetists in calculating
geomagnetic fields in the past. Such information in
turn is helpful in studying the motions of continents
and ocean floors in the process of plate tectonics.
Earth’s magnetic field, predominantly dipolar at its
surface, is distorted further out by the solar wind.
This is a stream of charged particles leaving the sun’s
corona and accelerating to a speed of 200 to 1000
kilometres per second. They carry with them a
magnetic field, the interplanetary magnetic field
(IMF) [1].
The strength of the magnetic field at the earth’s
surface ranges from less than 30 microteslas (0.3
gauss) in an area including most of South America
and South Africa to over 60 microteslas (0.6 gauss)
around the magnetic poles in northern Canada and
south of Australia, and in part of Siberia. The average
magnetic field strength in the earth’s outer core was
measured to be 25 Gauss, 50 times stronger than the
magnetic field at the surface.
3. Cause of Earth’s Magnetism Explaining by
Bar Magnet with NASA Report
The field is similar to that of a bar magnet. The
earth’s magnetic field is mostly caused by electric
currents in the liquid outer core. The earth’s outer
core is hotter than 1043 K (3000 – 4500 K), the Curie
point temperature above which the orientations of
spins within iron become randomized. Such
randomization causes the substance to lose its
magnetization.
Convection of molten iron within the outer liquid
core, along with a Coriolis effect caused by the
overall planetary rotation, tends to organize these
“electric currents” in rolls aligned along the north-
south polar axis. When conducting fluid flows across
an existing magnetic field, electric currents are
induced, which in turn create another magnetic field.
When this magnetic field reinforces the original
magnetic field, a dynamo is created that sustains
itself. This is called the Dynamo Theory and it
explains how the earth’s magnetic field is sustained.
Earth’s magnetic field acts like a protective shield
around the planet, repelling and trapping charged
particles from the sun. But over South America and
the southern Atlantic Ocean, an unusually weak spot
in the field – called the South Atlantic Anomaly, or
SAA – allows these particles to dip closer to the
surface than normal. Particle radiation in this region
can knock out onboard computers and interfere with
the data collection of satellites that pass through it – a
key reason why NASA scientists want to track and
study the anomaly [9].
The South Atlantic Anomaly is also of interest to
NASA’s Earth scientists who monitor the changes in
magnetic field strength there, both for how such
changes affect earth’s atmosphere and as an indicator
of what’s happening to earth’s magnetic fields, deep
inside the globe.
Currently, the SAA creates no visible impacts on
daily life on the surface. However, recent
observations and forecasts show that the region is
expanding westward and continuing to weaken in
intensity. It is also splitting – recent data shows the
anomaly’s valley, or region of minimum field
strength, has split into two lobes, creating additional
challenges for satellite missions.
A host of NASA scientists in geomagnetic,
geophysics, and heliophysics research groups observe
and model the SAA, to monitor and predict future
changes – and help prepare for future challenges to
satellites and humans in space.
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49534 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2022 Page 441
The South Atlantic Anomaly arises from two features
of earth’s core: The tilt of its magnetic axis, and the
flow of molten metals within its outer core.
4. Speed of the Earth for Earth’s Rotation
around its Own Axis and the Sun
Earth’s rotation or earth’s spin is the rotation of
planet earth around its own axis, as well as changes in
the orientation of the rotation axis in space. Earth
rotates east to west ward, in prograde motion. As
viewed from the north pole star Polaris, earth turns
counter clockwise. From a vantage point above the
north pole of either the sun or earth, earth would
appear to revolve in a counter clockwise direction
around the sun. From the same vantage point, both
the earth and the sun would appear to rotate also in a
counter clockwise direction about their respective
axes.
The movement of the earth’s surface is considered
with respect to the planet’s center. The earth rotates
once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09053
seconds, called the sidereal period, and its
circumference is roughly 40,075 kilometers. Thus, the
surface of the earth at the equator moves at a speed of
460 meters per second or roughly 1,000 miles per
hour or 1609 km/h. Again the earth is moving about
the sun in a very nearly circular orbit (actually the
orbit is an ellipse). The distance from earth to the sun
- called an astronomical unit - is 92,955,807 miles
(149,597,870 kilometers), according to the
International Astronomers Union. That is the radius
(r). The circumference of a circle is equal to 2 × π × r.
So in one year, Earth travels about 584 million miles
(940 million km).
Since speed is equal to the distance traveled over the
time taken, Earth’s speed is calculated by dividing
584 million miles (940 million km) by 365.25 days
and dividing that result by 24 hours to get miles per
hour or km per hour. So, Earth travels about 1.6
million miles (2.6 million km) a day, or 66,627 mph
(107,226 km/h).
It covers this route at a speed of nearly 30 kilometers
per second, or 67,000 miles per hour. In addition, our
solar system - earth and all - whirls around the center
of our galaxy at some 220 kilometers per second, or
4,90,000 miles per hour.
There would be some other weird effects if the earth
stopped spinning completely, NASA said - For one,
the magnetic field would presumably disappear
because it is thought to be generated in part by a spin.
We’d lose our colorful auroras, and the Van Allen
radiation belts surrounding earth would probably
disappear, too. Then earth would be naked against the
fury of the sun. Every time charged particles toward
earth will hit the surface and bathe everything in
radiation.
5. Identification the Cause of Earth’s Magnetism
In the above discussion it is clear that the earth is
subjected under two revolutions, one around its axis
at a speed of 1,000 miles/hour or 1609 km/h and the
other around the sun at a speed of 66,627 mph or
107,226 km/h, and both the motion of the earth is
counterclockwise or anticlockwise as seen from the
geographical North pole or Polaris. Earlier the
dynamo theory describes the process through which a
rotating, convecting and electrically conducting fluid
can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time
scales.
According to Michael Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction, a voltage (e.m.f.) is
produced when a magnet moves in a coil of wire or a
conductor rotates in a magnetic field, and vice versa.
Thus it signifies that any one form of energy can be
obtained from interaction of other two forms of
energy, i.e., electrical energy (voltage or current in
closed circuit) is obtained from the interaction of (by
cutting magnetic lines of forces, i.e., rate of change of
magnetic flux) mechanical energy (rotating or
moving) and magnetic energy in case of generator;
and mechanical energy (in case of motor) is obtained
from the interaction of electrical energy and magnetic
energy. However, magnetic energy (magnetic lines of
forces) can be created by the interaction of electrical
energy (voltage or current) and mechanical energy
(movement) [10].
Since the earth spins around its axis at a speed 1609
km/h and moves around the sun at a speed 107,226
km/h both in counterclockwise direction as seen from
the geographic North pole, the solar winds emitted
from the sun composed of charged particles and
cosmic radiation exerts an electric field (current or
voltage) on the earth, by the interaction of these
mechanical and electrical fields, a magnetic field will
be evolved according to Faraday and Lenz’s
electromagnetic induction laws. The strength of the
magnetic field depends on the intensity of the solar
winds (i.e., distance of the earth or planet from the
sun) and the earth’s (planet’s and satellite’s) mass and
radius (i.e., area of exposure the solar wind), direction
of rotations (e.g., prograde or retrograde) and other
factors etc. The comparison of different parameters
like mass, radius with magnetic field existing above
the surface of different planets and moon in the solar
system with that of the earth is shown in Table I. It is
observed that all planets and moon of the solar system
are having magnetic field (magnetosphere) which
obstructs the solar wind (charged particles) at most
and maintain their environment.
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49534 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2022 Page 442
TABLE I. PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT PLANETS AND MOON IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Name of the
Planet/Satellite
according to
distance from the
Sun
Mass
Equatorial
Radius
Planet
Mass/Ear-
th Mass
Planet
Radius/
Earth
Radius
Planet’s
Magnetism
compare with
respect to Earth’s
Magnetism
1. Mercury 3.30 × 1023
kg 2,439 km 0.0553 0.383 Exist & Weak
2. Venus 4.8673 × 1024
kg 6052 km 0.815 0.949 Exist
3. Earth 6.0 × 1024
kg 6400 km 1 1 Exist
3A. Moon (Satellite) 0.07346 × 1024
kg 1738 km 0.0123 0.2725 Exist & Weak
4. Mars 6.416 × 1023
kg 3396 km 0.107 0.532 Exist
5. Jupiter 1,898 × 1024
kg 71,492 km 317.83 11.209 Exist & Strong
6. Saturn 5.6865 × 1026
kg 6.0268 × 104
km 95 9.4 Exist
7. Uranus 86.811 × 1024
kg 25,559 km 14.54 4.007 Exist
8. Neptune 102.409 × 1024
kg 24,764 km 17.15 3.883 Exist
6. Conclusion
The outer core temperature of the earth is not high at
all, because when pressure is falling in connected
layers or surfaces, the pressure is distributed and
remains same throughout all layers of the earth, hence
the temperature will not increase in the connected
regions or layers. For example, the ground surface
layer of the Himalayas or Alps or other mountain
regions is having the same temperature, therefore the
concept of high temperature (i.e., 3000 – 4500 K)
existing in the outer core of the earth composed of
molten iron and nickel lying above the earth’s solid
inner core is totally incorrect. The outer core of the
earth remains at normal temperature with natural
solid materials. Moreover, if the outer core of the
earth contains liquid materials mostly iron and nickel
at very high temperature (upto 4500 K), then
surrounding materials in other layers and the inner
core also melt, that is not happening at all. Also, all
planets and satellites in the solar system may not be
composed of liquid materials at very high temperature
inside their core.
According to Faraday and Lenz’s laws of
electromagnetic induction, the earth’s body acts as a
conductor for flowing currents by the solar wind, i.e.,
the some parts of the charged particles and photon
(from the sun rays) are continuously grounded
causing current flow, and the interaction of this
electric current to the earth’s motion (both rotation
about its own axis and the sun) develops the earth’s
magnetic field. This electric current is more (in
magnitude) in the earth’s interior body and also the
speed of rotation of different layers is decreasing as
we approach inward of the earth’s core; as a result the
intensity of the magnetic field is having more
magnitude in the earth’s interior layers. This earth’s
magnetic field varies in different places and spaces
depending on so many parameters like day or night
(timing period), latitude, longitude, mass, radius,
direction of rotation about axis and the sun etc.
Likewise, all planets and satellites (e.g., moon etc.) in
the solar system possess their own magnetic field
above their surfaces due to the interaction of solar
wind discharging electric currents and their different
types of motions. Hence, stability is achieved for
controlling the solar wind and cosmic raydischarging
to the surface of the planets and the moon by their
established magnetic fields.
References
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plasmas: an introduction. Redwood City,
Calif.: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-
0201508215
[2] Merrill, Ronald T. (2010). Our Magnetic Earth:
The Science of Geomagnetism. University of
Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-52050-6.
[3] Darrouzet, Fabien; De Keyser, Johan;
Escoubet, C. Philippe (10 September 2013).
“Cluster shows plasmashpere interacting with
Van Allen belts” (Press release). European
Space Agency.
[4] “Shields Up! A breeze of interstellar helium
atoms is blowing through the solar system”,
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[5] Odenwald, Sten (2010). “The great solar
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[6] “Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions”,
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6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49534 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2022 Page 443
[7] Casselman, Anne (28 February 2008). “The
Earth Has More Than One North Pole”.
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[8] Merrill, Ronald T.; McElhinny, Michael W.;
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[9] Mara Johnson-Groh and Jessica Merzdorf ,
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[10] Bhattacharjee, Pijush Kanti, “Universal Law of
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Vol. 14, Issue 3, Ser. II, pp. 44-48, 2019.
Author Profile:
Dr. Pijush Kanti Bhattacharjee is associated with
the study in Engineering,
Management, Law, Indo-Allopathy,
Herbal, Homeopathic & Yogic
medicines. He is having
qualifications Ph.D. [Engg.], M.E,
MBA, MDCTech, A.M.I.E (B.E or
B.Tech), B.Sc(D), BIASM, CMS,
PET, EDT, FWT, DATHRY, B.A, LLB, KOVID,
DH, ACE, FDCI etc. He has started service in
Government of India, Department of
Telecommunications (DoT) since 1981 as a Telecom
Engineer, where he has worked upto January, 2007,
lastly holding Assistant Director post at Telecom
Engineering Centre, DoT, Kolkata, India. Then he
worked in different Engineering Colleges, India, and
Assam University [Central University], Silchar, India,
as an Assistant and Associate Professor from 2007 to
2022.
He has written eight books and more than a hundred
research papers. He is a Member of IACSIT,
Singapore; CSTA, USA; IAENG, Hongkong; and IE,
ISTE, IAPQR, IIM, India. His research interests are
in Mobile Communications, Image Processing, VLSI,
Nanotechnology, Electrical Power System, Power
Electronics Circuit, Management, Medicine and
Environmental Pollution.